Tribal (Indigenous Peoples) Development Plan

DRAFT

INDIA

Second Maharashtra Rural Water Supply Sanitation Project

IPP47

Tribal (Indigenous Peoples) Development Plan

April 15, 2003

Water Supply and Sanitation DepartmentGovernment of Maharashtra

Second Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project

Tribal (Indigenous Peoples) Development Plan

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Second Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectTribal Development Plan

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Table of ContentsPage #

1[. [Introduction 5

II. Tribal Development/ Regulatory Framework 8

Scheduled Areas 8Tribal Sub Plan Areas 8Additional TSP 9Modified Area Development Agency 9Decentralization and Governance 10Extension of Panchayat Raj to Scheduled Areas 10Safeguards against exploitation 11

11[11. Beneficiary Assessment 15

Tribals in Maharashtra 15Primitive Tribal Groups 23Denotified and Nomadic Tribes 23Villages in and around forest areas 24Access to water supply and sanitation 24

IV. Stakeholder Analysis 30

Tribal Women and Men 30Gram Panchayat 32GP Vs Habitation 33Tribal Development Department 34

IV. Tribal Driven Development 35

TDP Strategy 35RWSS Delivery 36Institutional Strengthening 40Cost! Budget 41Financing 41Monitoring and Evaluation 41Expected Outcomes 42

Annexures 43

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List of Tables

Table- 1 District/ Division-wise Total & Tribal population in Maharashtra

Table- 2 District wise distribution of Schedule Tribes in Maharashtra

Table- 3 Tribals, Scheduled Areas and coverages

Table- 4 District wise distribution of Scheduled Tribes by groups

Table- 5 Scheduled Tribe Groups exceeding 100,000 population

Table- 6 Isolated Habitation and Population Density

Table- 7 Human Development Index: Tribals Vs Others

Table- 8 Literacy among tribals

Table- 9 Literacy among tribals in ITDP areas

Table-10 Land Holdings among tribals

Table-11 Tribals' Expenditure Pattern

Table-12 Tribals' Poverty Profile

Table-13 Water Scarcity Areas

Table-14 State wide Water Supply Status

Table-15 Safe Water Supplies Status

Table-16 Tribal Villages facing water shortages up to 4 months in an year

Table-17 Project Area

Annexure- 1 Tribal Spread in Maharashtra2 Regulatory Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation3 Inaccessible Tribal Areas in Maharashtra4 Water Supply Status in Maharashtra5 Stakeholder Consultations6 List of consultations and persons met by World bank mission (Feb., 2003)

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Section I : Introduction

1. Maharashtra has 7.3 million persons categorized as Scheduled Tribe (ST) whichconstitute about 9.27 % of the total population of the State (Table-1). Tribal populationwise, Maharashtra ranks second in the country (next only to Madhya Pradesh) andaccounts for 11% of the total tribal population in the country. The tribal population ofMaharashtra belongs to 47 communities (Table-2) and has been categorized fordevelopment purposes as: (i) tribal people living in Scheduled areas' and adjoining tribalconcentrated areas; (ii) small pockets of concentration outside the sub plan areas; (iii)dispersed tribal groups, and (iv) primitive tribal groups. Development efforts have beenundertaken mainly through 15 Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) and 35Modified Area Development Approach (MADA). Despite these efforts, tribals continueto be beset with high incidence of poverty, illiteracy, poor health and minimal/unhygienic sanitation facilities. Their political participation and relationship withPanchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) are rather weak, further deepening their 'exclusion'. Asa consequence, special attention needs to be accorded to them vis-ai-vis non-tribals. Someadjustments may have to be made in the design of the delivery systems so as to ensurethat project benefits reach them. Thus, in accordance with the Bank policy on indigenouspeoples outlined in its Operational Directive (OD) 4.202, the proposed project hasdeveloped a Tribal Development Plan (TDP) to ensure that they participate in the projectbased on an informed decision making and that they derive full benefits from the project.3

