Tutorial OHR Answer PDF

7/25/2019 Tutorial OHR Answer PDF

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TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE

ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION & HUMAN RESOURCE

TUTORIAL 1

General Introduction

1. Ice-breaking session.

2. Self-introduction by tutor and students.

3. Briefing on course requirements.

4. Tutorial expectations and participation.

5. Briefing on Group Report & Oral Presentation (requirements and expectations).

6. Team formation for Group Report. (4 members per group)

7. Tutor assigns question and time for oral presentation & group report

** Oral presentation and group report submission will starts from Week 3 to 5**

**Important note**Students are required to sit for one (1) online test

on Week 3. Please make sure that you areregistered under this course and be able to access

to CEL to take the test.


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TUTORIAL 2

Topic 1 : Foundations of Organizational Structure

Part A: Multiple Choice Questions

1) The ________ refers to the number of subordinates that a manager directs.

A) span of controlB) unity of commandC) chain of command

D) decentralization principle

E) leadership web

2) A task that is subdivided into many separate jobs is considered to have ________.

A) a high degree of departmentalizationB) a low degree of decentralization

C) a high degree of work specialization

D) a low degree of structure

E) a high degree of matrix structuring

3) Aeronautics Inc., a parts supplier, has departments for government aircraft andcontracts, large commercial aircraft clients, and small personal aircraft clients. This is anexample of ________ departmentalization.

A) product

B) function

C) geography

D) customer

E) service

4) Stalsberry Company has employees in personnel, sales, and accounting. This division

of an organization into groups according to work functions is an example of ________,

the second element of structural organization.A) social clustering

B) bureaucracy

C) specialization

D) centralization

E) departmentalization


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5) The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the

lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom is termed ________.

A) chain of command

B) authorityC) span of control.

D) unity of command

E) web of authority

6) Which one of the following is consistent with a simple structure?

A) high centralization

B) high horizontal differentiation

C) high employee discretionD) standardization

E) bureaucracy

7) Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? It ________.A) reduces effectiveness

B) is more efficient

C) encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy

D) empowers employeesE) increases participatory decision-making

8) In an organization that has high centralization, ________.

A) the corporate headquarters is located centrally to branch officesB) all top level officials are located within the same geographic area

C) action can be taken more quickly to solve problems

D) new employees have a great deal of legitimate authority

E) top managers make all the decisions and lower level managers merely carry out

directions


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TUTORIAL 3

Topic 2 : Organizational Culture

Part A: Discussion Question

1) Explain the primary methods of maintaining an organization's culture.

Once a culture is in place, there are practices within the organization that act to maintain

it by giving employees a set of similar experiences. Three forces play a particularlyimportant part in sustaining a culture: selection practices, the actions of top management,

and socialization methods.

a) First, the explicit goal of the selection process is to identify and hire individuals who

have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the jobs within the organizationsuccessfully. It would be naive to ignore that the final decision as to who is hired will be

significantly influenced by the decision maker's judgment of how well the candidates willfit into the organization. This attempt to ensure a proper match, whether purposely or

inadvertently, results in the hiring of people who have values essentially consistent with

those of the organization, or at least a good portion of those values. In addition, the

selection process provides information to applicants about the organization. Candidates

learn about the organization and, if they perceive a conflict between their values and

those of the organization, they can self-select themselves out of the applicant pool.

b) In addition to selection, the actions of top management also have a major impact onthe organization's culture. Through what they say and how they behave, senior executives

establish norms that filter down through the organization as to whether risk taking is

desirable; how much freedom managers should give their employees; what is appropriate

dress; what actions will pay off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards;

and the like.

c) Finally, no matter how good a job the organization does in recruiting and selection,

new employees are not fully indoctrinated in the organization's culture. Because they areunfamiliar with the organization's culture, new employees are potentially likely to disturb

the beliefs and customs that are in place. The organization will, therefore, want to help

new employees adapt to its culture. This adaptation process is called socialization. This iswhen the organization seeks to mold the outsider into an employee "in good standing."

Employees who fail to learn the essential or pivotal role behaviors risk being labeled

"nonconformists" or "rebels," which often leads to expulsion. But the organization will be

socializing every employee, though maybe not as explicitly, throughout his or her entirecareer in the organization. This further contributes to sustaining the culture.


