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Neurological Tutorial for Medical Student Surat Tanprawate, MD, FRCPT Northern Neuroscience Center Department of Internal Medicine Chiangmai University OSCE Camp

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OSCE CampNeurological Tutorial for Medical StudentSurat Tanprawate, MD, FRCPT Northern Neuroscience Center Department of Internal Medicine Chiangmai UniversityTopicCommon short neurological case CSF interpretationCommon Neurological Short CaseOSCE Short casesÃĒ₮ÂĒ Facial weakness: BellÃĒ₮â„Ēs palsy ÃĒ₮ÂĒ Entrapment neuropathy: Carpal tunnelsyndromeÃĒ₮ÂĒ Tremor: ParkinsonÃĒ₮â„Ēs disease, ET ÃĒ₮ÂĒ Ptosis: CN III palsy ÃĒ₮ÂĒ Visual ÃŊŽeld defect: occipital lobe lesion ÃĒ₮ÂĒ Generalized weakness???

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Page 1: Tutorial Medical Student

Neurological Tutorialfor

Medical StudentSurat Tanprawate, MD, FRCPT

Northern Neuroscience CenterDepartment of Internal Medicine

Chiangmai University

OSCE Camp

Page 2: Tutorial Medical Student

TopicCommon short

neurological case

CSF interpretation

Page 3: Tutorial Medical Student

Common Neurological Short

Case

Page 4: Tutorial Medical Student

OSCE Short cases

â€Ē Facial weakness: Bell’s palsy

â€Ē Entrapment neuropathy: Carpal tunnel syndrome

â€Ē Tremor: Parkinson’s disease, ET

â€Ē Ptosis: CN III palsy

â€Ē Visual field defect: occipital lobe lesion

â€Ē Generalized weakness???

Page 5: Tutorial Medical Student

General Concept

1.Read the instruction

2.Key concept

3.Focus neurological examination

4.Final differential diagnosis

Page 6: Tutorial Medical Student

Facial weakness1. Reading the instruction

āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ§āļĄāļē 2 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”

Page 7: Tutorial Medical Student

Facial weakness2. Key concept

â€Ē Pattern of facial weakness

â€Ē āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđāļĒāļ UMNL and LMNL

â€ĒThe presence of signs other than facial weakness

Page 8: Tutorial Medical Student

Facial weakness3. Focus neurological exam.

Examine: Each part of facial muscle

â€Ē āļĒāļąāļāļ„āļīāđ‰āļ§ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāđˆāļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļœāļēāļ

â€Ē āļŦāļĨāļąāļšāļ•āļēāļ›āļĩāđ‹ 2 āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡

â€Ē āļĒāļīāđ‰āļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļĒāļīāļ‡āļŸāļąāļ™

â€Ē āđ€āļ›āđˆāļēāļ›āļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ—āđāļēāļ›āļēāļāļˆāļđāđ‹

āđāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ UMN or LMN weakness

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Facial weakness3. Focus neurological exam.

â€Ē āļ”āļđāļŦāļđāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩ skin lesion ?

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ lateral rectus āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™(CN 6)

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ facial sensation

â€Ē āļ–āļēāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ taste sensation

āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ LMN lesion āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄUnilateral LMN

weaknessBilateral LMN

weakness

â€Ē āļŦāļēcase āļĒāļēāļ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļ­āļ­āļ

â€Ē DDx. Myasthenia gravis

â€Ē GBS

â€Ē Myotonic dystrophy

Page 11: Tutorial Medical Student

Facial weakness4. Final diagnosis

Bell’s palsy

Facial palsy: LMN facial weaknessāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ CN āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™

āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļ˜āļīāļšāļēāļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ

āđƒāļŦ āđ‰Prednisolone 1 MKD x 10 dayAnti-viral Rx: Acyclovir 4000 mg/d

Eye care

Page 12: Tutorial Medical Student

Numbness of hand1. Reading the instruction

āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāđāļĄāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āđ‚āļ›āđ‰āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļĄāļē1 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļ‰āļąāļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„

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Numbness of Hand2. Key concept

āļ­āļ­āļ Carpal tunnel syndrome āđāļŦāļ‡ āđ†

Page 14: Tutorial Medical Student

Numbness of Hand3. Focus neurological exam.

