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TROPICAL URBANISM
TRO
PIC
AL
UR
BA
NIS
M
A D
ES
IGN
AP
PR
OA
CH
TEC
HN
ICA
L R
EP
OR
T
M
OU
NT
PE
TER
STR
UC
TUR
E P
LAN
FEB
RU
AR
Y 2
010
This
Tec
hnic
al b
ackg
roun
d re
port
info
rms
the
Mou
nt P
eter
Stru
ctur
e P
lan.
S
peci
fical
ly, t
his
repo
rt is
in s
uppo
rt of
, and
in re
spon
se to
, ele
men
ts o
f ite
m 3
.4
(Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
) &ite
m 3
.12
(Vis
ual C
hara
cter
Stra
tegy
) of S
ectio
n 4.
1 (O
utpu
ts)
of th
e M
ount
Pet
er M
aste
r Pla
nnin
g S
peci
ficat
ion.
DIP
DIS
CLA
IMER
Dra
ft fo
r dis
cuss
ion
purp
oses
. Thi
s do
cum
ent i
s no
t end
orse
d by
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f In
frast
ruct
ure
and
Pla
nnin
g ac
ting
as th
e C
oord
inat
ing
Age
ncy
for t
he M
ount
Pet
er
Mas
ter P
lann
ed A
rea.
It c
onta
ins
info
rmat
ion
that
is n
ot S
tate
Gov
ernm
ent p
olic
y.
Doc
umen
t Con
trol
Vers
ion
Dat
e A
utho
r R
evie
wer
Nam
e In
itial
s N
ame
Initi
als
Ver 1
12
/05/
09
DP
Z D
B
MPM
PG
A
S
Ver 2
06
/08/
09
DP
Z D
B
MPM
PG
A
S
Team
Mem
bers
:
Dem
etri B
ache
s
Seth
Har
ry
Patri
ck Z
imm
erm
an
Isaa
c Sm
ith
Jessi
ca C
hapa
rro
Ruth
Lan
dsm
an
Cove
r © s
alva
x239
Tabl
e of
Con
tent
s ©
sco
tt ph
otos
All C
limat
e Ch
arts
© A
ustra
lian
Gove
rnm
ent -
Bur
eau
of M
eteo
rolo
gyA DE
SIGN
APP
ROAC
HCA
IRNS
, QUE
ENSL
AND,
AUS
TRAL
IA
TROP
ICAL
URB
ANIS
M
MO
UN
T P
ETER
This
doc
umen
t w
as p
rodu
ced
by:
DP
Z Pa
cifi
c, i
n as
soci
atio
n w
ith
Set
h H
arry
and
Ass
ocia
tes,
Inc
.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
SIn
trod
uctio
n 4
Urba
n De
sign
Prin
cipl
es
5Th
e Bl
ock,
the
Stre
et, a
nd th
e Bu
ildin
g 7
Clim
ate
8Gl
obal
Clim
ate
Cont
ext
8Lo
cal C
limat
e Co
ntex
t 9
Desi
gn P
rinci
ples
13
Gene
ral S
trate
gies
13
Spec
ific
Tech
niqu
es
13Ur
ban
Tech
niqu
es
14Bu
ildin
g Te
chni
ques
24
Case
Stu
dies
33
Urba
n Pa
ttern
s 33
Urba
n Co
mpo
nent
s 38
Repr
esen
tativ
e Ph
otos
46
Appl
icat
ion
52
Conc
lusi
on
54
Next
Ste
ps
55
Bibl
iogr
aphy
58
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch
Intr
oduc
tion
The
Mou
nt P
eter
Des
ign
Man
ual d
escr
ibes
and
illu
stra
tes
the
impa
ct o
f tro
pica
l wet
-dry
cl
imat
es o
n ur
ban
desi
gn a
nd b
uild
ing
tradi
tions
, and
doc
umen
ts p
rope
r pla
nnin
g an
d de
sign
re
spon
ses
to s
uch
cond
ition
s.
The
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns o
f a re
gion
use
d to
sha
pe a
nd in
form
the
urba
n co
ntex
t of
that
regi
on.
How
ever
, with
the
adve
nt o
f mec
hani
cal c
oolin
g, c
onte
mpo
rary
pl
anni
ng a
nd a
rchi
tect
ure
have
, for
the
mos
t par
t, ig
nore
d cl
imat
e an
d de
sign
ed w
ith li
ttle
conc
ern
for s
usta
inab
le e
nviro
nmen
tal p
ract
ice.
With
a
bette
r und
erst
andi
ng o
f his
toric
al b
uild
ing
tradi
tions
, con
tem
pora
ry
plan
ning
and
arc
hite
ctur
e ca
n re
spon
d to
clim
atic
con
side
ratio
ns b
y 1-
app
lyin
g hi
gh p
erfo
rman
ce te
chno
logi
cal a
dvan
ces
to a
rchi
tect
ure
and
infra
stru
ctur
e w
hich
real
ize ta
ngib
le c
ost s
avin
gs fo
r fis
cal a
nd
envi
ronm
enta
l bot
tom
line
s, a
nd 2
-intro
duci
ng tr
aditi
onal
pas
sive
and
lig
ht im
prin
t urb
an d
esig
n te
chni
ques
to in
crea
se a
bsol
ute
hum
an
and
envi
ronm
enta
l com
mun
ity s
usta
inab
ility.
The
Man
ual p
rom
otes
low
impa
ct, h
igh
qual
ity o
f life
co
mm
uniti
es a
nd a
rchi
tect
ure.
Whi
le e
ach
desi
gn te
chni
que
is
anal
ysed
sep
arat
ely,
the
prin
cipl
es a
nd te
chni
ques
dis
cuss
ed
here
in w
ork
cum
ulat
ivel
y to
fully
ach
ieve
com
fort
able
and
ro
bust
hum
an h
abita
ts.
Deci
sion
s m
ade
at e
ach
scal
e af
fect
all
othe
r sca
les,
from
the
mas
ter p
lan
dow
n to
bui
ldin
g co
mpo
nent
s.
Thou
ghtfu
l des
ign
at a
mac
ro s
cale
can
hav
e m
ajor
impa
cts
on
the
qual
ity o
f a b
uild
ing
at a
mic
ro s
cale
. W
here
app
licab
le, g
loba
l pr
eced
ents
are
use
d to
est
ablis
h an
d de
fine
arch
etyp
es.
Thes
e ar
e bo
th il
lust
rate
d an
d de
scrib
ed w
ith n
arra
tive
to s
et o
ut th
e st
rate
gic
urba
n an
d ar
chite
ctur
al d
esig
n re
spon
ses
to lo
cal c
limat
e co
nditi
ons.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 55555
Urb
an D
esig
n P
rin
cipl
esTr
aditi
onal
urb
anis
m re
pres
ents
an
outw
ardl
y si
mpl
e, y
et h
ighl
y ev
olve
d sy
stem
for h
uman
ha
bita
tion
that
enc
ompa
sses
all
of th
e ne
cess
ary
ingr
edie
nts
for d
aily
livi
ng in
a c
ompa
ct,
effic
ient
, and
robu
st fo
rm, w
hich
is o
ften
aest
hetic
ally
ple
asin
g. A
s su
ch, c
omm
unity
-bu
ildin
g re
pres
ents
the
larg
est a
nd m
ost c
ompl
ex, a
s w
ell a
s th
e m
ost s
ucce
ssfu
l, to
ol e
ver
devi
sed
by m
anki
nd fo
r max
imis
ing
the
valu
e an
d ef
ficie
nt u
se o
f hum
an re
sour
ces,
whi
le a
lso
enha
ncin
g th
e he
alth
, wel
l bei
ng, a
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity o
f civ
ilizat
ion
as a
who
le.
And
yet i
t is
not a
si
ngle
, mon
olith
ic c
onst
ruct
, but
rath
er, a
sys
tem
of p
arts
that
evo
lved
to w
ork
colle
ctiv
ely
in
deliv
erin
g th
e be
nefit
s de
scrib
ed a
bove
.
Urba
nism
is c
ompo
sed
of fo
ur m
ajor
par
ts: T
he R
egio
n, w
hich
repr
esen
ts th
e la
rger
con
text
in
whi
ch th
e M
etro
polis
, the
City
, and
the
Tow
n re
side
; The
Nei
ghbo
urho
od, t
he D
istri
ct, a
nd th
e Co
rrid
or w
hich
, tak
en to
geth
er, c
onst
itute
the
fund
amen
tal b
uild
ing
bloc
ks o
f the
com
mun
ity
type
s lis
ted
abov
e; a
nd th
e Bl
ock,
the
Stre
et, a
nd th
e Bu
ildin
g, th
e es
sent
ial e
lem
ents
mak
ing
up a
nei
ghbo
urho
od, a
nd w
hich
, col
lect
ivel
y m
ake
up th
e st
reet
and
blo
ck n
etw
ork
whi
ch
defin
es c
ompa
ct, w
alka
ble
urba
nism
. Ea
ch is
a n
eces
sary
and
inte
gral
par
t of t
he s
yste
m,
mut
ually
and
sym
path
etic
ally
evo
lved
to o
ptim
ise
the
colle
ctiv
e va
lue
of th
e w
hole
.
Urba
n fo
rm, a
s ex
pres
sed
thro
ugh
thes
e co
mm
unity
type
s, te
nds
to re
flect
regi
onal
ly-d
eriv
ed
influ
ence
s an
d tra
ditio
ns, o
f whi
ch c
limat
ic c
onsi
dera
tions
are
an
impo
rtan
t par
t. A
t the
Ne
ighb
ourh
ood,
and
Stre
et/B
lock
Net
wor
k le
vel,
the
prin
cipa
l for
m-g
ener
atin
g fa
ctor
rem
ains
a
spat
ial o
ne, b
ased
upo
n th
e di
stan
ce a
n av
erag
e hu
man
can
com
fort
ably
wal
k in
five
min
utes
, or
app
roxi
mat
ely
400
met
res.
As
a re
sult,
mos
t urb
an c
odes
focu
s pr
edom
inat
ely
on th
at
defin
ing
spat
ial m
etric
, ver
sus
anyt
hing
ove
rtly
link
ed to
clim
atic
con
side
ratio
ns.
How
ever
, it
shou
ld b
e no
ted,
and
this
doc
umen
t is
pred
icat
ed o
n th
e pr
emis
e, th
at th
ere
is n
othi
ng
intri
nsic
ally
uni
que
abou
t com
mun
ities
des
igne
d on
the
basi
s of
the
hum
an d
imen
sion
, tha
t is
at o
dds
with
des
igni
ng w
ith th
e go
al o
f hum
an p
hysi
olog
ical
com
fort
in m
ind.
The
two
are
not
mut
ually
exc
lusi
ve.
c Bo
B:M
iam
i
c Ja
mes
Will
amor
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 66
Ther
e ar
e a
num
ber o
f rec
ogni
sed
sour
ces
outli
ning
the
basi
c ur
ban
desi
gn p
rinci
ples
of w
alka
ble,
su
stai
nabl
e co
mm
uniti
es, t
hose
pla
ces
defin
ed b
y a
spat
ial a
dher
ence
to th
e pa
ram
eter
s of
the
five-
min
ute
wal
k, re
gard
less
of c
limat
e. T
hey
can
be s
umm
aris
ed a
s fo
llow
s:
The
neig
hbou
rhoo
d is
the
fund
amen
tal b
uild
ing
bloc
k of
urb
an c
omm
unity
type
s.Th
e ne
ighb
ourh
ood
has
a di
scer
nabl
e ce
ntre
, usu
ally
a p
ublic
squ
are
or g
reen
, whi
ch is
spa
tially
ar
ticul
ated
by
arch
itect
ure
whi
ch c
an in
clud
e ci
vic
build
ings
, com
mer
cial
use
s, a
nd re
side
nces
, an
d ca
n be
con
nect
ed b
y tr
ansi
t to
othe
r nei
ghbo
urho
ods
near
by.
