Tu Dong Hoa Toa Nha Tren Co So Ung Dung Cong Nghe Tu Dong Hoa Cua Hang Alc

T ng ho to nh trn c s ng dng cng ngh t ng ho ca hng ALC

MC LC

1Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

DANH MC CC T VIT TT

AI Analog Input (u vo tng t).AO Analog Ouput (u ra tng t).AV Analog Value (Gi tr tng t - gi tr trung gian c th hiu chnh hay ch c).ALC Automated Logic Corporation.AHU Air HandingUnit.Alarm - H thng iu khin s c nh dng pht ra nhng cnh Bo khi mt itng iu khin vt qu ngng do ngi s dng xc nh, nh c miu t trong trnht hot ng.BI Binary Input (u vo s).BO Binary Ouput (u ra s).BV Binary Value (Gi tr nh phn - L gi tr trung gian m c th hiu chnh hay chc).

BMS Building Managerment SystemCSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision DetectionCSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision AvoidanceCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckDDC Direct Digital ControllerDTE Data Terminal EquipmentDCS DistriButed Control SystemES Engineering StationFCU Fan coil Unit.FCS Field Control SystemSched Schedule (Lch Biu - Thut ton iu khin lch hot ng ca thit).Show on Graphic - Hin th trn mn hnh ho ca h thng.SS Server Station.HMI Human and machine interfaceHVAC Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning control.

Trend - H iu khin s c nh dng la chn v hin th Bng th thi gian ca itng. Thi gian thc hin v th thi gian khng nh hn thi gian ly mu(5pht).TCP/IPTransmisstion Control Protocol/Internet ProtocolTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessOP Operation PanelOS Operation StationOSI Open System InterconnectionPLC ProgrammaBle Logic ControllerMPCModel Predictive ControlQCS Quality Control System

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LI NI UTrong thi i ngy nay vic xy dng cc to nh cao tng lm cng s, trung tmthng mi, khch sn,ngy cng tr nn ph Bin.. Chng ngy cng tr nn hin i,tin nghi phc v cc yu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi. Gii php kt hp h thngcc thit B c in s dng trong to nh vi cng ngh t ng ho nhm em li khnng t hot ng (h thng thng gi, h thng chiu sng,) khng cn l iu mim na. Tuy nhin vn sng cn ca gii php ny li nm ch lm sao c th qun lchng trong mt h thng thng nht. Cc h thng t ng ho to nh (BuildingManagerment System - BMS) ra i gii quyt Bi ton ny.Nhim v chnh ca h thng BMS l iu khin, gim st, qun l cc thit Bc/in trong mt ta nh cao tng, gip cho vic vn hnh, Bo dng v qun l ta nhmt cch thun tin, an ton v tit kim.H thng BMS c pht trin da trn nn kin trc ca mt h iu khin phn tn vicc B iu khin s trc tip (Direct Digital Controler DDC) c kt ni vi h thngmng tng (Floor Networks); cc B iu khin, nh tuyn cp cao hn lin kt cc DDCvi h thng mng BackBone ca ta nh.Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu nh cung cp h thng BMS nh: Siemens, Johnson,Invensys, ALC, AA Matrix, Andover Control, H thng BMS ca mi hng u c nhngc trng ring. Trong s ALC l mt trong nhng i din hng u. Chnh v vychng em chn tm hiu v h thng BMS ca ALC lm ti tt nghip. ti ca chng em l Tm hiu v thit k h thng t ng ho to nh cho khch snNewWay. Nhim v ca lun vn Bao gm:

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Nu ln cc c trng c Bn v ta nh cao tng hin iNghin cu v cc h thng iu khin trong cng nghip.Nghin cu v h thng t ng ho to nh ni chung, tm hiu s B h thngBMS ca Siemens v tm hiu su v h thng BMS ca ALC.a ra gii php ci to v nng cp h BMS c ca KS NewWay trn nn h thng

BMS ca ALC.Sau 6 thng nghin cu v thc tp ti cng ty TNHH k thut T&D chng em hon thnh vic thit k h BMS cho NewWay. hon thnh n ny chng em xin chn thnh cm n c Phan Xun Minh, anh LCh Hiu - Qun l d n ca cng ty TNHH k thut T&D v ton th cc thy c giotrong B mn iu Khin T ng gip chng em hon thnh lun vn ny. H thngt ng ho to nh l mt lnh vc rt mi Vit Nam, do vy mc d rt c gngnhng cng khng trnh khi thiu st trong qu trnh tm hiu. Chng em rt mong nhnc s gp v B sung ca cc thy c gio.


VI NT V CNG TY TNHH K THUT T&D NI TC GICNG TCThnh lp t nm 1999, Cng ty TNHH K thut T&D l doanh nghip tr, nngng hot ng trong phm vi c nc, chuyn cung cp cc gii php tng th cho khchhng trong cc lnh lc phn phi v truyn ti in nng.

Khng nhng Bo m s pht trin n nh ca mnh trong cc lnh vc truynthng, Cng ty cn nghin cu, ng dng cc gii php v sn phm mi trong cng nght ng ho to nh cng nh trong cc dy chuyn cng nghip.

Vi kinh nghim ca mnh thng qua cc d n trng im nh: Trung tm hi nghQuc t ASEM 5; Vn phng Chnh ph; Kho lu tr B Quc phng, Cu Bi chyCng ty ang phn u tr thnh mt doanh nghip ton din c kh nng p ng cc nhucu ngy cng cao ca khch hng trong xy dng v cng nghip.

Mt khc Bo m sc cnh tranh ca mnh trong qu trnh hi nhp quc t,Cng ty ang tng Bc pht trin ngun nhn lc mi c trnh chuyn mn cao, nhittnh, nng ng, sng to; m rng quan h vi cc tp on ni ting trn th gii nh:ABB; Automated Logic Corporation (USA); Home Automation Inc. (USA); TSATransformation Schaltanlagen (c)

Vi t cch l nh i l c quyn hoc nh phn phi chnh thc ca cc hng nutrn, Cng ty lun cam kt vi khch hng v cht lng ca gii php cng ngh, sn phmv dch v c cung cp.

Cht lng ca gii php cng ngh, sn phm, dch v do T&D cung cp l mtphn quan trng trong s thnh t ca cng ty. Bn cnh , mt phn khc khng kmphn quan trng chnh l mi quan h v s tn nhim ca khch hng i vi Cng tytrong sut thi gian qua. Vi s quan tm v tn nhim , Cng ty s lun n lc vn ln phc v khch hng ngy cng tt hn.

V vy d hot ng trong Bt k lnh vc no, Cng ty TNHH K thut T&D lunduy tr s sng to kt hp vi vic ng dng cng ngh tin tin nht Bo m chtlng cng trnh, em li s hi lng cho khch hng cng nh uy tn v s pht trin Bnvng ca Cng ty.

TRONG XY LP IN

Cng ty TNHH K thut T&D l mt trong cc nh phn phi sn phm ca Cng tyTNHH ABB ti Vit Nam. Vi s h tr ca ABB, T&D hon thnh thi cng cc d ntrng im theo phng thc trn gi nh: Trung tm hi ngh Quc t ASEM5; cu Bichy; Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.

CNG NGH T NG HO TO NH

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Khng ch l nh tch hp h thng m T&D cn l i l c quyn v h thng tng ho to nh cho tp on Automated Logic (ALC), mt trong 5 tp on hng u caM trong lnh vc ny. Cht lng sn phm ca ALC cng vi cc gii php sng to slm cho cc to nh tr nn thng minhhn.i vi nhng ngi nh Bit lp, cn h chung c hay cc vn phng, khch sn nh,T&D a ra cc gii php ca Home Automation Inc.(HAI), mt trong nhng tp on hngu trn th gii ca M trong lnh vc tch hp v t ng ho cc h thng, thit B giadng trong nh.


CHNG 1CC C TRNG CA TA NH CAO TNG HIN I

1. nh gi cht lng mi trng v mc t ng ha trong ta nh cao tng hini.nh gi cht lng v mt ta nh cao tng hin nay Vit Nam v trn th gii thc nhiu tiu chun song phm vi lun vn tt nghip ny em xin cp n v chtlng mi trng trong ta nh v mc t ng ha ca n em li cht lng mitrng nh mong mun ph v con ngi cng nh Bo qun cc thit B trong ta nh.1.1 Chiu sng nhn to trong ta nh cao tng hin iChiu sng trong cc ta nh hin nay ngoi chiu sng t nhin l chiu sngin.Thi gian s dng chiu sng trong nh ca mi nc do tnh hnh kh hu, trnh kthut cng nh hiu qu kinh t ca ta nh nc quyt nh. nc ta hin nay do chiusng t nhin nhiu v v ko di trong ngy nn chiu sng trong cc ta nh ch yu lchiu sng t nhin.Chiu sng in ch yu dng khi chiu sng t nhin khng .Chiu sng in trong ta nh phi m Bo iu kin nhn r, nhn tinh, v phn giinhanh cc vt nhn Bng mt.Tt c cc yu cu ph thuc vo c im ca ngunsng.Cch B tr cc ngun sng trong phng cng nh vic duy tu Bo dng h thngchiu sng trong ta nh.1.1.1 Ngun sngHin nay ngun sng ch yu l Bng n dy tc v Bng hunh quang1.1.2 Tiu chun ri nh sng nhn to.Mc ch c Bn ca quy nh ca tiu chun chiu sng nhn to l m Bo iukin lm vic tt cho th gic ngi sinh hot v lm vic trong ta nh .Hin nay chiusng nhn to c c quy nh Bng tiu chun v sinh thit k cc x nghip cngnghip.Ty theo yu cu ca cc ta nh m ri khc nhau.trong ph lc s c Bng ri nh nht trn B mt lm vic trong ta nh theo tiu chun Vit nam.1.1.3 c im chiu sng trong ta nh.Thit k chiu sng in trong ta nh l tm ra nhng phng thc v gii phpnhm m Bo nhng yu cu chiu sng cho con ngi sinh hot v lm vic trong ta nhc tt nht. c Ba phng thc c Bn sau:-Phng thc chiu sng chung:trong ton phng c mt h thng chiu sng t trnxung gy ra mt chi khng gian nht nh v mt ri nht nh trn ta B cc mtphng ca ta nh.-Phng thc chiu sng cc B.Chia khng gian ln ca ta nh ra nhiu khnggian nh, phng nh. Mi mt khng gian nh, phng nh li c ch chiu sng ring.-Phng thc chiu sng hn hp:L phng thc chiu sng chung c B sungthm nhng n cn thit m Bo ri ln ti nhng ch lm vic ca con ngi.Ty theo tnh cht ca tng phng m ta nh c chn phng thc chiu sngthch hp.Thng thng nhng phng c lao ng khng i hi nhiu nh sng, khng ihi nghim ngt v hng chiu sng, c mt ch lao ng cao, c cng mt loi cngvic nht nh, hoc c thay i li thit B trong phng th ngi ta dng phng thc chiusng chung

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iu khin h thng chiu sng da vo nhiu thng s nh lu lng, cng nhsng, ri m Bo cht lng chiu sng ng nh yu cu. Bn cnh h thng chiusng Bn trong phng, cn c h thng chiu sng Bn ngoi nh chiu sng cu thang,chiu sng Bung thang my, chiu sng phng l tn, phng n, cng cn m Bo chtlng chiu sng c ngy v m. H thng iu khin chiu sng c kh nng thng Bocho Bn Bit khi no c quy d phng ca h thng chiu sng khn cp trng thi yu,nh Bn c th thay th kp thi. Mi s c lin quan n h thng chiu sng u ctruyn v trung tm, Bn cng c th Bit nhng thng tin ny Bt c nt no trong mngiu khin.1.2 Thang my phc v trong ta nh cao tng hin i1.2.1 Khi nim chung v thang my.Thang my trong cc ta nh l mt thit B chuyn dng vn chuyn ngi vhng ha v vt liu .. theo phng thng ng hoc nghim mt gc nh hn 15 0 so viphng thng ng theo mt tuyn nh sn.Thang my thng c dng trong cccng s, chung c, khch sn...c im vn chuyn Bng thang my so vi cc phng tinvn chuyn khc l chu k vn chuyn B, tn sut vn chuyn ln, ng m my lintc.Ngoi ngha vn chuyn, thang my cn l yu t lm tng v p v tin nghi ca tanh hin i.Nhiu quc gia trn th gii i vi ta nh cao 6 tng tr ln l phi trang Bthang my m Bo cho ngi i li thun tin, tit kim thi gian v tng nng sut laong.i vi nhng cng trnh nh Bnh vin, nh my khch sn...tuy s tng nh hn 6do nhu cu phc v ln vn phi trang B thang my.Trong cc ta nh cao tng thi victrang B thang my phc v cho vic i li l Bt Buc.nu vn chuyn ngi trong cc tanh khng c thc hin th xy cc ta nh cao tng khng thnh hin thc.Thang myi hi tnh an ton nghim ngt,n lin quan trc tip n ti sn v tnh mng conngi.Thang my ch c caBin p, sang trng, thng thong, m du cha a vo sdng m phi c y cc thit B an ton, m Bo tin cy nh:in chiu sng, dphng khi mt in,in thoi ni B (interphone) chung Bo,B hm Bo him,an toncaBin (i trng),cng tc an ton ca ca caBin, kha an ton ca tng, B cu h khi mtin ngun v.v .v1.2.2 Phn loi thang myThang my hin nay c thit k ch to vi nhiu loi khc nhau rt a dng ph hp vi mc ch tng cng trnh.Thang my chuyn ch ngiThang my chuyn ch ngi c tnh n hng ha i kmThang my chuyn ch Bnh nhn.Thang my chuyn ch hng ha c ngi i km.Thang my chuyn ch hng ha khng c ngi i km..H thng iu khin thang my l ton B cc trang thit B v linh kin in t Bndn m Bo cho thang my hot ng theo ng chc nng yu cu v m Bo an ton.H thng in ca thang my Bao gm cc mch sau:Mch ng lc:l h thng iu khin c cu dn ng ca thang my ngm,o chiu ng c dn ng v phanh cc B ti ko.H thng phi m Bo vic iu