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđāļĒāļāļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļ·āļ­(radiculopathy, ulnar neuropathy)

â€Ē motor involvement

â€Ē sensory distribution

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™ CTS

â€Ē Tinel’s sign, Phalen’ test

Page 15: Tutorial Medical Student

Motor test

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ Median nerve

â€Ē Lumbricoides: first, second

â€Ē Opponen pollicis

â€Ē Abductor pollicis brevis

â€Ē Flexor pollicis brevis

LOAF

Page 16: Tutorial Medical Student

Opponens Pollicis Abductor Pollicis Brevis

1st Lumbricoidis

Page 17: Tutorial Medical Student

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ Ulnar n.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

1st Dorsal Interosseous

Page 18: Tutorial Medical Student

āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ Radial n.

Tricep Brachioradialis

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor digitorum

Page 19: Tutorial Medical Student

Sensory test

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Phalen’s test Tinel’s sign

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Ptosis1. Read the instruction

āļ”āļĒāļļāļ„...āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡āļ•āļēāļ•āļāļĄāļē 5 āļ§āļąāļ™āļˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„

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2. Key concept

Levator palpebrae superioris

â€ĒCN III palsyâ€ĒNMJ: Myasthenia gravis

Muller muscle“Horner’s syndrome

Page 23: Tutorial Medical Student

Focus neurological examination

â€Ē Ptosis

â€Ē Uni- VS Bilateral

â€Ē Complete VS Incomplete

â€Ē Extra-ocular movement

â€Ē Resting and movement

â€Ē Distribution of eye movement

â€Ē Pupil

â€Ē Normal, dilate, small

Page 24: Tutorial Medical Student

InterpretationPtosis Pupil EOM Diagnosis

Unilateral Dilateâ€ĒResting: āļ•āļēāđ€āļ‚āļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļâ€ĒMovement: distribution of CN 3

CN III palsy from

Post com a. aneurysm

Unilateral Normalâ€ĒResting: āļ•āļēāđ€āļ‚āļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļâ€ĒMovement: distribution of CN 3

CN III palsy from

Diabetes

Unilateral, Incomplete

ptosisSmall â€ĒEOM: normal or plus

CN 3,4,6 involvedHorner’s syndrome

Page 25: Tutorial Medical Student

InterpretationPtosis Pupil EOM Diagnosis

Bilateral Normalâ€ĒLimited EOMâ€Ēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄ distribution of CN 3,4,6â€ĒāļĄāļĩ facial weak āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄ

Myasthenia gravis

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Tremor1. Reading the instruction

āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļĄāļē 5 āļ›āļĩ āļˆāļ‡āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„

Page 27: Tutorial Medical Student

Tremor2. Key concept

1. Tremor āļ—āđˆāļēāđ„āļŦāļ™

2. āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē āļ—āđˆāļēāđ„āļŦāļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āđˆāļēāđ„āļŦāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›

āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē Tremor āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļ­āļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ„āđˆ 3 āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™

Parkinson’s disease

Essential tremor

Cerebellar tremor

Page 28: Tutorial Medical Student

Type of Tremor: 3 āļ—āđˆāļēāļ”āļđāļĄāļ·āļ­& āđ€āļ—āđ‰āļē āļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļĒāļąāļšāđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ€āļ‰āļĒ āđ†

āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ

1. Resting tremor

3. Focus neurological examination

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Type of Tremor: 3 āļ—āđˆāļēāļĒāļāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°

āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļēāļ‡āđāļ‚āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™

2. Postural tremor

3. Focus neurological examination

Page 30: Tutorial Medical Student

Type of Tremor: 3 āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āđāļē Finger to nose test

3. Intention tremor

3. Focus neurological examination

Page 31: Tutorial Medical Student

Resting tremorāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļē signs āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ†āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Parkinson’s disease

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ Tone āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­ āđāļ‚āļ™

â€Ē cogwheel rigidity

Page 32: Tutorial Medical Student

Resting tremorāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļē signs āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ†āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Parkinson’s disease

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§ āđƒāļŠ āđ‰finger tapping āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™

â€Ē Bradykinesia

â€Ē āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩ āļ•āļąāļ§āđ‚āļ„āđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ›āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē(stoop posture) āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ‹āļ­āļĒāđ€āļ—āđ‰āļē āđāļ‚āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļāļ§āđˆāļ‡(festinating gait)

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Resting tremorāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļē signs āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ†āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Parkinson’s disease

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ postural reflex āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄāđ„āļ›āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ”āļķāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡

â€Ē Postural instability āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āđ„āļ”āđ‰

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Postural tremorāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļē signs āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ hyperthyroid

â€Ē āļ”āļđāļ•āļēāļ§āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ›āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāđˆāļē āļ”āļđ lid retraction

â€Ē āļˆāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ

â€Ē āļ„āļĨāđāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄ Thyroid

â€Ē āļŸāļąāļ‡Heart āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ„āļĨāđāļē Pulse (āļĄāļĩAF or Tachycardia?)

