Reducing urban heat islands and transportation problems in tropical cities ETH – ADB Manila, August 28, 2013 Prof Gerhard Schmitt, ETH Zürich Director, Singapore-ETH Centre Senior Vice President, ETH Global
•! Tropical cities suffer increasingly from the urban heat and pollution island effect as well as from transportation and mobility problems. The ETH Future Cities Laboratory at the Singapore-ETH Centre places these situations into a broader urban metabolism context and proposes integrated solutions. Urban planning and economics emerge as key factors, as demonstrated with case studies from Singapore, Indonesia and Ethiopia.
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ETH Zürich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Location: Where Einstein started his career Ranking: #1 in Continental Europe Globalization: #1 in International Outlook Performance: 21 Nobel Prizes Science-to-industry: 2 Spin-Offs per month Switzerland: #1 in Competitiveness and Innovation Swiss Cities: Top in Quality of Life and Safety Resilience: Part of the Swiss Business Model
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Understanding the City
Urban Metabolism
Understand the city as a dynamic and complex system Read and model this system in terms of Stocks and Flows Recognise Urban Stocks as basic elements of the urban metabolism and as locally available resources
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Gallery 4.2 Flows and stocks of concrete material in Zürich in 2005
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Singapore-ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability
FUTURE CITIES LABORATORY RESEARCH QUESTIONS Which methods can increase the sustainable performance of cities? How can we develop a new curriculum of urban science?
Scales, Stocks and Flows
URBAN SOCIOLOGY
HOUSING
Developing systems to cut the electricity used for the standard air-conditioner and to reduce CO2 emissions caused by air conditioners.
Low Exergy
IM FOKUS64 1 | 2011
An der Bolleystrasse in Zürich entsteht ein Haus, das ganz ohne CO2-Emissionen auskommen soll. Das Konzept stammt von der ETH Zürich und soll eine neue Generation der nachhaltigen Architektur einläuten. Dabei soll nicht mehr das Energiesparen um jeden Preis im Zentrum stehen, sondern nur noch die Emissionsfreiheit. Ob alle Ziele der «Towards Zero Emission Architecture» eingehalten werden können, muss sich in der Praxis weisen. DANIEL RÖTTELE (INFOGRAFIK) UND STEFAN BACHMANN
Das Haus der Zukunft NULL-EMISSIONEN-ARCHITEKTUR
8 Hybridkollektor: Hybridkollektor: Der neu entwickelte Hybridkollektor besteht aus zwei Schichten: Die obere Schicht aus Solarzellen generiert Strom. Durch die untere Schicht fl iesst Wasser, das sich durch die Sonneneinstrahlung erwärmt. Interessantes Detail: Die wasserführende Unterschicht dient auch der Kühlung der Solarzellen in der Oberschicht. Dadurch arbeiten die Solarzellen viel effi zienter.
6 Zuluft: Die Zuluft für die Klimaanlage durchläuft einen Wärmetauscher («Airbox»), bevor sie in die Wohnungen gelangt. Während die Luft im Sommer so gekühlt wird, kann die Wärme abgeführt und genutzt werden.
7 Abluftgerät: Auch der Abluft wird mittels einem Wärmetauscher nochmals Wärme entzogen, die eingespeichert werden kann.
5 Bodenkühlung/-heizung: Im Sommer dienen die Wasser- rohre im Fussboden der Kühlung. Dabei wird die Wärme abgeführt und in den Untergrund geleitet, die Räume werden so gekühlt. Im Winter wird das Haus mit der Bodenheizung beheizt.
4 Hocheffi ziente Wärmepumpe: Die Wärmepumpe ist das eigentliche Anstriebssystem, das mit Hilfe der Erdsonden das Wasser erwärmt. Betrieben wird sie mit Solar- und Windstrom aus dem Netz. Sie ist viel effi zienter als eine herkömmliche Wärmepumpe, weil sie mehr Wärme aus dem Untergrund holen kann.
Heizen und Isolieren im Wandel der Zeit
Bis 1940 heizt man mit Holz/Kohle. Wärme- dämmung ist kein Thema. Weil Heizen teuer ist, bleiben viele Räume kalt.
Dank der Entwicklung der Zentralheizung und dank billigem Öl können jetzt alle Räume beheizt werden.
Die Oelkrise 1973 führt zu ersten Wärmedämmvor- schriften. Man beginnt, die Gebäudehülle zu isolieren.
Im Passivhaus wird die Ölheizung obsolet - dank guter Isolation und dem Einsatz neuer Energie- quellen (Sonne, Boden).