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2) Explain how an institutionalized culture can be a barrier to diversity. Describe

how an organization could utilize the three forces at play in sustaining a culture to

help create a diverse workforce.

By limiting the range of acceptable values and styles, strong cultures put considerable

pressure on employees to conform. In some instances, a strong culture that condones

prejudice can even undermine formal corporate diversity policies. Strong cultures can

also be liabilities when they support institutional bias or become insensitive to people

who are different.

Hiring new employees who differ from the majority in race, age, gender, disability, or

other characteristics creates a paradox: management wants to demonstrate support for thedifferences these employees bring to the workplace, but newcomers who wish to fit in

must accept the organization's core cultural values. Because diverse behaviors and unique

strengths are likely to diminish as people attempt to assimilate, strong cultures canbecome liabilities when they effectively eliminate these advantages.

The explicit goal of the selection process is to identify and hire individuals with the

knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform successfully. Taking diversity into

consideration at this phase does not have to be antagonistic to the culture. The final

decision, because it's significantly influenced by the decision maker's judgment of howwell the candidates will fit into the organization, identifies people whose values are

essentially consistent with at least a good portion of the organization's. Looking beyond

surface level differences at the selection phase will help create a diverse workforce.

Through words and behavior, senior executives establish norms that filter through theorganization about, for instance, whether risk taking is desirable, how much freedom

managers should give employees, what is appropriate dress, and what actions pay off in

terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards. Management actions should beinclusive and non-prejudicial to create a diverse and functional culture.

During the metamorphosis stage of socialization management should use institutionalpractices to encourage personorganization fit and high levels of commitment.

3) What are the three stages of socialization through which employees become

indoctrinated into an organization's culture?

The three stages of socialization are prearrival, encounter, and metamorphosis.

a) The prearrival stage recognizes that each individual arrives with a set of values,

attitudes, and expectations. These cover both the work to be done and the organization.

b) Upon entry into the organization, the new member enters the encounter stage. Here the

individual confronts the possible dichotomy between her expectations and reality.

c) Finally, the new member must work out any problems discovered during the encounter

stage. This may mean going through changes - hence, this is called the metamorphosisstage.


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4) Discuss the difference between strong and weak organizational cultures and

discuss the effect that a strong culture can have on an acquisition or merger.

Strong cultures have a greater impact on employee behavior and are more directly relatedto reduced turnover. In a strong culture, the organization's core values are both intensely

held and widely shared. The more members who accept the core values and the greater

their commitment to those values is, the stronger the culture is. A strong culture will have

a great influence on the behavior of its members because the high degree of sharedness

and intensity creates an internal climate of high behavioral control. One specific result of

a strong culture should be lower employee turnover. A strong culture demonstrates high

agreement among members about what the organization stands for. Such unanimity of

purpose builds cohesiveness, loyalty, and organizational commitment. These qualities, inturn, lessen employees' propensity to leave the organization.

In recent years, cultural compatibility has become the primary concern. All things beingequal, whether the acquisition actually works seems to have more to do with how well the

two organizations' cultures match up. The primary cause of failure is conflictingorganizational cultures, when people simply don't match up. Therefore, when considering

an acquisition or merger, management would need to carefully evaluate the cultures of

each organization.


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TUTORIAL 4

Topic 3: Foundations of Group Behavior & Understanding Work Teams

Part A: Discussion Question

1) List and briefly describe the stages in the five-stage model of group development.

The five-stage group development model characterizes groups as proceeding through fivedistinct stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

a) Forming is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose,

structure, and leadership. Members are testing the waters to determine what types of

behavior are acceptable.

b) In the storming stage, members accept the existence of the group, but there isresistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. There is conflict

over who will control the group.

c) The third stage is one in which close relationships develop and the group demonstrates

cohesiveness. There is now a strong sense of group identify and camaraderie. This

norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has

assimilated a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior.

d) The fourth stage is performing. The structure at this point is fully functional and

accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to

performing the task at hand.

e) In the adjourning stage, the group prepares for its disbandment. High task performance

is no longer the group's top priority. Instead, attention is directed toward wrapping up

activities.

