Tutorial 4: Creating Special Effects with CSS · 2011. 9. 27. · Tutorial 4: Creating Special Effects with CSS page 19 Tutorial 4 Website – Result Links on left side of page: Notice

Computer Science Department University of Central Florida

Tutorial 4: Creating Special Effects with CSS

COP 3175 – Internet Applications

Tutorial 4: Creating Special Effects with CSS page 2 © Jonathan Cazalas

Objectives

Work with CSS selectors Create styles for lists Create and apply class styles Create a rollover effect Create a drop cap using a pseudo-element Manage page layout with CSS Work with overflow and clipping styles Dealing with stacked objects


Objectives

Apply styles to various media Hide elements from printing Create and apply printer styles Create and prohibit page breaks for printing


Tutorial 4 Web Site

We’ll modify site by adding:

1) Graphical bullets

2) Rollover effects 3) Drop caps

Also, the site

needs to work for any kind of output, including mobile devices and printed output


Working with Selector Patterns

Motivation for Contextual Selectors: Let’s say you have several h2 elements

And you want all of them to look the same Except for one of them

You want that one to look different

How do you do this? You could use an id attribute

You would apply a specific id to the specific h2 tag that you want to look different from the rest

And you would make a style for that specific id But the requires you keeping a (possibly) long list of id values

for all the various elements on the page



Motivation for Contextual Selectors: Let’s say you have several h2 elements

And you want all of them to look the same Except for one of them

You want that one to look different

Another Option: Make styles based on their location or use in the

document css allows this through the use of contextual selectors



Contextual Selectors: Thus far, we’ve worked with styles in which the

selector references either an element (or group of elements) or an element referenced by an id

Example: b {color: blue}

this makes all boldface text appear in a blue font But what if we didn’t want every bold font to be blue? Instead, what if we only wanted bold text, which

appeared inside a list, to be blue? How would we do that?



Recall that on a Web page, elements are nested within other elements, forming a hierarchical tree structure Here’s an example of a Web page that has a

few headings, paragraph tags, and bold tags:



Contextual Selectors: To take advantage of the hierarchical structure of

Web page elements, CSS allows you to create contextual selectors

What do contextual selectors do? They allow you to express the location of an element

within the hierarchy of elements

Syntax: parent descendant {styles}

where parent is the parent element, descendant is a descendant of the parent, and styles are the styles applied to the descendant element



Contextual Selectors: Example:

Apply a blue color only to boldface text found in lists. You would use the style: li b {color: blue}

In this case, li is the parent element, and b is the descendant element

Any bold element not nested within a list element will not be affected by this style

Also note that the descendant element does not have to be a direct descendant of the parent



Contextual Selectors: contextual selectors can be grouped with other

selectors Example:

Apply a blue font to h2 headings and boldface list items You would use the style: li b, h2 {color: blue}



Contextual Selectors: contextual selectors can be applied with elements

marked with a specific id Example:

Display bold text in a blue font if it is nested within an element with an id of “notes”

You would use the style: #notes b {color: blue}

Figures 4-3 and 4-4 (page 202-203) show detailed examples of contextual selectors that can be used in CSS



Attribute Selectors On occasion you might also need to select

elements based on their attribute values Example:

To display link text in a blue font, you would use: a {color: blue}

However, this declaration makes no distinction between tags used to mark links and tags used to mark document anchors (see page 78 in book) HTML makes the distinction by the presence of the href

attribute If the tag has an href attribute, it is a link Otherwise it is an anchor (which is deprecated)



Attribute Selectors On occasion you might also need to select

elements based on their attribute values Now examine the following declaration:

a[href] {color: blue}

This applies the blue font color style only to link elements that contain an href attribute

So any tag used to mark anchors would not contain the href attribute, and therefore would not be affected by this style

See Figure 4-5 for a detailed listing of other attribute selectors supported by CSS


Using Selector Patterns

To apply a style to all elements in the document, use the * selector

To apply a style to a single element, use the e selector, where e is the name of the element