2. The project had enlisted the services of an external consulting agency4 to conducta comprehensive study and suggest recommendations for the formnulation of a draft tribaldevelopment plan. This preparatory efforts involved several consultation workshops witha variety of stakeholders at different levels - Hamlet, Village, Block, District and State. Asecond round of stakeholder consultations were held by the Project Planning andManagement Unit (PPMU) separately as well as jointly with the Bank mission to seek afeedback on the draft plan (details related to stakeholder consultations are presented in anannexure 5). The tribal development plan had subsequently been finalized in discussionswith the Government of Maharashtra departments such as Tribal Development, RuralDevelopment, Irrigation, Water Supply and Sanitation and Forests. A summary of thestudy and tribal development plan is presented in this note. The TDP follows the formatof the "Indigenous Peoples Development Plan" as outlined in OD 4.20. Section 1 servesas an Introduction. A review of the Tribal Development cum Regulatory Framework ispresented in Section 2. Beneficiary Assessment including baseline socio-economic aswell as water supply and sanitation information are discussed in Section 3.Subsequently, stakeholder analysis is discussed in the next section and significant issues

l Explained in a later section.2 (OD) 4.20 stipulates that they: (i) benefit from development projects, and (ii) avoid or mrtigate potentiallyadverse effects on them, if any caused by Bank-assisted activities. Special actions are required where Bankinvestment affect people whose social and economic status restricts their capacity to assert thetr interestsand rights.3 It may be noted that there will be no adverse effects, direct or indirect, on the tribals as a result of theproject's activities.4 Environment Resources Management, a private consulting firmnjomtly with local NGO in Maharashtra.

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identified in the context of Tribal Development in Section 4. Lastly, in Section 5,Objectives of the TDP, strategy and an implementation action plan are discussed.

Table 1: District/ Division-wise Total & Tribal population in Maharashtra 5

(in 000')Sr. No State/Dvision/District [Population Pnag of

[Total ||Tribal J Pnbal

1 2 j[3 _ _ _ _ _ 5

Maharashtra State 1789.37 |73.18 IF9.27

Konkan Division [193.76 ]113.08 6.75

Highest||Thane ||2.49 |9.51 18.12

Lowest ||Sindhudurg |[8.32 110.04 |[0.48Nashik Division |129.48 1|25.21 1119.47Highest| Dhule ][25.36 1110.36 1140.85Lowest Ahmednagar 1133.73 112.40 117.12Pune Division [164.14 3.08 111.88iHighest||Pune 115.33 2.6139Lowest ||Kolhapur |[29.90 ||0.5 1o.50Aurangabad Division 4|528.00 | 1 |.0

Highest Nanded ][23.30 ||2.76 .85

Lowest |iBeed ||I18.22 | 1.15

Amravati Division [83.78 |10.13 [12.09

1 Highest| Yavatmal ][20.77 [4-36 21.47iLowest |Buldhana ][18.87 -1 5.03Nagpur Division 1190.21 l[15.88 17.60Highest| Gadchiroli ][7.87 113.05 38.75

Lowest Wardha ][10.67 |1.66 [ 15.56Total-Nagpur Division ||90.21 |[15.88 17.60

5 Selected divisions only. Details are available in Annexure-l.

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Table-2: District-wise distribution of Schedule Tribes in Maharashtra|S.NO. |District |Major Tribes

I 1|Thane Kathodi, Katkan, Kokna, Kokani, Koli, Mahadeo, Koh Malahr, Warli,_________ .1 _____________ J Thakar, Dubla, Koli, Dhor, Tokre, Koli

2 ]|Raigad ||Kathodi, Koli, Mahadleo, Katkan

3 ]|Ratnagin ]|Kathodl, Koli, Mahadieo, Dongar Koli

4 | Sindhudurg |Kathodi, Koli, Mahadieo, Dongar Koli

5_____ l]Nashik IBhll, Kokana, Koli Mahadieo, Thakar, Warli, Kathodi, Katkari

6 1 Dhule 1 Bhil, Gamit, Kokana, Koli Dhor, Dhanka, Tokre Koli, Naikada, Pardhi,Vitoli_a

7 ||Jalgaon ||Bhil, Koli Dhor, Dhanka, Paradhi, Takare Koli

8 1| Ahmednagar |lBhil, Koil Mahadeo, Thakar, Koil Dhor, Takare Koil, Paradhi

g ||Pune I|Koil Mahadeo, Thakar, Kathodi, Katkari, Koil Dhor, Takare Koil

IS0ta K Mahadeo, Kathodi, Katkari

I|I 1 1||Sangli l Koil Mahadeo

I I !Solapur |!Koil Mahadeo, Pardhi

113 ||Kolhapur Koil, Mahadeo

114 |1Aurangabad |Bhil, Koh Mahadeo, Koli Malhar

15 |Jalna tBhll, Koil Mahadeo, Koll Malhar

16 |Parabhan |Andh, Koil Mahadeo

17 Beed [Bhil, Koli Mahadeo

18 |Nanded Andh, Gond, Koiam, Koli Mahadeo, Oraon, Dhangad, Pardhan

19 Osmanabad IKoh Mahadeo, Oraon, Dhangad

120 11 Latur [Koli Mahadeo, Oraon, Dhangad

[21 |Buldhana IAndh, Dhanwar, Koli Mahadeo, Pardhi

22 [Akola ||Andh, Dhanwar, Koli Mahadeo, Pardhi

23 J[Amravati [Dhanawar, Gond, Korrku, Pardhi, Nhihal

24 1[Yavatmal [Andh, Dhanwar, Gond, Kolam, Pardhan, Halaba, Halabi, Kharia, Pardhi

