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CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKYCENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E.
ZHUKOVSKY
TSAGI RESEARCH CAPABILITIES TO ADDRESS AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ISSUESergey Chernyshev
Executive DirectorTsAGI, Russia
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Contents
14.10.2012 2
AVIATION ENVIRONMENT ISSUES
NOISE
SONIC BOOM
EMISSION
ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Aviation Impact on Environment
14.10.2012 3
Airc
raft
Env
ironm
ent I
ssue
s
Noise
Health deterioration Hearing impairment Disturbances of vocal
communication
Emission Respiratory disorders Toxic symptoms Discomfort
Sonic boom Orientation response of people Starting Sleep disruption
Greenhouse gases emissions, contrails
Global warming Climate change
Airport environment Pollution
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Ground layer
Ozone layer destruction
Climate change
Impact near ground surface
NOx
CO2NOxH2OSolid particles
NoiseEmission
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
14.10.2012 4
ICAO Requirements in Airport Proximity
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 year
ΔEPN dB
0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90
–100 100
Airplanes noise
Chapter 2
Chapter 3Chapter 4
NOx emissions
% re
lativ
e to
198
5 em
issi
ons
Spatial location of control points (CP) for acoustic certification of commercial airplanes
DESCENT
CLIMBING
RUNWAY
120 m
CT3
CT1 (Turbofan)
450 m
300 mCT2 CT1 (Turboprop)
650 m
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
NO
x em
issi
ons,
g/k
N
Pressure ratio (H = 0, M = 0)
120
100
80
60
40
20
010 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 π∑
ICAO standards
ICAO targets
ICAO proposals to toughen NOх emissions during take-off and landing
Controlled combustion products:– Carbon oxide (СO) – Unburned hydrocarbons (CH) – Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – Soot (С)
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Environment Target Goals for the Russian Aviation
14.10.2012 5
Target goalsBaseline (2010)
Dynamics of target goals
2015 2020 2025 2030
Accidents reduction 1 2.5 5.0 7.0 8.5Noise reduction relatively to ICAO Chapter 4 (by EPN dB)
7 12 20 25 30
NOx emission reduction relatively to ICAO 2008standards (by %)
100(2008) 20 45 65 80
Fuel consumption and СО2emission reduction (by %) 100 10 25 45 60
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Contents
14.10.2012 6JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
NOISE
SONIC BOOM
EMISSION
ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Aircraft Noise Sources
14.10.2012 7JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
1. Jet noise
The principal components determining the noise of a modern passenger aircraftare: fan and turbine noise, jet noise and airframe noise. All the above sources ofaerodynamic noise turn out to be important at different flight stages. Only abalanced reduction of all the above sources can lead to the overall desired aircraftnoise reduction.
2. Inlet and aft fan noise, turbine noise 3. Airframe noise
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Acoustic Anechoic Chambers
14.10.2012 8
Maximum sound pressure level 160 dBTest section volume 211 м3
Test section dimensions 9,6×5,5×4,0 м3
Operational frequency range 160 – 20000 HzStagnation temperature 293 K
AK-2Anechoic chamber (AC), m3 14.0×11.5×8.0Free volume, m3 12.2×9.7×6.3Reverberation chamber 1 (RC1), m3 6.4×6.4×5.15Reverberation chamber 2 (RC2), m3 6.6×6.4×5.15Operational frequency range, Hz 80 … 16000
AK-11
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction
14.10.2012 9JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Improved acoustic liners in the air inlet
Fan noise control
Combustion chamber noise control
Jet noise control
Air inlet channel shape control
Turbine noise control
Lining of mixing chamber walls
Outer circuit channel walls fully treated with liners
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Fan Noise Reduction Methods
14.10.2012 10
Key Issues:• Fan aerodynamics performance• Fan blade stability and stall margin erosion• Manufacturing cost and complexity• Validation of CFD prediction methods
Expected noise reduction:• Fan tone intake noise 2 to 4 dB at take-off• Fan tone exhaust noise up to 2 dB
Approach:• To remove or weaken shocks at the fan blades• Simultaneous optimization of aerodynamic and
acoustic performance
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Engine Noise Reduction by Advanced Acoustic Liners
14.10.2012 11JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
500 800 1250 2000 3150 5000 Frequency, Hz
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
Efficiency, dB
Composite double-layer liners
Conventional liners
First generation liners (single-layer)Metallic Composite
Perforated skin Honeycomb filler
Skin
Box-type filler
Perforated skin
Second generation liners (double-layer)Metallic Composite
Perforated skin
Metallic mesh
Skin
Perforated filler
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Fan Noise Reduction by Acoustic Liners
14.10.2012 12
Method Estimated noise reduction TRL Main problems
Seamless air inlet liners Suction noise: 1…4 dBduring approach (in service with А380)
7…9 Improving liners manufacturing and repair technology
Tapered air inlets Suction noise: ~ 3 dB 4…6 Aerodynamics, trade-off between cruise and climb
Lining of air inlet lip Suction noise: 1…3 dB 4…6 Integration with anti-icing systems
Lining of hub surface Acoustic power at outlet: 1…3 dB 3…4 Lacking full-scale verification data
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Low Noise Nozzle Configurations
Variety of nozzle configurations are suggested forthe experimental jet noise reduction
14.10.2012 13
Noise reduction of jet emanating from chevron nozzle
25 50 100 200 400 800 f, Hz
Round nozzleChevron nozzle
5 dB
Noise
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Jet Noise Reduction Methods
14.10.2012 14
Method Expected noise reduction TRL Open issues
Fixed geometry chevrons 1…4 EPN dB during roll and climb 6…9 Nacelle-Pylon integration for best
aerodynamic performance
Variable geometry chevrons 0.5…1.0 EPN dB during roll and climb 6 Reliability, maintainability and
manufacturability
Geared turbofan, m > 10 bypass ratio
Depending on operation regime 6…7 Higher structural weight and drag;
maintainability
Long channel with forced flow mixing
~ 1…2 EPN dB during roll and climb 6…9
long fairing nacelles for m ≈ 4…6, typically applied on regional and business aircraft
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
V = 100…180 m/sf = 6…12 kHzD ~ 5 cm
Noise Control by Plasma Actuators
14.10.2012 15
500 1k 1.5k 2k 2.5k 3k 3.5k 4k 4.5k [Hz]45
50
55
60
65[dB/20u Pa] w/o plasma actuators
with plasma actuators
Noise level improvement – 1.3 dB
The concept is based on direct control of noise radiation by Dielectric Barier Discharge (DBD). Vlasov–Ginevsky effect.
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
14.10.2012 16
Airframe Noise Reduction: Slats
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Airframe Noise Noise Reduction: Landing Gear
14.10.2012 17JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
50
65
0 50 100 150x, cm
P, d
B 5 dB
microfone 1
Noise control concept is based on shaped chassis rack and self-tuning system for major mode noise suppression. Patent of TsAGI No. 2293890
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Landing Gear Noise Reduction Methods
14.10.2012 18JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Method Overall noise reduction efficiency TRL
Expected TRL = 6
time target
Expected TRL = 8
time targetMain problems
Fairings and covers Up to 3 dB 6
Weight, heat emission, maintainability
Low-noise chassis rack Up to 5 dB 3…4 2013 2015 Structural and
systems integration
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Future Aircraft: Low Noise and Low Fuel Consumption
14.10.2012 19
Level 2012
10%
Noise
Fuel consumption
Distributed Fans
Low noise embedded propulsionFuture Low Noise Aircraft: Blended wing concept Podded engines with variable nozzles Mixed exhaust with extensive acoustic liners Power managed take-off
Blended wing concept
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
−30 EPNdB
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Contents
14.10.2012 20JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
NOISE
SONIC BOOM
EMISSION
ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Low Boom Super Sonic Business Jet
14.10.2012 21JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
HISAC: TsAGI–SUKHOY
−0.05 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
− 60
− 40
−20
0
20
40
60
t, s
G = 51 tG = 58.5 tG = 56.5 t
H, m
L, dbA
P, Pa
Near field
Far field
Bow shock
Pressure signature p(t)
p
t
t
p
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Contents
14.10.2012 22JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
NOISE
SONIC BOOM
EMISSION
ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Emission Factor OF Various Transportations ref. DLR, 2008
14.10.2012 23JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Air Transport Emission Modeling
14.10.2012 24
Air Traffic
СО2 emission, including forecast
Routes over Russia
Contrailsyears
CO2 emission, Mt
modeling ↔ forecast
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
1° 1°1 km
Air space cell
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Low Drag Due to Flow Control
14.10.2012 25JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Speed and range increase 8–10%Fuel burn reduction –(5–7)%Take-off and landing speeds reduction –(10–15)%Runway length reduction –(30–35)%
Using jet blowing system provides:
ΔK = 1.2
Flow separation
Slot nozzleM = 0.78K
12
10
80.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CL
Blowing Jet
ShockM1 = 1
M1 > 1Slot
Compressed air supply
δз
1
23
0.7bA–A
A A1
3
452
1 Cruise δз = 0°2 Take-off δз = 30°3 Landing δз = 60°
1 Bleeding air from fan2 Bleeding compressed air from compressor3 Control and cut-off valves4 Slot nozzle5 Ring channel
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Active Aeroelasticity Concept
14.10.2012 26
Main benefits of active structures : 4–6% increase in lift-to-drag ratio Control efficiency increase by 30–40% Fuel efficiency increase by 5–7% Structure weight reduction by 6–8% Noise reduction by 7–10 dB
Innovative controls having high efficiency at all flight regimes: take-off, landing, cruise
Main tasks – engineering, materials, optimization, life
Smart controls based on SDS-structures provide 30–40% gain in control efficiency
Selectively Deformable Structure (SDS)
JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Number of Engines: Environment Impact
14.10.2012 27JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Conventional configuration,two engines
Conventional configuration, three engines
Take-off thrust-to-weight
Noise
Fuel burn per 1 pass.·km
Direct operating costs
100
89
80
85
90
95
100
105
Long-haul aircraft-2
Long-haul aircraft -3
%
100
96
80
85
90
95
100
105
Long-haul aircraft -2
Long-haul aircraft -3
10097
80
85
90
95
100
105
Long-haul aircraft -2
Long-haul aircraft -3
%
100 100,7
80
85
90
95
100
105
Long-haul aircraft -2
Long-haul aircraft -3
%
−12.6 ЕpNдБ
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
AERIAL REFUELING
14.10.2012 28JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Noise reduction in the airport area due to reduced aircraft weight up to 35–40% for long-haul airplanes
Reduction of air transportation volumes due to increasing number of «point to point» routes
15–20% less fuel burn
Il-96-300
q, гр/пасс.·км
30 %
MC-21-200
20 %25 % Including
fuel burnt by air refueller
25
20
152000 4000 6000 8000 10000 L, km
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Contents
14.10.2012 29JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE
NOISE
SONIC BOOM
EMISSION
ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Condensed Aviation Gas Fuel
30
1. Condensed aviation gas fuel is «greener» compared to conventional kerosene:
– СО2 5–10% less emission– low NOx and CO– very low solid particles (soot)
2. Huge amounts of propane-butane gas are burned at the oil development sites contributing to greenhouse gas emission in the atmosphere.
Russia territory gas torches thermal wakes
14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Condensed Gas Fuel Aircraft
14.10.2012 31JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Mi-8ТТ helicopter
Condensed gas fuel for near and middle term fuel strategy in Russia
Ilyushin-114 regional turboprop
Gas fuel tanks
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Cryogenic Fuel Aircraft
32
Tupolev-155 Aircraft
Cryogenic gas fuel Tupolev-155 test bed. Flight demonstration of cryogenic methane and hydrogen for one of its three engines
14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
Cryoplane
33
Higher bypass ratio turbofan
Heat insulated cryogenic tanks
Tail open rotor
High aspect ratio swept wing with cooled upper surface
Critical technologies: High-power fuel cells (2–3 МW) Superconductivity electric engines, the 50–60 К
working temperature may be provided by the cryogenic hydrogen fuel
%
75
37 32
75
9784
102030405060708090
100110 Modern technological level
Energy consumptionFuel burn
Long-haul aircraft-2030 (kerosene)
Long-haul aircraft-2030 (hydrogen)
Long-haul aircraft-2030 (integrated power plant, hydrogen)
0.56
0.52
0.47
Specific fuel consumption, kg/kG·h
The highest modern level
Increaseof engine
bypass ratio
Integrated power plant
−7%
−16%
14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY
14.10.2012 34JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya
Thank You for Your Attention!