2) Design the most effective team to figure out ways to reduce the number of

preparation hours for shipping products overseas for your company. Choose thetype of team from one of the four principal team types. Describe your team's

context, composition, and process parameters.

Answers will vary. A problem-solving team is probably the best type of team for thistask. In a problem-solving team members share ideas or suggest how work processes andmethods can beimproved. The problem-solving team will offer ideas to management. Together they

discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment.


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The team will need information on what products are being shipped and how long each of

them takes, as well as details on the current procedures. Adequate information isessential. A firm goal of reducing the hours spent must be established by a leader. The

group should be comprised of workers and management with expertise in the shippingdepartment procedures. The team should have five members, three management and two

people from shipping and packaging. The process parameters should be clearly outlined,

with goals of exactly how much time needs to be shaved off of packaging processes.

3) Explain the difference between groupthink and group shift. Give an example to

support your answer.

Groupthink is related to norms. It describes situations in which group pressures for

conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular

views. Groupthink is a disease that attacks many groups and can dramatically hinder theirperformance. Group shift indicates that in discussing a given set of alternatives and

arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions that theyhold. In some situations, caution dominates, and there is a conservative shift. More often,

however, the evidence indicates that groups tend toward a risky shift.

Students answers may vary.


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TUTORIAL 5

Topic 4: Motivation Concepts

Part A: Discussion Questions

1) Compare and contrast a manager that implements Theory Y and one that

adheres to the expectancy theory. How would each choose to motivate their

employees?

Theory Y managers assume that employees can view work as being as natural as rest or

play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility.

Theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. Theory Y managers

would contend that ideas such as participative decision making, responsible andchallenging jobs, and good group relations are approaches that would maximize an

employee's job motivation. A Theory Y manager believes that the employee is inherentlymotivated as long as the conditions respect his intellect and character. A Theory Y

manager would work hard to include the employee in decision making concerning his

job, to satisfy work environment preferences, and to make sure the work is stimulating.

Expectancy theory proposes that employees will be motivated to exert a high level of

effort when they believe it will lead to a good performance appraisal; that a good

appraisal will lead to organizational rewards such as bonuses, salary increases, orpromotions; and that the rewards will satisfy the employees' personal goals. Anexpectancy theory manager would focus much more on the reward expectations of the

employee, versus the psychologic expectations. It would be important for the manager to

understand the personal goals that the employee strives to achieve so that he can be

appropriately rewarded and praised.

2) Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs including the types of needs and how they

become dominant.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs hypothesized that within every human being there exists a

hierarchy of five needs.a) The physiological needs include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs.

b) Safety includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm.

c) Social includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship.

d) Esteem includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, andachievement; and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention.e) Self-actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming; includes

growth, achieving one's potential, and self-fulfillment.

As each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

So if you want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand what


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level of the hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying those needs at or

above that level

3) According to Two-Factor Theory, how might a manager motivate employees?

According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct

from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate

factors that can create job dissatisfaction may bring about peace but not necessarily result

in motivation. Conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision, pay,

company policies, physical working conditions, relations with others, and job security

were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When they are adequate, people willnot be dissatisfied; neither will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their

jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or to

outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities forpersonal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the

characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding.


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TUTORIAL 6

Topic 5: Motivation: From Concepts to Applications


1)List and describe THREE (3) different variable-pay programs. Be sure to include

piece-rate plans, profit-sharing plans, and gainsharing.

a) Piece-rate plans. In piece-rate pay plans, workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of

production completed. When an employee gets no base salary and is paid only for what

he or she produces, this is a pure piece-rate plan.

b) Merit-based pay. Merit-based pay plans also pay for individual performance.

However, unlike piece-rate plans, which pay based on objective output, merit-based payplans are based on performance appraisal ratings.

c) Profit-sharing. Profit-sharing plans are organization-wide programs that distributecompensation based on some established formula designed around a company's

profitably.

d) Bonuses. Bonuses can be paid exclusively to executives or to all employees. Many

companies now routinely reward production employees with bonuses in the thousands of

dollars when company profits improve.

e) Skill-Based Pay. Skill-based pay (also called competency-based or knowledge-based

pay) sets pay levels on the basis of how many skills employees have or how many jobsthey can do.f) ESOPs. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are company-established benefit

plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices, as part of their

benefits.

g) Gainsharing. Gainsharing is a formula-based group incentive plan. Improvements in

group productivity determine the total amount of money that is to be allocated. By

focusing on productivity gains rather than profits, gainsharing rewards specific behaviors

that are less influenced by external factors. Employees in a gainsharing plan can receive

incentive awards even when the organization isn't profitable.