The
neig
hbou
rhoo
d is
of f
inite
dim
ensi
on a
nd h
as a
dis
cern
able
edg
e, w
here
one
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d st
ops
and
anot
her b
egin
s, o
r whe
re a
sha
red
amen
ity re
side
s, a
nd/o
r the
rura
l lan
dsca
pe b
egin
s.A
neig
hbou
rhoo
d is
des
igne
d w
ith a
net
wor
k of
ped
estr
ian-
frie
ndly
str
eets
, with
on-
stre
et p
arki
ng,
toen
cour
age
wal
king
, red
uce
vehi
cula
r use
, and
enc
oura
ge a
nd s
uppo
rt a
var
iety
of t
rans
port
atio
n m
odes
.A
neig
hbou
rhoo
d co
ntai
ns a
var
iety
of h
ousi
ng ty
pes,
abl
e to
acc
omm
odat
e di
vers
e ag
es, l
ifest
yles
, an
d in
com
es, s
tren
gthe
ning
the
pers
onal
and
civ
ic b
onds
of c
omm
unity
.A
neig
hbou
rhoo
d sh
ould
hav
e sh
ops
and
offic
es e
ither
nea
r its
cen
ter,
or a
long
prin
cipa
l str
eets
an
d av
enue
s, s
uch
that
the
daily
nee
ds o
f a ty
pica
l hou
seho
ld c
an b
e ea
sily
and
con
veni
ently
met
. Bu
ildin
g de
nsiti
es s
houl
d be
allo
cate
d w
ith c
onsi
dera
tion
to fa
cilit
atin
g w
alka
ble
acce
ss to
ser
vice
s an
d tr
ansi
t.A
neig
hbou
rhoo
d sh
ould
rese
rve
spec
ial s
ites
for C
ivic
Bui
ldin
gs, a
nd n
eigh
bour
hood
sch
ools
sh
ould
be
situ
ated
suc
h as
to a
llow
chi
ldre
n to
wal
k or
bic
ycle
to th
emA
rang
e of
par
ks, g
reen
s, p
layg
roun
ds a
nd o
pen
spac
e sh
ould
be
appr
opria
tely
dis
trib
uted
w
ithin
the
neig
hbou
rhoo
ds, a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
area
s an
d op
en la
nds
shou
ld b
e us
ed to
def
ine
and
artic
ulat
e di
ffere
nt n
eigh
bour
hood
s an
d di
stric
ts.
Arch
itect
ure
and
land
scap
e de
sign
sho
uld
emer
ge fr
om lo
cal c
limat
e, to
pogr
aphy
, his
tory
, and
bu
ildin
g pr
actic
es o
f the
regi
on.
• • • • • • • • • •
5 m
in. w
alk
All o
f the
abo
ve a
ttrib
utes
and
cha
ract
eris
tics
cert
ainl
y pr
omot
e a
com
fort
able
wal
king
env
ironm
ent,
rega
rdle
ss o
f loc
al c
limat
ic c
ondi
tions
, but
do
not s
peci
fical
ly
addr
ess
the
issu
e of
cod
ing
urba
nism
for h
ot, h
umid
clim
ates
. Th
e au
thor
s ar
e no
t aw
are
of a
ny e
xist
ing
code
s, w
hich
, in
fact
, exp
licitl
y do
. Ho
wev
er, t
here
are
op
en-s
ourc
e fo
rm-b
ased
cod
es th
at a
re c
urre
ntly
bei
ng d
evel
oped
that
will
have
the
abilit
y to
add
ress
thes
e is
sues
in m
ore
conc
rete
term
s
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 77
The
Bloc
k, th
e St
reet
, and
the
Build
ing
The
smal
lest
incr
emen
t of s
cale
at w
hich
the
prin
cipl
es o
f com
pact
, wal
kabl
e ur
bani
sm a
pply
are
the
leve
l of t
he B
lock
, the
Stre
et, a
nd th
e Bu
ildin
g. A
t thi
s le
vel u
rban
des
ign
prin
cipl
es a
re w
hole
ly c
onsi
sten
t with
the
know
n te
chni
ques
of
desi
gnin
g fo
r tro
pica
l clim
ates
, in
that
they
pro
mot
e le
ss re
lianc
e on
the
auto
mob
ile,
and
on th
e us
e of
foss
il fu
els
in g
ener
al, b
y cr
eatin
g a
com
pact
and
attr
activ
e w
alki
ng e
nviro
nmen
t, w
ithin
a la
rger
com
mun
ity a
nd re
gion
al fr
amew
ork
that
fa
cilit
ates
the
use
of tr
ansi
t with
in a
mor
e ra
tiona
l lan
d-us
e pa
ttern
that
mak
es th
e m
ost o
f loc
atio
n ef
ficie
ncie
s (m
ovem
ent e
cono
mie
s).
In a
dditi
on to
thes
e m
ore
univ
ersa
lly a
pplic
able
prin
cipl
es, m
any
othe
r fac
tors
be
com
e cr
itica
l in
amel
iora
ting
the
net a
ffect
s of
hot
, hum
id c
limat
es o
n hu
man
co
mfo
rt a
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity, i
nclu
ding
the
disp
ositi
on o
f the
bui
ldin
g w
ithin
the
bloc
k, th
e sp
ecifi
c na
ture
of t
he p
edes
trian
env
ironm
ent i
n te
rms
of s
hade
and
air
mov
emen
t, th
e or
ient
atio
n of
the
stre
et a
nd b
lock
net
wor
k re
lativ
e to
pre
vailin
g w
inds
and
sol
ar a
ngle
s, e
tc.,
as w
ell a
s ho
w a
ll of
thes
e el
emen
ts in
tera
ct w
ith e
ach
othe
r. A
form
-bas
ed c
ode,
info
rmed
by
thes
e co
nsid
erat
ions
, and
inco
rpor
ated
in
to a
larg
er re
gion
al p
lann
ing
fram
ewor
k, c
ould
pro
vide
a m
ore
com
preh
ensi
ve
mec
hani
sm fo
r ens
urin
g a
thou
ghtfu
l and
effe
ctiv
e ap
proa
ch to
clim
ate-
sens
itive
pl
anni
ng a
nd d
esig
n.
The
stra
tegi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
out
lined
in th
is d
ocum
ent s
peak
dire
ctly
to th
ese
idea
s an
d co
ncer
ns fr
om a
pra
ctic
al p
oint
of v
iew
, bas
ed u
pon
the
reco
gnis
ed
natu
ral l
aws,
and
info
rmed
thro
ugh
the
empi
rical
ana
lysi
s of
exi
stin
g pl
aces
. By
com
parin
g th
ese
case
stu
dies
with
one
ano
ther
, eac
h re
spon
ding
to s
imila
r cl
imat
ic c
ondi
tions
, but
filte
red
thro
ugh
the
lens
es o
f the
ir re
spec
tive
cultu
res
and
build
ing
tradi
tions
, it i
s ho
ped
that
new
insi
ghts
mig
ht b
e ga
ined
with
rega
rd to
our
kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
bene
fits
of u
rban
ism
. An
d th
at th
ese
new
in
sigh
ts m
ight
con
tinue
driv
e th
e on
goin
g ev
olut
ion
of o
ur c
ities
, tow
ns a
nd v
illage
s,
as w
e fin
d ne
w a
pplic
atio
ns fo
r the
se ti
me-
test
ed c
once
pts
and
idea
s.c
gior
gos_
kess
c du
luoz
cat
s
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 888888
Cli
mat
eGl
obal
Clim
ate
Cont
ext
Cairn
s is
loca
ted
in th
e tro
pica
l wet
and
dry
, or
tropi
cal s
avan
nah,
clim
ate,
whi
ch c
an b
e fo
und
thro
ugho
ut th
e w
orld
bet
wee
n th
e Tr
opic
of
Canc
er a
nd th
e Tr
opic
of C
apric
orn.
The
map
at
left
illust
rate
s th
e ot
her r
egio
ns th
roug
hout
the
wor
ld th
at h
ave
the
sam
e cl
imat
e as
Cai
rns,
and
w
hich
can
be
used
to d
raw
pre
cede
nts
from
for
desi
gn te
chni
ques
that
will
also
wor
k in
Cai
rns.
Li
ke m
ost t
ropi
cal s
avan
nah
clim
ates
, Cai
rns
is
loca
ted
betw
een
the
Inte
rtro
pica
l Con
verg
ence
Zo
ne a
nd th
e su
btro
pica
l hig
h. T
he c
onve
rgen
ce
of th
ese
two
clim
atic
sys
tem
s is
wha
t cre
ates
th
e w
et a
nd d
ry s
easo
ns in
the
tropi
cal s
avan
nah
clim
ates
. Th
e In
tert
ropi
cal C
onve
rgen
ce Z
one
is a
bel
t of c
onve
rgin
g tra
de w
inds
and
risi
ng
air w
hich
pro
duce
s hi
gh c
loud
ines
s, fr
eque
nt
thun
ders
torm
s, a
nd h
eavy
rain
fall
near
the
Equa
tor.
Furt
her s
outh
, bet
wee
n 20
° and
40°
latit
ude,
the
subt
ropi
cal h
igh
is a
regi
on o
f hig
h at
mos
pher
ic
pres
sure
with
a p
rono
unce
d te
mpe
ratu
re
inve
rsio
n, in
whi
ch w
arm
air
sits
on
top
of c
old
air,
that
cre
ates
a re
lativ
ely
arid
env
ironm
ent.
Bec
ause
of
its
loca
tion
at 1
6° la
titud
e, b
etw
een
thes
e tw
o sy
stem
s, C
airn
s, a
nd o
ther
trop
ical
sav
anna
h re
gion
s, h
ave
dist
inct
wet
and
dry
sea
sons
with
hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
res
year
roun
d.
Palm
Bea
ch a
nd th
e Ke
ys, F
lorid
a,
Unite
d St
ates
Cuba
The
Baha
mas
Haiti
Yuca
tan
Peni
nsul
a, M
exic
oVe
nezu
ela
Part
s of
Bra
zil
Guin
eaGh
ana
Togo
Ango
laZa
mbi
aM
ozam
biqu
eNo
rthw
est a
nd S
outh
ern
M
adag
asca
r
Muc
h of
Indi
aTh
aila
ndCa
mbo
dia
Viet
nam
Sout
hern
Chi
naPa
rts
of In
done
sia
Part
s of
The
Phi
lippi
nes
Part
s of
Pap
ua N
ew G
uine
a
Plac
es W
ith S
imila
r Clim
ates
Acr
oss
the
Glob
e
• Ca
irns
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 9
Loca
l Clim
ate
Cont
ext
The
tropi
cal s
avan
nah
clim
ate
in w
hich
Cai
rns
is lo
cate
d is
cha
ract
erize
d by
its
dist
inct
wet
an
d dr
y se
ason
s an
d ha
ve m
ean
mon
thly
te
mpe
ratu
res
abov
e 18
deg
rees
Cel
sius
eve
ry
mon
th.
A la
rge
port
ion
of n
orth
ern
Aust
ralia
, in
clud
ing
Wes
tern
Aus
tralia
and
The
Nor
ther
n Te
rrito
ry, s
hare
the
sava
nnah
clim
ate.