To apply a selector to a descendant element, f, use the e f selector, where e is the name of the parent element and f is an element nested within the parent

To apply a selector to a child element, f, use the e > f selector, where e is the name of a parent element and f is an element that is a direct child of the parent

To apply a selector to a sibling element, use the e + f selector, where e and f are siblings and f immediately follows e in the document tree


Tutorial 4 Web Site

Notice the h2 heading called “Basic Materials”

We want to create a specific style for this heading

But we don’t want to affect the other h2 headings


Tutorial 4 Website

Modify “Basic Materials” h2 heading: This heading currently appears within a div

element that is identified by an id value named “pullout”

So we simply modify the style sheet, adding a contextual selector to the “pullout” style: The selector #pullout h2 will reference only those

h2 elements within an element with the pullout id


Tutorial 4 Website – Result



Links on left side of page: Notice that the links are in an unordered list,

which is displayed in a box floated on the left page margin

Like all unordered lists, the browser displays the list items with bullet markers

How would you remove the bullet marker? Or perhaps choose a different type of bullet?


Applying Styles to Lists

To specify the list marker displayed by the browser, you can apply the style list-style-type: type

where type is one of the following markers:



List Style Types: Example:

To create a list with alphabetical markers such as A. Home B. Getting Started C. Scrapbooking Tips D. Supply List

you would apply the following list style to the ol list element:

ol {list-style-type: upper-alpha}



Nested Lists and Contextual Selectors List style types can be used with contextual

selectors to create an outline style for several levels of nested lists

The following page shows an example in which several levels of list style markers are used in formatting an outline Note that each marker style is determined by the

location of each ordered list within the levels of the outline



Using Custom List Markers If you don’t like any of the markers (bullets) in the

list-style-type style, you can supply your own in a graphic image file

Use the style: list-style-image: url(url)

where (url) is the URL of the graphic image file

Example: Display items in an unordered list marked with a graphic

image file named redball.gif: ul {list-style-image: url(redball.gif) }


Tutorial 4 Website

Left side links: We will modify these links so they appear without

any bullet marker Links inside “Basic Materials” box

These links should use a bullet marker based off of a graphic image file (bullet.jpg)

How to differentiate between the two lists: Use contextual selectors!

List of links is nested inside a div container with an id named links

“Basic Materials” box is nested within the pullout div box


Tutorial 4 Website

We simply modify the css file as follows:



Lists are treated as block-level elements Most browsers place the list marker to the left

of the block, lining up the markers with each list item You can change this default behavior using the

style: list-style-position: position

where position is either “outside” (the default) or “inside” When using “inside”, the marker is placed inside the

block, causing the list text to flow around the marker

More on page 211-122 (padding & margins)



List Marker Positions:


Tutorial 4 Website

Left side links There are three main subtopics within the links:

Pages that teach scrapbooking Pages that sell products Pages that give information about the company

The links are ordered by these subtopics But there is no visual separation between the

subtopics of links We want the links to appear as three groups One way to do this is to mark the first link, in each

group, and then increase the top margin for those links We mark those links using the class attribute


Working with Classes

The class attribute is used when you want to identify elements that share a common characteristic Syntax: ...

where elem is an element in the body of the Web page and class is a name that identifies the class of objects to which the element belongs



Class Attribute Example: Examine the following HTML code:

Getting Started Preserving Your Memories

This code marks both of the h2 headings as belonging to the subtitle class Note, that unlike the id attribute, several elements can

share the same class value Meaning, multiple elements can belong to the same class

Also note that the class value need not be assigned to the same type of element Example: h3 and

tags can belong to the same class



Advantage of class attribute You can use it to assign the same style to multiple

elements sharing the same class value The selector for the class attribute is .class {styles}

where class is the name of the class and styles are the styles applied to that class of element

Example: Display all elements belonging to the subtitle class in a

blue font: .subtitle {color: blue}



More details on class attributes: Remember that the same class name can be

used with elements of different types As such, you may need to specify exactly which

elements of a particular class receive a defined style

Syntax: elem.class {styles}

where elem is the element and class is the class

Example: h2.subtitle {color: blue}

applies a blue font to elements of the subtitle class, but only if they are h2 headings