chnh tc chuyn ng ca caBin sao cho qu trnh m my v phanh c m du vdng caBin chnh xcMch iu khin:l h thng iu khin tng c tc dng thc hin mt chng trnhiu khin phc tp, ph hp vi chc nng yu cu ca thang my.H thng iu khintng c nhim v lu tr cc lnh di chuyn t caBin, cc lnh gi tng ca hnh khch vthc hin cc lnh di chuyn hoc dng theo mt th t u tin no .Sau khi thc hinxong lnh iu khin th xa B.Xc nh v ghi nhn thng xuyn v tr caBin v hngchuyn ng ca n.Tt c cc h thng iu khin t ng u dng nt n.Mch tn hiu:l cc h thng n tn hiu v cc k hiu thng nht ha Bohiu trng thi ca thang my, v tr v hng chuyn ng ca caBin.Mch chiu sng:l h thng n chiu sng caBin Bung my v h thang.Mch an ton:l h thng cng tc, rle,tip im nhm m Bo an ton cho conngi ,hng ha v thang my khi hot ng, c th l:Bo v qu ti cho ng c, thit Bhn ch ti trong nng, cc cng tc hn ch hnh trnh, cc tip im ti ca caBin, catng, ti h thng treo caBin v ti B hn ch tc , cc rle...Mch an ton t ng ngtin n mch ng lc dng thang my hoc thang khng hot ng c trong cctrng hp sau:- mt in, mt pha,o pha,mt ng tip t.- qu ti.- caBin vt qu gii hn t cng tc hn ch hnh trnh.- t cp hoc tc h caBin vt qu gi tr cho php (B hn ch tc v Bhm Bo him lm vic).- mt trong cc cp nng chng qu gii hn cho php.-ca caBin hoc mt ca trong cc ca tng cha ng hn.Ngoi ra, i vi thang my c ca la ng m t ng, khi ng ca nu gpchng ngi vt th ca s t ng m ra v ng li.Thang my ch ngi thng ctrang B nt n cp cu phng khi c ha hon.1.3 Phng chng chy n trong ta nh cao tng hin i.1.3.1 Nguyn nhn gy ra chy trong cc ta nh cao tng hin iV khi nim ny, cc nh chuyn mn nh ra cc dng khc nhau nh nhiunguyn nhn chy trc tip, nguyn nhn chy gin tip, nguyn nhn su xa.v d ch nimt nguyn nhn do con ngi gy ra nh: v trong un nu hay s dng in gy rachy, nguyn nhn c gy ra chy (ph hoi). y cp n nhng nguyn nhn trctip gy chy c nhng Bin php phng nga thch hp.1.3.1.1Chy do tc ng ca ngn la trn hoc tia la ,tn lay l nguyn nhn chy n ph Bin v nhit ca ng la trn rt cao, sc tchy hu ht cc vt.V d:Nhit ngn la que dim l 7800 -:-8000C ngn la n du l760 -:-10000C nhit mu thuc l ang chy l 700 -:- 750 0C. Trong khi nhit tBc chy ca mt s vt nh sau.G thng thng 250 0C, giy 1840C ,vi si 1800C (siha hc). Trong cc ta nh v nhiu ni nh ng khi, ng x t, Bp ang un nu,si sy ..thng c tn la, nu gp nhng cht d chy nh xng du s dn n chy.1.3.1.2 Chy do ma st, va chm gia cc vt rn.

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y cng l nguyn nhn thng gp trong cc trng hp my mc khng cBi trn tt,cc Bi, trc c st vo nhau, sinh ra nhit hoc c khi pht ra tia la sinh rachy. Trong khi my hot ng, nht l cc my co Bng ,si ay....1.3.1.3 Chy do tc dng ca ha chtTrong cc khu sn xut, vn chuyn ,Bo qun, x dng ha cht ngi ta c nhngquy nh ht sc ngt phng cc s c gy tai nn cho con ngi v mi trng nichung v chy n ni ring.V mt phng chy cha chy phi ch thng xuyn phnng ha hc ta nhit pht ra ngn la.Ngi ta phn nh nh sau.- Cc ha cht tc dng vi nhau sinh nhit hoc hnh thnh ngn la c th dn nchy nu khng ch ng kim sot c chng trong cc phng th nghim, ni sn xut...v d nh Clo vi amoniac,clo vi hidro..- Ha cht gp nc, gp khng kh, mt s ha cht tip xc vi mi trng khngkh cng c kh nng gy chy.Do vic Bo qun ha cht phi thc hin ng cc quynh.Cc cht pht pho trng,Bi km, Bi nhm,.. d gy phn ng trong khng kh vnc.1.3.1.4 Chy do tc dng ca nng lng iny cng l trng hp chuyn ha t in nng sang nhit nng.Trong cc trnghp nh chp mch in, qu ti, nhit trn dy dn tng cao c th gy ra chy v cchin, ri chy lan sang cc vt khc.Cc trng hp sinh ra tia la in do ng ngt cudao, chy cu ch, mi ni dy dn khng cht cng l nhng ngun gy chy.i vinhng dng c in c cng sut cao nh Bn l, Bp in ,t sy.. khi s dng s ta nhit,sc nng trn B mt rt ln.Nguyn nhn gy ra chy n trong thc t rt nhiu v a dng khng th m tht.nhng chng ta lu rng nguyn nhn chy n cn xut pht t s khng quan tmy trong thit k cng ngh, thit B cng nh thanh tra, kim tra ca ngi qun l.1.3.2 Bin php phng chng chy n trong ta nh cao tng hin iNgoi cc Bin php nh gio dc tuyn truyn hun luyn, Bin php hnh chnhphp l, Bin php k thut.Phng chy l khu quan trng nht trong cng tc phng chy cha chy v khi mchy xy ra th d cc Bin php chng chy c hiu qu nh th no th thit hi vn toln v ko di.trn c s phn tch c nguyn nhn v iu kin gy chy c th ra ccBin php phng nga thch hp, khng xy ra chy hoc ngn chn kp thi khng chom chy pht trin.1.3.2.1 Chy v phng tin cha chy.1.3.2.1.1c im ca m chyTt c cc m chy u c c im chung nh sau:Mi m chy Bo gi cng ta nhit.nhit lng ta ra nhiu hay t ph thuc vocc m chy v iu kin ca m chy,nhit tip tc un nng vt chy, thc y qa trnhchy pht trin nhanh.Nhit lng ca m chy ta ra nhiu hay t c nh hng ln ncc Bin php cha chy.Sn phm ca m chy l khi.Thnh phn n ty thuc vo chtchy,iu kin chy.Trong thnh phn ca khi, c cht tham gia v qu trnh chy nhccBonxit,c cht li km hm s chy nh CO2 .Sn phm chy gy nhiu tr ngi chocha chy.gy c cho ngi cu cha,n mn thit B v hn ch tm nhn ca ngi trinh9Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

st m chy.Mt c trng quan trng ca m chy l tc chy.Tc chy ph thucvo Bn cht ca vt chy, vo m, hng gi v th chy ca vt chy.1.3.2.1.2 Din bin m chy v s pht trin ca nTr mt vi trng hp c Bit hu ht cc m chy u in ra theo 3 giai onsau:- Giai on u:ngun nhit nung nng vt chy n nhit Bn la.Giai on nydi hay ngn ty thuc vo vt chy.Nu vt chy l d chy th giai on u ngn.Khi lami Bn chy, tc pht trin cn chm,nu pht hin kp thi c th dp tt m chymau chng.- Giai on chy to:tc pht trin ca m chy l nhanh nht, nhit m chycao nht, tiu hao cht chy nhiu nht. giai on ny la c th lan t khu vc ny sangkhu vc khc.vic chy lan trn ny c th do trc tip ngn la Bn sang cng c th doqu trnh Bc x nhit, truyn nhit lm cho vt d chy B phn hy ri Bn chy.- Giai on kt thc m chy: giai on ny nhit chy gim dn, tc chycng gim dn n khng1.3.2.1.3 Cc dng c cha chy th sBnh Bt ha hc:dung tch 8-:-10lt v Bnh chu p lc 20kg/cm2Bnh Bt ha khng kh:dung tch7-:-8lt v Bnh chu c khi nn n 250kg/cm2Bnh cha chy Bng CO2: v Bnh chu c p sut kh CO2 250kg/cm21.3.2.1.4 Phng tin bo chy v cha chy t ng.Cc phng tin Bo chy v cha chy t ng thng c t nhng mc tiuquan trng cn c Bo v.Phng tin Bo chy t ng dng pht hin chy t Banu v Bo ngay v trung tm ch huy cha chy.Bo chy t ng cn Bao gm c thng tinlin lc hai chiu gia m chy v trung tm ch huy, gia m chy v h thng my tnh c nhng thng s k thut v cha chy .nh chn ng i n m chy,s phngtin, ha cht cn dng v la chn phng n cha chy ti u.Hnh 4-1 l s Bo chyt ng ca mt ta nh trung tm cng nghip ti H Ni lm v d.

H1-1 S h thng Bo chy t ng ca mt ta nh trung tm.My Bo chy lm vic da trn nguyn tc:

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Khi c m chy xy ra th c s thay i nhit , cng nh sng ca mitrng, c khi Bc ln. Nhng s thay i ny c my Bo chy thu nhn v Bin ithnh tn hiu in sau qua B phn khuch i ri truyn cho my thu tn hiu chy vtruyn tip n cc B phn c lin quan nh trung tm Bo chy t ng, trung tm mytnh, trung tm ch huy cha chy.T trung tm ch huy cha chy ra lnh cho cc i chachy khu vc.Phng tin cha chy t ng l phng tin t ng a cht cha chy vo mchy v dp tt ngn la.Phng tin ny c B tr nhng ni c nhng hng ha, mymc, thit B t tin hoc nhng ni d c s c chy n nht.Phng tin cha chy tng c th cha chy Bng nc, Bng Bt, Bng kh khng chy ( CO 2,N2) ..v c th hotng nh ngun in,Bng h thng kh nn, Bng h thng dy cp...Hnh 1-2 l s nguyn tc ca h thng cha chy t ng dng Bt ha khngkh dp tt m chy ca mt cht lng.Khi B ng cht lng 1 B chy my Bo chy 2 Bo v my thu tn hiu chy 3, mythu tn hiu chy 3 iu khin khi ng t 4 v ng c 5 v my Bm 6 lm vic, vant ng 7 m ht nc t B 8 qua thit B trn thuc 9.Cht to Bt t thng 10 vo thitB 9 trn vi nc i ra m chy qua ming phun 11, ha vi khng kh lm thnh Btha khng kh dp tt m chy.Khi my Bm nc 6 m th cc van 12,13,14 m.

Hnh 1-1:S nguyn l h thng cha chy t ng

1.4 iu ha Khng Kh trong ta nh cao tng hin iiu ha khng kh (HKK) thng c hiu l lm mt khng kh. Khng phinh vy m ngoi vic duy tr nhit trong khng gian cn iu ha mc yu cu, hthng HKK cn phi gia m khng kh trong khng gian n nh mc quy nhno .Bn cnh cn phi ch n vn Bo m sch ca khng kh, khng ch n v s lu thng hp l ca dng khng kh. HKK c chia l Ba loi vi ni dungrng hp khc nhau.-iu tit khng kh : dng thit lp cc mi trng thch hp cho vic Bo qun mymc,cng ngh sn xut,ch Bin trong ta nh-iu ha khng kh : nhm to mi trng tin nghi cho cc sinh hot ca con ngitrong ta nh.-iu ha nhit : nhm to ra mi trng c nhit thch hp trong ta nh.11Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

Nh vy ph thuc vo nhng iu kin c th khc nhau, vic iu chnh nhit trong khng gian cn iu ha khng phi lc no cng theo chiu hng gim so vi nhit ca mi trng xung quanh.Tng t nh vy m ca khng kh c th c iuchnh khng ch gim m c khi cn c yu cu tng ln so vi m Bn ngoi.Mt h thng HKK ng ngha l mt h thng c th duy tr trng thi ca khngkh trong khng gian cn iu ha trong vng quy nh no .N khng th nh hng Bis thay i Bn ngoi hoc s Bin i ca ph ti Bn trong.T cho thy r rng c milin h mt thit gia cc iu kin thi tit Bn ngoi khng gian cn iu ha vi ch hot ng v cc c im cu to ca h thng iu ha khng kh. nc ta kh hu nhiti nng m nhim v ca HKK thng ch lm gim nhit v m ca khng khtrong khng gian cn iu ha so vi khng kh Bn ngoi1.4.1Cc thnh phn ca h thng iu ha Khng Kh trong ta nhV mt thit B,t hp iu ha khng kh Bao gm cc thnh phn nh sau:

-

-

-

-

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-

My lnh :l B phn c Bn ca h thng ng vai tr ch yu trong vic khngch trng thi ca khng kh trong khng gian cn iu ha trong vng quynh.B gia nhit v B hm nng : l B phn h tr vi my lnh trong vic iuchnh cc thng s ca khng kh.B phn ny khng nht thit phi c mt trongtt c cc h thng iu ha khng kh, nhng vng c kh hu thng xuynnng Bc, s Bin ng ca ph ti khng nhiu v cc yu cu k thut khngqu cao thi khng dung B phn ny.H thng vn chuyn cht ti lnh:l h thng vn chuyn cht ti lnh t ngunsinh lnh n khng gian cn thc hin k thut iu ha khng kh.H thng phun m:thng c dng cho nhng ni c yu cu gia tng chahi ca khng kh trong khng gian cn iu ha.H thng phn B khng kh.H thng gim n, lc Bi, chng chy kh mi.H thng thi khng kh Bn trong khng gian cn iu ha ra ngoi tri hoc atun hon tr li h thng.B iu chnh v khng ch t ng theo di v duy tr t ng cc thng s

chnh ca h thng.Tt nhin khng phi Bt k mt h thng iu ha khng kh no cng phi y cc B phn nu trn.1.4.2 Mi quan h gia mi trng v c th con ngi trong ta nh cao tng hini.Ty tng mc ch m h thng HKK s c chc nng khc nhau,ch yu ta xem xth thng HKK l phng tin nhm to ra mi trng tin nghi, thoi mi cho cc hotng ca con ngi trong ta nh cao tng hin i.Khng th c tiu chun hoc yu cu v mi trng ging nhau cho tt c mi conngi. Ty theo tui tc v mc vn ng ca c th m vic pht nhit v s cm nhnd chu hay khng di tc ng ca mi trng xung quanh hon ton khc nhau.C thcon ngi xem nh mt ci my nhit.i vi nhit ngi Bnh thng Bn trong c thchng 370C.Do c th lun sn sinh ra mt lng nhit nhiu hn n cn,cho nn duy trmt lng nhit trong c th con ngi lun thi ra mt lng nhit ra mi trng xung12


quanh.Ba thng s mi trng c nh hng n mc trao i nhit gia mi trng vc th l:Nhit , m tng i v c im chuyn ng ca dng khng kh.- nh hng ca nhit : khi nhit khng kh xung quanh gim xung,cng trao i nhit i lu gia c th v mi trng s tng ln.Cng ny cng tng,khi chnh lch nhit gia B mt c th v khng kh cng tng,nn chnh lch ny khln th nhit lng c th mt i cng ln v n mt lc no s c cm gic kh chu vn lnh.Vic gim nhit ca B mt xung quanh s lm gia tng cng trao i nhitBng Bc x, ngc li nu nhit xung quanh tin gn n nhit c th th thnh phntrao i nhit Bng Bc x s gim i rt nhanh.Cc nghin cu v kinh nghim ch rarng, trong phn ln cc trng hp th con ngi s cm thy d chu trong vng nhit khong t 220C -:- 270C.- nh hng ca m: chnh m tng i ca khng kh xung quanh quyt nhmc Bay hi, Bc m t c th ra ngoi mi trng.Nu m tng i gimxung,lng m Bc ra ngoi c th s cng nhiu.Kinh nghim cho thy nu nhit khng kh 270C th m khng kh c cm gic d chu nn vo khong 50%.- nh hng ca dng khng kh: ty thuc vo mc chuyn ng ca dng khngkh m lng m thot ra t c th s nhiu hay t.Khi chuyn ng ca dng khng khtng ln th lp khng kh Bo ha xung quanh B mt c th cng d B ko i nhngch cho khng kh khc t Bo ha hn.do kh nng Bc m t c th s nhiu hn.Cngphi thy chuyn ng ca dng khng kh khng ch nh hng lng m Bc ra m cnnh hng n cng trao i nhit Bng i lu.R rng qu trnh i lu cng mnhth chuyn ng ca dng khng kh cng ln.Cc nghin cu thc nghim ch ra rng, i vi nhiu ngi to cm gic dchu tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong ta nh (vng u tin) nn khong chng0,25m/s.Tuy vy khi chn tc khng kh ta cn lu n s tng thch vi nhit khng kh xung quanh.T Bng 1.1 di y ta thy khi nhit tng th tc ca khngkh cng ln tng mt cht.Bng 1.1