Loc
ated
ju
st to
the
nort
hof C
airn
s ar
e ar
eas
that
are
in
the
next
-wet
test
cla
ssifi
catio
n, th
e tro
pica
l m
onso
on c
limat
e. T
his
clim
ate
is v
ery
sim
ilar t
o th
e tro
pica
l sav
anna
h bu
t rec
eive
s m
ore
annu
al
rain
. Th
e w
et s
easo
n in
Cai
rns
last
s fro
m
Nove
mbe
r to
May
, with
som
e m
onth
s av
erag
ing
mor
e th
an 4
00 m
m o
f rai
nfal
l, an
d th
e dr
y se
ason
is fr
om J
une
to O
ctob
er.
Cairn
s •
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 10
The
tropi
cal s
avan
nah
clim
ate
is h
ot a
nd h
umid
al
l yea
r lon
g, d
urin
g bo
th th
e w
et a
nd d
ry
seas
ons.
Rel
ativ
e to
oth
er c
limat
es, t
here
is
little
var
iatio
n in
tem
pera
ture
bet
wee
n th
e ho
ttest
an
d co
ldes
t mon
ths.
The
ave
rage
hig
h in
the
cold
est m
onth
of J
uly
is 2
6° C
elsi
us w
hile
the
aver
age
high
in D
ecem
ber i
s 31
°, a
diffe
renc
e of
on
ly fi
ve d
egre
es.
The
aver
age
diur
nal s
win
g,
the
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n da
ytim
e an
d ni
ght-t
ime
tem
pera
ture
s is
abo
ut 6
° Cel
sius
yea
r rou
nd.
Beca
use
of th
e hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
res
year
roun
d in
Cai
rns,
and
the
larg
e am
ount
of i
nsol
atio
n,
shad
ing
is o
ne o
f the
mos
t effe
ctiv
e st
rate
gies
to
keep
peo
ple
com
fort
able
. An
d, w
ith a
n av
erag
e hu
mid
ity o
f 68
perc
ent,
it is
ext
rem
ely
impo
rtan
t to
mak
e us
e of
the
stro
ng p
reva
iling
win
ds to
as
sist
coo
ling.
Bec
ause
of t
he h
igh
hum
idity
an
d si
gnifi
cant
rain
fall
durin
g th
e w
et s
easo
n,
tech
niqu
es th
at a
llow
for n
atur
al v
entil
atio
n w
hile
pr
ovid
ing
prot
ectio
n fro
m th
e ra
in a
re m
ost
effe
ctiv
e. T
he h
eavy
rain
s co
ntrib
ute
to th
e lu
sh,
tropi
cal v
eget
atio
n fo
und
in C
airn
s an
d he
lp to
co
mpe
nsat
e fo
r the
rela
tivel
y lit
tle ra
infa
ll du
ring
the
dry
mon
ths
from
Jun
e to
Oct
ober
.
Rain
mm
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50 0
Hum % 80.0
77.5
72.5
70.0
67.5
65.0
62.5
60.0
57.5
55.0
52.5
50.0
47.5
45.0
42.5 0
Tem
pC 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Hum
idity
Tem
pera
ture
Rain
fall
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 11
Mor
ning
Win
d Co
nditi
ons
Mor
ning
in C
airn
s pr
ovid
es th
e m
ost o
ppor
tuni
ty
for c
oolin
g th
roug
h na
tura
l ven
tilat
ion,
as
the
tem
pera
ture
is s
till r
elat
ivel
y lo
w w
ith c
onsi
sten
t pr
evai
ling
sout
herly
win
d.
Afte
rnoo
n W
ind
Cond
ition
sW
hile
afte
rnoo
n w
inds
tend
to b
e m
ore
disp
erse
d,
they
are
con
sist
ently
stro
nger
.
Sun
Path
At 1
6 de
gree
s la
titud
e, th
e su
n is
nea
rly
dire
ctly
ove
rhea
d m
ost o
f the
yea
r, w
ithou
t m
uch
varia
tion,
and
the
sun
rises
and
set
s at
a
fairl
y ev
en ti
me
thro
ugho
ut th
e ye
ar.
Beca
use
Cairn
s ha
s fe
w h
eatin
g da
ys, t
his
mak
es th
e st
rate
gy fo
r man
agin
g so
lar i
nsol
atio
n ve
ry
stra
ight
forw
ard.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 12
Bioc
limat
ic C
hart
An u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he c
limat
ic c
onte
xt is
the
build
ing
bloc
k to
des
igni
ng
a bu
ildin
g in
whi
ch c
limat
e, p
rogr
am, a
nd fo
rm a
ll w
ork
toge
ther
to
crea
te a
com
fort
able
, effi
cien
t, an
d m
eani
ngfu
l spa
ce.
But t
he c
limat
ic
info
rmat
ion
does
not
mea
n an
ythi
ng o
n its
ow
n. I
t mus
t be
unde
rsto
od
in th
e co
ntex
t of h
ow it
affe
cts
the
hum
an b
ody;
spe
cific
ally,
how
the
body
resp
onds
to b
oth
tem
pera
ture
and
hum
idity
. Th
e bi
oclim
atic
cha
rt
offe
rs a
way
to u
nder
stan
d th
e re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n cl
imat
e an
d hu
man
co
mfo
rt a
nd s
ugge
sts
tech
niqu
es fo
r res
pond
ing
to th
at c
limat
e. B
y pl
ottin
g av
erag
e te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd h
umid
ity h
ighs
and
low
s on
the
grap
h fo
r eac
h m
onth
, it i
s ea
sy to
see
wha
t ste
ps n
eed
to b
e ta
ken
in o
rder
to
prov
ide
com
fort
. Th
e da
ta fo
r Cai
rns
is p
lotte
d on
the
char
t and
sho
ws
that
the
maj
ority
of t
he y
ear f
alls
into
eith
er th
e co
mfo
rt z
one
or th
e na
tura
l ve
ntila
tion
zone
. Th
e tim
es d
urin
g th
e co
mfo
rt z
one
mea
ns th
at d
urin
g th
at ti
me
of y
ear,
the
outd
oor t
empe
ratu
re is
com
fort
able
eno
ugh
to li
ve
in.
Whe
n th
e lin
es m
ove
out o
f the
com
fort
zon
e, it
is n
eces
sary
to e
ither
he
at o
r coo
l the
spa
ce in
ord
er to
mak
e it
com
fort
able
. Du
ring
part
s of
th
e da
y in
eac
h m
onth
in C
airn
s, th
ere
are
times
whe
n a
build
ing
will
be
com
fort
able
with
out a
ny c
oolin
g an
d th
ere
will
be ti
mes
whe
n co
olin
g w
ill be
nee
ded.
Thi
s m
eans
that
man
y pa
ssiv
e co
olin
g te
chni
ques
use
d in
Cai
rns
will
have
to b
e op
erab
le, s
o th
at th
e am
ount
of v
entil
atio
n ca
n be
con
trolle
d by
the
occu
pant
. Du
ring
the
war
mer
mon
ths,
bet
wee
n No
vem
ber a
nd A
pril,
nat
ural
ven
tilat
ion
will
be n
eces
sary
and
suf
ficie
nt
to c
ool t
he b
uild
ing,
and
dur
ing
the
cool
er m
onth
s, b
etw
een
May
and
Oc
tobe
r, no
pas
sive
coo
ling
shou
ld b
e ne
cess
ary.
Alth
ough
the
cool
er
mon
ths
do d
ip in
to th
e pa
ssiv
e so
lar h
eatin
g ra
nge,
this
occ
urs
durin
g th
e ni
ght,
afte
r the
bui
ldin
g ha
s st
ored
up
som
e he
at fr
om th
e da
y, s
o no
he
atin
g sh
ould
be
nece
ssar
y. T
he te
chni
ques
that
follo
w a
re b
ased
on
the
resu
lts fr
om th
is c
hart
spe
cific
ally
for C
airn
s. T
hey
focu
s on
pas
sive
co
olin
g th
roug
h ve
ntila
tion,
pro
vidi
ng s
hade
from
the
sun,
and
pro
tect
ion
from
the
rain
, and
sho
uld
be c
onsi
sten
t with
the
tradi
tiona
l bui
ldin
g pa
ttern
s of
the
area
.1.
Bro
wn
54
2
2
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 13
Des
ign
Pri
nci
ples
Gene
ral S
trat
egie
sPr
ovid
e gr
een
spac
e th
roug
hout
the
urba
n fa
bric
to p
rovi
de p
lace
s fo
r war
m
air t
o co
ol.
Orie
nt w
ide,
bre
ezy
stre
ets
to th
e w
ind
to p
rovi
de v
entil
atio
n w
hile
redu
cing
so
lar h
eat g
ain
for b
uild
ings
.Us
e de
ep o
verh
angs
, col
onna
des,
arc
ades
, ver
anda
hs, p
orch
es, a
nd b
alco
nies
to
prov
ide
prot
ectio
n fr
om th
e el
emen
ts to
bot
h pe
ople
and
bui
ldin
gs, a
nd
toef
fect
ivel
y fu
nnel
coo
ling
bree
zes
thro
ugh
the
urba
n en
viro
nmen
t and
the
build
ings
.Us
e co
urty
ards
and
atr
ium
s to
pro
mot
e ai
rflo
w th
roug
h bu
ildin
gs.
• • • •
Each
regi
on h
as d
istin
ct c
hara
cter
istic
s in
thei
r urb
anis
m a
nd
arch
itect
ure
that
are
a re
sult
of re
spon
ses
to th
e cl
imat
e. T
his
sect
ion
will
stud
y th
ose
resp
onse
s th
at a
pply
to th
e tro
pica
l w
et a
nd d
ry c
limat
e of
Cai
rns,
Aus
tralia
. Th
e bi
oclim
atic
ch
art s
ugge
sts
that
the
best
resp
onse
s fo
r Cai
rns
are
to
empl
oy p
assi
ve c
oolin
g be
caus
e it
is a
lway
s ho
t and
hum
id.
As a
resu
lt, th
e be
st te
chni
ques
for c
reat
ing
com
fort
able
en
viro
nmen
ts a
re th
ose
whi
ch p
rovi
de p
rote
ctio
n fro
m th
e ra
in a
nd s
un, a
nd a
cces
s to
the
win
d fro
m th
e so
uth
and
east
. Th
ese
tech
niqu
es a
re b
ased
on
wid
ely
acce
pted
urb
an
plan
ning
prin
cipl
es a
nd a
dapt
ed fo
r a tr
opic
al c
limat
e. T
he
basi
c pr
inci
ples
of q
ualit
y to
wn
plan
ning
dis
cuss
ed p
revi
ousl
y ap
ply
ever
ywhe
re, b
ut m
ust b
e cu
stom
ised
for t
he c
limat
e.
Beca
use
hum
idity
is o
ften
hard
er to
bea
r tha
n he
at, v
entil
atio
n is
the
mos
t im
port
ant p
assi
ve c
oolin
g te
chni
que
to e
mpl
oy in
Ca
irns.
Idea
lly, b
oth
acce
ss to
ven
tilat
ion
and
prot
ectio
n fro
m
the
sun
will
be p
rovi
ded,
but
in th
e ev
ent t
hat b
oth
are
not
poss
ible
, des
ign
for p
rope
r ven
tilat
ion.
Eac
h te
chni
que
liste
d in
the
follo
win
g pa
ges
shou
ld b
e un
ders
tood
indi
vidu
ally
but
ap
plie
d in
con
cert
with
the
othe
r tec
hniq
ues
so th
at th
ey a
ll w
ork
toge
ther
. Th
e te
chni
ques
are
div
ided
into
two
scal
es:
Urba
n an
d Bu
ildin
g. D
ecis
ions
mad
e at
eac
h sc
ale
will
affe
ct
the
desi
gn a
t all
scal
es, s
o it
is im
port
ant t
o un
ders
tand
how
ea
ch d
esig
n de
cisi
on a
ffect
s ot
hers
to b
e m
ade
late
r in
the
proc
ess.
