It’s important that accidents be investigated thoroughly and as soon as they happen.

The investigator’s goal will be to discover what happened so that similar accidents can be prevented in the future.Prevention, not blame, is the key to a successful investigation.

What happened before, during and after an accident is very important to the investigatorso that he or she can gain a complete understanding of what happened.

Remember to block off the accident area with barrier tapeLeave equipment and tools involved in the accident undisturbed until the investigator says they can be moved.

If you witness an accident, you play an important role in preventing future ones.

Write down exactly what you saw, heard, and did, so that you will remember it. It could be days before the investigator requests your input.Take pictures or sketch the scene on paper.Remember to stick to the facts; don’t guess at what you think might have happened.Ask for permission to examine the accident scene again if you think it may help.

Our company’s goal is to prevent accidents. When they do occur we need to do everything wecan to prevent them, and accident investigation is a very important step in this process.

ACCIDENT

1.800.622.8272www.siegelagency.com

Accident Investigation Training Tips

Show any forms that your employer might use for incident reporting and investigation.If you can delete the names, then pass around forms used from a few past investigations.Give a few examples of how investigation findings led to company policy changes.Ask the crew a few questions:

Why is it important not to guess what happened?What’s the benefit of writing things down?Why is it important to block off the area where the accident happened?

NOTES:

__________________________ ____________________________________________________________Date Signature of Presenter

Additional Topics Discussed: __________________________________________________________________

ALL ATTENDEES MUST SIGN

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

__________________________________________ ____________________________________________

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Knowing all of this, providers should give the proper use of air bags and safety belts a high priority. The District of Columbia and all US states, except for New Hampshire, have either a primary (Lawenforcement can stop a vehicle and issue a citation whenever a violation of the safety belt laws areseen.) or secondary (Law enforcement can issue a citation only after a vehicle is stopped for some othertraffic violation.) When used properly, vehicle restraints can significantly reduce the severity of lossshould a motor vehicle accident occur.

By just using shoulder/lap belts:Fatal injury can be reduced by 45 percent. Moderate to critical injury can be reduced by 50 percent.

By using the combination of seat belts and airbags:Fatal injury can be reduced by an additional 12 percent.

By using the child safety seats:Fatal injury can be reduced by 71 percent for infants (less than 1 year old) and by 54 percent for toddlers (1-4 years old).

During the year 2002, the proper use of seat belts is estimated to have savedthe lives of over 14,000 people over the age of 4. Air bags saved an estimated2,200 people and child restraints saved nearly 400 children. It is estimated thatan additional 7,000 lives could have been saved had all vehicle occupants overthe age of 4 worn safety belts.

According to the National Safety Council, motor vehicle accidents in 2003 accounted for: - 44,800 deaths - 2.4 million disabling injuries - 10 million accidents resulting in property damage and non-disabling injury

Annual costs relating to motor vehicle accidents were estimated at over $240.7billion (Includes: wage and productivity losses, medical expenses, administrative

expenses, motor vehicle property damage, and employer costs.)

In the Human Service field, motor vehicle accidents are the leading type of claims reported. For human service providers, the impact of a severe auto loss can be devastating.Motor vehicle accidents can cause serious injury or death to employees and the consumers theyare entrusted to care for.

AIR BAGS AND SAFETY BELTS SAVE LIVES

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Consider the Following Statistics

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Move the front seat back. Driver and front passenger should be moved as far back as reasonably possible, particularly people of small stature.

Wear lap belts and shoulder belts. The shoulder strap should cross the collarbone and the lap beltshould fit low and tight. The shoulder strap should never be slipped behind the back or under the arm. If the lap belt and shoulder belt do not reach around a person, extenders can be used.

All occupants of the vehicle are required to use lap and shoulder belts.

Properly secure children in the rear seats of the vehicle. Infants should never ride in the front seat of a vehicle with a passenger air bag. All children age 12 and under should ride buckled up in the rear seat of the vehicle. Young children and infants should ride in child safety seats appropriate to their age and size.

When transporting passengers who use wheelchairs, it is preferable to transfer them toa regular seat and buckle them in. When this is not possible, three sets of securement

should be used: person to wheelchair; person to vehicle; wheelchair to vehicle.

AIR BAGS AND SAFETY BELTS SAVE LIVES

3/05

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Air Bag and Seat Belt Safety Tips

**Statistics are from the 2004 Edition of the National Safety Council’s Injury Facts.**

For additional information on vehicle safety or any other topic, contact your Risk Management Client Services Specialist at or visit our website at www.siegelagency.com. The Irwin Siegel Agency accepts no legal responsibility for the correctness of this

material or its application to specific factual situations. It cannot be assumed that every acceptable safety procedure is containedherein or that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not warrant or require further or additional procedures.

Remember that safety belts and air bags can save lives, but only when they are used properly!

Safety belts offer the greatest protection against occupant injury. Air bags are a supplemental form of protection; most are designed to deploy in moderate to severe frontalimpact crashes. They are meant to limit head and chest injuries.

Air bags supplement lap/shoulder belts; they never replacethem. Air bags inflate in less than 1/25th of a second. During the pre-crash braking, the drivers and passengers who are unrestrained or wearing only a lap belt, can be thrown againstthe dashboard and/or windshield area and can receive seriousor fatal injuries from the deploying air bags.

Someone in America is killed in a motor

vehicle accident every12 seconds!

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The objectives of the driver orientation procedure are:To make the new employee productive quickly.To prevent accidents which injure employees.To avoid damage to cargo or equipment.To avoid accidents or errors which have a negative impact on customer relations.To improve driver retention and reduce turnover.

Driver orientation covers all aspects of the driving job. Even when a company hires an experienced driver from anothercompany or from a driver training school, that employee still needs to learn company policies, procedures, and safetyregulations. Do not assume drivers know this critical information.

The new employee is anxious to feel at home, to meet other workers and to learn the job routine. He or she is interested inbecoming a part of things and being receptive, it is at this stage that they can be trained to be a productive, loyal employee.If such training is not provided the new employee will either turn to the company’s “GRAPEVINE” as a source of informationor will learn through a potentially costly process of trial and error.

The orientation should be planned and should include:Introductions: Key management personnel, supervisors, co-workers,company organization and objectives.Reporting to Work: When, where and to whom to report, proceduresfor signing in or clocking in.Work Standards: Dates and responsibilities, motor vehicle record review process, performance evaluation, incentive program, benefits disciplinaryprocedure, vehicle accident reporting and review procedure.Pre-Trip On the Road and Post Trip Inspections: Making inspections,recording results, and the importance of having defects corrected before departure.Emergency Procedures: Vehicle accident handling at the scene and accident reporting procedures, how tohandle breakdowns or other emergency situations.Rules and Regulations: Company safety rules, local, state and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.Routes and Schedules: Road conditions, hazardous and congested areas, overhead clearances and width restrictions.Equipment Familiarization: Operator controls, emergency equipment and safety equipment.Handling of Cargo: Dealing with shippers and consignees, handling of bills, checking cargo, security and safety precautions.Special Equipment: Load tie downs, winches, hoists, pumps and hoses or other equipment.Procedures at Completion of Trip: Parking and refueling vehicle, completion of records and reports, post trip inspections.

It cannot be expected that the employee will remember all of the information provided. Written materials (forms, checklists,etc.) and refresher training should be provided as appropriate. Also, remember that employees assigned to new duties orequipment will need orientation.

DRIVER

1.800.622.8272www.siegelagency.com

Introductions

Reporting To Work

Work Standards

Pretrip, On The Roadand Post Trip Inspections

Emergency Procedures

Rules & Regulations

Routes & Schedules

Equipment Familiarization

Handling of Cargo

Special Equipment

Completion of Trip

— Management Personnel— Supervisor— Co-Workers

— Locations— Hours— Signing In

— Duties & Responsibilities— Benefits— Motor Vehicle Record— Review Procedure— Performance Evaluation— Incentive Programs— Disciplinary Procedures— Vehicle Accident Reporting and

review procedures

— Inspection Procedures— Equip. Condition Reports— Correcting Defects

— Vehicle Accident Reporting and review procedures

— Breakdowns

— Company Safety Rules— Local Regulations— State Regulations— Fed. Motor Carrier Safety

Regulation (if applicable)

— Road Conditions— Hazardous or Congested Routes— Height and Widths Clearances

— Operator Controls— Emergency Equipment— Air Brakes

— Shippers & Consignees— Bills & Manifests— Safety Security Precautions— Hazardous Materials

— Load Tiedowns— Winches or Hoists— Pumps & Hoses— Safety Equipment

— Parking and Refueling— Completing Reports— Post Trip Inspections

Subject Trainer DateCOMMERCIAL DRIVER ORIENTATION CHECKLIST

Driver Name__________________________________________Signature______________________________Date______________

Before you go, check your vehicle! Be sure to do a pre-trip inspection that includes your headlights, tail lights, brake lights, turn signals and tire tread.