25 I[Wardha [Gond, Pardha

26 Nagpur Gond, Halba

27 ||Bhandara ||Gond, Halba

28 lChandrapur IGond, Halba, Pardhan, Halbi, Kawar, Kolam

29 Gadchroli IGond, Halba, Pardhan, Halbi, Kawar, Kolam

[30 |Gr.Mumbai |Warli, Thakar, Dubla, Dhodia, Gond, Koli Dhor, Tokare Koli


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J1l Tribal Development! Regulatory Framework

3. Towards protecting the interest of tribals, many safeguards are provided under theIndian constitution. This section reviews such safeguards and the associated laws andregulations governing tribal development and water and sanitation activities in the state.

3.1 Scheduled Areas. Towards safeguarding the tribals' interests, the Indianconstitution recognizes two distinct tribal territories under its Article 2446. The first is theScheduled Area where the provision of the Fifth Schedule applies over large areas oftribal middle India (of which Maharashtra is a part). The other is the Sixth Schedule,which applies to the administration in the tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya,Tripura and Nagaland in North Eastern India. Criteria followed for declaring an area asScheduled Area are: preponderance of tribal population; compactness and reasonablesize of the area; under-developed nature of thte area; and marked disparity in economicstandard of the people. These criteria are not spelt out in the Constitution but havebecome well established. The constitution empowers the President to declare an area as'scheduled' as well as to re-schedule and alter it. The Fifth Schedule while defining theScheduled Areas, elaborates the provisions with regard to their administration and controlthereof.

3.1.1 Scheduled Areas of Maharashtra extend over 46,531 sq km and cover 13 districtsand 48 Tehsils. They comprise 16 towns and 5,809 villages. Their total populationamounts to 9.7 million, of which 37% are tribals. Boundaries of the Scheduled Areas inMaharashtra coincide with those of Tribal Sub Plan Areas.

3.2 Tribal Sub Plan Areas. The Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) was formulated to addressthe problem of inadequate funds from the general Annual and Five year plans for thedevelopment of Scheduled Areas and to make adequate financial provision for the tribalpopulation. TSP is thus an approach meant to ensure a separate financial provision for theintegrated development of tribals. It ensures allocation of funds to tribal areas from StatePlan as well as from Central Ministries, at least proportionate to the tribal population ofthe State, and to the overall proportionate tribal population of the country from the budgetof Central Ministries and Financial Institutions. TSP's main objectives include: (i)narrowing the gap between the level of development of TSP areas and other areas of theState; (ii) improving the standard and quality of life of the tribal community; (iii) tacklingthe important problems faced by the tribals; and (iv) eliminating the exploitation of thetribals, speeding up the socio-economic development, building up an inner strengthamong the tribals and improving their organizational capacity. Within a TSP area,certain areas (mostly, Block) of tribal concentration are carved out as Integrated TribalDevelopment Project (ITDP) areas, each of which is headed by a Project Officer (PO). InMaharashtra, there are 24 such ITDPs approved by the Government of India (GOI). The

6 This reflects the uniqueness of the 'tnbal' factor within the national framework and the intentions of theconstitution makers to secure political rights for tribals.

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State recognizes 11 of these as sensitive areas and has appointed officers from IndianAdministrative and Indian Forest Services as Project Officers (POs) and they have beendeclared as Additional Collectors and Additional Chief Executive Officers of theconcerned Zilla Parishads (ZP). In accordance with the guidelines issued by the GOI,the State of Maharashtra has adopted the following criteria to identify areas under TSP:

(a) All villages in the Scheduled Areas (as identified in 1950)(b) All Tribal Development Blocks(c) All Tehsils having 50% or more of tribal population(d) Villages/areas which can be constituted as pockets outside the above mentioned

areas or which were contiguous to such areas and which together had apredominantly tribal population and/ or the inclusion of which in the TSP areaswas administratively expedient.