All
of th
e te
chni
ques
are
spe
cific
to C
airn
s an
d ca
n be
use
d to
des
ign
tow
ns a
nd b
uild
ings
that
resp
ond
thou
ghtfu
lly to
the
loca
l clim
ate.
Urba
n Pl
anni
ng Te
chni
ques
Vent
ilatio
n Co
rrid
ors
Inte
rwea
ve B
uild
ings
and
Gre
ens
Bloc
k Or
ient
atio
nBr
eezy
Stre
ets
Lot D
ispo
sitio
nW
ide
Stre
ets
Shad
y St
reet
sW
ide
Side
wal
ksHi
erar
chy
of S
treet
sSh
ort,
Wal
kabl
e St
reet
s
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Spec
ific
Tech
niqu
es
Build
ing
Tech
niqu
es11
. Out
door
Roo
ms
12. C
ool C
ourt
yard
s13
. Per
mea
ble
Build
ings
14. D
eep
Over
hang
s15
. Ext
erna
l Sha
de S
ize16
. Ven
tilat
ion
Open
ing
Arra
ngem
ent
17. V
entil
atio
n Op
enin
g Si
ze18
. Sta
ck V
entil
atio
n
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 1414
Urba
n Te
chni
ques
1. V
entil
atio
n Co
rrid
ors
Beca
use
dens
e ur
ban
area
s st
ore
mor
e he
at
durin
g th
e da
y th
an s
urro
undi
ng ru
ral a
reas
, th
ey a
lso
take
long
er to
coo
l. T
he w
arm
city
ai
r ris
es a
nd s
ucks
coo
ler a
ir fro
m th
e ci
ty
perim
eter
to th
e ce
ntre
. Th
is e
ffect
can
be
used
to c
ool t
he c
ity if
the
air c
omin
g in
is
sign
ifica
ntly
coo
ler t
han
the
air l
eavi
ng th
e ci
ty.
A ba
nd o
f und
evel
oped
, veg
etat
ed la
nd a
t the
pe
rimet
er o
f the
urb
an a
rea
can
serv
e as
a c
ool
air s
ourc
e. W
ide
corr
idor
s fo
r the
coo
l air
to
circ
ulat
e th
roug
h th
e ci
ty a
re n
eces
sary
. In
Ca
irns,
the
unde
velo
ped
land
sho
uld
be to
the
sout
h an
d ea
st, s
o th
e pr
evai
ling
win
ds c
an
brin
g in
coo
l air
from
the
perim
eter
of t
he c
ity.
Orie
nt th
e ve
ntila
tion
corr
idor
s ne
ar s
outh
east
/no
rthw
est t
o fa
cilit
ate
acce
ss to
win
ds fr
om
the
east
and
sou
th.
Corr
idor
s sh
ould
ext
end
from
the
gree
nbel
t to
the
cent
re u
nint
erru
pted
. Co
rrid
ors
can
be b
oule
vard
s, p
arkw
ays,
or a
ne
twor
k of
par
ks.2
Clim
atic
Con
text
: Hot
and
Hum
id
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
vent
ilatio
n co
rrid
ors
into
an
urba
n ce
ntre
to b
ring
cool
air
into
the
city
from
th
e un
deve
lope
d pe
rimet
er.
Hava
na, C
uba
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 15111111111111555555555555555555
2. I
nter
wea
ve B
uild
ings
with
Gre
ens
The
tem
pera
ture
in u
rban
are
as is
ofte
n hi
gher
than
in ru
ral
area
s du
e to
the
heat
isla
nd e
ffect
. Be
acus
e ci
ties
have
m
ore
impe
rvio
us s
urfa
ces
that
abs
orb
sola
r rad
iatio
n, s
uch
as ro
ads
and
roof
tops
, tem
pera
ture
s ar
e of
ten
cons
ider
ably
hi
gher
in u
rban
are
as th
an in
sur
roun
ding
rura
l are
as.
This
is m
ost n
otic
eabl
e at
nig
ht, w
hen
obje
cts
that
hav
e re
tain
ed h
eat d
urin
g th
e da
y be
gin
to re
leas
e it
to th
e co
oler
ni
ght a
ir, th
us k
eepi
ng th
e ci
ty w
arm
whi
le it
sho
uld
be
cool
ing.
Pl
ante
d gr
eens
pla
ced
thro
ugho
ut a
n ur
ban
area
al
ong
with
the
tech
niqu
e “#
1 Ve
ntila
tion
Corr
idor
s,”
will
help
to c
ircul
ate
cool
er a
ir m
ore
cons
iste
ntly
and
abs
orb
mor
e he
at w
ithou
t re-
radi
atin
g it
into
the
air a
t nig
ht.
It is
pr
efer
able
to h
ave
man
y sm
alle
r, ev
enly
dis
tribu
ted
gree
ns
than
few
er la
rge
ones
. De
ep b
uild
ing
lots
with
larg
e re
ar
setb
acks
pro
vide
pla
ces
for g
reen
spa
ce a
nd p
lant
ing
mid
-blo
ck w
hich
can
con
tribu
te to
the
redu
ctio
n of
the
heat
isla
nd e
ffect
. Th
e co
olin
g ef
fect
is a
resu
lt of
pla
nted
tre
es a
nd o
ther
veg
etat
ion,
whi
ch p
rovi
de s
hade
, and
ev
apot
rans
pira
tion,
whi
ch re
plac
es ri
sing
hea
ted
air i
n ur
ban
area
s w
ith c
oole
r air
from
the
park
s. A
dditi
onal
ly, re
plac
ing
hard
scap
e su
rfac
es w
ith g
rass
and
bui
ldin
g gr
een
roof
s on
bu
ildin
gs c
an s
ubst
antia
lly re
duce
the
heat
isla
nd e
ffect
in a
n ur
ban
area
. 3
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Int
erw
eave
bui
ldin
gs a
nd p
lant
ed g
reen
s to
re
duce
am
bien
t air
tem
pera
ture
in u
rban
are
as.
Sava
nnah
, Geo
rgia
, Uni
ted
Stat
es
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 161111116666666
3. B
lock
Orie
ntat
ion
Beca
use
heat
ing
is n
ever
nec
essa
ry in
Cai
rns,
bu
ildin
gs, a
nd e
spec
ially
win
dow
s, s
houl
d be
sha
ded
from
the
sun
as m
uch
as p
ossi
ble.
Cor
rect
ly o
rient
ing
the
bloc
ks w
ill pr
ovid
e bu
ildin
gs w
ith le
ss s
urfa
ce
expo
sure
that
can
gai
n so
lar h
eat.
Bec
ause
the
sun
is
low
in th
e sk
y in
the
mor
ning
and
eve
ning
, it c
an s
hine
in
to a
bui
ldin
g’s
east
and
wes
t exp
osur
es a
nd h
eat u
p th
e bu
ildin
g qu
ickl
y. T
o co
mba
t thi
s, b
uild
ings
sho
uld
have
sho
rt e
ast a
nd w
est e
xpos
ures
and
long
nor
th
and
sout
h ex
posu
res.
The
nor
th e
xpos
ure
shou
ld b
e w
ell s
hade
d (s
ee #
15 E
xter
nal S
hade
Size
) to
prot
ect
from
sol
ar g
ain,
whi
le th
e so
uth
expo
sure
sho
uld
have
larg
e w
indo
ws
to in
crea
se d
aylig
htin
g. B
ased
on
thes
e fa
ctor
s, b
lock
s sh
ould
be
orie
nted
with
the
maj
or s
treet
s ru
nnin
g ne
ar n
orth
-sou
th s
o th
at d
eep
lots
will
allo
w b
uild
ings
to b
e or
ient
ed w
ith th
eir l
ong
side
s fa
cing
nor
th a
nd s
outh
. M
ajor
stre
ets
shou
ld ru
n ne
ar n
orth
-sou
th w
ith s
econ
dary
stre
ets
runn
ing
east
-w
est.
Thi
s al
so a
llow
s th
e sh
ort s
ides
of t
he b
uild
ing
to fa
ce th
e st
reet
, add
ing
dive
rsity
and
inte
rest
to th
e st
reet
scap
e. U
se th
is te
chni
que
with
#4
Bree
zy S
treet
s to
cre
ate
the
mos
t com
fort
able
urb
an e
nviro
nmen
t.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Orie
nt b
lock
s w
ith th
e lo
ng s
ides
runn
ing
nort
h-so
uth
and
shor
t sid
es ru
nnin
g ea
st-w
est t
o re
duce
sol
ar g
ain
in b
uild
ings
.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 1717
4. B
reez
y St
reet
sPr
oper
ven
tilat
ion
in h
ot, h
umid
clim
ates
hel
ps
to re
mov
e ex
cess
hea
t fro
m th
e ci
ty a
nd p
rovi
de
cros
s ve
ntila
tion
in b
uild
ings
. Ur
ban
area
s dr
amat
ical
ly re
duce
win
d sp
eed
at g
roun
d le
vel,
so a
thou
ghtfu
l arr
ange
men
t of s
treet
s an
d bu
ildin
gs c
an h
elp
to c
ount
er th
is e
ffect
. Or
ient
ing
stre
ets
para
llel t
o th
e pr
evai
ling
win
d w
ill pr
ovid
e th
ose
stre
ets
with
max
imum
air
mov
emen
t, bu
t cro
ss s
treet
s pe
rpen
dicu
lar
to th
e w
ind
will
not h
ave
good
ven
tilat
ion.
To
crea
te b
reez
y st
reet
s an
d m
axim
ize c
ross
ve
ntila
tion
in b
uild
ings
, mai
n st
reet
s sh
ould
be
orie
nted
20-
30° t
o th
e pr
evai
ling
win
d. T
his
will
prom
ote
air f
low
dow
n al
l stre
ets
and
crea
te
posi
tive
pres
sure
on
two
side
s of
the
build
ings
. By
cre
atin
g po
sitiv
e pr
essu
re o
n tw
o si
des
of
a bu
ildin
g, th
ere
will
be m
ore
surf
ace
area
to
use
as in
lets
for c
ross
ven
tilat
ion.
Sin
ce th
e w
ind
in C
airn
s is
from
the
sout
h-so
uthe
ast,
mai
n st
reet
s sh
ould
be
orie
nted
20°
from
due
so
uth
to m
axim
ize w
ind
spee
d in
stre
ets
and
keep
blo
ck o
rient
atio
n cl
oses
t to
nort
h-so
uth
as
reco
mm
ende
d in
#3
Bloc
k Or
ient
atio
n.4
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Orie
nt s
treet
s to
the
prev
ailin
g w
ind
to in
crea
se b
reez
es a
nd a
cces
s to
cro
ss
vent
ilatio
n.
20°
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 1818
5. L
ot D
ispo
sitio
n
The
plac
emen
t of b
uild
ings
on
a lo
t can
hav
e an
im
pact
on
the
qual
ity o
f the
nei
ghbo
urho
od b
ut c
an
also
cre
ate
desi
reab
le m
icro
clim
ates
and
dire
ct th
e w
ind
for n
atur
al v
entia
ltion
. By
offs
ettin
g bu
ildin
gs
on o
ppos
ite s
ides
of t
he b
lock
, pat
hs fo
r the
win
d to
mov
e th
roug
h ar
e cr
eate
d, a
s w
ell a
s pr
ivat
e ou
tdoo
r roo
ms.