Turn on your wipers! When it begins to rain, turn on your wipers to keep your windshield clear. During the first few drops of rain, use your washer fluid to clear the smear created by dust and moisture.

Turn on your headlights! When it begins to rain, turn on your headlightsto increase visibility and your visual range. In many states it is the law to have your headlights on if your windshield wipers are being used. You should check your local and state laws to see if this applies to you.

Slow down! It takes longer to stop on wet roads, so increase your following distance by several seconds. When approaching an intersection,be especially cautious, as a dangerous mixture of dirt and oil can build up where cars stop and start frequently.

Don't follow large trucks or buses too closely! These vehicles create spray from their large tires that can reduce your vision. If you get caught in a spray, grip the wheel firmly and take your foot off of theaccelerator. Don't slam on the brake, but be ready to brake when the view clears.

Scan the road carefully! In the rain, it is very difficult to see hazards, such as other vehicles, pedestrians, debris in the road and animals. Check your mirrors carefully, as drops of rain on the windows can distort what you see. If you're not sure that you can see clearly, particularly when changing lanes or preparing for a turn, open your window for a better view.

Turn on your defroster! Rain or humidity can cause the inside of your windows to fog up. If you get condensation on the inside of your windows, turn on the vehicle's defroster and open the window at the first sign of condensation. If this doesn't work, try using the air conditioner, regardless of the temperature, as it can help dry the air around the glass. And if all else fails, you should have paper towels on hand to wipe down the glass.

DRIVING IN THE RAIN

Driving in the rain is a treacherous task. Accident rates rise during rain because thelow visibility makes it difficult to see other vehicles, road signs and even the roaditself. Be aware that roads may be at their slickest during the beginning of a stormbecause the rain has not washed the road free of accumulated dirt and grease.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Some Tips to Remember When Driving in the Rain Include:

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Also see our bulletins on "Driving in Low Visibility" and "Preventing Skids and Hydroplaning".

If you are driving and come upon a flooded roadway or barricades,turn around and find another route. If you do enter a flooded road

and the engine stalls, abandon your vehicle immediately if you andyour passengers can safely do so and climb to higher ground. Ifyou cannot safely abandon the vehicle, call 911 immediately!

If you do drive through deep water on the roadway, be aware thatthe water may have flooded your brakes and can cause them to

fail. If your brakes get wet, dry them by driving slowly and brakinglightly, until the brakes begin to function properly again.

DRIVING IN THE RAIN

Flooded Roads

3/05

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Heavy rain - Heavy rain can overwhelm windshield wipers. When you can't see the road or other vehicles at a safe distance, pull over and wait for the rain to ease up. The best place to pull over is a rest area or other protected area, such as a parking lot. If pulling off to the roadside is the only option, make sure you pull off as far as possible. Keep your headlightson and turn on your emergency flashers.

Fog - Fog can be inconsistent and unpredictable. At the first sign that you are entering a foggy area, you should slow down and turn on your low beams. If your vehicle is equipped with fog lights, turn them on. High beams shouldn't be used because the intense light reflects off of the moisture and causes lower visibility. Turn on your wipers and defroster to remove moisture from the windshield. When driving in dense fog, drive slowly and cautiously.

Flooded roads or deep puddles - Never drive through deep puddles or flooded roads, particularly if you can't see the pavement through the water! 50% of flood fatalities are caused by people attempting to drive through water according to the National Oceanic & AtmosphericAdministration. The depth of water on roadways is not always obvious and it can hide dangerous debris, potholes or the roadbed could be washed out. Rising water could stall the vehicle's engine, trap the vehicle and sweep it away. Be especially cautious at low points in the roadway and bridges.

Special Hazards

FLEET SAFETY BULLETIN TRAINING RECORD

Bulletin Title: __________________________________________________________________________Date: ___________________________________________________________________________________Company Name: _______________________________________________________________________Meeting Location: ______________________________________________________________________Person Conducting Meeting: ____________________________________________________________

Items Discussed: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Problem Areas or Concerns: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Attendees: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

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Comments: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. - Safety Training Record

Please use this form to record the time, date and place of your safety training.Record the items discussed and the safety bulletin(s) referred to. Problems or concernsidentified throughout the training should be recorded, as well as, attendee names.

MAINTAIN A SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE

Following Distance

Following Distance is simply the distance between your vehicle and the one ahead of you, and it is the easiest defensive driving technique for a driver to implement. In addition to reducing the chance that you will rear-end another driver, increased following distance is an effective method to deal with tailgaters and reduce your chances of being hit from behind. Never tap the brakes toencourage the tailgater to pass, as this creates an unnecessary hazard and usually doesn’t work. You should gradually slow down by taking your foot off of the accelerator and increase your followingdistance by following the methods outlined below. By doing so, you will reduce the chance that you will need to make a sudden stop while reducing the likelihood that the tailgater will hit you.

Another type of accident that can be reduced by increasing your following relates to cracked windshields. Often, cracked windshields are attributed to rocks hitting the windshield. Becaues these rocks are kicked up by vehicles

ahead, increased following distance can provide additional time for the rock to land back on the pavement, as opposed to hitting your windshield.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

One of the most frequent and most severe claims in the human servicesfield is the result of one vehicle rear ending another. Rear endingclaims are often caused by improper following distance.

Out with the Old

In the past, maintaining a decent following distance was determined by leaving one 'car-length' between you and the vehicle in front of you for every 10 miles per hour of speed. For example, if you are travelingat 50 mph, you would want to leave five car-lengths. This practice is no longer encouraged because it can be inconsistent and extremely unsafe. It does not take into account what a car-length is, which makes it easy for drivers to have varying perceptions ofwhat constitutes a car-length. One driver may use five compact car-lengths while another may use five SUV car-lengths.

In with the New

The newer and safer distance method uses time to determine the distancebetween your vehicle and the one ahead, which reduces the risk of misjudgments. You time your following distance in seconds, and the number of seconds varies with the size of the vehicle and the road conditions.

Next time you arebehind the wheel, trythe suggested timing

method. You will not only

ensure the safety ofyour passengers, but

yourself as well.

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These following distance rules assume that your vehicle is in safe operating condition.Worn tires or brakes that are not working properly can reduce your ability to stop. Priorto starting any trip, it is important to complete a pre-trip inspection. Promptly reportany problems.

Finally, remember to observe everything that is going on around you. Check yourmirrors every 3-5 seconds, scan ahead and be aware of what lies in your blind spots.By knowing what is going on around you, you can adjust your following distance

according to the ever-changing hazards around you.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.12/04

Times under Ideal Conditions:

Cars - A minimum following distance of at least three (3) secondsVans, Pick-ups and SUVs - A minimum following distance of four (4) secondsAlways add one or more second for every condition that is not ideal

What conditions are not ideal?

Fully loaded van Wet, snowy roads Leaves on road Limited visibility *add three more seconds Icy roads *add three more seconds Being tailgated Night driving

MAINTAIN A SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE

Now that you know how to estimate the distance between your vehicle and the one in front of you, here are the appropriate times that need to be maintained.

one-thousand-oneone-thousand-twoone-thousand-threeone-thousand-four

How to Time Your Following Distance:1. When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead of you passes a stationary object,

(e.g. a sign or bridge) start counting "one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, etc."2. Stop counting when your front bumper comes to the same stationary object. 3. The number you counted to equals the number of seconds between the two vehicles.

Handling the Dangers

Always remember to maintain your field of safety!Maintaining your field of safety can be defined as stopping far enough behind another vehicle so thatits rear tires are clearly visible to you as they meet the road. Allowing this much space between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you gives your vehicle enough room to move in case you are hit from behind, thus preventing further damage. When the flow of traffic starts to move again, wait two seconds after the vehicle in front of you moves before accelerating.

We are able to categorize intersections into two basic types:

Controlled intersections -those with traffic lights and/or signs that direct drivers. These may usually be found on main roadways with a fair or large amount of traffic.

