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Tuesday!!!! 3/29Tuesday!!!! 3/29
• Explain how hormones control the Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle in human females.menstrual cycle in human females.
• (Total 8 marks)(Total 8 marks)
• FSH stimulates the development of follicles;FSH stimulates the development of follicles;• FSH stimulates estrogen secretion (by the FSH stimulates estrogen secretion (by the
developing follicle);developing follicle);• estrogen stimulates the repair of the uterus estrogen stimulates the repair of the uterus
lining;lining;• estrogen stimulates LH secretion;estrogen stimulates LH secretion;• LH causes ovulation;LH causes ovulation;• LH causes the development of the corpus LH causes the development of the corpus
luteum;luteum;• LH causes secretion of progesterone;LH causes secretion of progesterone;• progesterone causes thickening of the uterus progesterone causes thickening of the uterus
lining / prepares uterine lining for lining / prepares uterine lining for implantation;implantation;
• progesterone / estrogen inhibits secretion of progesterone / estrogen inhibits secretion of LH / FSH;LH / FSH;
• falling progesterone levels at the end of the falling progesterone levels at the end of the cycle allow FSH production / menstruation;cycle allow FSH production / menstruation;
• feedback control;feedback control;
6.66.6ReproductionReproduction
6.6.16.6.1 Draw and label diagram Draw and label diagram of the adult male reproductive of the adult male reproductive
system.system.• Testes-Testes- in in scrotumscrotum• EpididymisEpididymis• VasVas deferens-deferens- from from
epididymisepididymis• Seminal vesicle-Seminal vesicle- on vas on vas
deferens prior to prostate deferens prior to prostate glandgland
• Prostate gland-Prostate gland- below below bladder where urethra bladder where urethra and vas deferens joinand vas deferens join
• Urethra-Urethra- from bladder from bladder through penisthrough penis
• BladderBladder• Penis-Penis- with with erectile tissueerectile tissue
6.6.16.6.1 Draw and label diagram Draw and label diagram of the adult female of the adult female
reproductive system.reproductive system.• OvaryOvary w/follicles w/follicles• Oviduct-Oviduct- showing showing fimbriafimbria• Uterus-Uterus- showing showing endometriumendometrium
(inner lining)(inner lining)• Cervix-Cervix- between uterus & between uterus &
vaginavagina• Vagina-Vagina-• Vulva-Vulva-• Clitoris-Clitoris-• Bladder-Bladder-• Urethra-Urethra-
6.6.2 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including the menstrual cycle, including
• From puberty to menopauseFrom puberty to menopause• 28 days28 days• Ovulation (release egg for possible fert.)Ovulation (release egg for possible fert.)• Endometrium becomes highly vascular –Endometrium becomes highly vascular –
support implantation; breaks down if no impl. support implantation; breaks down if no impl. • Menstrual bleeding (sign of no pregnancy)Menstrual bleeding (sign of no pregnancy)
• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone),FSH (follicle stimulating hormone),• LH (luteinizing hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), • estrogen, & estrogen, & • progesterone.progesterone.
6.6.2 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including the menstrual cycle, including
• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) & LH FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) & LH (luteinizing hormone)(luteinizing hormone) prod/secretion of E (follicle cells) prod/secretion of E (follicle cells) • Production of Graafian follicles (follicle cells Production of Graafian follicles (follicle cells
+ oocyte, maturing)+ oocyte, maturing)• Ovulation (release of oocyte & inner ring of Ovulation (release of oocyte & inner ring of
follicle cells)follicle cells)
6.6.2 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including the menstrual cycle, including
• EstrogenEstrogen• Bloodstream Bloodstream endometrium endometrium vascularization of uterusvascularization of uterus
• If no pregnancy, CL breaks down, If no pregnancy, CL breaks down, in P and E in P and E vasc breaks vasc breaks down down menstrual bleeding menstrual bleeding
• ProgesteroneProgesterone• After ovulation, outer ring foll cells remain in After ovulation, outer ring foll cells remain in
ovary, secrete Povary, secrete P• Maintains vascular endometrium (for Maintains vascular endometrium (for
implantation)implantation)• MitosisMitosisfill in “ovul. wound” w/CL, it produces P fill in “ovul. wound” w/CL, it produces P
for ~14d post-ovulationfor ~14d post-ovulation• If no pregnancy, CL breaks down, If no pregnancy, CL breaks down, in P and E in P and E hypothal hypothal
GnRH GnRH FSH/LH FSH/LH
HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY GLAND PITUITARY GLAND (ANT.)(ANT.)