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Intention tremorāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļē signs āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ cerebellar

dysfunction

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ eye movement āļ”āļđ nystagmus

â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ rapid alternating movement: dysdiadochokinesia?

â€Ē āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ”āļē āđāļĨāļ° tandem walk test: āļ”āļđ cerebellar gait ataxia āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ‚āļēāļāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ° tandem walk impair

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Visual field defect1. Reading the instruction

āļˆāļ‡āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ visual field, āļšāļ­āļāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđāļĨāļ° āļšāļ­āļāļ•āđāļēāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ lesion

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āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš Visual fieldāđ‚āļ”āļĒ confrontation test

â€Ē āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāļĨāļ°āļ•āļē(āļ›āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļ—āļĩāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡)

â€Ē āđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļš 4 quadrant

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Interpretation

Report visual āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™

LeftHomonymous

hemianopia

Lesion at occipital lobe āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄ

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Generalized muscle weakness

Quadriparesis

Muscle testingUpper extremityâ€Ēdeltoidâ€Ēbicep and tricepâ€Ēwrist extensor and flexorâ€Ēhand grip

Lower extremityâ€ĒHip flexâ€ĒHip addution and abductionâ€ĒKnee extension and flexionâ€ĒAnkle dorsiflex and plantarflex

Proximal m. weakness+ normal reflex: muscle disease, NMJ(MG)Distal muscle weakness+decrease reflex: polyneuropathy

DTR

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CSF interpretation

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CSF interpretation

āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļš

â€Ē āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļĨ CSF profile

â€Ē Differential diagnosis

â€Ē Treatment

â€Ē āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ”āļđ special test ex. Gram stain, AFB

â€Ē Interpret, diagnosis, treatment

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CSF interpretation

â€Ē General CSF profile

â€Ē Open CSF pressure

â€Ē Total cell count, differential cell count

â€Ē CSF glucose/plasma ratio

â€Ē CSF protein

â€Ē Specific test

â€Ē culture, stain: gram, AFB

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Interpret general CSF profile

Diagnosis Total Cell count Differential count CSF glucose/plasma ratio

CSF protein(g/l)

Normal <5 cell/cu.mm MNC >0.4 <0.45

1.āļ”āļđ cell āļāđˆāļ­āļ™: āļ–āđ‰āļē cell āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ”āļđ differential count2.āļ”āļđ glucose āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđ cell3.āļ”āļđ protein āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļē

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CSF Pleocytosis

Diagnosis Total Cell count Differential count CSF glucose/plasma ratio

CSF protein(g/l)

Normal <5 cell/cu.mm MNC >0.4 <0.45

Bacterial meningitis >1000

Predominance of PMN

Normal to marked decrease

Mild to marked elevation

Fungal meningitis Variable

Predominance of lymphocyte Low Elevated

TB meningitis VariablePredominance of

lymphocyte Low Elevated

Viral meningitis <100Predominance of

lymphocyte NormalNormal to elevated

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Treatment of MeningitisBacterial meningitis

â€Ē āļŠāđˆāļ‡ lab āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄ

â€Ē āđƒāļŦ āđ‰ABO: cephalosporin(ceptriazone) 2 gm iv q 12 hrs

â€Ē Dexa 10 mg iv q 6 hrs x 4 dayāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđƒāļŦ āđ‰ABO 15 min

â€Ē supportive care: iv fluid, observe neuro signs

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Albuminocytologic dissociation

Diagnosis Total Cell count Differential count CSF glucose/plasma ratio CSF protein

Albuminocytologic dissociation <5 cell/cu.mm mononclear cell normal increase

1.Guillain-Barre syndrome2.Brain tumor3.Multiple sclerosis4.Cerebrovascular thrombosis5.Subarachnoid block

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Good Luck

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