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QGJ 3023FUNGSI MUSKULOSKELETAL DAN
PERGERAKAN MANUSIA
Tutorial 1 30 Sept 2012
UPSI
Tugasan (due date 14/12/2012)
Rujuk mukasurat 139 modul Fungsi Muskuloskeletal dan Pergerakan Manusia dan lengkapkan tugasan yang diberikan.
Analisis anda hendaklah meliputi perkara berikut:
•Pemerihalan pergerakan yang dilakukan.•Satah dan paksi rujukan bagi pergerakan yang dilakukan•Sendi dan jenis sendi yang digunakan untuk pergerakan tersebut.•Pergerakan yang dihasilkan di sendi tersebut.•Otot agonis yang terlibat dalam pergerakan.•Jenis penguncupan otot agonis.
Analisis Pergerakan (Movement Analysis)
Satah – permukaan rata bayangan yang melintasi bahagian tubuh
Paksi (axis)
Paksi – Garisan tetap untuk merujuk kedudukan
Sendi (Joints)
6
Three types of joints found in the human body
1. Synarthrodial or immovable,
2. Amphiarthrodial or slightly movable, and
3. Diarthrodial or freely movable.
(The type of joint of primary concern in the analysis of human motion are those in the ……….. category)
7
Diarthrodial or freely movable
Otot Agonis dan Antagonis
Kenalpasti otot agonis dan antagonis yang terlibat
Jenis Penguncupan
Analisis Pergerakan Tekan Tubi
Fasa Persediaan
Fasa Pemulihan
Fasa Menurun
Naik Turun Bangku
Persediaan
Melangkah Naik
Pemulihan
Mendagu
Persediaan
Pemulihan
Mendagu
13
Muscular System
Mechanism of muscular contraction• The sliding filament model– Muscle shortening occurs due to the movement of
the actin filament over the myosin filament– Formation of cross-bridges between actin and
myosin filaments “Power stroke”• 1 power stroke only shorten muscle 1%
– Reduction in the distance between Z-lines of the sarcomere
14
Actin & Myosin Relationship
15
Muscle Fiber Types
Fast fibers• Type IIx fibers – Fast-twitch fibers– Fast-glycolytic fibers
• Type IIa fibers– Intermediate fibers– Fast-oxidative
glycolytic fibers
Slow fibers• Type I fibers– Slow-twitch fibers– Slow-oxidative fibers
Forum 1 (1/10/12)
• Seorang pesakit fraktur tulang tibia telah dipakaikan kas plater untuk patah tersebut. Selepas dua minggu pesakit tersebut telah menanggalkan kas tersebut tanpa kebenaran dan pengetahuan doktor yang merawatnya. Tindakannya telah menyebabkan tulang tersebut tidak sembuh sepenuhnya. Bincangkan tujuan kas plaster tersebut dan sebab mengapa tulang tersebut tidak sembuh sepenenuhnya.
Apakah tujuan kas plaster dan mengapa tulang tidak sembuh sepenenuhnya sekiranya kas tersebut ditanggalkan tanpa kebenaran doktor?
18
Skeleton function (5 functions)
1. Support the skeleton2. Protection : skull, rib case3. Hemopoeisis – the bone marrow produce rbc, wbc
and platelet4. Mineral storage- calcium5. Movement – skeleton of machine/level
19
Anatomy
20
Injuries to bone
Bone 1. living tissue 2. growth in length and density 3. weaken (too much stress) 4. seal off 16 to 17 years old
Forum 2 (19/10/12)
• Perihalkan kesan tidak menggunakan otot rangka tertentu secara kerap. Apakah yang boleh dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut?
Forum 3 (2/11/12)
• Patah tulang kerap berlaku dalam kalangan mereka yang mengamalkan diet yang ekstrem untuk mengurangkan berat badan tetapi tidak bersenam.
Forum 4 (16/11/12)
• Kajian yang dilakukan oleh Profesor Wan Nabe mendapati bahawa kebanyakan daripada pelari-pelari pecut yang ternama mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berikut:
• Tinggi dengan bentuk badan mesomorf• Kaki bawah langsing serta pinggul yang kecil.• Kandungan serat otot cepat sentak melebihi 80%
daripada jumlah keseluruhan otot kaki.
Bincangkan kaitan ciri tersebut dengan prestasi cemerlang mereka dalam acara lari pecut.
Kaitan morfologi badan dengan prestasi lari pecut
Functional AnatomyBody Type and Sports Performance
See Text - Chapter 4
The story so far
• The importance of talent ID
• Improving performance– Understanding, – assessment, – modification & – outcome
The story so far
• Somatotype = endo – meso – ecto
• Gold Standard = anthropometry & photoscopic
• Rating scale open ended due to extreme physiques
• Plot on a somatochart
The story so far
• Variations in somatotype– Gender– Age– Race
• Comparing somatotypes
• Calculating somatotypes
Somatotype
Somatotypes are scattered about the mean score – (eg. Ice hockey)
remember that there will be a range of somatotypes that will cluster around the mean
Somatotype
A larger scatter also in events where different positions require specialist body types- (eg. Basketball)
Somatotype
A larger scatter in events where body type has only a minor influence - (eg. Golf)
Functional AnatomyBody Type and Sports Performance
See Text – Chapter 4
QUESTIONS
• Which athletes are more ectomorphic – 100 m or 10 000 m runners?
• Describe the somatotype of gymnasts?
• Basketball forwards tend to be?