The
pla
cem
ent o
f bui
ldin
gs o
n a
lot m
ust b
e co
ded
and
adhe
red
to b
y al
l lot
s fo
r the
de
sire
d ef
fect
to o
ccur
. Lo
ts a
nd b
uild
ings
sho
uld
be b
oth
deep
and
nar
row
, with
the
build
ing
push
ed
up a
gain
st o
ne o
f the
sid
e lo
t lin
es.
The
build
ing
shou
ld h
ave
the
maj
ority
of o
peni
ngs
faci
ng in
to
its o
wn
lot w
hile
the
side
aga
inst
the
lot l
ine
shou
ld
have
min
imal
win
dow
s fo
r sun
light
and
ven
tialti
on.
This
will
crea
te a
priv
ate
outd
oor s
pace
on
each
lot
for t
he o
ccup
ants
of t
he b
uild
ing.
See
Tec
hniq
ue
#11
Out
door
Roo
ms
for i
nfor
mat
ion
on w
here
to
desi
gn o
utdo
or ro
oms
effe
ctiv
ely.
By
offs
ettin
g th
e bu
ildin
gs o
n ei
ther
sid
e of
the
bloc
k, w
ind
path
s ar
e cr
eate
d th
at p
rovi
de b
ette
r cro
ss v
entil
atio
n to
all
build
ings
.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Offs
et b
uild
ings
on
lots
to e
ncou
rage
air
flow
bet
wee
n an
d th
roug
h bu
ildin
gs w
hile
cre
atin
g pr
ivat
e m
icro
clim
ates
.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 19199999
6. W
ide
Stre
ets
In C
airn
s, it
is d
esira
ble
to h
ave
air m
ovem
ent t
hrou
gh th
e st
reet
s at
all
times
of t
he y
ear.
Sho
rt b
uild
ings
on
wid
e st
reet
s pr
omot
e m
ore
air m
ovem
ent t
han
tall
build
ings
on
narr
ow s
treet
s. T
he
follo
win
g ra
tios
are
dete
rmin
ed fo
r stre
ets
orie
nted
par
alle
l with
the
prev
ailin
g w
ind.
A s
treet
sec
tion
that
has
a 1
:1 ra
tio o
f bui
ldin
g he
ight
to w
idth
will
allo
w a
ppro
xim
atel
y 50
% o
f the
uno
bstru
cted
w
ind
velo
city
in th
e ar
ea, b
ut th
at p
erce
ntag
e w
ill go
up
as th
e st
reet
get
s w
ider
, but
stil
ls re
tain
s a
1:1
ratio
. A
stre
et s
ectio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
1:2
heig
ht to
wid
th w
ill al
low
app
roxi
mat
ely
60%
of t
he u
nobs
truct
ed w
ind
spee
d. A
stre
et s
ectio
n of
ap
prox
imat
ely
1:4
heig
ht to
wid
th w
ill al
low
app
roxi
mat
ely
75%
of
the
unob
stru
cted
win
d ve
loci
ty.
Ther
efor
e, in
Cai
rns
with
an
unob
stru
cted
win
d ve
loci
ty o
f 20
km/h
, a 1
:1 ra
tio w
ill al
low
a 1
0 km
/h b
reez
e th
roug
h th
e st
reet
s, a
1:2
ratio
will
allo
w 1
2 km
/h
win
d, a
nd a
1:4
ratio
will
allo
w 1
5 km
/h w
inds
, if t
he s
treet
is
para
llel t
o th
e w
ind
dire
ctio
n. B
ecau
se it
is p
refe
rabl
e to
hav
e th
e st
reet
orie
nted
at a
n an
gle
to th
e w
ind
(see
#4
Bree
zy S
treet
s)
thes
e pe
rcen
tage
s w
ill de
crea
se s
light
ly. W
hile
the
stre
et s
houl
d be
wid
e to
allo
w b
reez
es, i
t mus
t be
desi
gned
thou
ghtfu
lly to
cr
eate
a p
leas
ant p
edes
trian
exp
erie
nce.
Med
ians
in th
e m
iddl
e of
a b
oule
vard
bre
ak th
e st
reet
into
wal
kabl
e se
ctio
ns a
nd g
ive
pede
stria
ns a
refu
ge w
hile
cro
ssin
g, a
nd a
lso
prov
ide
a pl
ace
for m
ore
trees
. Se
e al
so #
7 W
ide
Side
wal
ks fo
r stre
et d
etai
ling
info
rmat
ion.
Driv
ing
lane
s sh
ould
not
be
wid
ened
or a
dded
to
incr
ease
stre
et w
idth
.5
Clim
atic
Con
text
: Hot
and
Hum
id
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
wid
e st
reet
s to
enc
oura
ge b
reez
es.
Boul
evar
d Se
ctio
n
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 202000
7. S
hady
Stre
ets
In h
ot-h
umid
clim
ates
, bui
ldin
gs s
houl
d be
pl
aced
on
wid
e st
reet
s to
enc
oura
ge c
ross
ve
ntila
tion
dow
n th
e st
reet
. Be
caus
e w
ide
stre
ets
do n
ot o
ffer m
uch
shad
e, u
se h
orizo
ntal
sh
adin
g el
emen
ts s
uch
as ro
ofs,
per
gola
s,
awni
ngs,
col
onna
des,
arc
ades
, and
tree
s to
sh
ade
the
stre
et a
nd th
e bu
ildin
gs.
In h
ot a
rid
clim
ates
, it i
s be
tter t
o de
sign
tall
narr
ow s
treet
s to
pro
vide
sha
de b
ecau
se th
ere
is n
o ne
ed
for v
entil
atio
n. I
n Ca
irns,
ven
tilat
ion
is m
ore
impo
rtan
t tha
n sh
ade
beca
use
of th
e hu
mid
ity,
so s
hort
, wid
e st
reet
sec
tions
are
pre
fera
ble.
Us
e bu
ildin
g el
emen
ts to
pro
vide
sha
de w
hile
al
low
ing
vent
ilatio
n an
d pr
ovid
ing
prot
ectio
n fro
m th
e ra
in.
Stre
et tr
ees
redu
ce o
vera
ll so
lar
inso
latio
n, p
rovi
de a
mor
e co
mfo
rtab
le w
alki
ng
envi
ronm
ent,
and
crea
te a
mor
e pl
easi
ng u
rban
en
viro
nmen
t by
redu
cing
the
appa
rent
wid
th o
f th
e st
reet
.
Clim
atic
Con
text
: Hot
and
Hum
id
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Use
hor
izont
al s
hadi
ng e
lem
ents
to
sha
de b
uild
ings
and
ped
estri
ans
on w
ide
stre
ets.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 21222222222222221111111111
8. W
ide
Side
wal
ksSi
dew
alk
desi
gn c
an g
reat
ly e
nhan
ce th
e ur
ban
envi
ronm
ent a
nd is
ver
y im
port
ant w
hen
desi
gnin
g w
ide
stre
ets.
Bec
ause
win
d m
oves
fast
er d
own
wid
e st
reet
s,
stre
et s
ectio
ns s
houl
d ha
ve g
reat
er th
an 1
:1 ra
tios
(see
#6
Wid
e St
reet
s), b
ut a
ctua
l pav
emen
t for
car
s sh
ould
be
kept
as
min
imal
as
poss
ible
to e
ncou
rage
sl
ower
driv
ing
and
a sa
fer p
edes
trian
env
ironm
ent.
To
acco
mpl
ish
this
, des
ign
wid
e si
dew
alks
that
incr
ease
th
e st
reet
sec
tion,
but
alw
ays
prov
ide
shad
e fo
r the
st
reet
(see
#7
Shad
y St
reet
s).
Tree
s in
pla
nter
s or
pl
antin
g st
rips
shou
ld li
ne th
e st
reet
s an
d be
spa
ced
ever
y 10
met
res
to d
ecre
ase
the
perc
eive
d w
idth
of t
he
stre
et.
Addi
tiona
lly, p
orch
es, c
anop
ies,
and
ver
anda
hs
on b
uild
ings
that
ext
end
into
the
side
wal
k pe
rmit
bree
zes
to p
ass
whi
le d
ecre
asin
g th
e w
idth
bet
wee
n bu
ildin
gs.
For t
all b
uild
ings
, des
ign
the
base
of t
he b
uild
ing
up to
th
e si
dew
alk
and
set t
he to
wer
bac
k to
cre
ate
a w
ider
sp
ace
for a
ir flo
w tw
o st
orie
s ab
ove
the
grou
nd.
Fina
lly,
desi
gn s
treet
s w
ith o
n-st
reet
par
king
to b
oth
wid
en th
e st
reet
for v
entil
atio
n an
d en
cour
age
slow
traf
fic.
Wid
e si
dew
alks
can
be
oppr
esiv
e in
hot
clim
ates
so
be s
ure
to p
rovi
de e
noug
h sh
ade
to c
ount
er th
e w
idth
.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
wid
e si
dew
alks
, sca
led
to th
e bu
ildin
gs w
ith a
mpl
e su
n an
d ra
in p
rote
ctio
n, to
wid
en
the
stre
et s
ectio
n w
ithou
t add
ing
driv
ing
lane
s.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2222222222222222
9. H
iera
rchy
of S
treet
sUr
ban
area
s sh
ould
be
desi
gned
with
a w
ell
deve
lope
d st
reet
net
wor
k w
ith a
hie
rarc
hy o
f stre
et
type
s. A
hie
rarc
hy o
f stre
ets
supp
ort d
iffer
ent
build
ing
type
s, h
eigh
ts, a
nd s
etba
cks
whi
ch c
an
prom
ote
a gr
eate
r var
iety
of s
ite s
peci
fic c
limat
ic
desi
gn re
spon
ses,
incl
udin
g ve
geta
tion
and
crea
tion
of in
divi
dual
mic
rocl
imat
es in
add
ition
to fa
cilit
atin
g cr
oss-
vent
ialti
on.
A di
vers
e ne
twor
k al
so d
ispe
rses
traf
fic th
roug
hout
th
e ur
ban
area
, dis
cour
agin
g tra
ffic
jam
s, a
nd
prov
ides
a n
umbe
r of e
ffici
ent o
ptio
ns fo
r get
ting
betw
een
two
poin
ts, b
oth
of w
hich
redu
ce V
MT
and
heat
isla
nd e
ffect
s. I
n a
heira
rchi
cal n
etw
ork,
st
reet
s ar
e de
sign
ed s
peci
fical
ly fo
r the
vol
ume
of
activ
ity th
ey c
arry
, fro
m w
ide
boul
evar
ds d
own
to
alle
ys, a
nd c
an b
e op
timize
d ar
ound
bot
h pe
dest
rian
com
fort
, to
enco
urag
e m
ore
wal
king
, and
/or
vehi
cula
r effi
cien
cy.
A hi
erar
chic
al s
treet
net
wor
k ca
n al
so d
ivid
e th
e ci
ty in
to a
ser
ies
of in
ter-c
onne
cted
, dis
cree
t ne
ighb
ourh
oods
whi
ch fu
nctio
n m
ore
effic
ient
ly,
both
indi
vidu
ally
and
col
lect
ivel
y.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
a hi
erar
chy
of s
treet
s to
dis
pers
e tra
ffic,
redu
cing
the
heat
isla
nd e
ffect
, and
cre
ate
wal
kabl
e st
reet
s.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2323
10.