Uncontrolled intersections - those without traffic lights or signs. Drivers will most likely encounter these types of intersections on side roads where there isn't much traffic.

As you approach an intersection, controlled or uncontrolled, it is always safest to slow down! Slowing down will allow you to stop the vehiclein time, should a hazard suddenly appear.

According to the National Safety Council, 40% of all auto accidents occur at or in intersections. Operating your vehicle safely and responsibly when approaching an intersection is essential.

Many drivers often claim they "had the right-of-way" after an accident, however; it is always safest to yield to another driver.

Regardless of the type of intersection youencounter, always beware of the universal dangers:

Merging trafficChanges in right-of-wayAggressive driversDistracted driversPoor sight-linesPedestrians

These hazards all contribute to the three common types of intersection accidents:

T-bone Collisions occur when two vehicles collide at right angles to make a "T" shape. This accident occurs when one driver doesn't yield the right of way, or when a driver tries to beat the light.

Head-on Collisions usually occur when a distracted driver crosses the intersection and collides "head-on" with another vehicle.

Hitting a Pedestrian - Pedestrians are the most vulnerable at an intersection and have the right of way over anyone or anything else. When drivers fail to recognize this rule, it creates a highly dangerous and potentially deadly situation.

Intersections

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

THE DANGERS OF INTERSECTIONS

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THE DANGERS OF INTERSECTIONS

Be aware of everything that is occurring in andaround the intersection!

Always scan the intersection when approachingand before driving through it. Be observant ofeverything that is occurring take note of:

Where other vehicles are. What color the traffic lights are. What the signal lights of other drivers are indicating. Any emergency vehicles, merging lanes, pedestrians and school buses that are either approaching or already in the intersection.

When scanning the area, it is important to remember that there are vehicles all around you -not just in front of you. Check your mirrors oftento remain aware of the positions of other cars oneither side as well as behind you.

Yield right-of-way

Never take the right-of-way for granted! If youhave the right-of-way but someone else is trying toclaim the right-of-way, allow that vehicle to do soto ensure the safety of you and your passengers.

Special Considerations

Traffic lights

As you approach an intersection, be prepared for lights to change. If a light has been green for a while, slow down, as it may change quickly.

When a light turns yellow, stop. Never try to "make it through" the intersection.

When the light turns green, wait until the intersection clears and make sure that no one istrying to run the light.

Flashing yellow light, yield sign

These devices mean that you may proceed with caution, but be prepared to stop. As you go through the intersection, be sure to look both ways and keep you foot poised over the brake pedal.

Uncontrolled intersection

When going through an uncontrolled intersection, coast through the intersection with a foot poised over the brake pedal. Be prepared to stop or yield.

The Rules of Right-Of-Way.

Yield to a vehicle already in the intersection.If two vehicles reach an intersection at the same time, the one on the left should yield to the one on the right.Yield to pedestrians in crosswalks.When making left turns, yield to oncoming cars and pedestrians.At a four way stop, the first vehicle to come to a completestop has the right of way, followed in a counter-clockwise circle by the vehicle to the right.

Intersection Safety

Approach and proceed with cautionObserve other drivers’ signalsPrepare to stop quicklyWatch traffic lightsDo not try to "beat the yellow light"

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.12/04

All forms of precipitation reduce a driver's visibility and warrantturning on headlights to help increase the visual range. In many

states it is the law to have your headlights on if your windshieldwipers are being used. You should check your local and statelaws to see if this applies to you. If you have ice and/or snow on your vehicle, you will need to scrape or brush off the entirewindow. It is extremely unsafe to clear just a small hole on thefront windshield. Make sure to keep your defroster on and cleanoff the windshield wipers if they have ice on them as well.

DRIVING IN LOW VISIBILITY

Visibility is defined as ‘the range of vision under given weather conditions.’ There are various conditions, including precipitation, fog, dusk or dawn and nighttime, that can considerably reduce a driver's visibility and make it a hazard to be on the road. Driving in low visibility situations are one of the most dangerous driving conditions for any driver. All too often there is a loss of life,caused by over confident drivers driving too fast for the reduced visibility conditions.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Precipitation

Fog can be inconsistent and unpredictable. At the first sign that you are enteringa foggy area, you should slow down and turn on your low beams. If your vehicle is equipped with fog lights, turn them on. High beams shouldn't be usedbecause the intense light reflects off of the moisture and causes lowervisibility. Turn on your wipers and defroster to remove moisturefrom the windshield. At the first sign of condensation, turn on the vehicle's defroster and open the window. If this doesn'twork, try using the air conditioner, regardless of the temperature,as it can help dry the air around the glass. And if all else fails,you should have paper towels on hand to wipe down the glass.When driving in dense fog, drive very slowly and cautiously.You could easily rear-end another driver.

Fog

(Continued on Back)

DRIVING IN LOW VISIBILITY

Night Driving

3/05

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

In All Low Visibility Situations, It Is Best To:

Make sure you can see clearly out of all of your windows. Follow the tips above for the various situations.Turn on your low beams to increase your visibility of hazards and to make it easier for other vehicles to see you!Slow down! When visibility is reduced, you may not be able to spot and recognize hazards in time to avoid them!Make sure to scan the road. Be aware of the traffic around you and the changing road conditions!Remember that other drivers also have a limited sight distance! Signal early, and when you use your brakes,apply pressure slowly and avoid panic stops.

More accidents happen at night than duringthe day, many times caused by the eye'sinability to adjust to oncoming vehicles'headlights. If oncoming headlights reduceyour visibility, decrease your speed andfocus on the right hand margin of the road.This should help reduce the glare and keepyou aware of the area ahead of you.

Always dim your headlightswhen approaching

another vehicle as a courtesy.

With unique lighting at these times of day, you should turn on your low beams to helpyou spot pedestrians, oncoming drivers and animals. It is harder to define hazards in thetwilight hours than in daylight. As the sun is setting, you also have the challenge of a blazing sun that can glare off the road and yourwindshield. You should use the sun visors or sunglasses to helpreduce this visual impairment. If you are unsure of the situation ahead of you, slow down until your eyes can adjust to the light.

Dusk or Dawn

If you still start skidding after following these precautionary measures, stay calm and follow the tips below to attempt getting out of the skid.

Ease your foot off the gas and allow the engineto slow down the vehicle.Do not use the brake, as your tires must be turning in order to regain traction. Hitting the brakes may make the skid worse!Carefully steer in the direction you want the front of the car to go. Turning abruptly can make the skid worse! Slowly straighten the wheels and keep rolling.

What to do in a Skid

PREVENTING SKIDS AND HYDROPLANING

Skidding or hydroplaning can be a terrifying experience. Skids can happen anytime oranywhere, on wet or dry roads, and are often the result of the driver's failure to reactto hazards in time, or excessive speed relative to road conditions. As a result, suddensteering, braking or accelerating actions can cause the vehicle to skid.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

(Continued on Back)

Three factors lead to lost traction and skidding: road factors, mechanical factors and the human factor.

Road factors, such as water, ice, snow, oil, loose gravel, sand or leaves can all interfere with vehicle traction.Drivers expect that the vehicle's weight will press the tires against the road, but any of these factors can prevent that from happening and can cause the vehicle to skid or hydroplane.

Mechanical factors include tire wear, improper tire inflation, wheel alignment and faulty suspension. Loss of tread depth or changes in the shape of your tire due to improper inflation can also reduce traction.Improper alignment can misdirect the tire's angle on the road. Problems with shock absorption can allow the tires to bounce and also reduce traction.

Human factors include excessive speed, over-acceleration, over-braking and over-steering.

Skids

It is possible to prevent skids from happening by:

Driving slowly and carefully. Adjust your speed to the road conditions.Give yourself a greater following distance for extra space.Steer and brake with a light touch. When stopping or slowing, do not brake hard or lock the wheels, as this may cause a skid. Maintain mild pressure on the brake pedal.Follow the rules of safe driving, such as changing speed smoothly, avoiding tailgating and accelerating abruptly.

Preventing Skids

1. Before Skid2. Rear Wheels Slide to Right3. Turn Front Wheels to Right4. Vehicle Straight Again

Both skidding and hydroplaning can be avoided by using reduced speeds anddriving carefully, especially on turns, anticipating stops and slowing down

gradually, steering and braking with a light touch. Hard braking or locking thewheels can cause a skid.