3.3 Additional Tribal Sub Plan (ATSP). In addition to declaring Scheduled Areasas per GOI stipulations, Government of Maharashtra (GOM) has brought under a specialfocus (equivalent to TSP), a large number of villages in the districts of Raigad andBhandara, as well as some additional villages in Chandrapur, Yavatmal and Pune, thoughthese would not strictly qualify (according to the GOI stipulations). This additionalinclusion involves 773 villages, christened as Additional TSP (ATSP) villages, the totalpopulation of which is 575,000 - with tribals amounting to 181,000 (31 %).

3.4 Modified Area Development Approach (MADA). To be covered under theModified Area Development Approach (MADA), groups of villages must have a total-population of about 10,000 and more than half of it must be tribal population. Similarly,so-called Mini-MADA Pockets include clusters of two or three villages with a totalpopulation of 5,000 and a tribal population of more than 50%. In Maharashtra, 1,459villages with a total population of 764,000 - of which 58% are tribals - are included underMADA and Mini-MADA Pockets.

3.4.1 Though the GOI has declined to place these additional villages in the samefooting as the main TSP areas, the State government is extending all benefits available tothe tribals in TSP areas (as approved by GOI) to the tribals of ATSP, MADA and Mini-MADA areas. A total of 2,232 villages with a total population of 1.34 million (a littlemore than half are tribals) now constitute this category. Overall, in Maharashtra, now49% of the tribals live in scheduled areas (main TSP area), 2.5% in ATSP areas, 6 % inMADA and mini MADA pockets. The remaining 42.5% of the tribals live outside allthese areas. The break up is provided in Table- 3.

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Table 3: Tribals, Scheduled Areas and their coverage

Area No of No No of Total ST % ST STsdistricts Tehisls/ villages population population population (% to

towns ('000) ('000) Grandtotal)

TSP 13 48/ 16 5809 9680 3589 37.0 49.0ATSP 773 575 181 31.0 2.5MADA & 17 1459 764 441 57.0 6.0MmiMADApocketsSub Total 57.5Areas other All over 3101 7.0 42.5than aboveGrand Total 7312 _100.0

Decentralization and local governance

3.5 The 73rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution provides, among other things, forthe Panchayats to be entrusted with powers in matters relating to "Minor Irrigation,Water Management and Watershed Developments; Drinking Water; Waterways andmaintenance of community assets". The salient features of the Amendment includes: (i) a3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over 2 million; (ii)regular Panchayat elections every 5 years; and (iii) Reservation of seats for ScheduledTribes and Scheduled Castes in proportion of their population and reservation of at least 1/3seats for women. The powers and responsibilities of the Panchayats include: (i) preparationof plans for economic development and social justice; (ii) implementation of schemes foreconomic development in relation to the 29 subjects given in the 11h Schedule of theConstitution; and (iii) to levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

3.5.1 Extension of Panchayati Raj to Scheduled Areas. On -the basis of therecommendations of a Committee (headed by Mr D S Bhuria, a Member of Parliament) setup to explore possibilities of extension of provisions under Part IX of the Constitutionconcerning Panchaysts to Scheduled Areas, the Panchayati Raj (Extension to ScheduledAreas) Act, 1996 was enacted. The Act extends Panchayats to tribal/ scheduled areas of the8 states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra, Orissa and Rajasthan. This Act allows greater recognition to the tribaleconomic and socio-cultural systems, autonomy for local governance and control overnatural resources in Scheduled Areas of the country. It sees the community (individualhabitation) as the basic unit of self governance and places a great deal of responsibilityon the Gram Sabha which has been defined as a representation of a habitation or a

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group of habitations, or a hamlet or a group of hamlets, comprising a community andmanaging its affairs in accordance with traditions and customs.

3.5.2 Some of the Powers of the Gram Sabha as envisaged by the Act are (7):

* Safeguard and preserve the traditions and customs of the people.* Approval of the plans, programs and projects for social and economic development

before such plans and programs are taken up for implementation by the VillagePanchayat

* Identification and selection of beneficiaries under poverty alleviation and otherprograms

* Certification of utilization of funds by the Village Panchayat* Consultation before acquiring lands for development projects and before resettling

and rehabilitation of people affected by such projects.* Recommendation prior to the grant of prospecting license or mining lease for minor

minerals* Prior recommendations for the grant of concession for the exploitation of minor

minerals by auction.* Enforcement of prohibition* Ownership of Minor Forest Produce* Prevention of land alienation and take appropriate action to restore lands* Management of village markets* Control over money lending to the STs* Control of local plans and resources for plans including Tribal Sub Plans

Safeguards against Exploitation of Tribals

3.6 Tribal Lands. Land is the main source of livelihood for the tribals in the state asnearly 90% of tribals are engaged in agriculture either as cultivators or as agriculturallaborers. However there has been a process of land alienation since the 19 t century,which still continues, despite regulations to prevent the process. Land alienation normallytakes place in the following ways (8)

(i) Money lenders take possession of lands of those tribals who have incurredinto debt with them based on oral agreements. As written records are absent,such lands are often never returned.