Nhit Tc khng kh

210,15 -:- 0,2

220,20-:- 0,24

230,25-:- 0,3

240,3-:- 0,35

(m/s)

1.4.3 S nhim Khng Kh v vn thng gi trong ta nh cao tng hin i.Mt vn c Bn ca ngi thit k h thng HKK cn phi ch l thng gi chokhng gian cn iu ha trong ta nh cao tng hin i.Nh ta Bit khng gian iu ha trong ta nh cao tng hin i l khng giantng i kn, trong khng gian c s hin din ca loi ngi v c th tn ti ccloi vt dng khc nhau.Bn cnh nh hng ca Bi Bm v cc vt li ti trong khngkh.Chnh ngi v vt dng o gy ra nhim khng kh trong khng gian cn iuha,trong s hin din ca con ngi v cc hot ng ca con ngi l nguyn nhnch yu.C th a ra mt s nguyn nhn c th sau y:


- do ht th.- do ht thuc l.- do nhng loi mi khc nhau t c th ta ra.Chnh y l ngun gc l gia tng lng CO 2,CO, mt vi loi vi khun, cc loi lmgy Bnh v mt s loi kh c khc trong khng gian cn iu ha. l cho khng kh trong ta nh trong lnh hn, Bt nhim hn, cn thit phithc hin k thut thng gi .Trong iu ha khng kh,c th hiu thng gi l Bin phpk thut nhm thay i mt B phn khng kh trong ta nh Bng mt lng khng kh titng ng ly t Bn ngoi.Tt nhin hn ch cc Bi Bm v cc ht li ti khc th cnphi lc v lm sch khng kh ti trc kh a vo trong ta nh iu ha.Trc y khi ni n s nhim khng kh trong ta nh ngi ta thng ngh n nng CO2 c trong khng kh.Gn y, ngoi CO 2 ngi ta cn lu n kh cc loi mipht ra t c th con ngi v ang nghin cu tm cc loi ch s thch hp nh gi tcng ca yu t ny n mi trng khng kh trong ta nh cn iu ha.nhng cho nnay ngi ta cn s dng nng CO 2 nh l mt ch s Biu din mc nhim.Bng1.2 sau y trnh By mt s kt qu .ng vi nng CO2 mc chp nhn no trong ta nh th c th tnh lng khti vo trong ta nh cn iu ha nh sau.

Q

Ka

y:K : lng kh CO2 do con ngi thi ra thng qua hot ng ht th,m3/h.ngi : nng CO2 c th chp nhn c trong khng gian cn iu ha % th tcha : nng CO2 trong khng kh ngoi tri(Thng thng 0,03% th tch).Q :lu lng khng kh ti phi thi vo khng gian cn iu ha nng CO 2 c duytr mc chp nhn c ,m3/h.ngi.Bng 1.2

Nng CO2

ngha

Ghi ch

%Th tchy l mc chp nhn c khi c Cc gi tr ny Bn thn

0,07

nhiu ngi trong phng(theo Pettenkofer)

n cha c xem l

0,1

Nng cho php trong cc trng hp mc nguy him, tuy

thng thng( theoPettenkofer)

nhin vi t cch l ch

0,15

0,2 0,50,5 hoc lnhn

45

8

Nng cho php khi dng tnh ton s nhim khng kh thng gi (theo Rietchel) n l con s cn lu Nng tng i nguy him trong h thng o lngNng nguy him cc ch s nng CO2trong ta nh nu ntip tc tngH thn kinh B kch thch gy ra th su v nhp th gia tng.Nu sht th trong mi trng ny ko di th s gy ra nguy him.Nu ko di s ht th trong mi trng lu hn 10 pht th mt s

Bng v B au u.

14


18hocln hn

Bng 1.3.

Ht sc nguy him v dn n t vong.

Cng vn

K. m3/h.ngi

Q,m3/h.ngi

ng

Kh =0,10%

Kh =0,15%

Ngh ngiRt nhNhTrung BnhNng

0,0130,0220,0300,0460,047

18,631,443,065,7106,0

10,818,325,038,361,7

Nh vy t Bng 1.3 lng khng kh ti cn thit cho mt ngi ph thuc vocng vn ng ca ngi khi trong khng gian ta nh cn iu ha vi nng CO2 mc quy nh.Trong trng hp nhng ngi hin din trong khng gian c htthuc,lng khng kh ti cn phi B sung thm vo loi tr nh hng ca khi thucc trnh By trong Bng 1.4. Tt nhin y c nh hng ca mc ht thuc, thhin iu ngi ta a ra cc thng s phng chng tnh theo s iu thuc/h.ngiBng 1.4

Mc ht thucs iu thuc/h.ngi

0,8 -:- 1,01,2 -:-1,62,5-:-33-:-5,1

Lu lng khng kh ti ti thiu c ngh kh nh hng ca khi thuc,m3/h.ngi

13 -:-1720 -:-2642-:-5151-:-85

Ngoi nhng iu ni trn, khi nh gi mc v sinh ca mt mi trng no theo nhiu yu t tng hp khc nhau, c th tham kho cc s liu trong Bng 1.5 diy.Bng 1.5

Cc ht l lngNng CONng CO2Nhit m tng iTc chuyn ng ca khng kh

nh hn 0,15mg/cm3 khng khnh hn 0,001% theo th tchnh hn 0,1% theo th tcht 170C n 280C ty tng trng hpt 40% n 70%nh hn 0,5m/s

1.4.4 Tiu chun mi trng trong iu tit Khng Kh. p ng ngy cng cao cho cc ta nh m trong cc ta nh c cc hot ngsn xut, gia cng,ch Bin nhm mc tiu nng cao nng sut, cht lng sn phm, ph v


cc yu cu cng ngh v ci thit iu kin lao ng, ngi ta ang ng dng ngy cngnhiu k thut iu ha khng kh to ra mi trng c nhit v m thch hp. minh ha nhng iu ni trn Bng 1.6 s a ra mt vi s liu c th cho mt strng hp.gip cho phn iu khin sau ny c tt hn.Bng 1.6

Trng hp

Cng ngh sn xut ,ch

Nhit ,0C

m , %

bin

Xng in

Sn xut Bia

Xng Bnh

Cng nghchnh xcXng len

Xng siBng

ng v gi schphng in nni lu gia giyphng lm Bn kmni ln menx l malt chncc B phn ch Bin khcnho Bt

ng giln menlp rp chnh xcgia cng khcchun Bko sidtchi sise sidt v iu tit cho si

21 -:-2424-:-2720-:-2321-:-2316-:-2424-:-2718-:-242716

2421-:-2720 -:-242427 -:-2927 -:-2927 -:-2922 -:-2522 -:-2522 -:-25

4545 -5050 - 6040 -5050 7080 - 8550 - 6045 - 6545 -55

50 6570 - 8040 -5045 -556050 - 6060 - 7055 - 6560 -7070 -90

Ngoi nhit v m, trong mt s nghnh nh quang hc, in t,c kh chnhxc, phim nh tin hc..ngi ta cn ch n sch ca khng kh.v d nh trong ccphng t my tnh s lng ht khng vt qu 2.10 5ht/m3(ch tnh cc ht Bi v cc htkhc c kch thc 3 na n mt tr ln.)1.4.5 H thng iu Khin o lng ca thit b iu tit Khng Kh trong ta nh caotng hin i.1.4.5.1 Khi nim v h thng iu Khin.1.4.5.1.1Nhim v chc nng ca h thng iu Khin.Trong cc phn trc ta t vn l cc iu kin mi trng trong ta nh phic duy tr phm vi thng s nht nh nh h thng iu ha khng kh.Tuy nhin tacha xem xt t m xem lm th no thit B c th vn hnh p ng cc yu cu tinnghi v cng ngh trong cng trnh mt cch ng u( nhit , m, tc lu thng gi,...) khi ph ti v thi tit thay i.H thng iukhin chnh l mi lin h thng tin gia nhu cu nng lng thay i v nhu cu i viiu kin mi trng trong ta nh.Nu khng c h thng iu khin c thit k ng vhot ng c hiu qu th thit B iu ha khng kh khng th hot ng tt ngay c khi u t vn rt ln.Ngi thit k h thng thng gi v iu ha khng kh phi thit kc h thng iu khin nhm:16


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To ra v duy tr mi trng tin nghi v ph hp vi cng ngh trong ta nh.Duy tr cht lng khng kh trong ta nh gii hn cho php.n gin gi thnh thp, p ng c cc quy chun hot ng ca thng gi,v iu ha khng kh mt cch tin cy.Hot ng c hiu qu vi mi iu kin.

V nguyn tc Bin s c iu khin quan trng nht trong ta nh vn l nhit.Do m ta quan tm ch yu l iu khin nhit trong ta nh.Tt nhin iukhin nhit khng kh trong ta nh ta cng phi kt hp vi nhiu chc nng iu khinkhc.nh iu khin ni hi,iu khin my nn lnh,Bm qut, iu khin lu lng khngkh v cht lng,iu khin m v cc h thng iu khin ph khc.1.4.5.1.2 o lng v Kim tra ti chS dng dng c o v ch th vi cc thng s sau.-Nhit khngg kh ngoi tri.-Nhit khng kh trong ta nh.-Nhit khng kh thi vo ca h thng.-Nhit khng kh sau khi c x l.(Bung phun ,gin lnh..)-Nhit mi cht trc v sau thit B trao i( B sy khng kh,, ginlnh,gin ngng t....).- m tng i ca khng kh trong ta nh.-p sut trong ng ng dn khng kh v tc khng kh ra khi cc mingthi.-in p, dng in ca ng c my nn, qut (Bm), qut gin lnh, gin ngngt.1.4.5.1.3 o lng v Kim tra t xaThng ch thc hin vi mt vi thng s ch yu c trng cho h thng,v d,Nhit , m tng i ca khng kh trong nh,...cc dng c o t nghi thng c s dngtrong trng hp cht lng ca sn phm cng ngh ph thuc vo cc thng s ca khngkh trong cng trnh,khi cn theo di v x l sai lch thng s c th ti lm gim chtlng sn phm, thm ch l h hng dy chuyn cng ngh.1.4.5.1.4 iu Khin t ng.Cn c vo cc gi tr thng s t trc.( nhit , m tng i, lu lng khngkh,p sut,dng in nh mc,...), cc thit B iu khin t ng tc s tc ng v c cutha hnh iu chnh cc thng s tng ng ca h thng khng cho sai lch vi gi trt trc.V d, khi ng trnh t cc my nn, khi ng ng thi cc qut gi ngoi,gihi, Bm tun hon, Bm nc lnh, iu chnh m ca van gi, van nc lnh, van ncphun,.. theo ph ti

2. Phng php qun l ta nh cao tng :Thc trng & s cn thit qun l cc tanh cao tng Vit Nam

Trong thi i cng nghip ha, hin i ha pht trin nh v Bo v khng kh hinhp kinh t quc t ca Vit Nam hin nay, chng ta tin c nhng Bc di v tc nhng thnh cng v kt qu tng i khch l trong nhiu lnh vc kinh t khc


nhau. Mt trong nhng thnh cng l qui m th ha vi hng lat cc cng trnh kintrc s mc ln t p thm cho thnh cng v pht trin kinh t ca Vit Nam.T H Ni n thnh ph H Ch Minh, t Mng Ci n C Mau cc ta nh caotng mc ln rt nhanh th hin cho s thnh cng v mt kinh t v i sng ca c nc.Trc s pht trin nhanh chng , vn t ra l kim nh cht lng cc ta nh nh th no v da vo cc tiu ch no nh gi cht lng cho cc ta nh cao tng .Vn nh gi v kim nh cht lng cho cc ta nh l khng n gin. Chngta c th a ra cc tiu ch khc nhau nh gi v kim nh chng, nhng phi da trnc s no? Ty theo quan im kin trc, quan im kt cu xy dng, quan im tin nghi,quan im v tnh s dng, quan im v mi trng,... m chng ta c cc tiu ch nh giv kim nh khc nhau. Mt trong nhng tiu ch m chng ta quan tm l h thng qunl ta nh cao tng BMS (Building Management System). Ty thuc vo mc ch s dngca cc ta nh m tiu ch t ra cho h BMS l khc nhau. Trn quan im , chng taa ra vn tho lun v cc h BMS cho cc ta nh cao tng.2.1 Phn loi nh cao tng:Chng ta c th phn loi cc ta nh cao tng theo mc ch s dng nh sau:

Vn phng: nh Bank, cng ty Bo him,Cc ta nh hnh chnh cng cng,Cc ta nh dc phm, Bnh vin,Cc nh ga tu, tu in ngm,Cc khch sn, nh n,Cc trng i hc, trng ph thng,Cc trung tm in thoi, truyn hnh,Cc nh my in,Cc sn Bay, cc trung tm thng tin,

Vi mi loi nh cao tng c mc ch s dng khc nhau chng ta c h BMS tngng ph hp vi mc ch s dng khc nhau .2.2 H thng qun l cc ta nhNgoi nhng h thng k thut ti thiu nh h thng in v chiu sng, h thng cpnc, h thng thng gi v ty vo mc ch s dng ca cc ta nh m c thm cc hthng nh:

18

H thng iu khin thng gi v iu ha khng khH thng iu khin n chiu sngH thng iu khin tH thng iu khin vo ra ta nhH thng Bo ng xm nhpH thng Bo chy, Bo khiH thng thng tin ni BH thng gim st v t ng ha ton B ta nh.H thng cp ncH thng inH thng vi phun ncH thng an ninh


H thng thang my

Cc h thng ny c th chia lm Ba nhm chnh:

H thng gim st v Bo ng,H thng qun l nng lng,H thng thng tin.