2)Compare and contrast the benefits of intrinsic rewards such as recognition and

extrinsic rewards such as pay as forms of motivation.

Organizations are increasingly recognizing that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are

important. Rewards are intrinsic in the form of employee recognition programs and

extrinsic in the form of compensation systems. Intrinsic rewards range from aspontaneous and private thank-you to widely publicized formal programs in whichspecific types of behavior are encouraged and the procedures for attaining recognition are

clearly identified.

Pay, an extrinsic reward, is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, however, it


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does motivate people, and companies often underestimate its importance in keeping top

talent. No matter how much recognition a top performer gets, he will be tempted to leaveif the pay scale is much lower than the market and another offer arrives.

Recent survey data indicate most employees don't see a strong connection between pay

and performance. Variable pay structures, such as bonuses are often the best production

motivators. When pay is tied to performance, the employee's earnings also recognize

contribution rather than being a form of entitlement. Over time, low performers' pay

stagnates, while high performers enjoy pay increases commensurate with their

contributions.

An obvious advantage of intrinsic rewards like recognition programs is that they areinexpensive since praise is free. However, they are highly susceptible to political

manipulation by management. When applied to jobs for which performance factors are

relatively objective, such as sales, recognition programs are likely to be perceived byemployees as fair. However, in most jobs, the criteria for good performance aren't self

evident, which allows managers to manipulate the system and recognize their favorites.Abuse can undermine the value of recognition programs and demoralize employees.

Research suggests financial incentives may be more motivating in the short term, but in

the long run intrinsic incentives will retain good employees if the extrinsic incentives arecompetitive.

3) What is employee involvement and why is it important. Give two examples.

Employee involvement is defined as a participative process that uses the entire capacity

of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization's

success. The underlying logic is that by involving workers in those decisions that affectthem and by increasing their autonomy and control over their work lives, employees will

become more motivated, more committed to the organization, more productive, and more

satisfied with their jobs. Examples of employee involvement includea) Participative management. Participative management programs use joint decision

making. Subordinates actually share a significant degree of decision-making power with

their immediate superiors.

b) Representative participation. Representative participation refers to worker

representation by a small group of employees who actually participate on the board. Thegoal is to redistribute power within an organization, putting labor on a more equal footing

with the interests of management and stockholders.


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TUTORIAL 7

Topic 6: What do Managers Do & Leadership


1) Which of the following is most likely to be a belief held by a successful manager?A) Technical knowledge is all that is needed for success.

B) It is not essential to have sound interpersonal skills.

C) Technical skills are necessary, but insufficient alone for success.D) Effectiveness is not impacted by human behavior.

E) Technical skills do not influence efficiency.

2) Which of a manager's primary functions requires the manager to define an

organization's goals, establish an overall strategy for achieving these goals and develop acomprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities?

A) controlling

B) planningC) staffing

D) coordinating

E) leading

3) As a manager, one of Joe's duties is to present awards to outstanding employees within

his department. Which Mintzberg managerial role is Joe acting in when he does this?A) leadership roleB) liaison role

C) monitor role

D) figurehead role

E) spokesperson role

4) Jill is valued by her colleagues for her ability to perform effective break-even analysis

on upcoming ventures. In this case, her colleagues value her for competencies that fall

within which essential management skills categories?

A) technicalB) communication

C) humanD) conceptual

E) education

5) Leadership is best defined as ________.

A) the ability to influence a group in goal achievementB) keeping order and consistency in the midst of change

C) implementing the vision and strategy provided by management

D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems

E) not a relevant variable in modern organizations


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6) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michiganstudies are ________.

A) coercion and motivationB) emotional and rational

C) employee-oriented and production-orientedD) initiating structure and consideration

E) initiation and completion

Part B: Discussion Questions

1) Describe the three essential management skills that differentiate effective

managers from ineffective ones. Provide a workplace example of how these skillscould be used when dealing with the challenge of a workplace recession.