(ii) Rich landlords take tribal lands on the promise of some sort of exchange,which however never happens.

(7) Extracted from B D Sharma, 1997, Tide Turned The Making of Tnbal Self Rule, National Front for Tnbal Selft Rule, Sahyog PustakKutir(8) S Kulkam 2002 Tribal Communities in Maharashtra in John Samuel ed Struggle for Survival A Resource Book on the Status and Rightsof the Adivasi Community in India, National Centre for Advocacy Studies

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(iii) Money lenders take tribal lands on long term lease with or without theCollectors permission. They then register themselves as tenants and becomeowners under the tenancy acts.

(iv) Non-transferable "Inami" lands are made transferable on payment of money sthat they can be alienated to non-tribals.

(v) Tribal lands are auctioned by Cooperatives Credit Societies on non-paymentof dues and purchased by non-tribals.

3.6.1 To safeguard tribals against illicit land alienation, the Government ofMaharashtra has undertaken the following legislative measures:

3.6.1.1 Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and Tenancy Laws (Amendment)Act, 1974. This Act has an objective of preventing transfer of land to non-ST persons byamending the existing laws. The Act came into force July 1974 and puts restrictions onfuture alienation of land belonging to tribals by way of sales with affect from July, 1974.The tribals were prohibited from transferring their lands by way of gifts, exchange,mortgage, lease or otherwise, without prior permission of the Collector, which in turnrequires the approval of the State government. The Collector has to satisfyhimself/herself that no other tribal from the same village or within a range of 5 kms iswilling to accept the tribal's land for the same value as offered by the non-tribal. If atribal land is taken by a non-tribal, it is within the Collector's powers to declare suchtransfers as invalid, and such lands stand forfeited to the Government, free from allencumbrances.

3.6.1.2 Maharashtra Restoration of Land to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1974.This Act provides for restoration of such tribal lands involved in legal and valid transfersincluding exchanges between 1957 and 1974. This Act has been made applicable to allthe cases involving tribals in the state, whether living in Scheduled Areas or outside.However these provisions have excluded land put to non-agricultural use by the non-tribal transferee before July 1974. The revenue department of the State government isresponsible for implementation of these legal provisions. The Tahsildars need to identifyland transfer cases, and any appeals against the Tehsildar's orders would have to be put toMaharashtra Revenue Tribunal.

3.6.1.3 To assist tribal households to pay the compensation for the land restored to them,a scheme of financial assistance is being implemented.

3.6.1.4 As a result of these Acts, of the 45,6354 cases registered for land restoration, landwas ordered to be restored in 20,824 cases and land has actually been restored in 19,947cases.

3.6.1.5 Some studies on the problem of land alienation among tribals indicate that thoughthe impacts of these acts have been positive, they have not been as effective as envisaged.Main reasons are the following (9):

(9) G M Gare, Problem and Issues of Tnbal Alienabon in Maharshtra, in Neeti Mahanti ed. Tnbal Economy, Health and WastelandDevelopment

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* Tribals have not been very responsive towards personal cultivation of land restored tothem primarily because they do not have the economic ability to access agricultureinputs for cultivation.

* The implementation proved to be filled with hurdles because of the number of writpetitions filed by non-tribals in the case of eviction proceedings initiated againstthem. The consequent stay orders prolonged proceedings.

* There exists a big gap between physical and actual possession of the land. In otherwords the defacto and dejure status of the possession of land differed. The record ofright and mutation entries affected on restoration remain unaltered.

Economic exploitation

3.7.1 The Maharashtra Tribals Economic Condition (Improvement) Act, 1976 is ameasure aimed at bringing effective economic improvement to the tribals, by protectingthem from exploitation. To achieve this objective, the Act makes any lending madebefore the commencement of the Act, invalid ab initio and prohibits marketing of certainagricultural and minor forest produce in specified tribal areas by private agencies. TheAct provides for suitable alternative arrangements in the Tribal Areas for the marketingof such produce.

3.7.2 Monopoly Procurement of Specified Items. The State Government hasappointed the Maharashtra State Co-operative Tribal Development Corporation (TDC) asChief Agent and the Adivasi (Tribal) Multi Purpose Co-operative Societies (ACSs) as itsSub-Agents, for the purpose of procurement of notified agricultural and minor forestproduce from the tribals. The Maharashtra State Co-operative Tribal DevelopmentCorporation procures 21 agricultural and 31 minor forest products, at about 581 centers inthe tribals areas, on a monopoly basis.

3.7.3 Consumption Finance. With the prohibition of private money lending in tribalareas, it is necessary to provide credit facilities to the tribals, for their development andconsumption needs. Credit requirements for developmental activities are provided undervarious schemes including the Nucleus Budget.

3.7.4 Maharashtra Sales of Trees by occupants belonging to Scheduled Tribes(Regulation) Act, 1969. This is one of the protective legislations administered by theRevenue and Forest Department, meant to enable the tribals to earn remunerative pricesfor their forest produce by eliminating unscrupulous middlemen/contractors.

3.8 Excise Policy. The State Government's Excise Policy in tribal areas has beeninfluenced by the following factors:-

(a) Most of the tribals are in the habit of drinking regularly. Drinking of alcoholis a part of tribal culture.

(b) This fact gives a vast scope for the exploitation of tribals in tribal areas unlessthe sale of liquor in the tribal areas is regulated and/or controlled.

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The State Govemment, after taking these factors into consideration, has taken thefollowing decisions:

(a) An order under Section 139 (I) (C) of the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949, hasbeen issued under No. BPA-0876/836/PRO-3, dated the 25th April 1980,permitting the tribals in selected tribal areas to prepare their own traditionaldrinks for personal and social purposes. However, brewing of liquor forcommercial purpose is strictly prohibited.

(b) Country liquor retail shops in selected tribal areas have been closed witheffect from the 30 th July 1979.

3.9 Laws and policies on water and sanitation. As the Tribal Development Plan isbeing prepared within the context of a water and sanitation project, relevant keyregulations and policies of the Government of Maharashtra pertaining to the sector areoutlined in Annexure-2.

Other Important agencies at State Level

3.10 Tribal Research and Training Institute (TRIE). The Tribal Research andTraining Institute (TRI) was established in 1962 at Pune by the Govenmment ofMarharashtra with the main objectives of conducting research about the tribals in generaland specific areas of economic activities affecting tribal life in particular; carrying out ofevaluation and monitoring of developmental schemes; collecting and disseminatinginformation regarding tribal life; organizing training programmes for tribal persons; andbuilding up a museum and a library on tribals. Major activities of the institute include: (i)encouraging tribal art and handicrafts by arranging handicraft exhibitions, perfonningarts, competitions and exposure arrangements; (ii) conducting benchmark surveys; (iii)undertaking evaluation studies; (iv) conducting quantitative and qualitative researchstudies on various aspects of tribal life; (v) producing documentary films; and (vi)managing a tribal cultural museum.

3.11 Maharashtra State Co-operative Tribal Development Corporation Ltd.,(TDC). This has been established in 1972 with the idea of supplying essential consumergoods to tribal areas. In its current fonn its responsibilities have been expanded to includethe provision of consumption finance to small cultivators, landless labor and villageartisans (belonging to Scheduled Tribes). It works as sole agent of the State Govemrnmentfor procurement of specified items under the Maharashtra Tribal Economic Condition(Improvement) Act, 1976.

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III Beneficiary Assessment: (Baseline Data)

4. Tribals in Maharashtra. Bhils, Gonds, Mahadeo Kolis, Malhar Kolis, Warlis,Koknas, Katkaris, Thakars, Kolams, Andhs, Pardhans etc. are some of the major tribes ofMaharashtra. A large proportion of them live in isolated pockets and have restrictedthemselves to certain specific geographical areas. The 47 scheduled tribal groups aregeographically found in three regions, namely: (i) Sahyadri Region - in the districts ofThane, Raigad, Nasik and Pune; (ii) Satpuda Region - in the districts of Dhule, Jalgaon,Aurangabad and Amravati; and (iii) Gondwan Region - in the districts of Chandrapur,Gadchiroli, Bhandara, Yavatmal and Nagpur. Tribals are spread rather unevenly acrossthe districts. In relative terms, Dhule district shows the highest concentration, followedby Gadchiroli, Nashik, and Thane. Of the 30 districts (recently increased to 33), 7 have atribal population of approximately 1% while as many as 13 (43 % of total districts) havea tribal population exceeding 10% of the total tribal population (Table-1). 13 tribalgroups have a population exceeding 100,000 (Table-4). District-wise distribution of STsby groups is presented in Table- 5.