Tutorial 4 Website

We want to create a visual separation between the three groups of links The three links are Home, Online

Store, and About Us We will mark these three links as

belonging to a class called “newGroup”

Then we will apply a style that increases the top margin of those elements


Tutorial 4 Website

Mark the links as “new Group”:

Create a “newGroup” style:


Brief Interlude: Human Stupidity


Tutorial 4 Website

Links now look much better But “Kathy” thinks the large block of underlined

links is difficult to read She doesn’t want the links underlined except

when the mouse pointer hovers over the link Only then should an underline appear This is called a rollover effect, because it

applies only when a user “rolls” the mouse over an element

We can create rollover effects using pseudo-classes


Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements What is a pseudo-class?

it is a classification of an element based on its current status, position, or use in the document

Example: One pseudo-class indicates whether a link has been

previously visited by the user Another pseudo-class indicates whether a link is

currently being activated or clicked To create a style for a pseudo-class, use the style: selector:pseudo-class {styles}

where selector is an element or group of elements within a document, pseudo-class is the name of the pseudo-class and styles are the styles you want to apply


Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements Pseudo-classes supported by CSS:


Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements Example of rollover effect:

If you want the font color of your links to change to red after they’ve been visited, you could use the following style declaration: a.visited {color: red}

Or to change the font color of your links to green only while the mouse hovers over the link, use: a.hover {color: green}


Tutorial 4 Website

Using rollover effects: Kathy wants to remove the default underlining of

links If the mouse hovers over a link, she wants the

text to appear in a black font and underlined She’ll use the following style declarations:


Tutorial 4 Website

Creating a Drop Cap Kathy wants to apply the following effects to the

first paragraph on the page: The first line should be displayed in small caps

style The first letter should be increased in size and

displayed as a drop cap


Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements Creating a Drop Cap

We can define selectors based on pseudo-elements that are not part of the document tree

Instead, they are abstracted from what we know of an element’s content, use, or position in the document

Example: A paragraph element is part of the document tree and is

marked with the

tag But the first line of the paragraph is not marked There is no “first line” element, even though we

intuitively know where the first line is located


Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements Syntax of a pseudo-element selector:

selector:pseudo-element {styles} where selector is an element or group of elements within the document,

pseudo-element is an abstract element based on the selector, and styles are the styles you want to apply to the pseudo-element.

Here are some pseudo-elements supported by CSS


Tutorial 4 Website

Remember, Kathy wants two new effects: The first line should be displayed in small caps

style The first letter should be increased in size and

displayed as a drop cap We use the style declarations:

Note: the first paragraph already has an id applied to it with the name “firstp”


Tutorial 4 Website

Kathy wants to show scrapbook samples each month

And she wants to have “callouts” that highlight certain portions of the scrapbook sample for the reader Each callout box

should be placed close to the feature it highlights

The following is a sketch of what she wants


Tutorial 4 Website

Here’s a sketch of what she wants

Notice the three boxes labeled note #1, note #2, and note #3

Each note will be inserted in a div container with specific id values

Each container will also belong to the same class, allowing a common set of styles to be placed on them


Tutorial 4 Website

Create div containers for each note


Tutorial 4 Website

The styles in this task will apply only to this page and no others in Kathy’s Web site So we use an embedded style sheet

Text should appear in a brown 8-point sans-serif font on an ivory background. Boxes should have a 3-pixel light gray inset border. Notes should be 130 pixels wide, with a margin space of 5 pixels around the paragraphs


Tutorial 4 Website

Here’s how the boxes will now look:

Now we simply need to position the boxes at the appropriate locations on the Samples page

Note: the boxes are placed side-by-side in this figure for viewing purposes only.