For additional information on vehicle safety or any other topic, contact your Risk Management Client Services Specialist at or visit our website at www.siegelagency.com. The Irwin Siegel Agency accepts no legal responsibility for the correctness

of this material or its application to specific factual situations. It cannot be assumed that every acceptable safety procedure is contained herein or that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not warrant or require further or additional procedures.

PREVENTING SKIDS AND HYDROPLANING

5/05

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Hydroplaning occurs when the front wheels of a vehicle rise off the road surface and ride on a 'wedge'of water. The pressure from the water causes your car to rise up and slide on the water between yourtires and the road. Like skidding, the driver looses the ability to steer when hydroplaning. The steeringwheel may jerk and the vehicle may pull abruptly. The best way to stop hydroplaning is to reduce yourspeed by easing off of the accelerator.

Hydroplaning

It is possible to prevent hydroplanes from happening by:

Keeping tires in good condition! This means making sure they are properly inflated and have good tread.Slowing down when roads are wet!Avoiding puddles and driving in the middle of tracks left by other cars, as they have already displaced some of the water.

Preventing Hydroplaning

If you start to hydroplane, stay calm and follow the tips below to attempt gettingout of the hydroplane:

Ease your foot off the gas. Allow the engine to slow down the vehicle.Do not use the brake or turn abruptly, as this can put you into a skid.If you need to brake, do it gently with a pumping action. If you have anti-lock brakes, then brake normally. Slowly straighten the wheels and keep rolling.

What to do in a Hydroplane

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According to the National Safety Council’s Injury Facts 2007 Edition, Rear Ending accidents account for a total of 3.3 million accidents annually. 700,000 of those are result in non fatal injuries and account for 2,000 deaths.

Rear–end collisions are among the most common auto accidents every year in the United States. By staying alert andanticipating problems, drivers can avoid hitting others–and help keep others from hitting them.

• Apply brakes early.

• Pay strict attention to traffic flow. At 40 mph, a vehicle

travels 60 feet in one second, meaning even short

distractions can make a difference.

• Practice good vision habits. Leave enough distance

between cars to allow a good view of what is ahead.

• Look for situations which could cause the driver ahead to

stop suddenly. Their problems affect everyone around

them within a second or two.

• Even though ice may make it impossible to stop in time,

a driver can often swerve to the right to avoid a vehicle

ahead. Swerving to the left is an almost certain invitation

for a head-on collision.

• Increase following distance to accommodate road and

weather conditions.

• Stay alert for dangerous signals such as:

• Brake lights on the vehicles ahead. Immediately

release the gas pedal and be ready to brake.

• Problems in adjacent lanes. Watch for brake lights and

slowing traffic in nearby lanes. Expect other drivers to

swerve quickly out of their lane.

Avoid Hitting OthersAvoid Hitting Others

Avoid WhiplashAvoid Whiplash

Avoid Getting HitAvoid Getting Hit

Whatever vehicle is being driven, the maximum

whiplash protection will come from a properly

positioned head restraint. To work well, the

top of the restraint should reach at least

as high as the top of the driver’s ears

and be relatively close--3 inches or

less--to the back of the driver’s head.

25 lake louise marie road � rock hill, new york 12775 � www.siegelagency.com � siegel@siegelagency.com

• Know what's going on around the vehicle. Adjust both

inside and outside mirrors before moving the vehicle

and use them frequently.

• Flash the vehicle’s brake lights. Tap the brakes when

standing, moving slowly, or preparing to stop.

• Check brakes often to ensure that they are working

properly. Keep brake lights clear of dirt and snow.

• Signal well before turning or changing lanes.

• Maintain speed limits and keep pace with traffic when

road and weather conditions permit.

• Get rid of tailgaters. Slow down gradually by removing

foot from the brake. If the tailgater doesn't move, change

lanes safely. Use extra caution when slowing down or

changing lanes. Don't be distracted by the tailgater.

• Stay clear of other driver's blind spots. A vehicle

suddenly swerving into another vehicle’s lane will cause

the driver to brake hard, increasing the possibility of a

rear–end collision.

• Raise the hood if the vehicle stalls and is unable to be

removed from a traffic lane. Do everything possible to

help others see the disabled

vehicle. Use emergency flashers

and, if available, flares and

reflective markers. Stand away

from traffic while awaiting help.

Irwin Siegel Agency recognizes that auto related claims are among the leading sources of claims for Human Service Agencies. In an effort to assist in controlling these losses, the following

resources are available to ISA Insureds at either no cost or discounted rates.

lending library • 60 Minutes II Rollover

• Backing Safely

• Behind the Wheel: One-on-One Coaching

• City Driving Tactics

• Coaching the Van Driver II

• Defensive Driver...Who Me?

• Defensive Driving: A Crash Course

• Driven to Distraction

• Know Your Passengers - An Orientation Video for

Van Drivers and Attendants Who Work with People

with Developmental Disabilities

• Low Visibility and Driving

• National Safety Driving Test

• Parking Safely

• Road Rage: How To Protect Yourself

• Safe Winter Driving Considerations

• The Safest Way Out - Emergency School Bus

Evacuation - General-Ed Driver Version

• The Safest Way Out - Emergency School Bus

Evacuation - General-Ed Student Version

• The Safest Way Out - Emergency School Bus

Evacuation - Special Needs Driver Version

• Transporting Passengers In A Van

• Transporting Passengers

With Special Needs:

A Coaching Program

resources• Backing Safety - This booklet covers what to do to

avoid backing accidents, the top ten techniques for a

safe back,and how to back with a helper and without

one. Waterproof stickers are also available to remind

staff of proper backing procedures.

• Managing Your Fleet of 1 - 1,000 Vehicles - Helps

you assess your organization’s current performance

and practices, set goals and complete improvements.

It also provides you with an overview of fleet safety

practices. The accompanying diskette provides you

with sample policies and procedures to assist you in

setting up or improving your organization’s fleet safety

programs, regardless of the number of vehicles that

your agency has.

• Observing Vehicle Clearances - This booklet

stresses the importance of knowing your vehicle’s

dimensions and gaining experience with each vehicle’s

handling characteristics. It gives important tips or

observing and judging each situation independently,

as well as being responsible for safely maneuvering a

vehicle. Vehicle specification stickers are available to

indicate each vehicle’s height and width.

ISA also has a host of auto released safety bulletins

that can be viewed and printed from our website

www.siegelagency.com under the Risk Management

section.

ISA has partnered with Allstate Fleet Services and Finance in an effort to provide youwith an additional resource to help you manage your organization’s vehicles. As avalued customer of ISA, we are offering a vehicle management program from Allstateto meet all your fleet needs. The following is a list of services they offer:

• Direct manufacturer purchase of all types of domestic vehicles (including wheelchair equipped vehicles) and some foreign brands.

• Free vehicle disposal services for any organization participating in any ofAllstate’s other services.

• Leasing and financing of vehicles and equipment.• Maintenance and accident management through Allstate’s national account

programs with discount pricing and complete custom reporting.• Universal fuel card to control costs, minimize theft and monitor usage.• Vehicle tag and title service with free renewals for all leased or

financed vehicles.• Allstate will ensure that you receive all of the price incentives that

you qualify for.

po box 309 rock hill, new york 12775 1.800.622.8272 www.siegelagency.com

auto trainingIrwin Siegel Agency, Inc. and Lexington Insurance are pleased to offer a variety of online training courses at no cost to ourinsured. The following are the auto related on-line Lexington training materials which are currently available to ISA insured:

• 15 Passenger Van Safety• Avoiding Rear End Collisions - Large Vehicles• Avoiding Rear End Collisions - Light Commercial Vehicles (English or Spanish)• Defensive Driving (Large Vehicles or Small Vehicles)• Delivery Driver Safety • Distracted Driver • Extreme Driving Conditions (English or Spanish)• Fleet Safety (English or Spanish)• Lane Change (Large Vehicles or Light Commercial Vehicles)• Road Rage (English or Spanish)• Safe Backing and Turning (English or Spanish)• Speeding (Large Vehicles or Light Commercial Vehicles)• Stop Signs (Large Vehicles or Light Commercial Vehicles)• Tailgating (Large Vehicles or Light Commercial Vehicles)• Three Dimensions of Safe Driving - Large Vehicle (English or Spanish)

alert:ISA and AIG have partnered with Drivers Alert to offer a vehicle monitoring program. The program is available to ISA/AIGinsured’s at no cost. This allows you the opportunity to modify driver behavior and identify drivers that may be at a higherrisk of having a crash.

fleet maintenance softwareIrwin Siegel Agency, Inc. (ISA) and Alembx Solutions LLC are pleased to announce an exclusive partnership to deliver theAuto VIP fleet maintenance software at a 10% discount to insured organizations within our Human Service Program. AutoVIP is a fleet maintenance software that will allow you to track the maintenance schedules of all of your vehicles. The softwarecan deliver reminders based on mileage or timeframes and is customizable to suit your individual needs. Timely & qualitymaintenance can improve your gas mileage by up to 10%.

fleet services

How Am I Driving?1-800-827-SAFE

A consumer took the keys to the agency’s minivan. After searching, it was assumedthat a staff member had misplaced them. Since there was a spare set, there was nofollow-up. Six weeks later, the consumer took the vehicle for a ride, crossed a majorintersection at 60 miles per hour, and hit another vehicle. The occupants of both vehicles suffered severe andpermanent injuries. Another true scenario occurred when staff failed to secure keys to food supplies. Aconsumer died 36 hours after ingesting frozen meat and baking soda he found in the kitchen.