Table-4: Tribal Group wise Population

SI No Tribal Group Population1 Gond 11,63,0002 Bhil 993,0003 Mahadeo Koli 787,0004 Warli 361,0005 Kokna 353,0006 Thakur 323,0007 Halba 243,0008 Andh 232,0009. Koli Malhar 177,00010 Karkari 175,00011. Kolam 118,00012. Korku 116,00013. Gamit 111,000

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Table 5: District wise Distribution of STs in Maharashtra (by tribal groups)

District Major TribesThane Kathodi , Katkari, Kokna, Kokani, Koli, Mahadeo, Koli

Malahar, Warh, Thakar, Dubla, Koli, Dhor, Tokre, KohNashik Bhil , Kokana, Koli Mahadeo, Thakar, Warli, kathodi,

Katkarn

Dhule Bhil , Garmt, Kokana, Koli Dhar, Dhanka, Tokre Koli,Naikada, Pardhi, Vitoha

Jalgaon Bhil, Koli Dhor, Dhanka, Paradhi, Takare KoliAhmednagar Bhil , Koli Mahadeo, Thakar, Koh Dhor, Takare Koil,

ParadhiPune Koli Mahadeo, Thakar, Kathodi, Katkari, Koli Dhor, Takare

KoliNanded Andh , Gond, Koiam, Koli mahadeo, Oraon, Dhangad,

PardhanAmravati Dhanawar, Gond, Korrku, Pardhi, NhihalYavatmal Andh , Dhanwar, Gond, Kolam, Pardhan, Halaba, Halabi,

Kharia, PardhiChandrapur Gond, Halba, Pardhan, Halbi, Kawar, KolamGadchiroli Gond, Halba, Pardhan, Halbi, Kawar, KolamRaigad Kathodi, Koli, Mahadeo, KatkariRatnagu-i Kathodi, Koli, Mahadeo, Dongar KoliSindhudurg Kathodi, Koli, Mahadeo, Dongar KoliSatara Koli Mahadeo, Kathodi, KatkariSangli Koli Mahadeo

_ Solapur Koh Mahadeo, PardhiKolhapur Koli MahadeoAurangabad Bhil, Koli Mahadeo, Koli Malhar

______Jalna Bhil, Koh Mahadeo, Koli MalharParabhani Andh, Koll MahadeoBeed Bhil,, Koli MahadeoOsmanabad Koli Mhadeo, Oraon, DhangadLatur Koli Mhadeo, Oraon, DhangadBuldhana Andh, Dhanwar, Koli Mahadeo, PardhiAkola Andh, Dhanwar, Koll Mahadeo, pardhiAmravati Dhanawar, Gond, Korku, Pardhi, NhihalYavatmal Andh , Dhanwar, Gond, Kolam, Pardhan, Halaba, Halabi,

Kharia, Pardhi

Wardha Gond, PardhaNagpur Gond , HalbaBhandara Gond, HalbaChandrapur Gond, Halba, Pardhan, Halbi,Kawar, KolamGadchiroli Gond, Halba, Pardhan, Halbi,Kawar, KolamGr. Mumbai Warli , Thakar, Dubla, Dhodia, Gond, Koli Dhor, Tokare

Koli

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5. Tribals are distinctly different from non-tribals in terms of isolated andinaccessible habitation, high incidence of poverty, illiteracy, low health status. Isolatedhabitation can be gauged by the fact that population density (Tribal Sub Plan Areas) isless than 20 in some cases and in most cases, it ranges between 30-70 (Table-6) - ascompared to the state average of 256 persons per sq km. As many as 1,472 villages/settlements (out of a total of 6,122), which account for 24% of the total settlements, areidentified by the Tribal Department as inaccessible (Annexure- 3).

Table 6: Density of Tribal Population in TSP Areas

Si. ITDP Block Density of ST Sl.No ITDP Block Density of STNo Population per Population per

sq.km. sq.km.

1 Dahanu 176 12 Kinwat 632 Jawhar 124 13 Dhami 373 Shahapur 49 14 Akola 544 Pen 64 15 Pandharkawada 305 Ghodegaon 68 16 Nagpur 566 Nashik 100 17 Devarl 487 Kalwan 99 18 Gadchiroli 208 Rajur 81 19 Aheri 179 Yawal 687 20 Bhamragad 1410 Taloda 141 21 Chandrapur 6511 Nandurbar 141 22 Chimur 47

= ________________ _ State 63

5.1 Isolation, inaccessibility and thin-spread have meant poor access to amenities.The Infant mortality rate in tribal areas amounts to 110 as against 59 in non-tribal areas(Table-7). Similarly, figures for crude death rates amount to 13 and 8 respectively (Fig-2).