At this point, in the browser, they would appear stacked, one on top of the other


Positioning Objects with CSS

The Position Style: CSS-P (CSS-Positioning) became part of the

specification for CSS2, and positioning styles were some of the first CSS2 styles to be adopted by browsers

To position an element, use the style: position: type; top: value; right: value; bottom: value; left: value; where type indicates the type of positioning applied to

the element, and the top, right, bottom, and left styles indicate the coordinates of those edges of the element



The position style has five possible values: static, absolute, relative, fixed, and inherit The default position is static

Enables browsers to place an element based on where it flows in the document

Essentially the same as not using any CSS positioning at all

Any values that you specify for the left or top styles are simply ignored by the browser when static is used



The position style has five possible values: Absolute positioning enables you to place an

element at specific coordinates either on a page or within a containing element

position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 50px places an element at the coordinates (100, 50) or 100

pixels to the right and 50 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the page OR from the container element

Once an element has been placed using absolute positioning, it affects the placement of other objects on the page



The position style has five possible values: Relative positioning is used to move an element

relative to its default position on the page position: relative; left: 100px; top: 50px

places an element 100 pixels to the right and 50 pixels down from its normal placement in a browser window

Relative positioning does NOT affect the position of other elements on a page

Other elements retain their original position, as if the element had never been moved

See book (p 230) & demo for detailed examples



The position style has five possible values: You can fix an element at a specific spot in the

document window while the rest of the page scrolls by setting the value of the position style to fixed Not all browsers support this…proceed with caution

You can assign the inherit position style to an element so that it inherits the position value of its parent element

Download DEMO for Tutorial 4 and play with it: http://www.cengage.com/webdesign/np/xml3

http://www.cengage.com/webdesign/np/xml3�


Tutorial 4 Website

Position the Callout Boxes We’ve already styled the callout boxes Now we can position them on the Scrapbooks

sample page by adding the following styles to the embedded style sheet:

Notice that we used absolute positioning for each callout box


Tutorial 4 Website

Kathy likes the changes But she’s picky! And she feels the boxes

are too large They cover up too much

of the actual scrapbook sample image

So we need to make the callout boxes less intrusive


Working with Overflow and Clipping Just reduce the height of the box?

Unfortunately, this wouldn’t work. Why?

If you simply decrease the height of the box, the height would still expand to accommodate the content

If you want to force an element into a specified height and width, you have to define how the browser should handle a situation where content overflows the space allotted to the object


Working with Overflow and Clipping Dealing with overflow

Syntax of the overflow style: overflow: type

where type is visible (the default), hidden, scroll, or auto


Tutorial 4 Website

Fixing the callout boxes The boxes were too large (per Kathy) So we limit the height of each callout box to 90

pixels, and we display scroll bars as needed We set the overflow style to auto


Working with Overflow and Clipping Clipping an Element

The clip style allows you to define a rectangular region through which the element’s content can be viewed Anything that lies outside the boundary of the rectangle

is hidden

Syntax: clip: rect(top, right, bottom, left) where top, right, bottom, and left define the coordinates

of the clipping rectangle


Working with Overflow and Clipping Clipping an Element

Example: clip rect(10, 175, 125, 75)

Defines a clip region whose top and bottom edges are 10 and 125 pixels from the top of the element, and whose right and left edges are 175 and 75 pixels from the left side


Stacking Elements

Problems with positioning elements: Objects can sometimes overlap each other By default, elements that are formatted later in the

page are stacked on top of earlier elements Also, elements placed using CSS positioning are

stacked on top of elements that are not To specify a different stacking order, use the

style: z-index: value

where value is a positive or negative integer or the keyword “auto”


Stacking Elements

Z-index Style: Objects are stacked based on their z-index value,

with the highest z-index value placed on top


Stacking Elements

Z-index Style: Only works for elements placed with absolute

positioning Also, an element’s z-index value determines its

position relative only to the other elements that share a common parent

Example: Study the graphic on the next page The object with the highest z-index (4) is still covered Why?

Because it is nested within another object that has a low z-index (1)


Stacking Elements

Z-index Example:



WASN’T THAT

BREAKTAKING!