The three essential management skills identified by researchers are technical, human, and

conceptual.

Technical skills are defined by the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise.Human skills are defined by the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other

people. Finally, conceptual skills are defined by the ability to analyze and diagnose

complex situations.

In a time of recession human skills are essential to motivate fearful employees and tocreate a positive work environment. They would also be necessary in the event of

workplace staff reduction. Technical skills could be applied in the area of expertise to

raise production and, combined with conceptual skills, can be used to look for smallmarket niches and ways to analyze the industry to continue to make a profit until times

are better.


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TUTORIAL 8

Topic 7: Leadership


1) Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following?

A) situational leadership theoryB) cognitive resource theory

C) managerial grid modelD) path-goal theory

E) cognitive orientation model

2) Hersey and Blanchard's leadership theory differs from other leadership theories

primarily because it ________.A) explores the role of the expectations of the leader for the follower

B) focuses on the followersC) holds that leadership style should be dependent on the situation

D) is normative

E) deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies

3) What is the main principle of path-goal theory?

A) Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style.

B) Stress is a form of situational unfavorableness and a leader's reaction to it depends onhis or her intelligence and experience.C) Effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style

and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader.

D) Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers because

of time pressures.

E) The leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support,

or other resources necessary for them to do their jobs.

4) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader?A) sensitivity to follower needs

B) unconventional behavior

C) vision and articulationD) task orientation

E) willingness to take risks

5) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp, which theybelieve to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would

most support the conclusion that Acme's leader is a transformational leader?

A) Acme's top managers often conflict over defining the organizations goals.

B) Acme's goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees.


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C) Creativity is discouraged among Acme employees.

D) Acme managers are cautious and rarely take risks.E) Acme's compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results.

6) Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit

a _________ style of leadership.

A) transformational

B) transactional

C) charismatic

D) self-initiating

E) situational

7) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a project

team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the team's performance

under Richard's guidance?A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richard's

expectations.

B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals.

C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member.

D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richard's heroic or extraordinary

qualities.E) They will tend to put their individual self-interest above the interests of the company.


1)Compare and contrast Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory withHouse's path-goal theory.

Hersey and Blanchard's situation leadership theory is a contingency theory that focuseson the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style,

which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the level of the followers' readiness.

The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is thefollowers who accept or reject the leaders. The term readiness refers to the extent to

which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a

follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific

directions; if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task

orientation to compensate for the followers' lack of ability and high relationshiporientation to get the follower to "buy into" the leader's desires; if followers are able and

unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style; and if the

employee is both able and willing, the leader doesn't need to do much.

Path-goal theory was developed by Robert House. The essence of the theory is that it's

the leader's job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary

direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall

objectives of the group or organization. The term path-goal is derived from the belief thateffective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get from where they are to the


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achievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing

roadblocks. House identified four leadership behaviors. The directive leader letsfollowers know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific

guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. The supportive leader is friendly and showsconcern for the needs of followers. The participative leader consults with followers and

uses their suggestions before making a decision. The achievement-oriented leader sets

challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. House assumes

that leaders are flexible and that the same leader can display any or all of these behaviors

depending on the situation.


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TUTORIAL 9

Topic 8: Communication


1) Communication serves all of the following functions within a group or organizationexcept ________.

A) motivation

B) planningC) emotional expression

D) control

E) conveying information

2) Alejandro is annoyed that the new recruit, Ben, is working faster than anyone else inthe group, making the rest of the group look bad. In the company cafeteria Alejandro

teases Ben and calls him the 'super recruit' and imitates his style of working so rapidly.Alejandro wants to intimidate Ben so that he will work slower. Which function of

communication is Alejandro using by making fun of Ben?

A) motivation

B) control

C) expression

D) information

E) formal

3) Helena and Laura were talking on the phone. Laura's two year old son fell and started

crying and Laura could no longer hear what Helena said. This is an example of

________.

A) transmitting

B) decoding

C) noise

D) understanding

E) analysis

4) The communication used by managers to provide job instructions is ________

communication.A) downward

B) lateral

C) formal

D) directionalE) diagonal


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1)Describe the communication process. Include the communication process model and

explain the eight parts of this model.

Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed,

is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded (converted

to a symbolic form) and passed by way of some medium (channel) to the receiver, who

retranslates (decodes) the message initiated by the sender. The result is a transfer of

meaning from one person to another.

The key parts of the communication process are1)

the sender

2)

encoding

3)

the message4) the channel

5) decoding6) the receiver

7) noise

8) feedback

The source initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical

product from the source encoding. The channel is the medium through which the message

travels. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. The symbols must be

translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This is the decoding. Noise

represents communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. The final link isa feedback loop.

2)Explain how the grapevine functions and why it exists in organizational

communication. Describe the general direction of communication and the form of

communication most commonly used in the grapevine. What can a manager do to

limit the negative effects of the grapevine?

The informal communication system is the grapevine. While it is informal it is still an

important source of information. A survey found that 75 percent of employees hear about

matters first through rumors on the grapevine. The grapevine has three main

characteristics. First, it is not controlled by management. Second, most employeesperceive it as more believable and reliable than formal communiqus issued by top

management. Finally, it is largely used to serve the interests of the people within it.

Rumors emerge as a response to situations that are important to us, when there is

ambiguity, and under conditions that arouse anxiety. The fact that work situations

frequently contain these three elements explains why rumors flourish in organizations.

The secrecy and competition that typically prevail in large organizations, encourage and

sustain rumors on the grapevine. A rumor will persist either until the wants andexpectations creating the uncertainty are fulfilled or the anxiety has been reduced.


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The grapevine generally follows lateral communication in which persons from the samehierarchical levels begin to relay messages. Very rarely does management participate in

the grapevine. In fact, one study reported that management only relayed messages to thegrapevine ten percent of the time. Generally oral communication is used to relay

grapevine information, although written e-mail can be used as well, but is considered less

safe for accountability reasons.

Managers can not entirely eliminate rumors. What they should do is minimize the

negative consequences of rumors by limiting their range and impact. The best way to

reduce the negative consequences of rumors is to: 1) Provide information; 2) Explain

actions and decisions that may appear inconsistent, unfair, or secretive; 3) Refrain fromshooting the messenger; and 4) Maintain open communication channels.


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TUTORIAL 10

Topic 9: Conflict Management


1) The traditional view of conflict is the belief that conflict is ________.

A) harmfulB) natural

C) necessaryD) situationally-dependent

E) neutral

2) Which of the following is not a cause of conflict, according to the traditionalist view?

A) general poor communication between peopleB) lack of openness in the organization

C) trust between people in the organizationD) management failure to be responsive to employee needs

E) management failure to be responsive to employee aspirations

3) The ________ view of conflict argues that conflict is necessary for a group to perform

effectively.

A) human relations

B) interactionistC) traditionalD) functional

E) reactive

4) ________ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.

A) Task

B) Job

C) Relationship

D) ProcessE) Functional

5) The first stage of the conflict process is termed ________.A) cognition and personalization

B) behavioral manifestation

C) potential opposition or incompatibility

D) intentionE) habituation

6) High job specialization can lead to ________ conflict.

A) communication


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B) structural

C) personal-variableD) job-related

E) team

7) In which stage are conflict issues defined?

A) potential opposition

B) cognition and personalization

C) intuitions

D) behavior

E) reaction and transference

8) The conflict-handling intention of collaborating is ________.

A) assertive and uncooperative

B) assertive and cooperativeC) unassertive and uncooperative

D) unassertive and cooperativeE) affective and reflective

9) Angelina feels that her cubicle neighbor talks too loudly on the phone, but in other

ways she is a great neighbor. Angelina gets annoyed every time her neighbor's phonerings, but she has decided it's simply not worth the trouble to talk to her neighbor.

Angelina's conflict intention is called ________.

A) competing

B) avoiding

C) accommodatingD) compromising

E) collaborating

10) Which of the following is not a conflict-resolution technique?

A) creating superordinate goals

B) appointing a devil's advocateC) avoiding the conflict

D) exercising authoritative command

E) generating additional resources

11) Stage II of the conflict process deals with conflict being ________.A) perceived and feltB) apparent and experienced

C) expressed and perceived

D) overt and covert

E) internalized

12) Irma does not like a few of the standard operating procedures adapted for the newproject. However, she discussed the items with the team and told them that she realized


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she was in the minority and that she would adapt the new procedures to maintain smooth

operations within the team. This type of intention is called ________.A) sacrificing

B) accommodatingC) collaborating

D) compromising

E) competing


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TUTORIAL 11

Topic 10: Power and Politics


1) Power can be defined as ________.

