Types of Charts and Graphs

8/13/2019 Types of Charts and Graphs

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Types of Charts and Graphs


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Why charts and graphs?

Displaying information in a simple manner

Helps to understand and interpret the

information (comparison, relationship or

trend) more easily and efficiently

Embodies some visual content in the

representation


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What is a graph?

Pictorial representations of the relationships b/w two(or more) variables

Visually summarize the relationships b/w variables,(especially large or unmanageable data set)

Enhance readability Graphs can misrepresent relationships b/w variables

or encourage inaccurate conclusions


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Difference between charts and graphs

Chart represents simple two variable data,such as Bar charts or pie charts

Graph

used in some mathematical sensebecause it usually contains X, Y or Z-axis. No data is represented in a graph without

using axes, sometimes also divided into gridsfor easier classification of data


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Column Graph/ Histogram

Graphical display of tabulatedfrequencies, shown as bars

Shows what proportion of casesfall into each of severalcategories

Usually specified as non-overlapping intervals of some

variable Plots density of data for density

estimation (probability densityfunction of the underlying

variable)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Black_cherry_tree_histogram.svg


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Line Graph

Displays information as aseries of data points connectedby straight line segments

Interpolates between datapoints and extrapolatesbeyond known data values(forecast)

Finds and compares trends(changes over time)

Recognises correlations andcovariations between variables
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/ScientificGraphSpeedVsTime.svg


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Pie Chart

Circular chart divided intosectors (slices), illustratingper cents

Compares part of a wholeat a given point in time

Earliest known pie chart iscredited to WilliamPlayfair's Statistical Breviary

of 1801 More effective in comparing

the size of a slice with thewhole pie
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/English_dialects1997.svg


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Bar Graph

Rectangular bars with lengthsproportional to the valuesthat they represent

Compares two or more valuesthat were taken over time oron different conditions

Usually present categorical

and numeric variables Represent the number of

observations in a givencategory


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Comparison of Histogram andBar Graph

Histogram Bar Chart

Consists of rectanglestouching each other

Consists of rectangles,normally separated fromeach other with equal space

Frequency is represented bythe area of each rectangle

Frequency is represented byheight. Width has no

significanceTwo dimensional (width andheight are considered)

One dimensional (only heightis considered)


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Area Graph

Displays graphicallyquantitative data (changeswith respect to time)

Area between axis andline are commonlyemphasized with colors,textures and hatchings

Represents cumulatedtotals using numbers orpercentages over time
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg


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Scatter Graph Mathematical diagram using

Cartesian coordinates todisplay values for two variablesfor a set of data

Collection of points, eachhaving the value of onevariable determining theposition on the horizontal axis

and the value of the othervariable determining theposition on the vertical axis

Depicts degree of correlation

b/w two variables.


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Stock Chart

Illustrates the fluctuation of stock prices May also be used for scientific data (e.g. fluctuation of

daily or annual temperatures)

Stock Chart type Required data series and order

High-low-close High price, low price and closing price

Open-high-low-close Opening price, high price, low price and closingprice

Volume-high-low-close Volume traded, high price, low price and closingprice

Volume-open-high-low-close

Volume traded, opening price, high price, lowprice and closing price


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Surface Chart Covers a specific geographical

area and presents conditions atthe surface

3 D surface that connects a setof data points

Finds optimum combinationsbetween two sets of data

Colours and patterns in a

Surface chart indicate areasthat contain the same range ofvalues

Colors are used to distinguishthe values


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Row headings appear along the series axis (y-axis) Column headings appear along the category axis (x-axis) Data of tensile strength plotted along the value axis (z-axis)


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Types of Surface Chart

3-D Surface shows relationships betweenlarge amounts of data thatmay otherwise be difficult tosee

Wireframe 3-D Surface

shows only the lines


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Contour provides a 2-D viewof the Surface chart from

above, similar to a 2-Dtopographic map.

Lines in a Contour chartconnect interpolated pointsof equal value

Wireframe Contour showsonly the lines


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Doughnut Chart

Displays value data aspercentages of the whole Categories are represented

by individual slices Functionally identical to

pie charts Size of the slice is

determined by the seriesvalue as a percentage ofthe total of all values


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Bubble Chart

Variation of a Scatter chartin which the datapoints are replaced withbubbles

Used instead of a Scatterchart if data has three dataseries

Specific values can bemore visually representedby different bubble sizes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Adobe_Flex_BubbleChart.png


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Size of the bubbles is determined by values in the third data series


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Radar/Spider Chart Displays multivariate (three or

more quantitative variables)data in the form of a 2 D chart

Sequence of equi-angular

spokes (radii), each spokerepresenting one of thevariables

Data length of a spoke isproportional to themagnitude of the variable

First used by Georg von Mayrin 1877


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Gantt chart

Illustrates a projectschedule (start andfinish dates of theterminal elements andsummary elements of aproject

Shows dependency

(i.e., precedencenetwork) relationshipsbetween activities


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Overlay Chart

Chart made of translucentpaper that contains anoutline of a specific part

and its dimensions Superimposes the

frequency data fromselected forecasts so thatwe can comparedifferences or similarities


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Table Chart


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Documents

Types of Charts and Graphs