Ba nhm ny c trng cho h thng BMS cho cc ta nh cao tng. Ty thuc vomc ch s dng m Ba nhm h thng trn c trang B cho cc ta nh hay khng. Trnc s cc h thng ny m chng ta nh gi cht lng ca cc ta nh t tiu chun haykhng t tiu chun ca h thng BMS.2.3 Thc trng nh cao tng hinKhong 90% s nh cao tng Vit Nam u c cc h thng c s h tng, h thngcung cp v thi nc, h thng cung cp in, h thng qut trn hoc iu ha v h thngBo chy. y l nhng ta nh loi thng thng. Khong 50% s ta nh c trang B hthng iu ha tp trung, h thng Bo v v Bo chy, h thng Bo ng xm nhp vgim st Bng camera nhng cha c h thng BMS. Tt c thit B ca cc h thng iuha, Bo chy,.. c iu khin ring Bit, cc B iu khin ny khng trao i thng tinvi nhau, khng c qun l v gim st chung v phn qun l in nng th mi mcthp. y l nhng ta nh c h thng iu khin v gim st tp trung, nhng cha ch thng BMSKhong 30% s ta nh c trang B h thng iu ha tp trung, h thng Bo v vBo chy, h thng Bo ng xm nhp v gim st Bng camera c trang B h thng BMS.Tt c thit B ca cc h thng iu ha, Bo chy, c iu khin ring Bit v tch hptng phn. H BMS cho php trao i thng tin, gim st gia cc h thng, cho php qunl tp trung. H BMS cho php qun l in nng mc cao. y l loi ta nh cao tngc trang B h thng t ng ha BMS.Tt c cc ta nh cao tng Vit Nam hin nay u khng c trang B h thngqun l ta nh thng minh. Khi c trang B h thng ny, tt c cc h thng iu ha,Bo chy, ... c iu khin tp trung, tng tc Bi h BMS. Cc h thng c tch hpy h thng thng tin, truyn thng v t ng ha vn phng. y l loi nh cao tngthng minh. Cn gi l cc ta nh hiu nng cao, ta nh xanh, ta nh cng ngh cao, tanh c nhng chc nng c Bit nh Bnh vin, c quan trung ng, nh quc hi,...Vi cc con s trn, chng ta c th thy thc trng v h thng nh cao tng cachng ta phn ln cha c trang B h thng BMS. Nu xt v mt cht lng v hiunng s dng ca cc ta nh th cha t so vi yu cu t ra cho cc ta nh .Chng ta nu mt v d v mt cht lng v hiu nng s dng ca cc ta nh nhsau: Cc ta nh ti thiu phi c h thng cung cp nc, nhng h thng ny cha ctrang B h thng BMS v tit kim in nng, do vy tin in s phi chi nhiu hn so vinhng ta nh c trang B h BMS v h thng tit kim in nng. Do vy cht lng vhiu nng s dng l khng cao. Nu chng ta xt v mt kinh doanh th cc nh cao tngny s khng c tnh cnh tranh v ng nhin l thua l.2.3 S cn thit ca h thng BMS cho cc ta nh cao tngQua phn tch thc trng v h thng qun l nh cao tng trn, chng ta thy tnhcp thit phi trang B cc h BMS cho cc nh cao tng. Ngy nay, cc ta nh cao tng19Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

khng ch t tiu ch din tch s dng m cn phi t tiu ch v tit kim in nng, ttiu ch v mi trng, tiu ch v tin nghi, tiu ch v h thng thng tin, tiu ch v anninh, ...Ty thuc vo loi nh cao tng m cc h thng BMS phi trang B cho ph hp vicc mc ch s dng v mi trng cc ta nh c khai thc. Cc h thng BMS ny c chun ha v c s dng rng ri trn tan th gii. Cc hng cung cp cc snphm ny xm nhp vo th trng Vit Namnh: Siemens, Honeywell, Yamatake,... Ccnh cao tng Vit Nam s dng h thng BMS ca Siemens thng qua cc cng ty il Vit sng to, NTC thc hin lp t cho cc ta nh: Saigon Center HCM c avo s dng 1996, Red riverBuilding Hanoi-1999, Opera Hilton Hotel Hanoi-2000, HanoiNation Stadium-2003. Sau khi trang B h BMS ny, cc ta nh khai thc rt hiu qukh nng qun l gim st v Bo hiu cc s c ca h thng HVAC (H thng thng giv iu ha khng kh) v tit kim c 50% nng lng in tiu th cho h thng so vitrc khi lp t h thng BMS.Cc ta nh cao tng c trang B h thng BMS-Apogee 600 ca Siemens trn mi ngdng cho h thng thng gi v iu ha khng kh (HVAC) cn cc h thng an ninh vgim st khc vn cha c khai thc mt cch hiu qu.Vi kt qu th hin rt khim tn qua Bn ta nh ni trn, chng ta c th thy scn thit ca h thng BMS i vi cc ta nh cao tng nh th nao. Do vy, i hi ccta nh cao tng cn phi c trang B h thng BMS gip cho vic qun l, gim sthiu qu v khai thc tin li, m Bo cho mi trng sng xanh, sch p.

20


CHNG 2TNG QUAN V CC H THNG IU KHIN TRONG CNGNGHIP

1. M hnh phn cp h thng

H thng iu khin trong cng nghip c th chia thnh 5 cp nh sau:

Hnh 2.1 M hnh phn cp chc nng ca mt h thng iu khin gim stCng cp di th cc chc nng cng mang tnh cht c Bn hn v i hi yu cucao hn v nhanh nhy, thi gian phn ng. Mt chc nng cp trn c thc hinda trn cc chc nng cp di, tuy khng i hi thi gian phn ng nhanh nh cpdi, nhng ngc li lng thng tin cn trao i v x l li ln hn nhiu. Thngthng, ngi ta ch coi Ba cp di thuc phm vi ca mt h thng iu khin v gimst. Tuy nhin, Biu th hai cp trn cng (qun l cng ty v iu hnh sn xut) gip tahiu thm m hnh l tng v cu trc chc nng tng th cho cc cng ty sn xut cngnghip. Cp chp hnh: Cc chc nng chnh ca cp chp hnh l o lng, truyn ng, vchuyn i tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit. Thc t, a s cc thit B cm Bin (Sensor)hay c cu chp hnh (actuator) cng c phn iu khin ring cho vic thc hin o lng/truyn ng c chnh xc v nhanh nhy. Cc thit B trng thng minh cng c th mnhn vic x l th thng tin trc khi a ln cp iu khin. Cp iu khin: Nhim v chnh ca cp iu khin l nhn thng tin t cc cm Bin,x l cc thng tin theo mt thut ton nht nh v truyn t li kt qu xung cc ccu chp hnh. Khi cn iu khin th cng, th cc nhim v c cc ngi ng mythao tc trc tip m nhn qua vic theo di cc thit B o lng, s dng kin thc v21Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

kinh nghim thc hin nhng thao tc cn thit nh: ng m van, Bm nt, iu chnhcn gt, nm xoay..... Trong mt h thng iu khin t ng hin i nhng nhim v c thc hin thng qua iu khin Bng my tnh. Cp iu khin gim st: C chc nng gim st v vn hnh mt qu trnh k thut. Khia s cc chc nng nh o lng, iu khin, iu chnh, Bo ton h thng c cc cpdi thc hin, th nhim v ca cp iu khin gim st l h tr ngi s dng trong vicci t ng dng, thao tc, theo di, gim st vn hnh v x l nhng tnh hung Btthng. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp, cp ny cn thc hin cc Bi ton iu khincao cp nh iu khin phi hp, iu khin trnh t v iu khin theo cng thc( v dtrong ch Bin dc phm, ho cht). Khc vi cp di cp iu khin gim st khng ihi phng tin c Bit, thit B phn cng c Bit ngoi cc my tnh thng thng (mytnh c nhn, my trm, my ch, terminal....) Vic phn cp chc nng s tin li cho victhit k h thng v la chn thit B Cp iu hnh sn xut: Nhim v ca cp iu hnh sn xut l nhn cc thng tin vtrng thi lm vic ca cc qu trnh k thut, cc gin my, cng nh ca h thng iukhin t ng, cc s liu tnh ton, thng k v din Bin qu trnh sn xut v cht lngsn phm. ng thi cp iu hnh sn xut c nhim v x l cc s liu, lp k hoch snxut, ra quyt nh Bo dng my mc, ti u ho sn xut v a cc thng tin v ccthng s thit k, cng thc iu khin, v mnh lnh iu hnh xung cp di. Mt khccp iu hnh sn xut cn c chc nng l trao i thng tin vi cp qun l cng ty. Cpiu hnh sn xut Bao gm cc my tnh vn phng ni mng cc B vi nhau. Cp qun l cng ty: Cp qun l cng ty l cp trn cng trong m hnh phn cp hthng. Nhim v ca cp ny trao i thng tin gia cng ty v khch hng thng qua thin t, hi tho t xa, dch v truy cp Internet v thng mi in t.... Cp qun l cngty cn c nhim v tnh ton gi thnh, k hoch sn xut, thng k ti nguyn, x l nt hng.... kt ni cc thnh phn trong h thng vi nhau ta s dng cc h thng Bus. Bus trng: L cc h thng Bus ni tip, s dng k thut truyn tin s ktni cc thit B thuc cp iu khin (PC, PLC) vi nhau v vi cc thit B ca cp chphnh, hay cc thit B trng. c trng c Bn ca Bus trng l tnh nng thi gian thcphi cao, yu cu v lng thng tin th khng cao. Cc h thng Bus trng thng sdng l: ProfiBus, ControlNet, ModBus, Foundation FieldBus, DeviceNet, AS-i, EIB.... Bus h thng, Bus qu trnh: Dng kt ni cc my tnh iu khin v cc my tnh trncp iu khin gim st vi nhau. Qua Bus h thng cc my tnh iu khin c th phi hphot ng, cung cp d liu qu trnh cho trm k thut v trm quan st. i vi Bus hthng, tu theo lnh vc ng dng m i hi v tnh nng thi gian thc c c t ra mtcch ngt ngho hay khng. Thi gian phn ng thng thng trong khong vi trmmiligiy. Trong khi lu lng thng tin ln hn nhiu so vi Bus trng. Cc h thngBus trng tiu Biu: Ethernet, Industrial Ethernet, ProfiBus-FMS, FieldBus FoundationsHigh Speed Ethernet. Mng x nghip: L mt mng LAN Bnh thng, c chc nng kt ni cc my tnh vnphng thuc cp iu hnh sn xut vi cp iu khin gim st. Mng x nghip khng yu22


cu nghim ngt v tnh nng thi gian thc. Vic trao i d liu din ra khng nh k,nhng c khi vi s lng ln ti hng MByte. Hai loi mng ch yu c dng lEthernet v Token-Ring trn c s cc giao thc chun nh TCP/IP v IPX/SPX Mng cng ty: c trng ca mng cng ty l gn vi mt mng vin thng hoc mtmng my tnh din rng nhiu hn trn cc phng din phm vi v hnh thc dch v,phng php truyn thng v cc yu cu v k thut.Mng cng ty thng s dng ccloi mng c tc truyn thng v an ton tin cy c Bit cao, chng hn nh: FastEthernet, FDDI, ATM.....2. Cu trc v thit b mngCu trc mng quyt nh cc thit B cn phi c trong mng v cch ghp nichng.Thit B mng gm c:

-B lp :Sao chp, khuch i v phc hi tn hiu mang thng tin trn ng truyngia hai trm xa nhau.

-Cu ni :Lin kt gia hai mng con vi nhau ch khi lp lin kt d liu( lp 2 mhnh tham chiu OSI) lm vic vi cng giao thc.

-Router :Lin kt hai mng con vi nhau trn c s lp 3 theo m hnh OSI.

-Gateway:Lin kt cc h thng Bus khc nhau Bng cch chuyn i giao thc cpcao, thng c thc hin Bng cc thnh phn phn mm.

-HUB (ghp ni cc trm theo cu trc ARCNET v Ethernet).

-MAU (Ghp ni cc trm theo cu trc Token-Ring).

-TRANSIVER/RECEIVER:ghp ni hai trm trc tip trn mt khong cch ln.

-Module truyn thng (Ca PLC...)card mng(ca Bin tn, module phntn...):Mng ProfiBus.

-Card my tnh(mng LAN).

-C 3 kiu lin kt ghp ni chng vi nhau:

Lin Kt im - im :l loi lin kt ch nghp ni hai i tc truyn thng.xy dng mt trm truyn thng trn c s ny s cn nhiu ng truyn ringBit, vi nhiu module truyn thng.

Lin Kt im - nhiu im (multi-drop) : s dng duy nht mt i tc truynthng l trm ch.Cc i tc cn li lm trm t.Thng tin truyn t trm chn cc trm t trong cng mt lc(lin kt im nhiu im).Vic giao tip23Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

theo chiu ngc li t trm t ti trm ch ch c thc hin theo kiu im -im.Nhiu i tc c th ni vi nhau qua mt cp chung duy nht.

Lin Kt nhiu im(Multipoint): l lin kt ngang hng vi nhiu i tc thamgia.Bt k i tc no cng c quyn thu pht tn hiu.Cng nh lin ktim,nhiu im,c th x dng mt cp duy nht ni gia cc i tc.C th phn Bit cc dng cu trc c Bn l Bus, mch vng tch cc v hnh saonh sau:2.1 Cu trc busTt c cc thnh vin ca mng u c ni trc tip vi mt ng dn chung.cim c Bn ca cu trc Bus l vic x dng chung mt ng dn duy nht cho tt c cctrm.V th tit kim c cp dn v cng lp t.C th phn Bit Ba loi cu hnh trong cu trc Bus : daisy chain v trunk line/drop line v mch vng khng tch cc. Hai cu hnh u cng c xp vo kiu cu trcng thng,Bi hai u ng truyn khng khp kn.Vi daisy chain,mi trm c ni mng trc tip ti giao l ca hai on dy dn,khng qua mt on dy ni ph no.Ngc li, trong cu hnh trunk- line/drop-line, mitrm c ni qua mt ng nhnh(drop line) n ng trc (Trunk line).Cnmch vng khng tch cc thc cht ch khc vi (trunk line/drop line) ch ngtruyn c khp kn.Bn cnh vic tit kim dy dn th tnh n gin, d thc hin l nhng u imchnh ca cu trc Bus, nh vy m cu trc ny ph Bin nht trong cc h thng mngtruyn thng cng nghip.Trong trng hp mt trm khng lm vic (hng hc, do ngtngun,...)Khng nh hng n phn mng cn li.Mt s h thng cn cho vic tch mttrm ra khi mng hoc thay th mt trm trong khi c h thng vn hot ng Bnhthng.Tuy nhin vic dng chung mt ng dn i hi mt phng php phn chia thigian s dng thch hp trnh xung t tn hiu - gi l phng php truy nhp mitrng hay phng php truy nhp Bus.Nguyn tc truyn thng c thc hin nh sau:timt thi im nht nh ch c mt thnh vin trong mng c gi tn hiu, cn cc thnhvin khc ch c quyn nhn.Ngoi vic cn phi kim sot truy nhp mi trng, cu trc Bus cn c nhng nhcim sau:

Mt tn hiu gi i c th ti tt c cc trm v theo mt trnh t khng kim sotc,v vy phi thc hin phng php gn a ch(logic) theo kiu th cng cho tngtrm.Trong thc t, vic gn a ch ny gy ra khng t kh khn.