Daily Demotivator


Objectives

Apply styles to various media Hide elements from printing Create and apply printer styles Create and prohibit page breaks for printing


Tutorial 4 Website

Problem printing The site looks good right now But Kathy says the pages don’t print well When a customer prints the sample scrapbook

page, they don’t need a printout of the header logo or the left side links

They just want the scrapbook page And, ideally, they want the notes (callout

boxes) to be printed on a separate page So they don’t cover up the scrapbook

sample page


Tutorial 4 Website

Kathy’s proposed printed output:


Tutorial 4 Website

Problem printing So what is the solution? We could create two different versions of the

Samples page: one for screens and one for print But then you have to maintain two pages with

effectively the same content. That makes no sense!

Guess what: Since we’ve moved the styling away from the content,

we can simply make a separate style sheet specifically for printing purposes

We’ll have one page, but rendered different based on the style sheet applied to it


Working with Different Media

Media Types By default, a style sheet is applied to all devices,

and each device must determine how best to match the styles to its own requirements

To specify the media, you use the media attribute: ...

or where type is the type of media used by the style sheet



Table of values for the media attribute: See page 241 for more details



You can use a single style sheet broken down into different sections for each media type You do this using the rule: @media type { style declarations }

where type is one of the supported media types and style declarations are style declarations associated with that media type



You can use a single style sheet broken down into different sections for each media type

Example: The following style sheet is broken into four

sections with different styles for each section:

@media screen { body {font-size: 1em} h1 {font-size: 2em} } @media print { body {font-size: 12pt} h1 {font-size: 16pt} } @media handheld { body {font-size: 8pt} h1 {font-size: 12pt} } @media tv { body {font-size: 16pt} h1 {font-size: 24pt} }



Differences between different media types is not always clear Ex: how is projection media different from screen

media? The difference lies in what kind of output can be

sent to the media All output can be described based on some

common properties CSS uses media groups to describe how

different media devices render content



CSS uses four media groups based on the following characteristics: Continuous or paged Visual, aural, or tactile Grid (for character grid devices) or bitmap Interactive (for devices that allow user interaction)

or static (for devices that allow no interaction)



The following table shows how all output media are categorized based on the four media groups:


Tutorial 4 Website

Making a css style sheet for printing From our samples.htm web page, we will link to

another css file, print.css So now two css files will be linked to this one web page Which will be used? That depends on the media! If the page is being viewed, it will use scraps.css If the page is being printed, it will use print.css


Tutorial 4 Website

Making a css style sheet for printing The samples.htm file also includes an embedded

style sheet Like the external style sheet, we need to create two

embedded sheets as well

Note: we haven’t actually declared the styles yet…


Tutorial 4 Website

Examine Kathy’s sketch of her proposed print version of the Samples page What do you immediately notice? Many elements are missing!

Such as the list of links and the address at the bottom

How do we magically remove these elements? Thankfully, it is easy!

CSS has two styles that you can use to keep an element from being displayed in the output The display style and the visibility style


Hiding Elements

CSS has two styles that you can use to keep an element from being displayed in the output 1) The display style This style supports the value “none” causes the element to not be rendered to the

output device This is precisely what we want!


Hiding Elements

CSS has two styles that you can use to keep an element from being displayed in the output 2) The visibility style Syntax: visibility: type

where type is visible, hidden, collapse, or inherit (which is the default)

Unlike the display style, the visibility style hides an element, but it does NOT remove it from the flow of elements on the page

Compare the two styles on the next page


Hiding Elements

Comparing Visibility and Display Styles


Hiding Elements

CSS has two styles that you can use to keep an element from being displayed in the output Based on the previous graphic, it is clear that the

“display: none” style is more appropriate for our purposes and is usually more appropriate whenever you want to

hide elements


Tutorial 4 Website

For the print version, Kathy wants to hide the following div elements: head, links, and address

And she wants all headings to appear in a sans-serif font

We add the following style declarations in the print.css file:


Tutorial 4 Website

Also, For the print version, Kathy wants the callout boxes to print as a bulleted list We change the style of the boxes by using the

following display style: display: list-item

we also use the same bullet.jpg graphic and set the text to a 12-point sans-serif font with a margin of 20 pixels

Add the following to the embedded style sheet:



Now, reload the samples.htm file Does it look different? Why not? Because we are viewing it on a screen!