OVARIESOVARIES
ENDOMETRIUM OF ENDOMETRIUM OF UTERUS (INCREASED UTERUS (INCREASED VASCULAR TISSUE)VASCULAR TISSUE)
GnRHGnRH
LHLH FSHFSH
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteronProgesterone (after e (after
ovulation)ovulation)
What about birth control pills???What about birth control pills???
•E & P in pillsE & P in pills
•High levels maintainedHigh levels maintained
•Hypothal doesn’t produce GnRHHypothal doesn’t produce GnRH
•Pituitary doesn’t produce FSH, LHPituitary doesn’t produce FSH, LH
•No new Graafian folliclesNo new Graafian follicles
•Ovulation doesn’t occurOvulation doesn’t occur
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/sfeature/sf_cycle.swf
6.6.36.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the
relationship between changes in hormone levels relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of
the endometrium.the endometrium.
6.6.46.6.4 List three roles of testosterone in males.List three roles of testosterone in males.
• pre-natal development of male pre-natal development of male genitaliagenitalia
• development of secondary sexual development of secondary sexual characteristics @ pubertycharacteristics @ puberty
• maintenance of sex drive maintenance of sex drive throughout lifetimethroughout lifetime
Natural Fertilization Process:Natural Fertilization Process:
• In oviduct, 24-48 h post-ovulationIn oviduct, 24-48 h post-ovulation• Several days to travel to uterus (& Several days to travel to uterus (&
several mitotic divisions)several mitotic divisions)• Implantation Implantation • Problems:Problems:
• Low sperm count or impotence in maleLow sperm count or impotence in male• Ovulation complicationsOvulation complications• Blockage of oviductBlockage of oviduct
6.6.56.6.5 Outline the process of in vitro fertilization Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF).(IVF).
• Woman-injections FSH ~10dWoman-injections FSH ~10d• Many Graafian follicles developMany Graafian follicles develop• Harvest several oocytes (surg.)Harvest several oocytes (surg.)• Man-sperm donationMan-sperm donation• Eggs & sperm mixed in separate culture Eggs & sperm mixed in separate culture
dishesdishes• Microscope Microscope which ova fertilized, normal which ova fertilized, normal
healthy embryo(s) developinghealthy embryo(s) developing• 2-3 introduced to uterus for implantation2-3 introduced to uterus for implantation• $$$$$$$!!!$$$$$$$!!!• Use several embryos to decrease failure Use several embryos to decrease failure
rate & need to repeat procedurerate & need to repeat procedure• Healthy, unused embryos frozen, can be Healthy, unused embryos frozen, can be
used for later implantation if necessaryused for later implantation if necessary
6.6.66.6.6 Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.
AgainstAgainst::• Cultured embryos not Cultured embryos not
implanted are frozen or implanted are frozen or destroyeddestroyed
• Legal issues: uses of frozen Legal issues: uses of frozen embryos if couple divorcesembryos if couple divorces
• Genetic screening embryos Genetic screening embryos could lead to society could lead to society choosing desirable choosing desirable characteristicscharacteristics
• Repro problems can be Repro problems can be passed on genetically (IVF passed on genetically (IVF bypasses natural selection, bypasses natural selection, genetic freq of the problem)genetic freq of the problem)
• Multiple births (& problems) Multiple births (& problems) more frequent than more frequent than w/natural conceptionw/natural conception
For:For:• Enables couples (otherwise Enables couples (otherwise
unable) to have a familyunable) to have a family• Visibly unhealthy embryos Visibly unhealthy embryos
can be eliminated from can be eliminated from consideration for consideration for implantationimplantation
• Genetic screening possible Genetic screening possible prior to implant., can prior to implant., can eliminate chance of eliminate chance of passing on gen diseasespassing on gen diseases
• IVF technology will IVF technology will advance, lead to further advance, lead to further benefits in repro biologybenefits in repro biology
6.6.66.6.6 Discuss the ethical issues associated with Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.IVF.
TOK:TOK: • Potential risks in drug Potential risks in drug
treatments woman is treatments woman is givengiven
• Concerns about artificial Concerns about artificial selection of sperm and selection of sperm and injection of them into injection of them into the egg that occurs with the egg that occurs with some IVF protocolssome IVF protocols• Natural selection of sperm with Natural selection of sperm with
consequent elimination of consequent elimination of unhealthy ones is bypassedunhealthy ones is bypassed
• Evidence that there are higher Evidence that there are higher rates of abnormality in the rates of abnormality in the offspring as a resultoffspring as a result