Tt c cc trm u c kh nng pht v phi lun lun nghe ng dn phthin ra thng tin c phi gi cho mnh hay khng, nn phi c thit k sao cho c tivi s trm ti a. y chnh l l do phi hn ch s trm trong mt on mng.Khi cnm rng mng phi dng thm cc B lp.

Chiu di ng dn tng i di,v vy i vi cu trc ng thng xy ra hintng phn x mi u dy lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu. khc phc hin tng24


ny ngi ta chn hai u dy Bng hai tr u cui.Vic s dng cc tr u cui cng lmtng ti ca h thng.

Trong trng hp ng dn B t, hoc do ngn mch trong phn kt ni Bus catrm B hng u dn n ngng hot ng ca c h thng. Hoc khi lng gic cm nitrm ny hoc trm khc s dng hot ng ca tt c cc trm sau .

Cu trc ng thng, lin kt a im c hu gy ra kh khn trong p dng cccng ngh truyn tn hiu mi nh s dng cp quang.Mt s v d mng cng nghip tiu Biu s dng cu trc Bus l PROFIBUS,CANWordldFIP,Foundation FieldBus,LonWorks,AS-i v Ethernet.2.2 Cu trc mch vng(tch cc)Cu trc mch vng c thit k sao cho cc thnh vin trong mng c ni tim ny n im kia mt cch tun t trong mt mch vng khp kn.Mi thnh vin utham gia tch cc vo vic kim sot dng tn hiu.Khc vi cu trc ng thng, y tnhiu c truyn i theo mt chiu quy nh.Mi trm nhn c d liu t trm trc vchuyn sang trm ln cn ng sau.Qa trnh ny c lp li cho n khi tn hiu quay trv trm gi, n s c hu B.u im c Bn ca mng cu trc kiu ny l mi mt nt ng thi c th l mtB khuch i,do vy khi thit k mng theo kiu cu trc vng c th thc hin vi khongcch v s trm rt ln.Mi trm c kh nng va nhn va pht tn hiu cng mt lc.Bimi thnh vin ngn cch mch vng ra lm hai phn,v tn hiu ch c truyn theo mtchiu,nn Bin php trnh xung t tn hiu c thc hin mt cch n gin hn.Vi kiu mch vng khng c iu khin trung tm, cc trm u Bnh ng nh nhautrong quyn nhn v pht tn hiu.Nh vy vic kim sot ng dn s do cc trm t mnhn v phn chia.Vi kiu c iu khin trung tm,mt trm ch s m nhn vai tr kimsot vic truy nhp ng dn.Vic gn a ch cho cc thnh vin trong mng cng c th do mt trm ch thc hinmt cch hon ton t ng, cn c vo th t sp xp vt l ca trm mch vng.u imca cu trc mch vng l kh nng xc nh v tr xy ra s c, t dy hay mt trmngng lm vic.Tuy nhin s hot ng khng Bnh thng ca mng trong trng hp nych vi mt dy d phng nh FDDI.Mt k thut khc c p dng x l s c ti mt trm l dng cc B chuyn mchBy-pass t ng.Mi trm thit B s c u vi mch vng nh B chuyn mchny.Trong trng hp s c xy ra, B chuyn mch s t ng pht hin v ngn mch,Bqua thit B c ni mng qua n.Cu trc mch vng c x dng trong mt s h thng c tin cy cao nh Internet,Token Ring(IBM) v c Bit l FDDI.

2.3 Cu trc hnh sao :L mt cu trc m c trm trung tm quan trng hn tt c cac nt mng khc, ntny s iu khin s truyn thng ca ton mng.Cc thnh vin khc c kt ni gin tip25Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

vi nhau qua trm trung tm.Tng t nh cu trc mch vng, c th nhn thy y kiulin kt v mt vt l l kiu im - im.Tuy nhin, lin kt v mt logic vn c th lnhiu im.Nu trm trung tm ng vai tr tch cc, n c th m ng nhim v kimsot ton B vic truyn thng ca mng, cn nu khng s ch nh mt B chuyn mch.Mt nhc im ca cu trc hnh sao l s c trm trung tm s lm t lit ton Bcc hot ng truyn thng trong mng.V vy, trm trung tm thng phi c tin cy rtcao.Mt nhc im tip theo ca cu trc hnh sao l tn dy dn,nu nh khong trung Bnhgia cc trm nh hn khong cch ca chng ti trm trung tm.ng nhin trong cc hthng vin thng khng trnh khi vic dng cu trc ny.i vi mng truyn thng cngnghip, cu trc hnh sao tm thy trong cc phm vi nh.V d nh cc B chia, thngdng vo mc ch m rng cc cu trc khc.Lu rng, trong nhiu trng hp mtmng cu trc hnh sao v v mt vt l li c cu trc nh mt h Bus,Bi cc trm vn cth t do lin lc nh khng c s tn ti ca trm trung tm.Chnh cc h thng mngEthernet cng nghip ngy nay s dng ph Bin cu trc ny kt hp vi k thut chuynmch v phng pht truyn dn tc cao.2.4 Kin trc giao thcD liu thng tin c truyn trong mng thng l sau khi c ng gi.Gi tinBao gm cc thng tin cn truyn ti, Bt u cui, xc nhn cng a ch trm nhn v thngtin trm truyn.C nhiu loi dch v truyn thng, vi cc cp khc nhau.Tu theo nhu cuv tin li hay hiu sut trao i thng tin m ngi ta c th quyt nh s dng dch v cp no.Vic thc hin tt c cc dch v c da trn nguyn hm dch v, Bao gm :

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Yu cu dch v.Ch th nhn li dch v.p ng dch v.Xc nhn dch v.

C hai loi dch v xc nhn v khng xc nhn,tu theo quan h gia Bn cung cpdch v v Bn yu cu dch v.Dch v xc nhn i hi c Bn nguyn hm, trong khi dchv khng xc nhn ch cn hai nguyn hm u tin.Giao thc l c s chnh cho vic thc hin v s dng cc dch v truyn thng, lcc quy tc cho vic giao tip.Mc ch to mi trng chung cho Bn cung cp dch v vc Bn s dng dch v c th hiu c nhau.Mt quy chun giao thc Bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

-

-

-

-

C php (syntax): Quy nh v cu trc Bc in, gi d liu dng khi trao i,trong c phn thng tin hu ch (d liu) v cc thng tin B tr nh a ch,thng tin iu khin, thng tin kim li..Ng ngha (sematic): quy nh ngha c th ca tng Bc in, nh phngphp a ch, phng php Bo ton d liu th tc iu khin dng thng tin, xl li....nh thi (timing): Quy nh v trnh t th tc giao tip,ch truyn (ng Bhay khng n B), tc truyn thng....Vic thc hin mt dch v truyn thng trn c s cc giao thc tng ng c

gi l x l giao thc.Qa trnh x l giao thc c th l m ho(x l giao thcBn gi) v gii m(x l giao thc Bn nhn).Tng t dch v truyn thng,

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giao thc cng Bao gm giao thc cp thp v cp cao tng ng.Giao thc cpcao gn vi ngi x dng thng c s dng Bng phn mm.

Mt s v d v giao thc:

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FTP: File transfer Protocol.HTTP : Hypertest Transfer Protocol.MMS: Mannufactoring Message Specification.TCP/IP: Transmisson Control Protocoll/Internet PrrotocolHART : Highway AdressaBle Remote Transducer.HDLC : High Level Data Link Control.

Nhm h tr cc h thng truyn thng c kh nng tng tc vi nhau, ngi ta ara mt kin trc giao tip c gi l m hnh quy chiu OSI.

2.5 M hnh tham chiu OSI (Open System Interconnection)Ch l mt m hnh kin trc phn lp vi mc ch phc v vic sp xp v ichiu cc h thng truyn thng c sn, trong c c vic so snh, i chiu cc giao thcv dch v truyn thng, cng nh c s cho vic pht trin cc h thng mi


H2.2 M hnh tham chiu OSI

Lp ng dng:L lp trong cng m hnh tham chiu OSI, cung cp cc dch v cao cp tn c scc giao thc cao cp cho ngi x dng v cc chng trnh ng dng.Cc dch v thuclp ng dng c thc hin hu ht Bng phn mm. x dng ngi ta dng cc khihm(function Block),tch hp c mt s chc nng x l thng tin, thm ch c iu khinti ch..y cng l xu hng mi trong chun ho cc lp ng dng cho cc h thng Bustrng. Hng ti kin trc iu khin phn tn trit ..

Lp biu din d liu:Chc nng ca lp Biu din d liu l chuyn i cc dng Biu din d liu khcnhau v c php mt dng chun.Nhm to iu kin cho cc i tc truyn thng c thhiu c nhau mc d chng s dng cc kiu d liu khc nhau.Lp ny cn c th cungcp mt s dch v Bo mt d liu, v d nh phng php Bo mt m kho.

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Chc nng ny c th kt hp thc hin trn lp ng dng n gin ho, v nngcao hiu sut ca vic x l giao thc, l c trng ca cc h thng Bus trng.Lp Kim sot ni (sesion layer).Lp kim sot ni c chc nng kim sot mi lin kt truyn thng gia cc chngtrnh ng dng,Bao gm cc vic to lp, qun l v kt thc cc ng ni gia cc ngdng i tc.Mi quan h gia cc chng trnh ng dng mng tch cht lgic:thng quamt mi lin kt vt l gia hai trm, hai nt mng c th tn ti song song nhiulgic.Thng thng kim sot ni l chc nng ca h iu hnh. thc hin cc ngni gia hai ng dng i tc, h iu hnh c th to cc tnh ton song song.Nh vy,nhim v ng B ho cc qu trnh tnh ton ny i vi vic x dng chung mt giao dinmng cng thuc chc nng ca lp kim sot ni.Chnh v vy lp ny cn c tn l lpng B ho.Lp vn chuyn:Khi mt khi d liu c truyn i thnh tng gi, cn phi Bo m tt c cc giu n ch v theo ng trnh t chng c chuyn i.Chc nng ca lp vn chuyn dliu gia cc chng trnh ng dng mt cch tin cy, Bao gm c trch nhim khc phc liv iu khin lu thng.Nh vy m cc lp trn c th thc hin c cc chc nng caocp m khng cn quan tm n c ch vn chuyn d liu c th.Cc nhim v ca lp vn chuyn Bao gm : Qun l v tn hnh thc cho cc trm x dng.

nh v cc i tc truyn thng qua tn hnh thc hoc a ch.

X l li v kim sot dng thng tin,trong c c vic lp li quanh lin kt v thc hin cc th tc gi li d liu khi cn thit.

Dn knh cc ngun d liu khc nhau.

ng B ho gia cc i tc

Trong mng truyn thng cng nghip, mt s nhim v nh dn knh hoc kimsot lu thng tr ln khng cn thit.Cc chc nng cn li c dn ln kp hp vi lpng dng n tin cho vic vic thc hin v to iu kin cho ngi s dng chn phngn ti u ho v nng cao hiu sut truyn thng.Lp mng:Lp mng c nhim v tm ng i ti u(routing) cho vic vn chuyn d liu,gii phng s ph thuc ca cc lp Bn trn vo phng thc chuyn giao d liu v cngngh chuyn mch dng kt ni cc h thng khc nhau.Vic xy dng v hu B ccquan h lin kt gia cc nt mng cng thuc trch nhim ca lp mng.Tuy nhin lpmng khng c ngha i vi mt h thng truyn thng cng nghip.Bi y hockhng c nhu cu trao i d liu gia hai trm khc nhau hai mng khc nhau,hoc victrao i c thc hin gin tip thng qua chng trnh ng dng(khng thuc lp no


trong m hnh tham chiu OSI).Cc B router thng dng trong lin kt mng hon tonkhng ng vi tr g trong h thng Bus trng.Lp lin Kt d liu:Lp lin kt d liu m nhn vic iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn vBo ton d liu, tng ng vi hai lp con:Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng v lpiu khin lin kt lgic.Trong mt s h thng,lp lin kt d liu c th m nhim thmmt s chc nng khc nh kim sot lu thng v ng B ho vic chuyn giao khung dliu. thc hin chc nng Bo ton d liu, thng tin nhn c t lp pha trn cng gi thnh cc Bc in c chiu di hp l.Cc khung d liu ny cha cc thng tinB sung phc v mc ch kim li, kim sot lu thng v ng B ho.Lp lin kt dliu pha Bn nhn thng tin s da vo cc thng tin ny xc nh tnh chnh xc ca dliu, sp xp cc khung li theo ng trnh t v khi phc li thng tin chuyn tip lptrn n.Lp vt l:L lp di cng trong m hnh phn lp chc nng truyn thng ca mt trm hitB,m nhn ton B cng vic truyn dn d liu Bng phng tin vt l.Cc quy nh y m t giao din vt l gia mt trm thit B v mi trng truyn thng:

Cc chi tit v cu trc mng (Bus ,cy hnh sao...).

Chun truyn dn(RS485 IEC1158 -2 ,truyn cp quang..)

Phng php m ho Bt(NRZ,Manchester,FSK...).

Ch truyn ti (di rng/di c s/di mang,ng B/khng ng B).

Cc tc truyn ghp.

Giao din c hc(Phch cm,gic cm....)

Lp vt l cn c chun ho sao cho mt h thng truyn thng c s la chngia mt vi kh nng khc nhau.Trong h thng Bus trng, s la chn ny l khng lnqu, hu ht da trn vi chun c Bn.2.6 Kin trc giao thc TCP/IPKhi nim TCP/IP dng ch c mt B giao thc v dch v truyn thng ccng nhn thnh chun cho Internet.TCP/IP xm nhp vo rt nhiu phm vi ng dngkhc nhau. Trong c c mng my tnh cc B v truyn thng cng nghip, cng vi xuhng pht trin ca mng Ethernet hin nay,TCP/IP s chim mt trong nhng vai tr quantrng hng u trong cng ngh Bus trong tng lai.

Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP v i chiu vi m hnh OSI c m t trn hnh sau:

Lp ng dng30

Lp ng dng


Lp biu din d liuLp Kim sot ni

Lp vn chuyn

Lp mng

Lp lin Kt d liuLp vt l

TELNET FTPSNMP SMTPDNSLp vn chuynTCP UDPLp InternetICMP IP ARP RARPLp truy nhp mngLp vt l

Hnh 2.3 : So snh TCP/IP Vi OSI2.7 Truy nhp busTrong mt mng c cu trc Bus cc thnh vin phi chia nhau thi gian s dngng dn. trnh xung t v tn hiu gy ra sai lch v thng tin, mi mt thi im trn mt ng dn ch duy nht mt in tn c php truyn i.Chnh v vy, mng phic iu khin sao cho ti mi mt thi im nht nh ch c mt thnh vin trong mngc gi thng tin i.Cn s lng thnh vin trong mng mun nhn thng tin th khnghn ch.V vy t ra vn v phng php phn chia thi gian gi thng tin trn ngdn.Gi l phng php truy nhp Bus.Ngi ta thng quan tm n Ba kha cnh: tin cy,tnh nng thi gian thc vhiu sut s dng ng truyn.Tnh nng thi gian thc l y l kh nng p ng nhucu trao i thng tin mt cch kp thi v tin cy.Hiu sut s dng ng truyn l mc khai thc, s dng ng truyn, c tnh Bng phn trm thi gian ng truyn cs dng hiu qu vo vic truyn ti d liu.Hin nay c 5 phng php truy nhp ng truyn c chia thnh cc phngphp tin nh,vi trnh t truy nhp Bus c xc nh r rng,c tnh nng thi gian thcv cc phng php ngu nhin, vi trnh t truy nhp Bus khng c quy nh cht chtrc, m xy ra hon ton theo nhu cu ca cc trm.2.7.1 Master/SlaverThuc nhm cc phng php tin nh, mt trm ch c trch nhim ch ng phnchia quyn truy nhp Bus cho cc trm t.Phng php ny c u im l vic kt ni mngcc trm t n gin, t tn km,.Tuy nhin hiu sut trao i thng tin gia cc trm t Bgim do d liu phi i qua khu trung gian l trm ch.2.7.2 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)L phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, mi trm c phn mt thigian truy nhp Bus nht nh.Cc trm ln lt thay nhau gi thng tin trong khong thigian cho php.Phng php ny c th khng hoc c trm ch.Mi trm u c kh nngm nhim vi tr ch ng trong vic giao tip trc tip vi cc trm khc.2.7.3 ToKen PassingToken l mt Bc in ngn khng mang d liu, c cu trc c Bit phn Bitvi cc Bc in mang thng tin ngun, c dng tng t nh mt cha kho.Mi trmc quyn truy nhp Bus v gi thng tin i ch trong thi gian n c gi Token .Sau khikhng c nhu cu gi thng tin n phi gi Token n mt trm khc theo mt trnh t nhtnh.2.7.4 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection)31Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

Mi trm u c quyn truy nhp Bus m khng cn mt s kim sot no.Phngphp c tin hnh nh sau:

--

-

Mi trm u phi nghe ng dn,nu ng dn ri th mi c pht.Do vic lan truyn tn hiu cn mt khng thi gian no , nn vy c kh nnghai trm cng pht tn hiu ln ng dn.V vy trong khi pht mi trm vnphi nghe ng dn so snh tn hiu pht i vi tn hiu nhn c xem cxy ra xung t hay khng.Trong trng hp xy ra xung t,mi trm u phi hu B Bc in ca mnh

ch mt thi gian ngu nhin v th gi li.Phng php c p dng rng ri trong mng Ethernet vi cc u im ca n..2.7.5 CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance)Tng t nh CSMA/DC, mi trm u phi nghe ng dn trc khi gi cng nhsau khi gi thng tin.Tuy nhin, mt phng php m ho Bt thch hp c x dng y trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mt tn hiu s ln t tn hiu kia.V d tng ngvi Bt 0 l mc in p cao s ln p mc in p thp ca Bt 1.2.8 Bo ton d liu:Nhim v Bo ton d liu c xp vo lp 2(Lp lin kt d liu trong m hnhtham chiu OSI).Trong truyn thng cng nghip, do cht lng mi trng truyn dn mthng tin truyn ti khng trnh khi sai lch.V vy t ra vn lm sao hn ch li,pht hin li v khi phc d liu.Bin php th nht gim tc ng ca nhiu Bng cch x dng cc thit B phn cngcao cp v cc Bin php Bc lt ng truyn tn hiu.Bin php th hai l x dng x lgiao thc pht hin v khc phc li, trong pht hin li ng vai tr hng u.Trongqu trnh m ho ngun,Bn gi B sung thm mt s thng tin ph tr, c tnh theo mtthut ton quy c vo Bc in cn gi i.Da vo thng tin B tr ny m Bn nhn c thkim sot v pht hin ra li trong d liu nhn c(gii m).Khi pht hin c li, c th c cch khi phc d liu, hay Bin php n ginhn l yu cu gi li d liu.Cc phng php Bo ton d liu thng dng l:

-Party Bit mt chiu v hai chiu.

-Phng php m vng CRC.

-Nhi Bt:Bit Stuffing.

Trong thc t, c Ba phng php parity Bit.CRC v git stuffing u c th s dngphi hp.V d mt thng tin ngun, sau khi p dng phng php CRC c th tnh parityBit cho phn thng tin B sung.Ton B d liu nhn c c th li a qua khu Bitstuffing, trc khi m ho Bit.2.9 M ho bit.M ho Bit l qu trnh chuyn i dy Bit 0,1 sang mt tn hiu thch hp c thtruyn dn trong mi trng vt l(cp truyn dn tn hiu).Vic chuyn i ny chnh l sdng mt tham s thng tin thch hp m ho dy Bit cn truyn ti.Cc tham s thngtin c th c cha ng trong Bin , tn s ,pha hoc sn xung.Cc phng php mho Bit thng dng l:iu ch Bin xung(NRZ v RZ) Phng php iu ch pha xung

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hay v tr xung(Tham s thng tin c th hin qua cc sn xung, PPManchester),Phng php xung sn xoay chiu(AFP),phng php iu ch dch tn s(FSK).Trong ang k l hai phng php :NRZ v RZ l mt trong nhng Bin php c s dng rng ri nht trong cc hthng Bus trng,c tn s nhp Bus thp hn nhiu so vi tn s nhp Bus.Tuy nhin khngthch hp cho vic ng B ho v khng c kh nng ng ti ngun.M Manchester c s dng rng ri nht trong cc h thng truyn thng cngnghip nh cc xung ca n c th trong vic ng B ho gia Bn gi v Bn nhn.Vivic s dng tn hiu lng cc, dng mt chiu s B trit tiu v do n c kh nngng ti ngun.Thm na, n c kh nng chng nhiu cao nh vic s dng sn xung catn hiu.2.10 Chun v mi trng truyn dn:Mng truyn thng cng nghip ch yu s dng phng php truyn d liu nitip, khng ng B.Vi phng php ny cc Bit c truyn t Bn gi n Bn nhn mtcch tun t trn cng mt ng truyn.V khng c ng dy ring Bit mang tn hiunhp nn vic ng B ho c tho thun trn c s mt giao thc truyn thng.Hin naycc chun truyn dn c 4 dng:- RS232 : c dng ch yu trong vic giao tip im - im gia hai DTE,gia DTEv DTC, nh gia hai my tnh, PLC hoc PC vi OP ca Bin tn, gia my tnh v myin,modem....Khng ghp ni c vi thit B th Ba.S dng phng php truyn tinkhng i xng, ch lm vic l hai chiu ton phn(hai trm c th cng tham giathu/pht tn hiu cng mt lc).S dng tn hiu chnh lch in p gia hai dydn(transmit v receive data) vi t.Tc truyn cho php ti a l 19.2kBd.RS232 cnhc im l chiu di cho php t 30 -:-50m nhng c u im l s dng cng sut phttng i thp nh tr khng u vo hn ch khong t 3 7k.-RS422: s dng phng php truyn tin i xng thng qua in p chnh lch i xnggia hai dy dn A v B.Nh vy gim c nhiu v tng chiu di dy dn ln mt cchng k, ti 1200m m khng cn B lp.C Ba phng php truyn tn hiu:truyn mtchiu hoc hai chiu gin on cn mt i dy, truyn hai chiu ton phn cn 2 idy.RS422 c kh nng ghp ni im - im v im - nhiu im trong mt mng ngin,c th l c duy nht mt trm c pht v 10 trm c th nhn tn hiu.Tuy vy thct RS422 thng ch c dng ghp ni im - im vi mc ch thay th RS232 chokhong cch truyn thng ln vi tc cao hn..-RS485:ging RS422 v mt in hc.Tuy nhin ngng gii hn qui nh ca in p lmvic c ni rng ra khong -7V n 12 V cng nh tr khng u vo cho php ln gp 3ln so vi RS422. c tnh khc nhau c Bn ca RS485 v RS422l kh nng nghp ninhiu im c s dng trong h thng Bus trng.C th 32 trm c th tham gia nghpni, c nh a ch v giao tip ng thi trong mt on RS485 m khng cn B lpkhong cch ti a cho trm u v cui l 1200m.Khng ph thuc vo s trm thamgia.Tc truyn dn ti a l 10MBit/s.-IEC1158-2: nhm vo cc ng dng iukhin qa trnh trong cng ngh ch Bin nhlc du, ho cht..ni c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton chy n v ngun cung cp cho


cc thit B trng. IEC1158-2 quy nh cc iu kin Bin m Bo cho vic truyn dn anton trong mi trng d chy n, quy nh ch truyn ng B vi tc truyn31.25kBit/s,s dng phng php truyn dn chnh lch i xng, vi cp i dy xon vin tr u cui l 100, mc in p ti a trong khong 0,75 1V.Bn cnh vic x dngtn hiu d liu ng B nhp gia Bn gi v Bn nhn, s dng phng php m ho BitManchster cn cho php cung cp ngun cho cc trm thng qua chnh ng Bus tnhiu.S trm ti a l 126, vi nhiu nht 4 B lp, vi ngun 24V chiu di ti a ca mton mng ln n 1900m.Mi trng truyn dn nh hng ln n cht lng, kh nng chng nhiu ca tnhiu nh hng n tc truyn v khong cch ti a cho php.L thit B nm ngoi mhnh quy chiu OSI.Trong k thut truyn thng ni chung cng nh trong k thut truyn thng cngnghip ni ring, ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn sau:-Cp in :cp ng trc, i dy xon.-Cp quang:cp si thu tinh, cp si cht do.-V tuyn:vi sng,tia hng ngoi,siu m.Ph Bin nht trong cc h thng Bus trng vn l i dy xon. i vi cc ngdng c yu cu cao hn v tc truyn v an ton i vi nhiu th cp ng trc l sla chn tt hn.Cp quang cng c ng dng trong cc ng dng phm vi a l rng,mi trng xung quanh nhiu mnh hoc d n mn . Hoc c yu cu rt cao v tin cycng nh tc truyn d liu.

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3. Cu trc c bn ca mt h thng gim st.Mt h thng iu khin v gim st qu trnh c cc cu trc c Bn sau:- Cu trc tp trung.- Cu trc phn quyn.- Cu trc phn tn.3.1 Cu trc tp trung Concentrated Architechure.Cu trc tiu Biu ca mt h thng iu khin tp trung c minh ho trn hnhHnh 2.4.Mt my tnh duy nht c dng iu khin cc qu trnh con.Cc B cmBin v chp hnh c ni trc tip, im n im( point to point) vi my tnh iukhin trung tm qua cc cng vo/ ra ca n.

Hnh 2.4 Cu trc iu khin tp trung

Mi B cm Bin c ni vi mt cng vo v mt thit B chp hnh c ni vicng ra Bng mt dy ni ring Bit.im ng ch y l s tp trung ton B qu trnhx l thng tin, d liu vo mt thit B iu khin duy nht.Mt cu trc tp trung nh vy thng thch hp cho t ng ho cc loi my mc,cc thit B va v nh Bi s n gin, d thc hin v gi thnh mt ln cho my tnh iukhin.Tuy nhin cu trc ny Bc l nhng hn ch sau:

Cng vic ni dy phc tp gi thnh cao;

Vic m rng h thng gp kh khn khi thit B u cui tng ln.

tin cy h thng km do ph thuc vo mt thit B iu khin duynht.


nng cao tin cy ca h thng, c th dng thm mt my tnh d phng gingh my tnh chnh.Nhng vn ca gii php ny l vn gi thnh cao. Cn nhc imth nht c th c khc phc Bng mt mng dn chung gi l Bus trng (fieldBus) thaycho dy ni trc tip v phn tn mt phn tr tu xung cp chp hnh.y chnh l xutpht im cho con ng dn n cu trc phn tn.3.2 Cu trc phn quyn khc phc s ph thuc vo my tnh trung tm v tng tnh linh hot ca hthng, trong cu trc phn quyn, mi qu trnh con(hoc mi nhm qu trnh con) ciu khin Bng mt my tnh ring Bit cng c t ti phng iu khin.Bi cc qutrnh con c lin quan h qu tng hp ti nhau, iu khin qu trnh tng hp cn thitc s hp tc gia chng vi nhau.Trong phn ln cc trng hp,mt my tnh trung tmc iu khin cp cao cng nh phi hp s hot ng ca cc my phn quynnh c m t trnhnh 2.5.My tnh phi hp ny c th thuc cng cp iu khin hoc thuc cpiu hnh, tu theo cc chc nng c thc hin.

Hnh 2.5:Cu trc iu khin phn quyn

Cc my tnh iu khin c kt ni vi nhau v vi my tnh phi hp qua mngc gi l Bus x l.Ch s phn Bit gia cc khi nim Bus trng v Bus x l khngBt Buc nm s khc nhau v kiu Bus c x dng m mc ich s dng hay nicch khc l cc thit B c kt ni.Khi ni ti Bus x l, ta ngh trc ht n mng ktni cc thit B thng tin cp iu khin( y chnh l cc my tnh iu khin) vi nhauhoc vi cc thit B trn cp iu hnh.Trong khi khi nim Bus trng thng cdng ch mng kt ni cc thit B gn vi qu trnh k thut tc cc thit B cp chp36


hnh v c th c cp iu khin.Trong mt s gii php, mt kiu Bus duy nht c sdng c dng cho c hai mc ch ny.3.3 Cu trc phn tnc im ca mt cu trc iu khin phn tn l vic phn tn chc nng x lthng tin, chc nng iu khin theo chiu rng cng nh theo chiu su kt hp vi xdng mng truyn thng thay cho phng php ni dy v Bng in thng thng.Bncnh gii php s dng cc cm vo /ra ti ch v cc thit B chp hnh thng minh,ngita cn a cc my tnh iu khin nh(nh cc B iu chnh, vi iu khin) xung cc vtr gn k vi qu trnh k thut.H 2.6 mt v d tiu Biu ca mt h thng iu khin phn tn dng gii php hn hpc chia lm khu vc:

Trung tm iu hnh qu trnh Bao gm cc trm cng ngh ES(EngineeringStation), trm thao tc OS (operation station) v trm phc v SS (ServerStation).