Vehicles Medications Cleaning chemicals and other poisons Foodstuffs that may be dangerous if eaten in large quantities or without suitable preparation Consumers’ money Facility’s money, petty cash, etc. The facility itself

Designate at least one staff person to maintain an inventory of all keys and review it on a regular basis. Particular emphasis should be placed on keys from the motor pool and medication cabinets.

Replace the lock (and ignition switch if it is a vehicle key) if any key is missing and cannot be found, even if there is a spare key on hand.

Keep keys in a locked key box and follow a sign in/sign out system for keys that are not routinely kept by a specific staff member.

Maintain a list that indicates who has access to what keys, and who is authorized to order replacements and duplicates.

Implement a policy that treats keys as if they were medications.

Maintain two sets of keys for every lock and label them accordingly. One is a ‘loaner set’ and the other is a ‘master set.’

Never leave keys out, in a drawer, purse or coat pocket.

Ensure that employees treat the keys to their own vehicles with the same level of care as company vehicles.

A good key system can protect access to:

Securing Your Agency Keys

A good key system can protect access to:

Best Practices:Best Practices:

Turn off engine and remove keys when loading and unloading vehicles.

Never leave keys in a vehicle unless the driver is sitting in the driver’s seat.

Lock cabinets that contain medications, cleaning chemicals and other poisonous substances, and routinely ensure that such cabinets are locked.

Follow storage directions for all medications (e.g. some controlled substances are required to be under double lock).

Secure substances not usually considered dangerous, e.g. foodstuffs, plastics and other substances, if your facility serves a population prone to uncontrollable eating (e.g. Prader-Willi).

Train staff to be alert to unlocked cabinets, to correct oversights, and to give any keys they may find to a designated person.

Secure money belonging to your organization or consumers in a safe. If the safe is small enough to becarried away, lock it in a closet or secure it to the floor.

Have your Safety Committee give periodic reviews of best practices regarding key safety.

Loss Control is the daily responsibility of your staff. This bulletin is not to be considered a substitute for yourown Loss Control Program. This bulletin does not include every possible loss potential, code violation or exception to good practice. We encourage you to copy this bulletin and share it with staff members.

This safety bulletin was derived from sources believed to be reliable. The Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. makes noguarantee as to, and assumes no responsibility for, the correctness, sufficiency or completeness of such information or recommendations.

According to the National Safety Council’s Injury Facts 2007 Edition, Sideswipe accidents account for a total of 840,000 accidents annually.93,000 of those result in non-fatal injuries and account for 1,000 deaths.

Sideswipe accidents usually occur while passing other vehicles or when merging onto or off of a highway. It is important to

use precise observation and judgment skills when entering a highway. Quick decisions must be made regarding how fast

other vehicles are traveling and which gap is safe to move into. Speed must be adjusted in the acceleration lane to make

merging with highway traffic easier. When switching lanes on a highway, the driver should turn their head and physically check

for a clear lane; making sure not to completely rely on the rear-view mirror. There is a fairly large blind spot in mirrors, a car

may be sitting right in that blind spot and without physically turning one’s head, that car will not be seen when switching lanes.

• Ensure that all mirrors are clean and properly adjusted before getting on the road.

• Avoid unnecessary lane changes.

• When lane changes are necessary, signal lane change intentions well ahead of time.

• Take time and look carefully before moving into a neighboring lane. Keep an eye out

for cyclists, pedestrians, and other vehicles.

Properly managing the space around a vehicle can help avoid an accident. While it is

not always possible to control how close other vehicles are following, a driver can strive

to keep a cushion of space around the vehicle. If a dangerous situation develops, having

enough space around the vehicle allows a driver time to react.

Space to the SidesMake sure you always have an “out” in case you have to change lanes. Keep the vehicle

centered in the lane. Aim to keep a space cushion on one side of the vehicle.

Give Space to OthersIn the interest of safety, be prepared to give space to other vehicles. Be alert and look

for cues that signal the intentions of other drivers. It’s every driver’s responsibility to

keep traffic moving smoothly. Allow space in traffic for other vehicles to merge or make

lane changes smoothly.

Reduce Sideswiping AccidentsReduce Sideswiping Accidents

For more risk management or

loss control resources, please

go to www.siegelagency.com

or call us at 1-800-622-8272.

25 lake louise marie road � rock hill, new york 12775 � www.siegelagency.com � siegel@siegelagency.com

MAKE SAFE TURNS A PRIORITY!

During the course of a day, we make many turns while driving. All too often,accidents happen because the turn is done improperly, frequently because thedriver fails to take the time to complete the turn properly or is inattentive.

Making a safe turn can not only prevent an accident from happening, it canensure your safety, the safety of your passengers, as well as the safety of otherdrivers, passengers, and pedestrians.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Preparing to Make the Turn:

The first thing to remember when making a safe turn is to useyour basic defensive driving techniques:

1. Scan - Look to see if the green traffic light is about to turn yellow. Look for oncoming traffic or traffic in the opposite direction that may not be slowing. Be alert to unusual conditions, such as emergency vehicles, merging or expanding lanes, etc. Look out for pedestrians that are in the crosswalk or that may come out from in between vehicles. And finally, rememberto check your mirrors every three to five seconds so that you know what the traffic and/or pedestrians around you are doing!

2. Know your blind spots - Vehicles have a blind spot on the left, just behind the driver's seat. The blind spot on the right is a little further back. Keep in mind, the larger your vehicle, the bigger the blind spot. Vehicles stopped closely behind you may not be visible in your mirrors.

3. Maintain your safety zone - Make sure you stop far enough back from the vehicle ahead of you so that you can see the vehicle’s rear tires touch the pavement.

4. Yield the right-of-way - Never take the right-of-way for granted! If you have the right-of-way, but someone else is trying to claim the right-of-way, allow him or her to do so and ensure the safety of you and your passengers.

5. Control your speed! - Slow down well in advance of your turn. To prepare yourself for unseen hazards, cover the brake. By keeping your foot over the brake pedal you can stop quickly should something suddenly appear.

With either a left or right turn, always ensure that it is legal to do so before proceeding!

Remember, right turns are the trickiest. As you turn, you are turning into your blind side.This means that you need to use your mirrors and remember to check your blind spots.While waiting to make a left turn, keep your wheels pointed straight ahead to avoidbeing pushed into oncoming traffic should you be hit from behind.

(Continued on Back)

1. Signal your intention to turn. You should signal at least 100 feet before the intersection. On highways, you should signal up to 500 feet in advance.

2. Move to the proper lane well in advance of the intersection. For left turns, you will want to be in the lane closest to the yellow lines. For right turns, you will want to be in the lane farthest to the right.

3. Stay to the right of your lane. For left turns, this will allow you plenty of room on the left to make the turn without crowding vehicles in the intersection. For right turns, this can prevent someone from trying to squeeze in next to you.

4. Slow down gradually - DO NOT slam on your brakes.

5. Make a complete stop and look in all directions. Never make a rolling stop! You should stop before the thick white stop line on the pavement, the Stop sign, or before a crosswalk. If you overshoot the stop line, sign or crosswalk, do not back up! There may already be pedestrians crossing behind you or the vehicle behind may not anticipate that you will back up. If you can not see traffic coming because of obstructions, make a complete stop at the stop line, sign or crosswalk, then move up slowly until you have a sufficient view.