A) the ability to influence the behavior of othersB) the actualization of the dependency of others

C) congruence between the goals of the leader and those being ledD) downward influence on one's followers

E) upward influence on one's leaders

2) One reacts to ________ power out of fear of the negative ramifications that might

result if one fails to comply.A) legitimate

B) coerciveC) punitive

D) referent

E) abusive

3) The power that the College Dean has been granted by the University over the faculty is

termed ________ power.

A) academicB) positional

C) legitimateD) organizational

E) balanced

4) Power tactics can be defined as ________.

A) the only legitimate sources of power

B) techniques for translating power bases into specific action

C) strategies for gathering and maintain supportD) organizational structural characteristics

E) approaches for winning arguments

5) Vivian has not been handling one portion of her duties in a satisfactory manner. As a

result, her manager threatens to withhold her promotion. Which power tactic is being

used?

A) exchangeB) ingratiation

C) pressureD) personal appeals

E) inspirational appeals


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1) Contrast leadership and power.

Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership, on the other

hand, requires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led.

A second difference relates to the direction of influence. Leadership focuses on the

downward influence on one's followers. It minimizes the importance of lateral and

upward influence patterns. Power does not.

Still another difference deals with research emphasis. Leadership research, for the mostpart, emphasizes style. It seeks answers to such questions as: How supportive should a

leader be? How much decision making should be shared with followers? The research on

power encompasses a broader area and focus on tactics for gaining compliance. Powercan be used by groups as well as by individuals to control other individuals or groups.

2) List and discuss the bases of personal power.

Personal power comes from an individual's unique characteristics. Two bases of personal

power are expertise, the respect and admiration of others.

a) Expert power is influence wielded as a result of expertise, special skill, or knowledge.

Expertise has become one of the most powerful sources of influence as the world has

become more technologically oriented.

b) Referent power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or

personal traits. If I like, respect, and admire you, you can exercise power over me

because I want to please you.

3) Distinguish between legitimate political behavior and illegitimate political

behavior.

Legitimate political behavior refers to normal everyday politics - complaining to your

supervisor, bypassing the chain of command, forming coalitions, obstructing

organizational policies or decisions through inaction or excessive adherence to rules, anddeveloping contacts outside the organization through one's professional activities.

On the other hand, there are also illegitimate political behaviors that violate the implied

rules of the game. Those who pursue such extreme activities are often described as

individuals who "play hardball." Illegitimate activities include sabotage, whistleblowing,

and symbolic protests such as wearing unorthodox dress or protest buttons, and groups of

employees simultaneously calling in sick.


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TUTORIAL 12

Topic 11: Human Resource Policies and Practices (Human Resource Planning&

Forecasting, Recruitment)


1) Define human resource planning. Describe the TWO (2) components in human

resource planning.

Human resource planning is the systematic process of matching the internal and external

supply of people with job openings anticipated in the organization over a specific period

of time. Human resource planning has 2 components: requirements and availability.

A requirements forecast involves determining the number, skill, and location of

employees the organization will need at future dates in order to meet its goals. Thedetermination of whether the firm will be able to secure employees with the necessary

skills, and from what sources, is called an availability forecast.

2) Describe human resource databases and how databases can assist in matching

internal employees to positions.

A human resource database contains employee information that permits management to

make HR decisions. Information that might appear in such databases, includes, but is not

limited to, the following: work history and experience, specific skills and knowledge,licenses or certifications held, organizational training completed, educationalbackground, previous performance appraisal evaluations, assessment of strengths and

weaknesses, development needs, promotion potential at present, and with further

development, current job performance, field of specialization, job preferences,

geographic preferences, career goals and aspirations, anticipated retirement date, and

personal history, including psychological assessments. Databases are being used by

organizations to enable human resources to match people with positions.

3) List TWO (2) methods are available to firms when either a shortage or surplus of

workers is forecasted?