Shor
t, W
alka
ble
Stre
ets
Shor
t stre
ets
brea
k up
the
urba
n co
ntex
t int
o bl
ocks
that
are
com
fort
able
for p
edes
trian
act
ivity
an
d pr
ovid
e m
any
aven
ues
for v
entil
atio
n. S
hort
er
bloc
ks c
reat
e m
ore
stre
ets,
whi
ch a
dds
to a
robu
st
stre
et n
etw
ork
whi
le p
rovi
ding
mor
e av
enue
s fo
r ven
tilat
ion
thro
ugh
the
city
. Th
ey a
lso
crea
te
mor
e in
ters
ectio
ns w
hich
slo
w tr
affic
, enh
anci
ng
the
pede
stria
n en
viro
nmen
t. T
he re
sult
of s
hort
, w
alka
ble
stre
ets
is a
net
wor
k of
cor
ridor
s fo
r air
mov
emen
t thr
ough
out t
he u
rban
are
a as
wel
l as
a ne
twor
k of
stre
ets
for t
raffi
c to
dis
pers
e am
ong.
Bl
ocks
sho
uld
be d
imen
sion
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y be
twee
n 60
to 1
00 m
etre
s fo
r the
sho
rt s
ides
an
d 10
6 to
137
met
res
for t
he lo
ng s
ides
to b
e co
mfo
rtab
le fo
r ped
estri
ans.
Dee
per l
ots
prov
ide
the
addi
tiona
l ben
efit
of c
reat
ing
mor
e sp
ace
insi
de
the
bloc
k fo
r gre
en s
pace
and
sha
de, h
elpi
ng to
re
duce
the
heat
isla
nd e
ffect
in u
rban
are
as. T
hese
di
men
sion
s pr
ovid
e de
ep e
noug
h lo
ts a
nd e
noug
h le
ngth
to h
ave
a va
riety
of b
uild
ings
on
one
bloc
k w
hile
not
cre
atin
g an
ove
rbea
ring
dist
ance
for
pede
stria
ns to
wal
k.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot
Scal
e: U
rban
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
shor
t stre
ets
to e
ncou
rage
pe
dest
rian
mov
emen
t and
slo
w tr
affic
whi
le
prov
idin
g m
any
corr
idor
s fo
r air
mov
emen
t.
137m10
6m60
m
100m
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2422222224444444
Build
ing
Tech
niqu
es
11.
Outd
oor R
oom
sBu
ildin
gs c
an b
e ar
rang
ed to
cre
ate
outd
oor
mic
rocl
imat
es th
at a
re c
omfo
rtab
le to
occ
upy.
Ar
rang
ing
outd
oor s
pace
s w
ith re
spec
t to
build
ings
an
d ve
geta
tion
so th
at th
ey a
re v
entil
ated
and
sh
aded
pro
vide
s co
mfo
rt fo
r occ
upan
ts a
ll ye
ar.
Beca
use
the
sun
is s
hini
ng fr
om th
e no
rth,
but
the
maj
ority
of p
reva
iling
win
ds a
re fr
om th
e so
uth
and
east
in C
airn
s, o
utdo
or ro
oms
shou
ld id
eally
be
loca
ted
to th
e so
uth
with
obj
ects
to fu
nnel
the
win
d th
roug
h th
e sp
ace
or b
etw
een
build
ings
with
a
roof
ove
rhea
d. O
ther
opt
ions
incl
ude
desi
gnin
g m
ultip
le o
utdo
or ro
oms
to u
se d
urin
g di
ffere
nt ti
mes
of
day
or t
o us
e sh
utte
rs o
r ver
tical
louv
ers
to s
hade
w
hile
allo
win
g ve
ntila
tion.
Por
ches
and
bal
coni
es
with
dee
p ov
erha
ngs
loca
ted
in th
e pa
th o
f the
w
ind
prov
ide
com
fort
able
out
door
room
s. I
f it i
s no
t pos
sibl
e to
pro
vide
bot
h sh
ade
and
vent
ilatio
n th
roug
h an
out
door
room
, des
ign
first
for v
entil
atio
n.
In C
airn
s, b
ecau
se th
e hu
mid
ity c
ause
s m
ore
disc
omfo
rt th
an th
e he
at, i
t is
mor
e im
port
ant t
o de
sign
for a
dequ
ate
cros
s-ve
ntila
tion
than
sha
ding
.6
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Arr
ange
out
door
room
s to
be
shad
ed
whi
le e
ncou
ragi
ng c
ross
ven
tilat
ion.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2522222222222225555555555555
12.
Cool
Cou
rtyar
dsIn
cou
rtya
rds,
win
d co
nditi
ons
are
a pr
oduc
t of
the
prop
ortio
n of
bui
ldin
g he
ight
to c
ourt
yard
w
idth
, sim
ilar t
o a
stre
et.
Build
ings
cre
ate
a zo
ne o
f low
pre
ssur
e be
hind
them
that
the
win
d do
es n
ot re
ach,
so
the
wid
er th
e co
urty
ard
in th
e di
rect
ion
of th
e w
ind,
the
grea
ter t
he
velo
city
of t
he a
ir m
ovem
ent.
In C
airn
s, a
wid
e co
urty
ard
will
allo
w li
ttle
prot
ectio
n fro
m th
e su
n so
oth
er s
hadi
ng e
lem
ents
, suc
h as
tree
s,
balc
onie
s, a
nd v
eran
dahs
sho
uld
be u
sed
to
prov
ide
shad
e. P
rovi
ding
pla
ces
in th
e bu
ildin
g w
here
the
win
d ca
n en
ter a
nd e
xit t
he c
ourt
yard
at
gro
und
leve
l, su
ch a
s a
logg
ia, c
an h
elp
to d
ram
atic
ally
coo
l the
spa
ce.
A co
urty
ard
orie
ntat
ion
45° f
rom
the
prev
ailin
g w
ind
will
max
imize
s br
eeze
s in
the
cour
tyar
d an
d cr
oss
vent
ilatio
n fo
r the
bui
ldin
g.7
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
low
, wid
e, p
erm
eabl
e co
urty
ards
to a
llow
max
imum
airf
low
.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2626
13.
Perm
eabl
e Bu
ildin
gsOp
en fl
oor p
lans
and
bui
ldin
g se
ctio
ns
enco
urag
e cr
oss
vent
ilatio
n th
roug
h a
build
ing.
Th
e fe
wer
obs
truct
ions
in a
bui
ldin
g, th
e le
ss
resi
stan
ce th
e br
eeze
s w
ill en
coun
ter.
Ope
ning
s on
bot
h si
des
of a
room
in p
lan,
and
sta
ck
vent
ilatio
n te
chni
ques
in s
ectio
n, e
ncou
rage
m
axim
um a
irflo
w.
A nu
mbe
r of d
esig
n st
rate
gies
to o
ptim
ize v
entil
atio
n in
clud
e hi
gh
ceilin
gs, a
trium
s, e
leva
ted
first
floo
rs, o
pen
floor
pl
ans,
and
tran
som
win
dow
s. P
lenu
ms
abov
e ha
llway
s in
sin
gle
load
ed b
uild
ings
can
pro
vide
cr
oss
vent
ilatio
n to
thos
e un
its.
Use
trans
om
win
dow
s to
pro
vide
priv
acy
whi
le p
rom
otin
g cr
oss
vent
ilatio
n w
ithin
uni
ts o
r in
mot
el s
tyle
bu
ildin
g ty
pes.
Cro
ss a
nd s
tack
ven
tilat
ion
can
wor
k in
depe
nden
tly o
f eac
h ot
her o
r in
conc
ert,
but w
hen
desi
gned
toge
ther
, par
ts o
f bot
h th
e pl
an a
nd s
ectio
n m
ust b
e ke
pt o
pen
to a
ir m
ovem
ent.8
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
perm
eabl
e bu
ildin
gs in
pla
n an
d se
ctio
n to
enc
oura
ge a
ir flo
w th
roug
h th
e bu
ildin
g.
Plan
Sect
ion
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2727
14.
Deep
Ove
rhan
gsTh
e ea
st, n
orth
, and
wes
t orie
ntat
ions
of
build
ings
in C
airn
s sh
ould
hav
e sh
adin
g de
vice
s su
ch a
s ov
erha
ngs,
por
ches
, ver
anda
hs, a
nd
awni
ngs
to k
eep
the
sun
off t
he w
alls
and
w
indo
ws
to re
duce
sol
ar h
eat g
ain.
The
se
shad
ing
devi
ces
also
hel
p ke
ep ra
in a
way
from
th
e bu
ildin
g so
that
win
dow
s ca
n be
left
open
to
vent
ilate
the
spac
es.
See
“#15
Ext
erna
l Sha
de
Size
” to
det
erm
ine
how
dee
p an
ove
rhan
g sh
ould
be.
Ove
rhan
gs o
n th
e ea
st a
nd w
est
side
s of
bui
ldin
gs s
houl
d be
dee
per t
han
thos
e on
the
nort
h si
de b
ecau
se th
e su
n is
low
er in
th
e sk
y in
the
mor
ning
and
eve
ning
, whe
n it
is
in th
e ea
ster
n an
d w
este
rn s
kies
. Lou
vers
and
la
ttice
s in
the
vert
ical
pla
ne, a
nd p
lant
s, c
an
also
be
used
to s
hade
wal
ls.
At th
e st
reet
leve
l, de
sign
arc
ades
, col
onna
des,
and
aw
ning
s to
pr
otec
t ped
estri
ans
from
the
sun
and
rain
. A
cont
inuo
usly
cov
ered
stre
etsc
ape
will
grea
tly
enha
nce
the
pede
stria
n en
viro
nmen
t.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
deep
ove
rhan
gs, p
orch
es,
and
vera
ndah
s to
sha
de w
indo
ws
and
wal
ls
from
the
sun.
Des
ign
colo
nnad
es, a
rcad
es,
and
awni
ngs
to p
rote
ct p
edes
trian
s fro
m th
e el
emen
ts.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 2828
15. E
xter
nal S
hade
Size
Shad
ing
devi
ces
shou
ld b
e si
zed
base
d on
the
times
of y
ear
whe
n it
is a
dvis
able
to k
eep
dire
ct s
un o
ff th
e bu
ildin
g. B
ecau
se
of th
e hi
gh y
ear r
ound
tem
pera
ture
s in
Cai
rns,
sha
ding
dev
ices
sh
ould
pro
tect
aga
inst
the
sun
all y
ear l
ong.
Bec
ause
the
sun
is h
ighe
r in
the
mid
dle
of th
e da
y, h
orizo
ntal
sha
ding
dev
ices
ar
e ef
fect
ive
on n
orth
ern
expo
sure
s w
hile
on
east
and
wes
t ex
posu
res,
ver
tical
sha
ding
dev
ices
are
bes
t bec
ause
the
sun
is lo
wer
in th
e sk
y. H
orizo
ntal
sha
ding
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e ve
ry
deep
to b
e ab
le to
sha
de e
ast a
nd w
est e
xpos
ures
. Ve
rtic
al
shad
ing
on th
e ea
st a
nd w
est e
xpos
ures
are
mos
t effe
ctiv
e w
hen
slan
ted,
as
oppo
sed
to p
erpe
ndic
ular
, so
that
the
sun
can
not s
hine
in w
hen
perp
endi
cula
r to
the
build
ing.
Usi
ng a
co
mbi
natio
n of
hor
izont
al a
nd v
ertic
al s
hadi
ng is
als
o ef
fect
ive.
Ho
rizon
tal s
hade
s su
ch a
s de
ep ro
of o
verh
angs
, por
ches
, and
ba
lcon
ies
are
effe
ctiv
e in
blo
ckin
g he
at g
ain,
but
als
o lim
it th
e am
ount
of d
aylig
ht in
to a
spa
ce.
On th
e ot
her h
and,
a b
riese
so
leil
or h
orizo
ntal
louv
ers
will
bloc
k he
at g
ain
whi
le a
llow
ing
mor
e da
ylig
ht, b
ut d
o no
t pro
tect
aga
inst
the
rain
. Ve
rtic
al
louv
ers
are
also
effe
ctiv
e at
pro
vidi
ng p
rote
ctio
n fro
m th
e su
n.