6. Stay in your lane. Don't sweep across into other lanes or hit the curb.

7. Begin turning slowly. Keep your foot poised over the brake, should you need to stop. As you complete the turn, gradually begin to accelerate.

8. Scan the intersection for pedestrians and oncoming traffic. Be sure to check the crosswalks, the intersection to your right for oncoming traffic and the oncoming lanes for vehicles. Allow the intersection to clear before proceeding. If there are pedestrians inthe crosswalk, do not proceed until all are safely across. If they are approaching

the crosswalk, be sure to make eye contact with them and that they stop at the curbbefore proceeding.

9. Cancel your turn signal.

10. Be prepared for the unexpected!

MAKE SAFE TURNS A PRIORITY!

10 Tips for Making a Safe Turn:

12/04

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Accident ReportsA complete accident reporting program is a necessity. Examination of Accident Reports over the years reveals that many lackbasic information and essential details and facts. This is a result of poor training and discipline in accident reporting. Theproblem is perpetuated when safety and management personnel accept obviously sketchy and incomplete AccidentInvestigation Reports. Instead, such reports should be returned to the person responsible for their preparation as many timesas it is necessary to get the essential information.

Employers should also make every effort to secure prompt, thorough and accurate Accident Investigation Reports on allaccident reporting. Time spent instructing drivers and supervisors in proper accident reporting is a sound investment inaccident prevention.

Determining PreventabilityWhen an accident is reported by a driver, a determination must be made by a designated company official or AccidentReview Board as to whether the accident was preventable by the company driver involved.

Preventable AccidentA preventable accident is any occurrence involving a company-owned or operated vehicle which results in property damageand/or personal injury, regardless of who was injured, what property was damaged, to what extent or where it occurred, inwhich the driver in question failed to do everything he/she reasonably could have done to preventit. The following paragraphs are offered as a guide in determining the preventability of accidents.

INVESTIGATION

1. Defensive DrivingThe Recognition Program is designed to recognize expert safe driving performance, not just average performance. It is basedon the concept of defensive driving—the ability to avoid accidents in spite of the wrong actions of the other driver and inspite of adverse driving conditions.

2. Standard PerformanceAccidents involve so many different factors that it is impossible to set hard, fast rules to classify them as preventable ornon-preventable. Management must make this determination. In making these decisions, management will answer thequestion, “What standard of safe driving performance do we expect of our drivers in this company?” If a company is lenient,it condones a mediocre standard of safe driving performance. Drivers respect a strict interpretation of the rules so long asthe company takes the time and effort to ensure that these interpretations are made consistently and impartially.

3. IntersectionsIt is the responsibility of all drivers to approach, enter and cross intersections prepared to avoid accidents that might occurthrough the action of other drivers. Complex traffic movement, blind intersections, or failure of the other driver to conformto law or traffic control devices will not automatically discharge an accident as “non-preventable”.

Intersection accidents are preventable even though the driver has not violated traffic regulations. His/Her failure to take precautionary measures prior to entering the intersection are factors to be studied in making a decision. When a driver crossesan intersection and the obvious actions of the other driver indicate possible involvement either by reason of excess speed,crossing a lane in turning, or coming from behind a blind spot, the decision based on such entrapment should be preventable.

4. BackingPractically all backing accidents are preventable. A driver is not relieved of the responsibility to back safely when a guide isinvolved in the maneuver. A guide cannot control the movement of the vehicle; therefore, a driver must check allclearances personally.

5. Front End CollisionsRegardless of the abrupt or unexpected stop of the vehicle ahead, your driver can prevent accidents by maintaining a safefollowing at all times. This includes being prepared for possible obstructions on the highway, either in plain view or hiddenby the crest of a hill or the curve of a roadway. Overdriving headlights at night is a common cause offront end collisions. Night speed should not be greater than that which will permit the vehicle tocome to a stop within the forward distance illuminated by the vehicle’s headlights.

6. Rear End CollisionsInvestigation will often disclose that a driver risked being struck from behind by failing to maintain amargin of safety in his/her own following distances. Rear end collisions preceded by a roll back, anabrupt stop at a grade crossing, when a traffic signal changes, or when your driver fails to signal a turnat an intersection should be charged preventable. Failure to signal intentions or to slow down gradually shouldbe considered preventable.

7. PassingFailure to pass safely indicates faulty judgment and the possible failure to consider one or more of the important factors adriver must observe before attempting the maneuver. Unusual actions of the driver being passed or of oncoming traffic mightappear to exonerate a driver involved in a passing accident; however, the entire passing maneuver is voluntary and thedriver’s responsibility.

8. Being PassedSideswipes and cut-offs involving a driver while being passed are preventable when the driver fails to yield to the passingvehicle by slowing down or moving to the right where possible.

9. Lane EncroachmentA safe driver is rarely a victim of entrapment by another driver when changing lanes. Similarly, entrapment in mergingtraffic is an indication of unwillingness to yield to other vehicles or to wait for a break in traffic. Blind spots are not validexcuses for lane encroachment accidents.

Drivers must make extra allowances to protect themselves in areas of limited sight distances. Squeeze plays causinginvolvement with parked cars, pillars, and other road structures can be prevented by dropping back when it is apparent that

the other driver is forcing the issue or contesting a common portion of the road.

10. Grade CrossingsCollisions with fixed rail vehicles, such as trains, rail maintenance vehicles, etc., occurring at gradecrossings, in traffic, in a rail yard, switch area or on private property are the responsibility of the driverto prevent. When a vehicle is parked across a rail siding, the driver must first determine if it is safe andpermissible and, furthermore, must stand by in case conditions change by the movement of rail cars during the parking interval.

11. Opposing VehiclesIt is extremely important to check the action of the company driver when involved in a head-on or sideswipe accident witha vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. Exact location of vehicles, prior to and at the point of impact, must becarefully verified. Even though an opposing vehicle enters your driver’s traffic lane, it may be possible for your driver to avoidthe collision.

For example, if the opposing vehicle was in a passing maneuver and your driver failed to slow down, stop or move to theright to allow the vehicle to re-enter its own lane, your driver has failed to take action to prevent the occurrence. Failing tosignal the opposing driver by flicking the head-lights or sounding the horn should also be taken into account.

12. TurningTurning movements, like passing maneuvers, require the most exacting care by a professional driver. Squeeze plays at leftor right turns involving other vehicles, scooters, bicycles or pedestrians are the responsibility of the driver making the turn.Failure to signal, to properly position the vehicle for the turn, to check the rearview mirrors, to check pedestrian lanes or totake any other defensive action should be considered. Sudden turns by other drivers should be carefully examined.

You may find that your driver failed to take precautionary action from tip-offs from the other vehicles immediatelypreceding the incident. U-turns by your driver that result in a collision are preventable.

13. Passenger AccidentsPassenger accidents in any type of vehicle are preventable when they are caused by faulty operation of the vehicle. Eventhough the incident did not involve a collision of the vehicle, it must be considered preventable when your driver stops, turnsor accelerates abruptly. Emergency action by the company driver to avoid a collision that results in passenger injury shouldbe checked to determine if proper driving prior to the emergency would have eliminated the need for the evasive maneuver.

14. PedestriansTraffic regulations and court decisions generally favor the pedestrian hit by a moving vehicle. An unusual route of a

pedestrian at mid-block or from between parked vehicles does not necessarily relieve a driver fromtaking precautions to prevent such accidents. Whether speed limits are posted or the area is placardedwith warning signs, speed too fast for conditions may be involved. School zones, residential streetsand other areas with special pedestrian traffic must be traveled at reduced speeds equal to the par-ticular situation. Bicycles, motor scooters and similar equipment are generally operated by young andinexperienced operators.

The driver, who fails to reduce speed when this type of equipment is operated within sight distance,has failed to take the necessary precaution to prevent an accident. Keeping within posted speed limits is not

taking the proper precaution when unusual conditions call for voluntary reduction of speed.

15. WeatherAdverse weather conditions are not a valid excuse for being involved in an accident. Rain, snow, fog, sleet or icy pavementhave never caused an accident. These conditions merely increase the hazards of driving. Failure to adjust driving to theprevailing weather conditions, or to “call it a day” when necessary, should be cause for deciding an accident preventable.Failure to use safety devices such as skid chains, sanders, etc., provided by the company should be cause for a preventabledecision when it is reasonable to expect the driver to use such devices.

