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Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Preventing School Violence in Turkey: Good Practices and Innovative Policies
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D.
Hacettepe UniversityFaculty of Education
Ankara, Turkey
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Number of Schools, Students and Teachers
Type of School Number of Schools
Number of Students Number of Teachers
Pre-School 13,692 358,499 19,122
Primary School 36,117 10,479,538 384,029
High School 2,831 1,983,998 86,051
Vocational School
3,681 1,050,394 73,998
Higher Education
72 1,841,546 78,804
Total 56,393 1,5713,975 642,004
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Schools in Turkey
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
What is violence?
Diffrent deffinitions exists, Violence in educational environments is a
deliberate physical, psychological or social attack or intervention towards students or teachers and result in physical or psychological pain in individuals.
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
What is violence?
“the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against onself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation” (WHO)
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
SCHOOL VIOLENCE IN TURKEY INCIDENCE TOTAL %
Pyhsical Abuse 814 32,9
Alcohol and Drug Abuse 84 3,4
Bullying 491 19,8
Gender Violence 65 2,6
Vandalism 234 9,5
Stealing 184 7,4
Use of Weapons and rifles 196 7,9
Forming Gangs and Gang Membership 27 1,1
Using knifes 47 1,9
Gossiping and Name Calling 323 13,1
Killing at Schools 9 0,4
TOTAL 2474 %100
TOTAL NUMBER of Students who involve
these incedence = 6224
* the data collected after 26.04.2006
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Problem Areas in Relation with School Violence in Educational System
Low school attendence Low rates of primary school completion High drop-out rates especially for girls Early marriage for girls Teen-age pregnancy Traditional and religious beliefs Gender stereotypes
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs
Educational Student Support Services School – Home – Community Linkages Environmental / Technological School Policies and Procedures The Others
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Educational
Pece education Cooperative learning Conflict resolution Peer mediation Gang prevention / reduction Crime prevention and law-
related education Handgun violence
prevention education Life skills training / social
competence Relationship / family
violence prevention
Prejudice reduction / cultural awareness
Stress management Positive anger release Street-smart kids Personal power Self-esteem Dealing with death Bullying prevention Aggression reducation
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Student Support Services
Mentors and role models
Career exploration Work experience
placement School-based health
clinics Peer-counseling
Student support groups Individual counseling Group counseling Student leadership Drop-out prevention Extracurricular activities
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: School-Home-Community Linkages
Family support programs Parent-skills training Volunteer-parent patrols School-business partnership Interagency collaborations School-community task forces School advisory committees
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Environmental / Technological
Metal dedectors Gun-free school zones Locker search Bookbag bans Classroom phones Safe coridor/safe haven
policies Closed-circuit TV Dress codes
X-ray machines Gun and drug sniffing
dogs Locker removal Closed campuses Magnetic door locks Student I.D. cards School security staff
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: School Policies and Procedures
School safety plans Zero tolerance policies Suspension, expulsion and formal charges Staff development Multicultural awareness Sensitivity training Gang elimination procedures Student / staff conduct discipline codes Student arbitration boards
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: The Others
Alternative curriculums Alternative schools Improvements to school campuses Youth crime watch Crisis management teams Violence hotlines Student speak-outs
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
School violence prevention: What works?
Perspective-taking Problem-solving Family behavior management Family problem-solving Decreasing gun access Decrasing media violence
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
School violence prevention: What doesn’t works?
Scare tactics Didactic programs Programs focusing only on self-esteem Segregating aggressive / antisocial students Programs focusing only on anger-
management
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
School violence prevention: What’s promising / limited testing?
Peer mediation Mentoring Social skills training Classroom-management techniques
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Current Efforts for Preventing Violence at Schools in Turkey
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION
PREVENTING AND REDUCING
VIOLENCE IN EDUCATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS
STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN
(2006-2011+)
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Main Strategies in “Strategy and Action Plan”
An information based management notion A multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach Holistic approach Developmental approach Prevention, protection and intervention approach Capacity building Sustainability of services Monitoring and Evaluation
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Intervention Areas
I. Management process
II. Teachers and school administrators
III. Students
IV. Educational environment and its surroundings
V. Familiy
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Social StrategyViolence Prevention Service Delivery
Shared responsibility Increased role for professions Multi-disciplinary Multi-skilled, dedifferentiated work force Increased outreach from traditional specialty base Linkages with Employment Linkages with Health Linkages with Social Services Voluntary Organizations
FOCUS
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Strategic Framework:School Violence Promotation
Most policy initiatives are concerned predominantly on treatment and prevention of school violence interventions
Need to focus on “protective factors” that have a mediating role on impact of stressful life events, e.g., response to trauma or loss
Need a strategic framework for School Violence promotion to strike a balance between reducing risk factors and strengthening positive protective factors
Strengthening “resilience” within the school
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Meeting the Needs: Vision
Diverse Agenda: Promotion and public education Primary Prevention Social Supports Intersectoral linkages Community Services Specialist Services
SCHOOL VIOLENCE PROMOTION
PREVENTION
INTER-SECTORAL AND COMMUNITY
SERVICES
CLINICALSERVICES
INDIVIDUAL WORK
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
School Violence Prevention Work Essentials
ChangeChange
Concepts
Concepts
Res
earc
h
Res
earc
h
Outcomes
Outcomes
Sta
keho
lder
s
Sta
keho
lder
sDomainsDomains
Provision
Provision
Res
ou
rces
Res
ou
rces
Context
Context
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
A Five-Year Perspective
Time to overcome:Community scepticismPolitical concernsBureaucratic concernsProfessional resistanceScarce resources
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Social StrategyEducational Service Delivery
Shared responsibility Increased role for Student
Personnel Services (School counselors, school psychologists)
Multi-disciplinary Multi-skilled, dedifferentiated work
force Linkages with Employment Linkages with Health Linkages with Social Services Voluntary Organizations
FOCUS
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Three Key Elements in School Violence Prevention Effords
Knowledge base Social strategies Political will
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Key Element 1:School Violence Prevention
Knowledge Base
Evidence Based ResearchCausal and Risk MechanismsClinical Effectiveness of Interventions
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Evidence-basedorganizations
Individuals who practice
evidence-baseddecision making
Individuals shape organizations
Organizations facilitate the development of individuals
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Key Element 2School Violence Prevention
Social Strategies
Central levelProvincial levelCommunity level Individual and Family level
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Key Element 3School Violence Prevention
Political Will
PrioritiesStewardshipJusticeVision
Political Political WillWill
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Dimensions of Public Policy
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Preventing School Violence: Good Practices and Innovative Policies
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D.Assoc. Prof.
Hacettepe UniversityFaculty of Education
Department of Educational SciencesProgram of Counseling and Guidance
0653, Beytepe, Ankara, TurkeyPhone: +90.312.2978551
Fax: +90.312.2978560E-Mail: [email protected]