Turkey and the European Union: Problems and Prospects Nicosia, June 11 th 2009 ‘The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities’

Turkey and the European Union: Problems and ProspectsNicosia, June 11th 2009

‘The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey:

Challenges and Opportunities’

Elena Baracani, PhD

EFSPS Post Doc ResearcherIstituto Italiano di Scienze Umane, Florence

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities

• Strategies of democracy promotion• EU democracy promotion in an historical

perspective• EU strategy of democracy promotion• EU and democracy promotion in Turkey• Challegens and opportunities for both the EU

and Turkey

Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani

2

1. Models of democracy promotion

Strategies of Democracy Promotion

2. Models of democracy promoted

thin conceptionof democracy

thick conceptionof democracy

Source: author’s elaboration

Source: author’s elaborationNicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani

3

EU Democracy Promotion in an Historical Perspective

1962

Birkelbach Report

first standards on democracy among prospective members

1992

Maastricht

‘development and consolidation of democracy’ becomes one of the objectives of its CFSP

1993

Copenhagen

membership of the EU is formally conditioned to democracy

1997

Luxemburg

the enhanced pre-accession strategy allows the EU to implement its political conditionality and move from indirect to direct leverage

2003

European Security Strategy

‘[o]ur task is to promote a ring of well-governed countries to the East of the European Union and on the borders of the Mediterranean’

Source: author’s elaboration


4

• MODEL OF DEMOCRACY PROMOTION: ‘democratization through integration’

• MODEL OF DEMOCRACY PROMOTED: from the promotion of a formal democracy (thin conception) to the promotion of a more substantive democracy (thick conception)

EU Strategy of Democracy Promotion


5

European Commission democracy assistanceEC ODA for Government and Civil Society

(Commitments – million constant USD 2005)

Source: data come from OECD Aid activity (author’s calculations)


6


7

EU and democracy promotion in Turkey

EU DEMOCRATIC ANCHORING ON TURKEY:

-Institutional links

-Economic assistance

-Political conditions


8

Institutional links1963 Ankara Agreement (art. 28)

1987 Application for membership

1989 European Commission negative opinion

1995 Customs Union

1997 Luxemburg EC: rebuttal of candidacy

1999 Helsinki EC: approval of candidacy

2002 Copenhagen EC: Postponement of decision on upgrading Turkey’s applicant status

2004 Decision to open accession negotiations

2005 Opening of accession negotiations

2006 Continued dispute over Cyprus prompts EU to freeze talks on eight chapters and state no chapter would be closed until a resolution is found


9Source: author’s elaboration

Economic assistance (1)

• EC first donor


10

Economic assistance (2)

• EC economic assistance per capita


11

Economic assistance (3)• EC economic assistance for democratization


12

Source: Elena Baracani (2009) : ‘EU Democratic Rule of Law Promotion’, in A. Magen and L. Morlino (eds) International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law: Anchoring Democracy, London: Routledge, p. 83

Political conditionsDEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW

JUDICIARY (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

CIVIL CONTROL OF THE MILITARY (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (AP 2006)

LOCAL GOVERNMENT (AP 2006)

FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION (AP 2006)

HUMAN RIGHTS AND MINORITY RIGHTS

DEATH PENALTY (AP 2001)

TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

CIVIL FREEDOMS (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

NON DISCRIMINATION (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

SOUTH EAST (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

CULTURAL RIGHTS (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

CYPRUS PROBLEM (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)

BORDER DISPUTES (APS 2001, 2003, 2006)Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani

13Source: author’s elaboration

Challenges and Oppurtunities both for Turkey and the EU

Documents

Turkey and the European Union: Problems and Prospects Nicosia, June 11 th 2009 ‘The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities’