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Context Focus was Greece Uncertainty;
despair Need for stability to
make U.S. aid effective
Emphasis on “self-help” and responsibility
British withdrawal
Message Principle, not
specifics Economic disorder
and its consequences
Bipolar worldview Cost small
compared to return Only U.S. in
position to step in
Mechanics $400 mil ($341 bil) “Detail of American
civilian and military personnel”
Support for U.S. way of life elsewhere
Activist foreign policy
Context “The recovery of
Europe has been far slower than had been expected. Disintegrating forces are becoming evident. The patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate.”
“Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.”
Message Combat “hunger,
poverty, desperation, and chaos.”
“Permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.”
“A cure rather than a mere palliative.”
Mechanics Economic resources
to support U.S. foreign policy
$13 bil Built on Truman
Doctrine National security
measure
Context Cold War focus
shifting away from Europe
Poverty, disease, hunger, illiteracy, lack of skills and capital
Continuing recognition of importance of fostering hope
Message Economic realities Relied on U.S.
superiority Shift from East-West
to North-South Built on Marshall
Plan “We cannot live
isolated in relative wealth and abundance.”
Mechanics Multi-faceted
internal bureaucracy
Work with UN Private entity
involvement Move away from
direct assistance Country-specific
projects based on need