16. Alley, Driveways and Plant EntrancesAccidents involving traffic origination from alleys, driveways, plant entrances and other special intersecting locations shouldbe carefully analyzed to determine what measures the professional driver might have taken to avoid the occurrence. Failure toslow down, sound a warning or to yield to the other driver can be considered cause to judge such an accident preventable.

17. Fixed ObjectsCollisions with fixed objects are preventable. They usually involve failure to check or properly judge clearances. New routes,strange delivery points, resurfaced pavements under viaducts, inclined entrances to docks, marquees projecting over a traveledsection of road and similar situations are not, in themselves, valid reasons for excusing a driver being involved. The drivermust be constantly on the lookout for such conditions to avoid accidents in which they are involved.

18. Private PropertyWhen a driver is expected to make deliveries at unusual locations, construction sites, etc., or on driveways not built tosupport heavy commercial vehicles, it is the driver’s responsibility to discuss the operation with the proper authorities andto obtain permission prior to entering the area.

19. ParkingUnconventional parking locations, including double parking, failure to put out warning devices, etc., generally constituteevidence for judging an accident preventable. Roll-away accidents from a parked position normallyshould be classified preventable. This includes unauthorized entry into an unlocked and unattended vehicle, failure to properly block wheels or to turn wheels toward the curb to prevent vehicle movement.

20. Mechanical FailureAny accident caused by mechanical failure that reasonably could have been detected by the driver, butwent unheeded, should be judged preventable. It is the driver’s responsibility to report unsafe vehicleconditions for repairs and to obtain immediate repairs where continued operation might result in an accident. When mechanical difficulties occur unexpectedly during a trip, and a driver, upon discovery, fails to checkwith his company for emergency instructions prior to an accident, the accident is preventable. An accident caused by mechanical failure that results from abusive driving should be considered preventable.

21. Non-CollisionMany accidents, such as overturning, jack-knifing, or running off the road, may result from emergency action by the driverto prevent being involved in a collision. Examination of driving practice prior to the incident may reveal speed too fast forconditions. The company driver’s actions prior to involvement should be examined for possible errors or lack of defensivedriving practice.

1.800.622.8272www.siegelagency.com

Frequently the term is used to describe the crash of a vehicle. However, a thoroughinvestigation of the root causes of a crash often uncovers conditions that could have actually predicted the crash.

Therefore, many authorities are now using the term crash instead of accident. Crash investigation remains a key element in any Motor Vehicle Loss Control Program.

Why Perform a Crash Investigation?Through the identification of causal factors and implementing corrective measures, a company can prevent future crashes,reduce human suffering, prepare for claims defense, and contribute to the bottom line. Continuous improvement can beattained by determining preventability, and by determining the need for remedial training & disciplinary actions.

When Should a Crash Investigation be Performed?The investigation of a crash needs to be initiated as soon after the crash as possible. This can best be accomplished with goodpreparation. Before the crash, define who will be responsible for conducting the investigation. Clearly define the applicable roles.Provide needed equipment, which could include: camera, measuring tape, barricade tape, small partsbags or containers with lids, graph paper, and crash investigation forms. It may be advantageous tohave ready, the names and phone numbers of attorneys and professional crash investigators in eventof a major incident with fatalities, severe injuries, or major property damage such as might be causedby chemical leaks.

Who Should Investigate the Crash?The safety manager or a trained representative of management should complete the initial investigation. Be sure to have qualified alternates in case the primary individual is unavailable. Here aresome of the attributes of a good investigator:

VEHICLE

Initiative - The good investigator knows that the job cannotbe done from behind a desk and that an investigator mustgo to the crash scene and start from there.

Imagination - An investigator must be able to visualizewhat is needed in making the investigation and must beable to set up the lines of initial inquiry.

Attention To Detail - The smallest detail may point to thecause of a crash and if overlooked, may prevent the investigatorfrom finding the cause or lead to a false conclusion.

Tact and Patience — The investigator must obtain thebulk of the information from persons who are generallyunder no compelling obligation to assist and who have areluctance to get involved. Witnesses may be difficult tolocate and when found may be unable to give informationwithout careful questioning.

Inquisitiveness - The good investigator recognizes thatthe job is basically a search. He must be constantly on thelookout for clues and more clues to follow until each oneis proven worthless or fruitful.

The Ability to Employ Logic — The investigator must beable to gather facts and assemble them in a logical mannerto determine what happened to arrive at the accidentcause. He must be aware that, in some cases, a definitecause cannot be determined and must then be able todetermine possible or probable causes.

Stamina - Because of the necessity of beginning eachcrash investigation promptly and tracking down clues andexamining evidence before they become stale or aredestroyed, the crash investigator must be able to persevereto a successful conclusion.

1.800.622.8272www.siegelagency.com

What Should be Included in the Investigation?There should be a crash scene and an administrative component to the crash investigation. The following checklist may behelpful when gathering information regarding a crash.

Notified of Crash Time _____________AM/PMDate_____________

Upon arrival at the scene, make visual check to see if scene is properly protected against furthercrash situations.Have Police and Insurance Company been called?Who was killed; injured; how serious, where are they now?Names of the drivers of both vehicles, make, model, license number, occupants, addresses, employer?Time of crash, exact location? Highway number, number miles, direction from nearest town.Brief situation leading to crash.Is your driver isolated from others and has he already discussed his version of the crash with anyone at the scene? If so, who? If sent to hospital, send company personnel with him.Were there witnesses? Names, addresses, license number. Include those to arrive early on scene, although they may not be witnesses.Were obvious infractions noticed by witnesses? Hostile — Friendly?Pictures made and evidence preserved before vehicles moved?Names or license numbers of anyone making pictures?A complete on the scene inspection of vehicles should be made for mechanical defects. Any further damage likely to result from operating vehicle?If vehicles have been removed — where to? Whose wrecker removed them?Is point of impact clearly noted on the roadway?Has all physical evidence been preserved?Make measurements of all physical facts, including length and location of skid marks, and conduct skid tests.Make a sketch of crash scene and location of vehicles.Have Police issued citations or made arrests — who — what charge?Name of Police investigators and badge numbers, city, state, etc.?Name of adjuster and firm if an independent.Protect cargo.Arrange for wrecker service (name of wrecker driver).Note any property damage other than the vehicles involved.Negligence noted. (Speed — Sudden Stop — Overcrowded — Lights Out).Final examination of the complete scene before leaving.

BE SURE ALL INFORMATION IS GATHERED BEFORE LEAVING THE SCENE

In addition to the above, the administrative review should include:Review the accident register. Has there been a pattern of crashes? Crash types, causes, locations, equipment, shift, time of day, day of week, etc.Review driver files. Has the driver had other crashes in the past? Has there been a pattern of crashes? Crash types, causes, locations, equipment, shift, time of day, day of week, etc, Is the driver current on his required training? Does the driver meet the appropriate criteria to qualify as a driver for the type of equipment involved?Review driver’s logs. Has the driver been operating his vehicle in accordance with hours of service regulations,and company policy?Review vehicle maintenance records. Even if vehicle condition is not a factor in the crash, unusual maintenance patterns may indicate deficiencies in driving habits such as speeding, tailgating, poor braking or poor shifting techniques.Review the company’s policies and procedures. Do they address the causes of the crash or are revisions appropriate?

ConclusionAn effective crash investigation program is an important component of your loss control program. It can significantlycontribute to your bottom line by reducing the frequency of future crashes and by gathering evidence for the defense ofpotentially bankrupting claims, which might be brought against your company.

Stocking Your Vehicle with Winter Essentials

Batteries fail, vehicles get stuck in snow banks or simple can’t get enoughtraction to get going and doors freeze shut. Keeping your vehicle stockedwith essential winter equipment can help you get back on the road or keepyou and your passengers safe until help arrives. Below is a recommendedlist of items to have at the ready for any emergency, not just winter ones.

Cell phone and/or CB radio - Ideally, you will have some means of communicating so you can call for helpas soon as you get into difficulty. Even if you have a cell phone, it does not mean you are invincible againstthe elements.

Ax or hatchet - You can use an ax to cut branches and put them under the drive wheels for added traction. Ifyou do carry an ax or hatchet, keep it in a locked tool box in the trunk.

Blankets, extra gloves and warm clothing - It is important to remember that several layers of clothing willkeep you warmer and more comfortable than one heavy garment. If your space is limited, you may wish topurchase Emergency Blankets, which are thin and portable but insulate the user.