And the modifications we just made were for print media

To confirm that the print styles are working, either print the web page or use your browser’s Print Preview command to preview the printed version


Brief Interlude: Human Stupidity


Tutorial 4 Website Here’s the

printed output of the same HTML page

Cool how this is the same page but looks completely different

Such is the power of CSS!


Tutorial 4 Website

Kathy likes the printout! but... She wants the notes to appear on a separate page So we need to use a page break in the middle of

the document Page breaks are not supported by media types such as

computer screens But they are supported in printed output and for projection

devices

she‘s kinda picky huh


Using Print Styles

CSS defines printed pages by extending the box model (described in Tutorial 3) The entire page is

incorporated in a page box The page box has 2 areas:

The page area: contains the content of the document

The margin area: contains the space between the printed content and the edges of the page


Using Print Styles

The Page Box The general rule to create and define a page

box is: @page {styles}

where styles are the styles you want applied to the page

Example: @page {margin: 5in}

this page rule sets the page margin for printed output to 5 inches

Note: you should only use inches or centimeters See page 249 for more details


Using Print Styles

Setting the Page Size: Printed media can vary in size and orientation The size style allows the Web author to define

the default dimensions and orientation of the printed page

Syntax: size: width height orientation

where width and height are the width and height of the page, and orientation is the orientation of the page (portrait or landscape)


Using Print Styles

Setting the Page Size: Example:

@page {size: 8.5in 11in landscape; margin: 1in}

This formats a print page as a standard-size page in landscape orientation with a 1-inch margin

Example 2: @page {size: 8.5in 11in; margin: 1in}

The orientation is not show here Browsers will assume portrait by default


Working with Page Breaks

When a document is sent to the printer, the printer decides the location of the page breaks unless that information is included as part of the print style To specify page breaks before or after a page

element, you use the styles: page-break-before: type page-break-after: type

where type can be one of the options on the following page



The type style attribute has the following values: Always, to always place a page break before or

after the element Avoid, to never place a page break Left, to place a page break where the next page

will be a left page Right, same as above, but for a right page Auto, allows the printer to determine page breaks Inherit, to insert the page break style from the

parent element



Page Break Examples: Example 1:

If you want h1 headings to always be placed at the start of a new page, you would use:

h1 {page-break-before: always}

Example 2: If you want block quotes to always appear on their own

page, you would use a page break before and after the block quote style

blockquote {page-break-before: always; page-break-after: always}



A widow occurs when only a few ending lines of an element appear at the top of a page

An orphan is just the opposite: it occurs when only a few beginning lines of an element appear at the bottom of a page

The styles to control the appearance of widows and orphans in the printout are: widow: value orphan: value

where value is the number of lines that must appear within the element before a page break can be inserted


Tutorial 4 Website

Remember what Kathy wants… She wants the notes to appear on a separate page

We can put a page break after the third callout note Or we can put a page break before the inline image of the

scrapbooking sample

Also, Kathy wants the sample image itself to be enlarged to better fit the print page Enlarged to 7” wide by 9.1” tall The img element is part of a div container, so we can

simply adjust the size as part of the container


Tutorial 4 Website

We add the following declarations to the print.css style sheet:


Summary

Worked with CSS selectors Created styles for lists Created and applied class styles Created a rollover effect Created a drop cap using a pseudo-element Managed page layout with CSS Worked with overflow and clipping styles


Summary

Created stacked objects Applied styles to various media Hid elements from printing Created and applied printer styles Created and prohibited page breaks for

printing



WASN’T THAT

DYNAMITE!


Daily Demotivator




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Documents

Tutorial 4: Creating Special Effects with CSS · 2011. 9. 27. · Tutorial 4: Creating Special Effects with CSS page 19 Tutorial 4 Website – Result Links on left side of page: Notice