So funktioniert das Haus im Sommer Ziel der «Null-Emissionen-Architektur» ist es, im Sommer möglichst viel Wärme «einzusammeln» und für den Winter im Erdboden zwischenzu- speichern. Aufgefangen wird die Wärme haupt- sächlich von einem neuartigen Hybridkollektor auf dem Dach. Mittels eines Wärmetauschers gelangt die Wärme dann in den Boden, wo sie in bis zu 300 Metern Tiefe für das Winterhalbjahr eingespeichert wird. Anders wird das Dusch- und Gebrauchswasser aufgeheizt: Hier stammt die Wärme vor allem aus der Wärmerückgewinnung von Fussboden und Klimaanlage. Über Wärme- tauscher und eine Wärmepumpe wird so das Wasser im Boiler aufgeheizt. Die überschüssige Wärme wird ebenfalls im Erdboden «zwischen- gespeichert». Das «Null-Emissionen-Haus» hat laut den ETH-Architekten gegenüber dem nor- malen Minergie-Standard zwei Vorteile: Erstens benötigt es besonders wenig Netzstrom. Das eröffnet die Möglichkeit, nur noch Strom aus erneuerbaren Quellen zu beziehen - das Haus wird beinahe emissionsfrei. Zweitens wird eine dicke Isolation zweitrangig, was den Architekten mehr Freiheiten lässt.
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2 Fenster: Die nach Süden exponierten Fenster sind mit einer UV-absorbierenden Folie beschichtet, die eine zu starke Sonneneinstrahlung verhindern. Das mindert den Wärmeverlust im Winter.
1 Wände: Das System kommt mit normaler Wärmedämmung aus, die Isolation ist weniger dick als bei einem Minergie-Haus.
Noch tiefer ist der Ener- giebedarf des Speicher- hauses. Hier wird die Sonnenenergie zentral gespeichert.
Die ETH postuliert die «Zero Emissions-Archi- tecture». Die Speiche- rung der Sonnenenergie erfolgt neu im Boden.
So gewinnt man die Energie im Winter zurück Im Winter sorgt die Wärmepumpe im Keller sowohl für die Heizung. Beheizt wird sowohl der Fussboden aus auch die Zuluft. Die Wärme stammt dabei aus dem Untergrund. An besonders schönen Wintertagen kann die Wärmepumpe zudem etwas durch die Hybridkollektoren entlastet werden. Auch das Gebrauchswasser wird von der Wärmepumpe geliefert. Kleine Durchlauferhitzer erwärmen das Wasser dann noch von 42 auf 60 Grad.
bis 1940 ab 1973 ab 1990 ab 2010 ab 1940
65Natur
3 Erdsonden/Erdspeicher: Die Erdsonden bestehen aus Rohren, in denen Wasser zirkuliert. In der langen Sonde fl iesst im Sommer warmes Wasser nach unten, was das Gestein um einige Grad erwärmt. Im Winter kann die Wärme dann wieder genutzt werden. Die kurze Sonde speichert die überschüssige Wärme aus der Klima- anlage. Im Winter ist sie stillgelegt.
QUELLEN: ETH ZÜRICH/ AGPS ARCHITECTURE ZÜRICH
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Woher die benötigte Elektrizität stammt Ziel ist es, zu hundert Prozent mit erneuerbaren Energien auszukommen:
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Module I: Low Exergy
Using the concept of exergy to develop better building systems, reducing energy consumption and eliminating CO2 emissions.
Implemented in Switzerland Monte Rosa, Science City, B35 etc. Transported to Singapore BubbleZERO
Using robotic technology to design models of high-rise buildings.
Digital Fabrication Prof. Fabio Gramazio Prof. Matthias Kohler
Image source: Bas Princen
ACHIEVEMENTS Investigations into the potentials and implications of robotic fabrication on high rise typologies
An Interdisciplinary Case Study on the Development of Singapore Public Housing Typologies (1960- Present).
Housing Prof. Sacha Menz
Image source: Module X
Image source: Module III
Robinson Road, Singapore
Exploring the historic structure and dynamics of the building stock for a preservation of cultural, social, physical, economic, and natural resources.
ca 1960
ca 1950 ca 1930
How many old buildings were replaced?
ca 1960
ca 1950 ca 1930
How many old buildings were replaced?
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ca 1950 ca 1930
How many old buildings were replaced?
Investigating the notion of centralities in the city, and the role of the airport with respect to mobility, migration and infrastructure.