Thes
e is
sues
mus
t be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt w
hen
desi
gnin
g. I
t is
impo
rtan
t to
shad
e w
alls
as
wel
l as
win
dow
s in
Cai
rns,
and
pr
ovid
e pr
otec
tion
from
the
rain
. Th
eref
ore,
whe
n po
ssib
le,
deep
ove
rhan
gs a
nd c
over
ed p
orch
es a
re p
refe
rabl
e to
oth
er
type
s of
sha
ding
dev
ices
. W
hen
over
hang
s an
d po
rche
s ar
e no
t dee
p en
ough
, use
eith
er h
orizo
ntal
or v
ertic
al s
hadi
ng
elem
ents
.9
Use
the
follo
win
g eq
uatio
ns to
det
erm
ine
how
dee
p a
shad
ing
devi
ce s
houl
d be
:
y
x
North
ern
Expo
sure
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 29222222222222999999999
For h
orizo
ntal
sha
ding
on
a No
rthe
rn E
xpos
ure:
x =
p(y
)
P =
1.5
4 to
sha
de a
ll ye
ar a
t 16°
S
P =
.75
to s
hade
Aug
ust –
Apr
il at
16°
S (m
inim
um o
verh
ang)
For h
orizo
ntal
sha
ding
on
East
and
Wes
t Exp
osur
es: x
= p
(y)
P
= 2
.4 to
sha
de a
ll ye
ar a
t 16°
S
P =
2.0
2 to
sha
de A
ugus
t – A
pril
at
1
6°S
(min
imum
ove
rhan
g)
For v
ertic
al s
hadi
ng o
n Ea
st a
nd W
est E
xpos
ures
Azim
uth
angl
e (m
easu
red
from
nor
th) =
108
°
to s
hade
all
year
.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd R
ainy
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Size
sha
ding
dev
ices
to p
rote
ct w
alls
and
win
dow
s fro
m
sola
r hea
t gai
n w
hile
als
o pr
ovid
ing
prot
ectio
n fro
m th
e ra
in.
a
y
x
East
and
Wes
t Exp
osur
es
Verti
cal S
hadi
ng
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 3030
16.
Vent
ilatio
n Op
enin
g Ar
rang
emen
tTh
e pl
acem
ent a
nd s
ize o
f ven
tilat
ion
open
ings
ha
s an
impa
ct o
n th
e ve
loci
ty o
f the
win
d th
roug
h a
spac
e. T
o m
axim
ize th
e ra
te o
f cro
ss
vent
ilatio
n in
a ro
om, t
he o
ptim
al p
lace
men
t for
w
indo
ws
is o
n op
posi
te w
alls
or a
djac
ent w
alls
. Lo
catin
g in
lets
and
out
lets
on
diffe
rent
wal
ls
allo
ws
the
win
d to
mov
e th
roug
h th
e sp
ace
at
a hi
gher
vel
ocity
whi
le a
lso
cool
ing
mor
e of
the
spac
e. I
f it i
s no
t pos
sibl
e to
hav
e op
enin
gs
in tw
o w
alls
of a
room
, loc
ate
two
open
ings
in
one
wal
l to
allo
w a
ir to
circ
ulat
e be
twee
n th
em.
The
plac
emen
t of o
peni
ngs
in s
ectio
n is
al
so im
port
ant t
o m
ake
sure
that
the
vent
ilatio
n is
mov
ing
acro
ss th
e oc
cupa
nts
of th
e ro
om.
Cool
ing
occu
rs fa
ster
whe
n th
e w
ind
actu
ally
m
oves
acr
oss
the
body
, so
open
ings
loca
ted
in th
e m
iddl
e of
the
room
s ar
e op
timal
to a
llow
w
ind
mov
emen
t in
spac
es o
ccup
ied
peop
le.
The
win
d w
ill fo
llow
the
path
that
it is
giv
en, s
o it
will
flow
bet
wee
n th
e op
enin
gs if
they
are
at
diffe
rent
hei
ghts
in s
ectio
n.
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Arr
ange
ven
tilat
ion
open
ings
to
incr
ease
the
rate
of c
ross
ven
tilat
ion
in a
room
.
Disc
oura
ged
Good
Bette
rBe
st
Acce
ptab
leGo
od
Bette
rBe
st
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 31333333333333311111111
17.
Vent
ilatio
n Op
enin
g Si
zeVe
ntila
tion
is m
axim
ized
whe
n la
rge
open
ings
are
pl
aced
per
pend
icul
ar to
the
win
d di
rect
ion,
as
it is
a
func
tion
of th
e w
ind
spee
d an
d th
e si
ze o
f the
inle
ts
and
outle
ts.
The
win
d in
Cai
rns
is p
redo
min
antly
fro
m th
e so
uth/
sout
heas
t in
the
mor
ning
and
from
th
e ea
st/s
outh
east
in th
e af
tern
oon,
all
year
long
. Th
eref
ore,
inle
ts s
houl
d be
pla
ced
on th
e so
uthe
rn
and
east
ern
expo
sure
s w
ith o
utle
ts o
n th
e no
rthe
rn
and
wes
tern
exp
osur
es.
The
rate
of a
irflo
w w
ill be
de
term
ined
by
the
smal
ler o
f the
ope
ning
s, th
e in
let
or o
utle
t. In
Cai
rns,
the
area
of t
he o
peni
ngs
need
ed
to e
ffect
ivel
y co
ol a
bui
ldin
g sh
ould
be
betw
een
5 -7
% o
f the
tota
l flo
or a
rea.
For
exa
mpl
e, if
a b
uild
ing
is 1
50 s
quar
e m
etre
s, th
e to
tal a
rea
of in
lets
sho
uld
be 7
.5 –
10.
5 sq
uare
met
res.
Mor
e th
an 5
– 7
%
will
allo
w fo
r mor
e cr
oss
vent
ilatio
n, w
hich
wou
ld
not b
e ba
d in
Cai
rns,
but
5%
sho
uld
be a
min
imum
. Fo
r the
mos
t effi
cien
t cro
ss v
entil
atio
n, h
ave
as fe
w
obst
ruct
ions
, suc
h as
wal
ls, a
s po
ssib
le b
etw
een
the
inle
t and
out
let.
Idea
lly, e
ach
room
will
have
a
win
dwar
d an
d le
ewar
d ex
posu
re.10
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
umid
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Size
and
loca
te c
ross
ven
tilat
ion
inle
ts
and
outle
ts to
effe
ctiv
ely
cool
the
spac
e us
ing
the
win
d.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 323332
18.
Stac
k Ve
ntila
tion
Stac
k ve
ntila
tion
enha
nces
the
cool
ing
effe
ct
by c
reat
ing
air m
ovem
ent w
ithin
a b
uild
ing
by p
ullin
g ho
t air
up w
ithou
t the
use
of c
ross
ve
ntila
tion.
The
con
cept
is b
ased
on
the
prin
cipl
e th
at w
arm
air
rises
and
coo
l air
sink
s be
caus
e of
thei
r res
pect
ive
dens
ities
. Whe
n w
arm
air
is a
llow
ed to
esc
ape
thro
ugh
high
op
enin
gs in
a s
truct
ure
then
coo
l air
can
repl
ace
it. T
his
desi
gn s
trate
gy is
effe
ctiv
e ev
en w
hen
site
con
ditio
ns d
o no
t per
mit
cros
s ve
ntila
tion
or o
ptim
um o
rient
atio
n fo
r ven
tilat
ion
is n
ot
an o
ptio
n. O
ptim
izing
the
rate
of a
ir flo
w is
a
func
tion
of th
e ve
rtic
al d
ista
nce
betw
een
then
in
let a
nd o
utle
t, th
e he
ight
of t
he s
tack
from
in
let t
o ou
tlet.
Max
imizi
ng th
e ce
iling
heig
ht
of th
e ro
oms
as w
ell a
s th
e he
ight
of t
he s
tack
ar
e bo
th b
enef
icia
l to
capi
taliz
ing
on s
tack
ve
ntila
tion.
The
gre
ater
the
dist
ance
bet
wee
n th
e lo
w o
peni
ngs,
inle
ts, a
nd h
igh
open
ings
, ou
tlets
, the
gre
ater
the
rate
of a
ir flo
w.11
Clim
atic
Con
ditio
n: H
ot a
nd H
umid
Scal
e: B
uild
ing
Resp
onse
: Des
ign
a st
ack
vent
ilatio
n sy
stem
w
hen
site
con
ditio
ns p
rohi
bit s
ucce
ssfu
l cro
ss
vent
ilatio
n to
coo
l the
bui
ldin
g.2.
Br
own
81-2
13.
Br
own
121-
1232
4.
Brow
n 11
4-11
55.
Br
own
107-
108
6.
Brow
n 13
9-14
17.
Br
own
207-
209
8.
Brow
n 14
6-14
99.
Br
own
262-
269
10.
Brow
n 18
2-18
411
. Br
own
185-
187
Refe
renc
es:
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 33
Urba
n Pa
ttern
sTh
e ca
se s
tudi
es e
xplo
red
here
, the
citi
es o
f Mia
mi B
each
, USA
; Sao
Pau
lo, B
razil
; Ter
esin
a, B
razil
; and
Ho
ng K
ong,
are
all
loca
ted
in th
e sa
me
tropi
cal w
et a
nd d
ry c
limat
e w
hich
cha
ract
erize
s Ca
irns’
clim
ate,
an
d pr
ovid
e go
od e
xam
ples
of c
limat
e-se
nsiti
ve u
rban
des
ign
tailo
red
to th
eir s
peci
fic c
ircum
stan
ces.
Th
ese
citie
s ar
e us
ed to
illu
stra
te th
e te
chni
ques
des
crib
ed e
arlie
r, in
pra
ctic
al a
pplic
atio
n. T
he fo
llow
ing
diag
ram
s illu
stra
te th
e ur
ban
patte
rns
of th
ese
four
citi
es a
nd d
escr
ibe
the
less
ons
to b
e le
arne
d fro
m
each
. Th
ese
citie
s, th
ough
diff
eren
t in
scal
e an
d st
ruct
ure,
and
uni
que
in th
eir c
onte
xt a
nd h
isto
ry,
dem
onst
rate
that
the
tech
niqu
es d
escr
ibed
ear
lier c
an b
e su
cces
sful
ly a
pplie
d in
resp
onse
to u
niqu
e co
ntex
tual
con
ditio
ns, w
hile
stil
l fol
low
ing
clim
ate-
sens
itive
tow
n pl
anni
ng p
rinci
ples
. Th
ese
case
st
udie
s ar
e re
leva
nt to
Mou
nt P
eter
, in
that
they
illu
stra
te th
e fle
xibi
ility
of th
e te
chni
ques
in s
ucce
ssfu
lly
addr
essi
ng th
e ch
alle
nges
of c
limat
ic-s
ensi
tive
desi
gn in
div
erse
urb
an s
ettin
gs, p
rovi
ng th
at s
peci
fic s
ite
cont
ext s
houl
d no
t det
er th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
thes
e pr
inci
ples
.