Booster cables - Cold weather can cause many car batteries to fail. Cables fall under the heading of standardequipment but are a necessity in the winter. Make sure you know how to use the cables, because an emergencyis not the best time to learn.

Brightly colored cloth to use as a flag - This does not have to be a large piece but should be bright and visible in all lighting situations (i.e. orange or red). Tie this to the door handle or antennae to alert passingdrivers that you are having a problem.

"Please Send Help" sign - These signs should be printed in bold, clear letters and displayed in the front andrear windows. The sign is a companion for the brightly colored cloth, but should not be a replacement. Keepwindshields clear of snow so the signs can be seen.

First aid kit - You should carry the "standard" equipment (i.e. bandages, alcohol, gauze, etc.) plus any requiredmedications for yourself and your passengers. This is another item that should be stocked in all seasons, notjust winter.

Flashlight - You should check flashlight batteries periodically through the year, possibly when you check youroil. Try turning this practice into a routine.

High-energy, non-perishable foods - Examples of such foods are raisins, nuts, protein bars, peanut butterand crackers. All of these are nourishing and will keep for a long time.

Ice scraper and snow brush - These two pieces of equipment are invaluable tools for safety and visibility inthe winter.

Sand, salt or kitty litter - Any of these may help you get enough traction to get out of a slippery spot.

Lock and windshield de-icer sprays - This tool is another important item to have on hand in the winter. Ifyou don’t have lock de-icer, you can try heating the key with a candle or cigarette lighter. A hair dryer can alsounfreeze doors and locks.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. 800-622-8272 www.siegelagency.com

Reflective triangles and flares - Set out one or more reflective triangles behind your vehicle to alert upcoming traffic to the fact that your vehicle is stopped and in difficulty. If you are using flares, you need toknow how to light and position them safely.

Shovel - A shovel is another "standard" item that should be stocked in a car during the winter. You can use itto dig your way out of a snow bank or clear a parking space.

Tin can, candles and a lighter - Did you know that a single candle can warm an empty, sealed car by asmuch as 10 degrees Fahrenheit?

Tow line or chain - Keep this handy item in your trunk, and make sure you know where and how to attach itto your vehicle and the towing vehicle.

Traction pads - You can buy these pads at an automotive store or use pieces of old carpeting as a cheaperalternative. Either way, they can help free your vehicle if it gets stuck. Wedge them under the drive wheels orthe wheels with the least traction.

Handling Roadside Emergencies

Knowing what to do when a roadside emergency presents itself is the best tool you can have. Below is a "bestpractices" list that will help you develop a plan if you are caught in a roadside emergency situation. As with allemergencies, it is a good idea to know what to do before you in the emergency.

Pull as far off the road as possible - You don’t want another vehicle to hit you or your vehicle.

Set out your reflective triangles - If visibility is very poor or if it’s nighttime and the lighting is poor, lighta flare.

Let others know you are having trouble - Turn on your four-way flashers, open your hood and put your"Send Help" sign in the window (if you have one). Tie your brightly colored cloth to the antennae or door handle.

Run the engine and heater for no more than ten minutes per hour - Keep at least one window open afew inches when you do this, to avoid the risk of being overcome by carbon monoxide fumes.

Keep the exhaust pipe clear of snow - If the exhaust pipe becomes clogged, the danger of carbon monoxide poisoning is greatly increased.

Keep lights and windows clear - Keep your windows clear so passing motorists can see that there are people in your car, and so you can see them and signal them to send for help. Keep lights clear as well, so youvehicle will be visible to anyone who passes by.

Stay in the vehicle - Do not accept offers of "rides to the gas station." Instead, ask the person to send help,either a police car or a service mechanic.

This winter safety bulletin was derived from sources believed to be reliable. The Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.makes no guarantee as to, and assumes no responsibility for, the correctness, sufficiency or completeness ofsuch information or recommendations.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. 800-622-8272 www.siegelagency.com

Driv ing Pract icesAutomobile accidents account for more than 70 percent of deaths during winter storms in the United States

(Federal Emergency Management Agency). If you must travel in bad weather, you should follow the basic

winter driving practices outlined below.

Starting Your Vehicle - Vehicles need extra care when started in cold weather to ensure proper oil flow and

lubrication. When you start your auto, allow it to idle for a few minutes before driving. If your area has

frequent sub-zero temperatures, you may wish to purchase an engine block heater.

Cleaning Your Vehicle - Remove ice and snow from windows, lights and wipers. Do not forget the roof! You

must ensure good visibility, so clear the entire windshield area, not just a small patch. If you do not have good

visibility, you are creating a dangerous driving situation.

Slowing Down - Driving in hazardous conditions requires

adjusting your speed. Weather it’s snow or rain, if the roads are

not ideal you are more likely to lose control of your vehicle.

Following Distance - If you need four seconds to bring your

vehicle to a safe stop on dry pavement, allow at least 12 seconds

in bad weather. Apply this rule to stop signs and other traffic

signs and signals as well.

Handling a Skid - One of the worst things to do if you skid is

brake or jerk the steering wheel! This can cause the wheels to

lock (if you don’t have anti-lock brakes). Take your foot off the

gas and gently turn the wheel in the direction you want the front

of the vehicle to go. If you counter-skid and veer off in the other

direction, simply adjust the wheel again.

Getting Unstuck - If you have the unfortunate situation of getting stuck in the snow, avoid spinning your

wheels, as it will just cause the vehicle to sink deeper. Instead, shovel snow away from the wheel paths.

Scatter sand or kitty litter around the drive wheels to improve traction. You can also try traction pads or pieces

of old carpeting.

Remember that you must adjust your driving practices to correspond with the road conditions. You should also

stock your vehicle with the appropriate supplies and have your car “winterized” before the cold weather sets

in. For more information on stocking and winterizing your vehicle, visit our website to download safety

bulletins on those topics.

This winter safety bulletin was derived from sources believed to be reliable. The Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.makes no guarantee as to, and assumes no responsibility for, the correctness, sufficiency or completeness ofsuch information or recommendations.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. 800-622-8272 www.siegelagency.com

Use your headlights anddefroster.

Winterize Your Vehicle - Tuning Up for WinterTips & Suggestions

Batteries can fail, locks may freeze and ice can cause wipers to wear out more quickly. Simple maintenance precautions can help you avoid these and other weather-related problems. You should haveyour mechanic check the following items and consult your owner’s manual for more information.

Fluids and filtersWindshield washer fluid - Keep the reservoir filled a non-freezing variety of washer fluid.

Antifreeze - Should be drained from the radiator and replaced with a fresh mixture of antifreeze andwater.

Fuel - Water from condensation can get into the fuel lines and prevent the engine from starting or causeit to run unevenly. Keeping the gas tank full and using dry gas or other appropriate additives can help.

Transmission or differential fluid - check and top off

Filters – Change oil, air and transmission or differential fluid filters.

Oil and lubricants - Because cold weather causes oil to thicken, your vehicle needs a lighter weight ofoil during the winter months. It will help reduce the effects of cold starts and friction that lead to enginewear.

Doors and locks - Your vehicle may be ready to go, but a frozen door lock can still leave your stranded.Have all working parts on doors and locks properly lubricated.

Steering linkage - Should be lubricated.

SystemsBattery, ignition, spark plugs and points - Cold weather will make little problems bigger. Make sureall these items are in top condition and that the battery terminals are clean.

Cooling, heating, lighting and electrical systems - Wipers, heater, thermostat, lights and defroster arecrucial to visibility, safety and comfort. Make sure all of these are in excellent condition. Replace badbulbs or worn wipers.

Exhaust - A faulty exhaust system can be lethal at any time, but especially in cold weather when we usually keep the vehicle’s windows closed. Make sure the system is operating safely and efficiently.

Brakes - Check fluid level and condition. Worn brakes or low fluid levels can cause brakes to "grab" andsend the vehicle into a skid.

Tires - Make sure they are in good condition, properly inflated and have plenty of tread. Consider studded tires or even chains (as permitted in your locale) if you live in a "snow belt." Practice puttingchains on and taking them off. Don’t wait until a snow emergency!

Clamps and hoses - Clamps should be secure and hoses should be firm and flexible, not brittle or verysoft.

This winter safety bulletin was derived from sources believed to be reliable. The Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. makes no guarantee as to, andassumes no responsibility for, the correctness, sufficiency or completeness of such information or recommendations. The information contained in this bulletin may be copied with written permission from the Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc.

Irwin Siegel Agency, Inc. 800-622-8272 www.siegelagency.com