Urban Design Strategies & Resources Prof. Kees Christiaanse
Image source: Max Hirsh
Module IV Urban Design Strategies & Resources Achievements to date: 4 PhD proposals successfully approved by ETH and NUS 5 articles published in peer-reviewed journals Conducted preliminary field research in Bangkok, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Singapore Developed positive working relationship with partner institutions in Singapore (e.g. URA, CLC, SUTD, CAAS, SAA)
Comparative studies of cities. Urban Sociology
Prof. Dr Christian Schmid
Image source: Module V
Territorial Organisation
Marc Angélil and Cary Siress
Understanding and improving the future of urban rivers.
Landscape Ecology
43 undergraduate and graduate students •! 200 household surveys •! Groundwater table and river stage data for 3 months •! Design scenarios for future river improvements
Semester-long research project with University of Indonesia and the National University of Singapore
Module VII: Landscape Ecology Singapore International Water Week (SIWW) co-hosted with the World Cities Summit, 2-4 July 2012 M a r i n a S a n d s E x p o a n d Convention Centre. Display of work to date and forum for discussion
Formal Outputs 2 Journal publications 2 International Conferences 2 Invited talks
Meetings on data acquisition and possible collaboration Collaborations 1 MOU and 2 LOAs with Institute of Technology, Bandung (ITB), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and University of Indonesia (UI)
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50 undergraduate and graduate students •! 200 household surveys •! Groundwater table and river stage data for 3
months •! Design scenarios for future river improvements
Semester-long research project with University of Indonesia and 2 NUS Design Research Studios
UAV mission
Ciliwung River and 3 sites of interest
Collaborations 1 MOU and 2 LOA’s with Institute of Technology, Bandung (ITB), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and University of Indonesia (UI)
Studying urban transport systems to maximize efficiency.
Mobility & Transportation Planning Prof. Dr Kay Axhausen
Image source: Module VIII
Research Modules
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VIII Mobility and Transportation Planning Planned Achievements for the Coming Two Years 1. MATSim Singapore –! Validation against observations, e.g. traffic counts, EZ Link data –! Calibration to Singapore travel behaviour –! Car park model and vehicle emission model 2. PhD project: Medium and Long Term Model –! Expanding the scope of MATSim: household coordination, weekly model,
social networks –! Integration with land use model , demographics and year to year update 3. Collaborations –! Various projects with LTA, e.g. optimisation of public transport and ERP –! Vehicle emission model with NEA –! Other collaboration with Singapore authorities such as URA, SLA and SMART
MIT, TUM CREATE
Supporting design- and decision- making processes with new data acquisition, information visualisation and simulation techniques.
Simulation Platform Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmitt
Image source: Naomi Hanakata
THE FCL SIMULATION PLATFORM
Overarching Goal: Find new methods for better understanding ever growing amounts of urban data. Make this knowledge available to decision makers, urban planners and stakeholders. Research Achievements –! Completion of Value Lab Asia in March 2012. –! Singapore’s first UAV flights for data acquisition (NUS campus). –! Novel use of self-organizing maps for urban data. –! Combination of CFD wind flow analysis and generative modelling. –! Numerous scientific publications, including one book.
Service Contributions –! Established IT service infrastructure. –! Contributed to NRF CREATE IT infrastructure planning.
ALTERNATIVE AND ADDITIONAL DIRECTIONS FOR CITY AND TERRITORY LIFE CYCLE SIMULATION
Self Organizing Maps, SOM. Prof. Dr. Ludger Hovestadt in the lecture on Quantum Cities on August 29, 2012 in the Value Lab Asia, Singapore
ALTERNATIVE AND ADDITIONAL DIRECTIONS FOR CITY AND TERRITORY LIFE CYCLE SIMULATION Quantum of Cityness. FCL Lecture by Dr. Vera Bühlmann on August 28, 2012 in the Value Lab Asia, Singapore.
Building Model – Little India
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AscTec Falcon 8 500 g load max 20 min flight time max 10 m/s wind speed redundancy through 8 rotors GPS, height sensor, compass, IMU max. Total weight 1,8 kg
Falcon-8 flight
UAV photogrammetry
T[$
SEC-FCL project – UAV over NUS campus Singapore – ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability
Future Cities Laboratory (Simulation Platform)
NUS Campus
Assistant Professorships
Grand urban rules
Straits of Singapore, 2011
Investigating various scenarios pertaining to the question of waste in the making of the globalising city.
Assistant Professorship of Architecture and Construction Asst. Prof. Dirk Hebel
Image source: Dirk Hebel
Empirical
Test Specimens Tensile Strength Tests
Research in the field of steering the city by means of regulatory frameworks.