Firms faced with a shortage of workers may use:

1) innovative recruiting,

2) compensation incentives, and3) training programs to fill positions.4)

Lowering of employment standards

Firms faced with a surplus of workers may use:


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1) layoffs,

2) restricted hours,3) hiring freezes may be necessary, and

4)

encourage early retirement and5)

the use of vacation time.


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TUTORIAL 13

Topic 12: Human Resource Policies and Practices (Selection)


1) Which of the following is the most common method of initial selection?

A) written tests

B) background checkC) performance test

D) application form

E) work-sample test

2) More than ________ percent of employers conduct some type of background check onpotential employees during some point in the hiring process, usually either in the initial

phase or the contingent phase.A) 25

B) 50

C) 65

D) 80

E) 95

3) The best way for an employer to find out if a potential employee can do a job is by________.A) using the interview process

B) using a written test

C) having them spend a day in the office

D) administering an IQ test

E) using a performance simulation test

4) Work sample tests are widely used in hiring ________.

A) unskilled labor

B) skilled workersC) professional workers

D) managersE) knowledge workers

5) The results of which of the following tend to have a disproportionate amount ofinfluence on employee selection decisions?

A) interviewsB) written tests

C) performance simulation tests

D) work sampling methods


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E) personality tests

6) The behavioral structured interview is built on the assumption that ________.

A) past behavior is the best predictor of future behaviorB) technical knowledge and skills are the best predictor of job performance

C) personality is the best predictor of job performance

D) personality and mood are highly correlated

E) technical knowledge and mood are highly correlated

Part B: TRUE /FALSE Questions

1) As a selection device, written tests have decreased in usage during the past 20 years.

(TRUE /FALSE)

2) A test that measures factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and

honesty is referred to as a performance factor test. (TRUE /FALSE)

3) Work samples yield validities almost consistently superior to written aptitude tests.

(TRUE /FALSE)

4) In assessment centers, job candidates are evaluated as they go through several days of

exercises that simulate real problems they would confront on the job. (TRUE /FALSE)


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TUTORIAL 14

Topic 13 & 14: Human Resource Policies and Practices (Performance Evaluation)


1) Performance evaluations today are generally based on which three types of behavior?

A) task performance, productivity, tenure

B) productivity, efficiency, absenteeism

C) task performance, citizenship, counterproductivity

D) citizenship, counterproductivity, personality

E) leadership, training, efficiency

2) Performance evaluations are used as a mechanism for all of the following except

________.

A) monitoring the success of marketing strategiesB) determining promotions

C) pinpointing employees skills

D) identifying training and development needs

E) providing feedback to employees

3) Which of the following is not a weakness of the 360-degree evaluation system?A) artificially inflated feedback from peers

B) insufficient training for performance evaluators

C) discrepancies between evaluating groups

D) provides a wide performance perspective

E) difficulties in reconciling differing evaluations

4) Performance evaluations are used to ________.

A) improve group cohesivenessB) define departmental structure

C) help management make HR decisions

D) identify how jobs are completedE) decrease conformity within organizations

5) Which of the following is the least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate

employees?

A) traitsB) task outcomes

C) behaviors

D) personality

E) mood


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1) What are the three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee

performance?

The three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance are

individual task outcomes, behaviors, and traits.

a) If ends count, rather than means, then management should evaluate an employee's task

outcomes. In many cases, it's difficult to identify specific outcomes that can be directly

attributable to an employee's actions.

b) It's not unusual for management to evaluate the employee's behavior.

c) The weakest set of criteria, yet one that is widely used by organizations is individual

traits. They are weaker because they are farthest removed from the actual performance ofthe job itself.

2) Who should perform employee evaluations?

With many of today's organizations using self-managed teams, telecommuting, and other

organizing devices that distance bosses from their employees, an employee's immediate

superior may not be the most reliable judge of that employee's performance. Thus, in

more and more cases, peers and even subordinates are being asked to participate in theperformance evaluation process. Also, increasingly, employees are participating in their

own performance evaluation. In most situations, in fact, it is highly advisable to use

multiple sources of ratings. Any individual performance rating may say as much aboutthe rater as about the person being evaluated. By averaging across raters, we can obtain a

more reliable, unbiased, and accurate performance evaluation.

Documents

Tutorial OHR Answer PDF