INTRODUCTION
Obviously Somatotype is not the only factor in determining one’s ability to perform at an elite level. It’s just one of the many ingredients.
However, combined with capacities such as body composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength and power, BODY TYPE is valuable in assessing a person’s suitability for a particular sport.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
See Table 4.2 (p.55) for a summary of somatotypes.
1. Less data available for elite females.
The majority of data collected over the past 40 years has been on male athletes.
This discrepancy is slowly being addressed.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
2. Significant differences between male and female athletes at the elite level.
Existing data suggests that female athletes are more ENDO less MESOsimilar ECTO ratings
than males
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
2. Significant differences between male and female athletes at the elite level.
When no female data are available, we can estimate
Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy
Sprint Events
Middle Distance
Field Games & Explosive sports
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
2. Significant differences between male and female athletes at the elite level.
When no female data are available, we can estimate
Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy
Sprint Events + 1.0
Middle Distance + 0.5
Field Games & Explosive sports
+ 2.0
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
2. Significant differences between male and female athletes at the elite level.
When no female data are available, we can estimate
Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy
Sprint Events + 1.0 - 1.5
Middle Distance + 0.5 - 1.0
Field Games & Explosive sports
+ 2.0 - 2.0
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
2. Significant differences between male and female athletes at the elite level.
When no female data are available, we can estimate
Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy
Sprint Events + 1.0 - 1.5 Same
Middle Distance + 0.5 - 1.0 Same
Field Games & Explosive sports
+ 2.0 - 2.0 Same
What somatotype?
What sports?
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
EXAMPLES - MESOMORPHS
GYMNASTS
EXAMPLES - MESOMORPHS
GYMNASTS M = 1.5 - 6 - 2 F = 2 - 4 - 3
EXAMPLES - MESOMORPHS
DIVERS M = 2 - 5.5 - 2.5 F = 3 - 4 - 3
EXAMPLES - MESOMORPHS
BODY BUILDERS Meso = 7+
EXAMPLES - MESOMORPHS
WEIGHT-CLASSLIFTERS / WRESTLERS M = 2 - 7 - 1
EXAMPLES - ENDO MESOMORPHS
OPEN CLASS LIFTER M = 5 - 9 - 0.5
EXAMPLES -
WEIGHT LIFTERS Light Weight Vs Super Heavy weight
EXAMPLES - ENDO MESOMORPHSAMERICAN FOOTBALLERS - LINEMAN Vs BACKS
EXAMPLES - ENDO MESOMORPHS
AMERICAN FOOTBALLERS - LINEMAN = 5 - 7.5 - 1 - BACKS = 3 - 5.5 - 1.5
EXAMPLES - ENDO MESOMORPHS
OPEN CLASS WRESTLER M = 4 - 7.5 - 1
EXAMPLES - ENDOMORPHS
NO ENDOMORPHS!!!
EXAMPLES – MESO-ECTOMORPHS
TRIATHLONM = 2 - 4 - 3 F = 2.5 - 4 - 3
EXAMPLES - ECTOMORPHS
BASKETBALLERS- AVERAGE M = 2 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 3.5 - 4 - 3- FORWARDS M = 2 - 3 - 5 F = 3 - 3.5 - 3
EXAMPLES - ECTOMORPHS
BASKETBALLERS- EXTREME (Manute Bol)
EXAMPLES - ECTOMORPHS
VOLLEYBALLERS M = 2.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 3.5 - 4 - 3
TRACK EVENTS - General Trends
SPRINTERS &HURDLERS
400 M
800 & 1,500 M
10,000 M
ENDO MESO ECTO
DecreasingENDO
DecreasingMESO
IncreasingECTO
EXAMPLES - TRACK
SPRINTERS & M = 2 - 5 - 3 F = 2.5 - 4 - 3HURDLERS
EXAMPLES - TRACK
400M M = 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 2 - 3.5 - 3.5
EXAMPLES - TRACK
800 & 1,500 M M = 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5
EXAMPLES - TRACK
10,000M M = 1.5 - 4 - 3.5
EXAMPLES - FIELD EVENTS
JUMPERS M = 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 2.5 - 3 - 4
EXAMPLES - FIELD EVENTS
POLE VAULT M = 2 - 4 - 2
EXAMPLES - FIELD EVENTS
SHOT & DISCUS M = 3 - 7 - 1 F = 5.5 - 5.5 - 1.5
EXCEPTIONS
Somatotype not the only factor in determining sports performance at an elite level
Michael Gross “The Albatross”Height - 200cmArm span - 225cm
Jon Sieben “The Shrimp”Height – 173cm
EXCEPTIONS
1. Gordon Pirie (World 5,000m champ) 2 - 4.5 - 3.5 (more like a 400m runner - 5 kg heavier than others)
EXCEPTIONS
2. Peter Snell (World & Olympic 800 / 1500m) 2 -5 - 3 (more like a 200m runner)
EXCEPTIONS
3. Rob deCastella (World marathon champ) 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 (more like a 400m runner - 5cm taller and 8kg heavier than others)
SOMATOTYPE MODIFICATION
Strength training
Endurance training
Diet (high joule)
(low joule)
SOMATOTYPE MODIFICATION
Strength training more MESO
Endurance training more ECTO
Diet (high joule) more ENDO
(low joule) more ECTO
TODAY
• Which athletes are more ectomorphic – 100m or 10 000m runners?– 10 000m
• Describe the somatotype of gymnasts?– mesomorph
• Basketball forwards tend to be?– ectomorphic