Assistant Professorship of Architecture and Urban Design Asst. Prof. Alex Lehnerer
Image source: Alex Lehnerer
Assistant Professorships
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Researching on Singapore’s hinterlands in the region Singapore- Johor-Riau and their functional links with the city.
Assistant Professorship of Architecture and Territorial Planning Asst. Prof. Milica Topalovic Image source: Milica Topalovic
Assistant Professorships
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Academic achievements after 3 years •! Establishment of the first ETH research Institute outside
Switzerland, starting with two people in September 2010 and growing to 190 active members in June 2013
•! Attracting 13 ETH faculty as Principle Investigators, 3 Assistant Professors, more than 20 postdocs, 46 Ph.D. students and 87 master students, massively exceeding key performance indicators set for the first three years
•! Producing 139 academic articles and journal publications, 142 international conference publications, 153 interim publications, 26 design studio workshops, 4 invention disclosures, 8 software disclosures, 2 Patent filings, 15 awards and honours, 1.284 million Singapore dollars in additional external industry funding, organising 8 international conferences, 154 public relations activities, 76 working meetings with highest level people.
Organisational achievements •! Establishing the world’s largest sustainable Future Cities oriented
research centre and independent think tank both in physical presence and presence on the Internet (status June 2013)
•! Establishing the first research proposal between research institutes of the CREATE campus in Singapore: the emerging Cooler Calmer Singapore initiative
•! Establishing the human resources, financial services, and infrastructure logistics for the first ETH research centre outside Switzerland in a Company Limited by Guarantee, respecting both Swiss and Singaporean laws
•! Establishing the Asian hub for the implementation of the new strategy of the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation, SERI, covering China, Korea, Japan, Australia, and all of the ASEAN countries
Future Cities Laboratory – Future Plans •! Cooler Calmer Singapore. Simulation of design scenarios to lower
temperature, reduce noise and decrease the probability for intense flooding for the entire island of Singapore by a combination of technical and planning actions.
•! Rochor+. Transdisciplinary research and implementation effort to strengthen the historical heart of Singapore, increasing its attractiveness and performance, with high export capacity.
•! Kampung+. A transdisciplinary research and development project for improving living conditions of thousands of inhabitants on the islands of Java and Batang with advanced building technology and planning, with high export capacity to similar cities.
•! Bamboo+. A ground-breaking material transformation and combination process to potentially replace steel with processed bamboo in concrete.
ETH Singapore – Outcomes
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High-efficiency concrete formwork technology
Awards
NUS and World Future Foundation (WFF) awarded the Top Prize of the Vertical Cities Asia International Design Competition 2011 to the team of FCL Programme Leader Kees Christiaanse
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Awarded to FCL Researcher Felix Heisel and Johan Klock for their outstanding architecture project “Solar Forest”
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2nd prize for FCL’s Tropical Town/ Rubah project at the Jakarta Triennale 2012, “Visions for Jakarta 2045”
Mobility: Lessons learnt from Jakarta, Singapore and Zurich
Plan: Ground-breaking for new subway system (Apr 2013), BRT with 700 new buses. Fuel subsidies. “I work on my Blackberry in the traffic jam. I want my own car plus driver.”
Jakarta Singapore Zurich
Plan: MRT planning (since 1982), Extension of MRT network to 5 – 10 min walk from every home, Efficient use of streets and cars (ERP 2), real-time analysis. “I use MRT and Taxi. I don’t want a new car and prefer to go on holiday instead. It is too hot for cycling and it is dangerous.”
Plan: Car-sharing and multi-modal transportation. Increase connectivity (today, 50% of streets have dedicated bicycle paths). “ I cycle and use public transport. It is fast, cheap and healthy.
ETH Zürich – Global Strategy
ETH Zürich – Global Strategy ETH Singapore Perspective From CH to ASEAN + BRICS: •! Faculty, PostDocs, Students •! MOOCS, courses, simulations •! Hardware, specialists From ASEAN + BRICS to CH : •! A CREATE in Switzerland •! Faculty, PostDocs, Students •! Future ambassadors for CH
ETH Zürich – Global Strategy ETH Singapore Perspective ETH CREATE à Jobs in Switzerland •! 50 million heat pumps, 30 Million radiant
panels, 10 Million sensors. M-Glass, elevators,people movers, 10,000 robots, 10’000 educated personnel, 1 million high- tech, sustainable material and high- performance homes for export
ETH ZŸrich Ð Global Strategy Cooler Calmer Singapore CCS