Sao
Paul
o, B
razil
Cas
e S
tud
ies
Urba
n Pa
ttern
sAe
rial P
hoto
Plan
Stre
et N
etw
ork
Gree
n Sp
ace
Urba
n Co
mpo
nent
sBl
ocks
Stre
ets
Build
ing
Plac
emen
tBu
ildin
g Ty
pes
Repr
esen
tativ
e Ph
otos
c Go
ogle
Ear
th
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 34
Mia
mi B
each
, US
A
Aeria
l Pho
toTh
e ci
ties
of T
eres
ina,
Sao
Pau
lo, M
iam
i Bea
ch, a
nd H
ong
Kong
are
all
dens
ley
popu
late
d ur
ban
area
s. T
he d
iagr
ams
on th
e fo
llow
ing
page
s illu
stra
te th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es o
f the
se c
ities
: in
terc
onne
cted
stre
et n
etw
orks
, an
inte
grat
ion
of v
eget
atio
n, a
nd a
div
ersi
ty o
f bui
ldin
g an
d st
reet
ty
pes
the
wor
k to
geth
er to
cre
ate
the
urba
n fa
bric
.
Sao
Paul
o, B
razil
Hong
Kon
g
Tere
sina
, Bra
zilc
Goog
le E
arth
c Go
ogle
Ear
th
c Go
ogle
Ear
thc
Goog
le E
arth
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 35
Plan
sTh
e bl
ock
netw
ork
is ty
pica
lly o
rient
ed to
war
d m
ajor
phy
sica
l fea
ture
s, s
uch
as th
e co
ast,
river
s, o
r m
ount
ains
. Th
e m
ajor
stre
ets
in M
iam
i Bea
ch ru
n no
rth
to s
outh
and
so
the
long
er s
ide
of th
e bl
ock
is
orie
nted
alo
ng th
at a
lignm
ent.
Bec
ause
the
coas
tline
on
the
east
and
wes
t sid
es o
f the
isla
nd a
re n
ot p
aral
lel,
maj
or a
venu
es c
hang
e or
ient
atio
n to
rela
te to
the
coas
ts a
nd c
reat
e un
ique
blo
cks
whe
re th
e di
ffere
nt
geom
etrie
s in
ters
ect.
Sao
Pau
lo a
nd T
eres
ina
have
gen
eral
ly s
quar
e bl
ocks
that
are
inte
rsec
ted
by a
venu
es
conn
ectin
g m
ajor
poi
nts
in th
e ci
ties.
Hon
g Ko
ng a
lso
has
an o
rtho
gona
l blo
ck s
truct
ure
on th
e fla
t gro
und
but a
s th
e to
pogr
aphy
incr
ease
s th
e ro
ads
begi
n to
follo
w th
e gr
ade
and
beco
me
mor
e or
gani
c.
Tere
sina
, Bra
zil
Sao
Paul
o, B
razil
Hong
Kon
g
Mia
mi B
each
, USA
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 36
Stre
et N
etw
ork
Diag
ram
sTh
e st
reet
net
wor
k pr
ovid
es b
oth
mob
ility
and
the
basi
c ur
ban
stru
ctur
e. A
goo
d st
reet
net
wor
k ar
ticul
ates
a
diffu
se w
eb o
f int
erco
nnec
ting
stre
ets,
allo
win
g m
ultip
le ro
utes
to a
ny d
estin
atio
n, e
asin
g th
e bu
rden
on
maj
or th
orou
ghfa
res.
It a
lso
prov
ides
a n
umbe
r of m
ovem
ent o
ptio
ns, i
ncre
asin
g th
e lik
elih
ood
of
pede
stria
n ac
tivity
. Al
l of t
hese
net
wor
ks h
ave
a cl
ear h
iera
rchy
of s
treet
s an
d a
num
ber o
f diff
eren
t stre
et
type
s.
Sao
Paul
o, B
razil
Hong
Kon
g
Tere
sina
, Bra
zilM
iam
i Bea
ch, U
SA
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 37
Gree
n Sp
ace
An e
ssen
tial p
art o
f any
city
is it
s ne
twor
k of
par
ks a
nd g
reen
spa
ces,
whi
ch h
elp
to
cool
the
city
as
wel
l as
prov
ide
conv
enie
nt re
crea
tiona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r res
iden
ts.
Note
how
gre
en s
pace
s ar
e di
strib
uted
thro
ugho
ut th
ese
citie
s at
regu
lar i
nter
vals
and
at
man
y di
ffere
nt s
cale
s.
Tere
sina
, Bra
zil
Hong
Kon
gSa
o Pa
ulo,
Bra
zil
Mia
mi B
each
, US
A
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 38
Urba
n Co
mpo
nent
sEa
ch c
ity is
mad
e up
of a
num
ber o
f co
mpo
nent
s th
at w
ork
in c
once
rt to
cre
ate
an
urba
n en
viro
nmen
t. T
he w
ay in
whi
ch th
ese
com
pone
nts
rela
te a
nd re
spon
d to
eac
h ot
her
dete
rmin
es th
e re
lativ
e co
mfo
rt, b
oth
phys
ical
ly
and
psyc
holo
gica
lly, o
f the
occ
upan
t. B
lock
st
ruct
ure,
stre
et w
idth
, bui
ldin
g pl
acem
ent,
and
build
ing
type
s ar
e th
e m
ajor
com
pone
nts
that
mak
e up
an
urba
n co
ntex
t. B
y co
mbi
ning
ea
ch o
f the
se c
ompo
nent
s, a
nd u
tilizi
ng th
e te
chni
ques
out
lined
ear
lier,
a co
hesi
ve u
rban
fa
bric
can
be
crea
ted
whi
ch re
spon
ds to
a
tropi
cal w
et a
nd d
ry c
limat
e an
d al
so c
reat
es
a ro
bust
urb
an s
ettin
g. T
he c
ities
dia
gram
med
pr
evio
usly
at a
larg
er s
cale
: Mia
mi B
each
, Sa
o Pa
ulo,
Hon
g Ko
ng, a
nd T
eres
ina,
her
e ar
e br
oken
dow
n an
d an
alys
ed fo
r the
ir in
divi
dual
co
mpo
nent
s. T
hese
citi
es, a
ll in
trop
ical
wet
an
d dr
y cl
imat
es, h
ave
feat
ures
that
mak
e th
em
uniq
ue b
ut th
at a
re a
lso
base
d on
trad
ition
al
plan
ning
tech
niqu
es a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tally
re
spon
sive
des
ign.
As
case
stu
dies
, the
se
citie
s pr
ovid
e a
snap
shot
of s
ucce
ssfu
l urb
an
desi
gn in
a tr
opic
al c
limat
e, a
nd e
ach
of th
ese
com
pone
nts
can
be c
ombi
ned
with
oth
ers
as a
ki
t-of-
part
s to
cre
ate
a un
ique
env
ironm
ent.
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 39
Tere
sina
, Bra
zil
Sao
Paul
o, B
razil
110-130m 97-1
06m
70-8
2m
82-85
m
A
A
B
D
C
B B
97-1
22m
100m
AB
C
137m
33-
46m A
B
C
Mia
mi B
each
, USA
Bloc
ksA
sim
ple
and
func
tiona
l blo
ck n
etw
ork
is m
ade
up o
f a n
umbe
r of b
lock
s th
at
shou
ld b
e sh
ort e
noug
h fo
r a p
edes
trian
to
com
fort
ably
wal
k. A
net
wor
k of
sho
rt
bloc
ks a
lso
crea
tes
mor
e av
enue
s fo
r w
ind
acce
ss th
roug
h th
e ci
ty, i
ncre
asin
g ve
ntila
tion
on in
divi
dual
lots
and
cre
atin
g co
mfo
rt fo
r the
occ
upan
ts.
All t
he b
lock
s illu
stra
ted
here
are
pro
perly
size
d to
cr
eate
com
fort
able
wal
king
dis
tanc
es
and
corr
espo
nd to
Tec
hniq
ue #
10 S
hort
St
reet
s. O
ften
an o
rtho
gona
l blo
ck
stru
ctur
e is
inte
rrup
ted
by a
venu
es a
nd
maj
or s
treet
s th
at re
late
to e
ither
the
topo
grap
hy a
nd s
ite c
ondi
tions
or c
onne
ct
maj
or p
oint
s in
the
city
. Th
is c
ollis
ion
of
diffe
rent
geo
met
ries
crea
tes
uniq
ue b
lock
s an
d op
port
uniti
es to
pla
ce im
port
ant
build
ings
. Th
e re
ctan
gula
r blo
cks
of M
iam
i Be
ach
crea
te a
cle
ar d
istin
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e m
ajor
and
min
or s
treet
s in
the
city
. Bo
th S
ao P
aulo
and
Ter
esin
a us
e re
lativ
ely
squa
re b
lock
s an
d fa
ce b
uild
ings
ont
o al
l si
de o
f the
blo
ck.
All t
hree
of t
hese
citi
es
have
blo
cks
big
enou
gh to
hav
e de
ep
lots
that
allo
w b
uild
ings
to e
xten
d in
to th
e bl
ock.
In
Hong
Kon
g, th
e sh
ort s
ide
of th
e bl
ocks
hav
e ve
ry p
rohi
bitiv
e di
men
sion
s in
term
s of
flex
ibilit
y. T
he m
ore
orga
nic
bloc
ks in
Hon
g Ko
ng a
re a
resu
lt of
the
stee
p to
pogr
aphy
of t
he s
ite.
Hong
Kon
g
Mou
nt P
eter
• D
esig
n Ap
proa
ch 40Ho
ng K
ong
Sect
ion
ASe
ctio
n B
Sect
ion
C
Tere
sina
, Bra
zil
Sect
ion
A
Sect
ion
B
76
6
2.5
82.
5
67
30.5
4.5
12.2
4.5
661
90
9.2
39.
26.
1
5545
3.6
5.5
25.
53.
64.
55.5
7.2
30.5
612
.23
Stre
ets
The
stre
et n
etw
ork
shou
ld b
e de
sign
ed w
ith a
num
ber o
f diff
eren
t stre
et ty
pes
to c
reat
e a
hier
arch
y of
st
reet
s as
pre
viou
sly
expl
aine
d in
Tec
hniq
ue #
9 Hi
erar
chy
of S
treet
s. A
lso,
as
deta
iled
in T
echn
ique
#
6 W
ide
Stre
ets,
the
sect
ion
shou
ld b
e de
sign
ed w
ith ra
tios
of 1
:1 o
r wid
er.
Beca
use
of th
e po
pula
tion
dens
ity in
Hon
g Ko
ng a
nd la
ck o
f ava
ilabl
e bu
ildab
le s
pace
, stre
et s
ectio
ns a
re v
ery
tall
and
narr
ow a
nd
prev
ent w
ind
from
mov
ing
thro
ugh
the
city
, whi
le a
lso
crea
ting
a ca
nyon
ised
feel
ing
for t
he p
edes
trian
. Th
e se
ctio
ns o
f Ter
esin
a an
d Sa
o Pa
ulo
are
slig
htly
talle
r tha
n 1:
1 bu
t bec
ause
ther
e ar
e a
num
ber o
f sh
ort b
uild
ings
in th
ese
citie
s, th
e w
ind
can
mov
e ov
er th
ese
shor
t bui
ldin
gs a
nd s
till p
rovi
de a
cces
s to
th
e ta
ller b
uild
ings
. Ad
ditio
nally
, the
talle
r bui
ldin
gs p
rovi
de g
ood
shad
e fo
r the
stre
et.
The
shor
t and
w
ide
stre
ets
of M
iam
i Bea
ch a
llow
the
mos
t win
d ac
cess
thro
ugh
the
city
and
are
ver
y co
mfo
rtab
le fo
r th
e pe
dest
rian
but d
o no
t pro
vide
suf
ficie
nt p
rote
ctio
n fro
m th
e su
n so
add
ition
al s
teps
mus
t be
take
n to
pr
ovid
e sh
ade,
as
desc
ribed
in T
echn
ique
#7
Shad
y St
reet
s.