Trung tm iu khin Bao gm cc my tnh iu khin nh PLC, my tnhcng nghip IPC v cc my tnh phi hp c ni vi nhau v ni ln trungtm iu hnh qu trnh qua Bus x l (thng dng Ethernet).

Khu vc gn vi qu trnh k thut Bao gm cc B iu khin ti ch nh ccB vi iu khin MC(micro controller) hay cc B iu khin thu gn(compactcontroller),cc cm vo /ra ti ch, cc thit B cm Bin v chp hnh cni ln trung tm iu khin qua Bus trng(v d ProfiBus,FoundationfieldBus...).

Trong thc t, tu theo tnh cht ng dng v th loi qu trnh k thut m cu trcphn tn c th n gin ho hoc m rng hn.R rng cu trc phn tn c th hin nhng im sau:

Tit kim dy ni v cng ni dy nh mng truyn thng.

Hiu sut cng nh tin cy tng th ca h thng c nng cao nh s phn tnchc nng xung cp di.

linh hot cao, tinh nng m trong vic m rng h thng, mua sm v thay ththit B, nng cp v ci to mi cc chng trnh phn mm ng dng.

Chnh t cc yu cu Bc thit t pha ngi x dng l phi gim gi thnh trong khicc tnh nng k thut phi m Bo, cng vi cc tin B vt Bc trong cng ngh vi int v cng ngh thng tin ng vai tr quyt nh trong s chuyn hng cc gii phpiu khin t ng sang dng c cu trc phn tn.


Hnh 2.6:Cu trc tiu Biu ca h iu khin phn tn DCS

4.H thng iu Khin phn tn DCS4.1 Khi nim v h thng iu Khin phn tn DCSH thng iu khin phn tn c hiu nh l h thng da trn cc phn cng v phnmm iu khin v thu thp d liu trn c s mt ng truyn thng tin tc cao, ccmodule c phn tn v t chc theo mt cu trc nht nh vi mt chc nng nhim vring.Cc thit B giao tip trn ng truyn tc cao ny cho php nghp ni d dngvi cc thit B ngoi vi khc nh PLC, cc my tnh iu khin gim st.Ging nh tn gi v h thng iu khin gim st(DistriButed Control System) ccchc nng iu khin c phn B khp h thng thay cho vic x l tp trung trn mtmy tnh n l.Nh hiu nng tng th ca h thng c nng cao.Mt h thng DCStiu Biu c cc trm iu khin hot ng c lp v iu khin tng B phn chuyn dngca h thng iu khin.Hn na trong h thng c mt vi trm iu hnh gim st ccd liu trong cc trm iu khin,cung cp cc giao din ho v cho php ngi vnhnh thc hin cc thay i mt cch d dng.

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y l mt m t m rng v mt h thng DCS nhng m t ny cng ph hp vimt h thng gm cc PLC v cc PC vi cc phn mm gim st vn hnh.iu ny dn tati mt nh ngha quan trng th hai ca h thng DCS.Mt h thng DCS l mt h thngtch hp y vi mt h c s d liu ton cc.Khng ging nh cc h thng da trnPLC,ta khng th x dng cc B iu khin khc nhau v cc trm iu hnh t nhng nhcung cp khc nhau ri kt hp chng li vi nhau.Mt h thng DCS l mt h thng honchnh, trong vic truyn thng, trao i d liu gia cc B phn s khng c th hini vi ngi dng.Ngoi ra, nu mt im (hoc khi chc nng) c to ra trong B thsau , ton B h thng s nhn Bit n.Tc l khng cn phi to mt c s d liu ringtrong trm iu hnh ph hp vi d liu trong cc B iu khin v thng tin c tng to ra trong ton B h thng.H thng iu khin phn tn trc kia thng pht trin trong mi trng x l hocht, trong khi cc h thng da trn PLC pht trin trong lnh vc in t.Trong khi ccPLC pht trin t logic relay th cc h thng DCS pht trin t cc B iu chnh tngt.Kh nng x l cc d liu tng t v chy cc trnh t phc tp l th mnh c Bn cah thng DCS , trong khi x l logic loi relay tng t nh mt PLC th tc x lchm hn PLC rt nhiu.Trong khi mt PLC c th x l logic relay trong mili giy, tc qut ca mt trm iu khin ca h DCS thng 200 -:- 500 ms.Tc qut ny nhanhi vi hu ht cc iu khin tng t v trn thc t B x l c th x dng mtlng ng k d liu tng t trong khi qut.Mt c im ni Bt ca h thng DCS l vic x dng tagnames .Trong cc hthng PLC-Based, thng dng cc a ch h thng i vi d liu tham chiu.Mttagname l tn do ngi thit k h thng nh ngha cho mt i tng,p dng cho tt ccc khi chc nng v cc im I/O trong cc B iu khin.Do , mt im c th ctruy cp t Bt c u trong h thng thng qua tagname ca n.


4.2 M hnh phn lp ca h thng iu Khin DCS: Cu trc c trng ca h thng DCS gm c 4 lp :

Lp I/O;

iu khin Cc B iu khin(V d nh FCS Trm iu khin trng);

iu hnh Cc trm iu hnh(v d nh HIS trm giao din ngi my);

Thng tin qun l- c s d liu v cc trm qun l (v d nh Exaquantum v PRM Chng trnh qun l ti nguyn nh my).

Hnh 2.7 M hnh phn lp h DCS.4.2.1 Lp I/OCc B vo ra ca h thng c x l lp I/O Bng mt trong Ba cch sau:I/O bng mch in t:Cc I/O dng tng t( nh cc B o p sut, van iu chnh v v..)v dng s(Cc relayv cc B chuyn mch) c th c thc hin Bng cc panel mch in t trc tip t hintrng.Panel giao din I/O c mt lot cc card giao din a vo x l cc dng tn hiuvo /ra.I/O fieldbus:C nhiu dng fieldBus,ProfiBus v Hart.Nhng loi ny cho php cc sensor v cc ccu chp hnh c th c kt ni vi giao din I/O thng qua mt mng s n trao icc thng s qu trnh v cc thng s trng thi thit B.

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Giao tip vi PLCCc PLC c th c ni vi h thng DCS Bng vi dng card giao din truynthng, thng l trong panel giao din I/O, hoc n gin Bng cch ni trc tip n mngiu khin thng qua module truyng thng vi PLC.4.2.2 Lp iu Khiny l ni tp trung tt c cc chc nng iu khin.Cc B iu khin trao ithng tin vi lp I/O.c d liu vo, x l cc chc nng iu khin v gi cc tn hiura.Cc trm iu khin c hot ng c lp vi nhau nn nu xy ra s c mt trm skhng nh hng n trm khc.ng thi mt trm iu khin c th trao i d liu ddng vi mt trm khc khi x dng phng php truyn thng ngang hng peer to peertrong mng iu khin.4.2.3 Lp iu hnhCc trm iu hnh cung cp mt giao din ho vi cc chc nng v cc d liutrong B iu khin v trong qu trnh x l thng qua cc th, cc Bo co....4.2.4 Lp thng tin qun lTt c cc thng tin mc cao, khng cn vi vic iu khin thi gian thcnhng l cn thit i vi vic qun l qu trnh lu di c x l trong lp qun l.Lpny gm 3 lp nh: Gateway - c d liu t cc trm iu khin;

C s d liu- gi v lu li d liu t phn tch trc;

Gateway:

Qun l - x l thng tin trong c s d liu.

Trc kia mi nh cung cp c giao thc truyn thng c quyn cho php mych truy cp d liu t cc trm iu khin.Hin nay Microsoft cng vi mt s nh cungcp chnh pht trin mt mc tiu chun lin lc gi l OPC. OPC l OLE cho iu khinqu trnh v cho php my ch no cng c th kt ni ti DCS Bt k.OPC c th t trongtrm iu hnh hoc trong mt my tnh c lp.

Lp c s d liu:D liu ca h thng DCS phi c lu tr v c mt s B c s d liu(DataBasepackage) c thit k cho mc ch ny.Chng gm Exaquantum(mt sn phm caYokogawa) v PI (mt sn phm c lp).Nhng package ny c d liu thng qua cngOPC v lu d liu di dng format c s d liu chun. Exaquantum dng Server SQLca Microsoft tng thch vi hu ht cc package qun l.Ngoi ra chng cn cung cp ccchc nng khc nh lu tr d liu trn a, nn d liu, Bo co c Bn cc chc nng hinth.Lp qun l:C mt lot cc package khc nhau sn c,cung cp cc thng tin khc nhau chongi dng.N gm Bo co chi tit, iu khin khi, v cng thc, qun l ngunmy,qun l cnh Bo, ti u ho my v.v.. chng truy cp d liu t c s d liu lunhng c th ghi trc tip ti cc trm iu khin thng qua OPC.41Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

4.3 Cc m hnh mng trong h thng iu Khin phn tnKt hp vi cc lp nh trn l cc mng my tnh lin kt cc lp vi nhau.Mng traoi rng ri vi cc lp nh sau: Mng I/O Bus I/O t xa, FieldBus, truyn thng PLC

Mng iu khin ni cc B iu khin v cc trm iu hnh

Mng din rng ca nh my- ni cha hu ht cc thng tin qun l4.3.1 Cc mng I/OC th c vi loi mng I/O iu ph thuc vo loi I/O c giao din vi:

Hnh 2.8 : Mng I/O .

Bus Remote I/O Mt trm iu kkhin c cc card giao din I/O c tchhp trong trm iu khin(v d nh h thng Fischer v porter 6).Tuynhin,nhng trm khc (nh Yokogawa CS1000/3000) c I/O t xa, tc lcard giao din I/O tch Bit khi trm iu khin v lin lc vi n qua mtBus remote I/O tc cao. Mng fieldBus Mt card fieldBus thng t trong mt khe trn panel I/O vmi loi mng fieldBus thng x dng mt loi card fieldBus ring Bit. Mng PLC Nh vi fieldBus, card truyn thng thng t mt khe I/Otrn panel I/O, x dng cng giao din ni tip, v mt s c kh nng h trchun Ethernet v phn mm driver c np vo card cho php lin lc vimt PLC c Bit.Chng hn nh giao thc truyn thng ca ModBus,ABBhay Siemens c th c np vo card lin lc vi Bt k loi PLC notrong s hoc cc PLC tng thch.Giao thc ModBus l mt chun cngnghip, nhiu loi PLC v cc thit B khc( thit B phn tch, cn in t....)c th lin lc trn giao thc ny.4.3.2 Mng iu Khin:42


Cc trm iu khin v cc trm iu hnh c lin lc vi nhau thng qua mtng truyn d liu tc cao gi l mng iu khin.y lun l mng c quyn cami hng v thng s dng phng php truy nhp th Bi Token pasing.Mt mng mngiu khin c u tin nhng thng tin nht nh lun c trao i theo mc sau.Cc message cnh Bo, thng tin qu trnh v cc lnh iu hnh, truyn file hay nhpmt chng trnh vo mt trm iu khin.4.3.3 Mng din rng ca nh myTt c cc thng tin qun l u c sn trn mng thng tin qun l hoc mng dinrng c trao i trn mng Ethernet.

Nh cung cp

H thng

YokogawaHoneywellABB

Emerson

YokogawaHoneywellABFisher and PorterFisher

CS1000/3000TDC3000Advant OCSSystem 6Provox

Bng 2.1 mt s h thng DCS tiu biu4.3.4 Nhn xtR rng vi nhng c im: Kh nng qun l cc u vo /ra analog rt tt.Nh cu trc phncng v phn mm, h iu khin c th thc hin ng thi nhiuvng iu chnh, iu khin nhiu tng, hoc cc thut ton iu khinhin i:Nhn dng h thng, iu khin thch nghi, ti u Bn vng,iu khin theo m hnh d Bo (MPC), Fuzzy,Neural, iu khin chtlng(QCS). Kh nng truyn thng : H tr nhiu giao thc truyn thng t cptrng n cp qun l.Hin nay cc giao thc ny c chun ho(ProfiBus,foundation FieldBus) tin cy cao nh kh nng d phng:d phng kp tt c cc thnhphn trong h thng(Controller, modul I/O, Bus truyn thng) kh nngthay i chng trnh (Sa cha v download), thay i cu trc ca h,thm Bt cc thnh phn m khng lm gin on, khng cn khing li qu trnh (thay i online); C s d liu trong h l c s d liu ln c tnh cht ton cc vthng nht Kh nng m rng tch hp cao Tui th ca ng dng ln (15 -20 nm)

Trong chng ny, chng ta tm hiu cch khi qut v h iu khin phn tn DCS.Chng ta c th thy rng:DCS l mt gii php k thut rt ph hp cho nhng h thngln, i hi tin cy cao, linh hot cao trong vic thay i cu trc, chng trnh ca hthng.Sau y chng ta s nghin cu mt h thng c th v kh nng ng dng ca hiu khin phn tn DCS vo h thng ny.43Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

5.

Cc h DCS thng dng.

5.1 DeltaV ca Emerson.

Hnh 2.9 H thng iu khin DeltaV ca Emerson

Cc c tnh ca trm iu khin: T ng t a ch T nhn Bit cu hnh vo/ra C sn giao din Bus h thng (Ethernet) H tr nhiu h Bus trng chun. Hiu nng tnh ton cao iu khin PID, Fuzzy, MPC, Neural, Batch Chu k iu khin < 100ms Thay i chng trnh Online Ghi chp d liu ( th), ng du thi gian (Time Stamping), cnh Bo Bong (Alarm). T ng khi ng li v phc hi trng thi sau s c.Cc trm lm vic: Trm vn hnh (Operator Station)

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Trm k thut (Professional Station, Professional Plus Station) Tram ng dng (Application Station) Trm Bo tr (Mantenance Station)H thng Bus: Bus h thng: Dng Dual Industrial Ethernet Bus Trng: Dng Foundation Field Bus.

5.2 PlantScape ca Honeywell.

Hnh 2.10 H iu khin Plantscape ca Honeywell


c im h thng:Plantscape l mt gii php iu khin qu trnh k thut ca hng Honeywell. N thitlp mt tiu chun mi trong h thng iu khin lai theo cp Bc, kh nng vn hnh mmdo v d dng. Phn quan trong nht ca Plantscape l h iu hnh Window2000 da trnkin trc Client-Server. Plantscape c cc c im sau: H iu hnh Windows Server vi cc nhim v nh lu tr d liu, cnh Bo,Bo ng, giao din ngi my. Cng ngh WeB dng cho giao din ngi my to nn tin cy, thun tin, cth vn hnh t xa, giao din ngi my da trn cc file HTML theo chun cngnghip B iu khin lai h tr kh nng iu khin tch hp chnh xc Cc cng c hng i tng thun tin v d dng xy dng.Cc phn t c bn: Cc trm iu khin: B iu khin C200. Trm vn hnh IPC+ Wins2000 hoc Windows Server + giao din WeB. Trm k thut: IPC + Tool Vo ra: Chassis Series A (CIOM-A), Rail Series A (RIOM- A) v Rail Series H(CIOM- H) cho mi trng khc nghit. Bus trng: ControlNet, Foundation FieldBus Bus h thng: Control Net, LAN.

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5. 3 H iu Khin PCS 7 ca SIEMENS.

Hnh 2.11 H iu khin PCS7 ca SiemensCc thnh phn c bn: Cc trm iu khin: SIMATIC S7-400 Trm vn hnh IPC + OS Software (WinCC) Trm k thut: IPC+OS Engineering (SIMATIC Manager, CFC, SFC, SCL,NETPRO, HARDWARECONFIG....) Vo ra phn tn: ET200M + S7-300 I/O module Bus trng: ProfiBus-DP Bus h thng: Industrial Ethernet ProfiBus FMS Cc trm BATCH/IT: IPC + Phn mm B xung.


5. 4 H iu Khin CENTUM 3000 ca YoKogawa.

Hnh 2.12 H thng Centum CS 3000Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng: Trm giao din ngi my (HIS): S dng lm giao din vn hnh, gim st v thchin cc chc nng k thut. Xy dng trn nn my tnh cng nghip cng viWindows 2000 (Service pack 3 tr ln) hoc Windows XP (Service Pack 1 tr ln). Trm iu khin hin trng (FCS Field Control Station): l thit B thc hinnhim v iu khin qu trnh. Trm k thut (ES Engineering Station): Cha ton B cc cng c cu hnh hthng. H thng Bus:+ Bus iu khin: Vnet+ Bus h thng: Ethernet.

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CHNG 3TM HIU V H THNG T NG HO TO NH WEBCTRLCA ALC1. Gii thiu v h thng t ng ho to nhTrong thi i ngy nay, vic xy dng cc to nh cao tng lm vn phng, trnghc, Bnh vin, chung ctr nn ph Bin. Chng ngy cng tr nn hin i, tin nghi phc v cc yu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi. Gii php kt hp h thng cc thit Bc in s dng trong to nh vi cng ngh t ng ho nhm em li kh nng t hotng (h thng thng gi, h thng chiu sng,) khng cn l iu mi m na. Tuynhin vn sng cn ca gii php ny li nm ch lm sao c th qun l chng trongmt h thng thng nht. Cc h thng t ng ho to nh (BMS) ra i gii quytBi ton ny.Nhim v chnh ca h thng BMS l iu khin, gim st, qun l cc thit Bc/in trong mt ta nh cao tng, gip cho vic vn hnh, Bo dng v qun l ta nhmt cch thun tin, an ton v tit kim.H thng BMS c pht trin da trn nn kin trc ca mt h iu khin phn tn vicc B iu khin s trc tip DDC (Direct Digital Controler) c kt ni vi h thngmng tng ( Floor Networks); cc B iu khin, nh tuyn cp cao hn lin kt cc DDCvi h thng mng BackBone ca ta nh (TCP/IP). Chun giao tip ca cc h thng nythng l Bacnet hoc LON.

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LON l mt chun giao tip c pht trin t rt sm, n cho php cc thit B, hthng khc nhau trong ta nh cng tun theo chun LON c th kt ni chung vinhau trn mt h thng mng ngang hng (pear to pear network). u im ca chungiao tip ny l n cho php chia s d liu iu khin cp mng trng giacc h thng trong mt ta nh, tuy nhin, n yu cu tt c cc B iu khin cacc h thng khc phi tun theo chun LON. Chng khng nh ngha cc hmthng dng chuyn dng ring cho cc h thng trong ta nh, khng nh nghacc Bin Trend, History, Schedules, Alarm,.. Khng h tr cho cc cng c tch hpcp cao nh: Remote Control, Network Management , Bacnet l chun giao tip c pht trin Bi hip hi ASHRAE ca M, n c

thit k ring cho mc ch iu khin ta nh v l 1 giao thc m, h tr tch hph thng cp cao, nh ngha cc Bin chuyn dng: Alarm, Schedules, Trend,History, , h tr cc cng c tch hp : Remote control, network management, IPnetwork... Bacnet ang ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong tt c cc h thngBMS ca tt c cc hng trn th gii. Vi s ra i ca hip hi cc nh sn sutthit B theo chun Bacnet, cc thit B Bacnet ngy cng c nhiu nh cung cpthit B HVAC la chn nh l 1 chun giao tip thng dng v khng th thiu.2. Cc h thng c iu Khin trong to nhThng thng trong mt to nh, h thng BMS s iu khin cc h thng sau:


2.1. H thng HVAC

Tn thit B

Chiller

CoolingTower

Chc nng

Chiller l thc cht lmt my lnh cngsut ln, c nhim vcung cp nc lnhcho cc my iu hoAHU, FCU,...

Cc thp tn nhitCooling tower cato nh c nhim vtn nhit cho cc myiu ho (AHU,FCU,) t ti cckhu vc.

Nguyn l iu khin

H thng BMS s iu khin cc chiller gipchng vn hnh t ng theo cc thng s nhnhit , m,Bng cc chng trnh iukhin c lp da trn cc yu cu qun l vnhnh to nh. Ti phng iu khin trung tmngi vn hnh theo di c tnh trng hotng ca h thng, nhit nc vo ra catng chiller, ch hot ng ca cc Bm,ng thi BMS cn qun l p sut trong hthng ng dn ca h thng, iu khin vanBypass iu ho p sut gia ng cp vng hi khi c s sai khc v chnh lch psut.Nc c tn nhit t Cooling Tower sc Bm vo ng ng dn ti cc dn ngngt Condensor ca cc RACU thc hin traoi nhit. Ton B nc, sau khi nhn nhitlng ca qu trnh trao i s c a vCooling tower v c lm mt Bi qut gi.Sau li c a n cc my iu ho tothnh mt chu trnh khp kn.

H thng BMS iu khin Cooling Towers iu khin B Bin tn iu chnh tc qut, khi nhit nc cao th qut tng tc y nhanh qu trnh lm mt, khi nhit nc gim th qut c iu chnh gim tc .Trong h thng lc no cng cn Bo mp sut n nh mc p sut lm vic. Khi cngim trao i nhit h thng BMS s iu khinm van Bypass nc i qua (ging nh ti hthng ng ca Chiller) da tn hiu Bo chnhlch p sut trong h thng ng ng c cmnhn Bi B cm Bin chnh lch p sut. Khi cyu cu tng lu lng nc cung cp cho ccmy iu ho, BMS s da trn thng s ca schnh lch p sut iu khin van Bypass nutrn ng Bt li, gim lu lng nc i tt quavan.

50


My iu Cc nhim v ca

Vic iu khin iu ho c thc hin

ho - AHU(AirHandingUnit)

AHU:+ Lm sch: filter+ Lm mt: Trao inhit vi nc lnh(chiller water qua coillnh)+ Ht m: Duy tr m khng kh+ Qun l nng kh CO2, m Bo sch ca khng kh.

nh sau:- Cc filter gip h thng duy tr cht lngkhng kh, lc sch Bi Bn trong khng khc a n u vo ca iu ho. qun lfilter h thng nhn Bit filter Bn/sch, h thngnh vo cng tc Bo chnh lch p sut trc vsau filter, khi ti phng iu khin trung tmngi vn hnh c th Bit khi no cn thc hinvic v sinh filter hay thay th chng.- iu chnh nhit , lm mt v ht m.+ My iu ho vn hnh thc hin vic iu

ho khng kh: khi khng kh qua gin trao inhit ca AHU BMS s iu khin ng m vannc nng v lnh t 0->100%. Khi thc hinvic iu chnh 2 loi van ny cc AHU thchin vic iu chnh nhit , m ca khngkh.+ kim sot nhit v m trong cc khuvc, tt c cc khu vc c lm mt Bi ccmy iu ho khng kh AHU, khu cng cng,cc phng my u c lp t cc B cm Binnhit v m ca khng kh trong phng,iu ny cho php Operator qun l c nhit ton B cc khu vc trong nh.- iu chnh nng kh CO2: i vi vic lmsch khng kh, nu ch da vo filter lc kh thcha , trong mi trng hot ng ca conngi cng nh ca my mc lun sn sinh rangun kh thi CO2. Khi nng kh ny trongcc khu vc tng cao, con ngi s cm thy mtmi v kh chu, nng sut lao ng gim. qun l cht lng khng kh, trong cc myiu ho c lp cc B cm Bin nng khCO2 ti ng ng gi hi ca cc AHU hocc lp t ti cc phng o cc my iu hochu trch nhim x l khng kh, + Khi nng CO2 trong khng kh cao, van trn kh Mixingdamper ca AHU s c BMS iu khin ngBt li, van ly kh ti Fresh air damper s cm nhiu hn B sung thm lng khng khgiu xy cho cc khu vc nu trn.+ Khi nng CO2 ca khng kh trong phng mc thp, cc DDC s iu khin cc van51Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

trn kh Mixxing damper m ln hn, cc vanly kh ti Fresh Air damper ng Bt li,khng kh c lm lnh ti AHU chu trnhtrao i nhit trc s c ti s dng titkim nhit lng (nhit lng trao i ti gintrao i nhit ca AHU gim do nhit kh hivn m Bo tng ng vi nhit trongphng).Trong tnh hung c tn hiu Bo ng chygi ti h thng BMS, cc my AHU lp tcc iu khin v ch off ngng vic cpkh ti gim thiu lng khng kh ti cckhu vc gim tc nhn gy chy.Trn mn hnh ho, ngi vn hnh iukhin AHU thng qua nh ho ca tng AHUcn iu khin. Ton B cc gi tr nhit, m,tnh trng hot ng ca cc qut gi AHU ch thng thu nhn, cc tn hiu cnh Bo s cth hin trn mn hnh ho ca h thng khic s c.Tt c cc thng tin v ch hot ng,tnh trng ca thit B trong qu trnh vn hnhc cp nht ti cc my tnh iu khin, ccthng tin ny c lu gi s dng lu di.

My iu

Chc nng ca FCU:

Tng t nh AHU nhng khng c chc nng

ho FCU(Fan CoilUnit)

- Lc sch Bi trong ht m v qun l nng CO2.khng kh nh cc Blc kh.- Cho nc lnh iqua dn trao i nhit duy tr nhit phng mt gi trnht nh.

Qut ht

Chc nng ca

Cc qut ht kh thi (Extract Fan) l thnh

Kh thi-Extract

Extract Fan l ht cc phn khng th thiu trong to nh. Cc qut htloi kh thi, kh c c BMS iu khin tt m (on/off), qun tr

Fan

hi ra khi to nh.

tnh trng hot ng v in v kh (cng tc Bo

p sut dng kh). Chng c vn hnh t ngtheo yu cu vn hnh ca ngi qun l tonh. Trong tnh hung c s c v chy, cc qutny c BMS iu khin v trng thi off gim i lu khng kh trong to nh, gim tia tc nhn gy chy, m Bo tnh hiu qu ca

52


vic dp tt cc m chy trongthi gian ngn nht.

Qut tngp cuthang -PressurisedFan

Cc qut tng p cuthang (PressurisedFan) to p sut ng cc ca thngvi hnh lang tohnh lang an ton chongi thot him khic s c trong tonh.

Cc qut ny c BMS qun l v ch hot ng trong tnh hung c s c v tnhtrng in v kh (cng tc Bo p sut dngkh).Trn mn hnh ho ngi vn hnh thchin c vic iu khin, qun l tnh trng vnhnh ca cc qut tng p cu thang trong iukin vn hnh Bnh thng cng nh trong cctnh hung khn cp c thot him Bo chy.

2.2. H thng inTrong cc h thng in phn quan trng nht l cc ngun cung cp ti. C ngun cungcp ti th h thng thit B to nh tn ti v hot ng, ngng cung cp in h thng kthut s ngng hot ng.Cc thit B Bo v ACB-MCCB-MCB l cc thit B khng th tch ri khi h thng,cc thit B ny duy tr s hot ng hon ho ca h thng, Bo v ngun cung cp. Hthng BMS s qun l cc thit B ny (nm trong t in phn phi ngun in chnh vcc t in phn phi ngun ph cho cc tng, cc thit B) Bng vic thu nhn cc thng tinv trng thi lm vic cng nh qu ti ca cc thit B ny thng qua cc u ni t ccthit B ti cc t iu khin DDC ca h thng BMS. Ti phng iu khin trung tm,ngi vn hnh thc hin c vic gim st cc thit B Bo v ca cc t in phn phingun chnh v cc t in phn phi ngun ph Bng ng dng ho trn my tnh iukhin ca h thng BMS.H thng BMS thc hin vic gim st h thng in nh sau:Gim st nhit ca cc my Bin p cao th, nhit trong phng ni t cc thit Bny, t c mc ch qun l my Bin p cn phi p ng yu cu v cung cp u rav s thay i nhit Bn thn ca chng.

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Gim st tnh trng hot ng ca my pht: DDC qun l cht ch cc yu t snsng p ng ch hot ng thay th khi mt li in:+ Ngun np c quy+ Mc nhin liu dailytank+ Bm nhin liu+ Ch standBy+ Ch vn hnh p ng cc thng s k thut yu cuKhi c tn hiu chuyn i ngun cung cp t li in sang my pht, BMS s gi

thng tin ti tt c cc DDC, i vi cc vng thit B hot ng vi cng sut ln sc iu khin tr ph hp vi qu trnh xc lp p ng ti ca cc my phtin d phng.Ti phng iu khin trung tm, ngi vn hnh c th gim st cc thng s nhit phng my, trng thi hot ng ca thit B, tnh trng ng ct khi c s c,53Ngi thc hin- Phan Vn Thng- Cao Hc kho 2005 _ 2007

thng tin v ngun cung cp cho h thng li my pht thng qua cc giao din ho.

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2.3.

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2.4.

UPS - ngun cp lin tc cho cc thit B quan trng ca to nh cng cn c qunl. t c mong mun kim sot c v trng thi vn hnh ca UPS, dunglng ca c quy th UPS cn phi thc hin vic kt ni v h thng BMS, khi ktni h thng ny UPS s a ra

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