Table 7: Health Statistics

Indicator Goal by 2000 Situation in Tribal SituationMaharashtra

Infant Mortality Rate <60 59 110Crude Death Rate 9 7.9 13Maternal Mortality <2 1.2rateLow Birth Weight 10% 28% 40%babiesFarmly Size 2.3 3.8 4.2Delivery by a trauied 100% 86% 60%person

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Fig. 2 Tribal Health situation

120

100

80E oGoal by 2000

60 o Situation inMaharashtra

E]Tribal Situation

40

20 - -__ __ _

Infant Mortality Low Birth Delivery by aRate Weight babies trained person

14 -

12 - = _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10 - _. :Goal by 2000

8 Ca Situation in

6 1 Maharashtrao Tribal Situation

4 -

2 - l

0 Family Size Matemal Crude Death

Mortality rate Rate

5.2 The literacy rate among tribals is 29% as against the rate of 65% among non-tribals (Table-8).

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Table 8: Comparison of Literacy - Tribal population with total Population.(Source: Census of India, 1991)

Literacy rate of Literacy rate ofotal population tribal population

S. No. District in percentage in percentage1 Brihan Mumbai 82.5 54.982 Thane 69 54 20.473 Raigad 63.95 20.684 Ratanagiri 62.7 27.635 Sindhudurg 75.81 51.556 Nashik 62.33 23.157 Dhule 51.22 18.718 Jalgaon 64.3 27.389 Ahmednagar 61.03 23.3510 Pune 71.05 33.8511 Satara 66.67 42.3512 Sangli 62.61 44.3613 Solapur 56.39 38.3614 Kolhapur 66.94 50.8515 Aurangabad 58.98 25.4116 Jalna 46.25 24.6917 Parbhani 47.58 26.2218 Beed 49.82 29.4719 Nanded 48.17 28.3120 Osmanabad 54.27 30.4621 Latur 55.57 31.5622: Buldhana 61.69 32.5123 Akola 65.83 40.9724 Amravati 70.06 35.6325 Yavatmal 57.96 33.7126 Wardha 69.95 46.0827 Nagpur 73.64 51.6128 Bhandara 64.69 43.3329 Chandrapur 59.41 39.1730 Gadchtroli 42.89 24.36

Maharashtra State 64.87 29.33

5.3 A recent survey conducted in ITDP areas to assess literacy rates confinn the sametrend (Table-9).

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Table 9: Literacy Rates in ITDP Areas

Sr.No Name of the Integrated Tribal No.of Households Literacy RateDevelopment Project

________________ Male Female TotalI Dahanu 64447 38 19 282 Jawhar 46556 40 23 313 Shahapur 22260 41 21 314 Pen 9929 35 20 285 Ghodegaon 14340 71 43 576 Nashik 58019 47 27 387 Kalwan 40446 40 24 338 Rajur 13208 60 34 489 Yawal 5935 52 29 4110 Taloda 69622 34 19 2711 Nandurbar 91588 38 22 3012 Kinwat 20288 59 33 4613 Dhami 27326 61 39 5014 Akola 9378 53 28 4115 Pandharkaw ada 36561 58 38 4816 Nagpur 15110 67 50 5917 Devari 20090 70 43 5618 Gadchlroli 28682 57 36 4619 Ahen 11091 38 22 3020 Bhamragad 11846 30 16 2321 Chandrapur 12445 54 33 4322 Chimur 5413 68 44 57

State Total 634580 46 27 37

6. Nearly 85% of tribals in Maharashtra eke out their living from agriculture. While47% are cultivators, the remaining 53 % are laborers. In the ITDP areas, proportion oflandless households range between 12 to 68, average being 43% (Table-10). Averageannual household income in these areas is about Rs 7,000 (poverty level income isestimated at Rs 20,000) with food accounting for 77% of their expenditure (Table-1 1). Asa consequence, most tribal families are below poverty line, average being 91% (Table-12). The extent of poverty can be gauged from comparisons with the non-tribalpopulation (Figures 3 and 4). 91% of tribal population is below poverty line as against35% among non-tribals. Though no formal evaluation/studies are available, it is evidentthat even after five decades of development efforts, STs continue to relatively constitutethe most backward and vulnerable sections of the population in the State with extremelyweak economic base.

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Table 10 Landholding and Income Profiles in TSP Areas

Sr.No ITDP Block Incomeland-holding landless house-holds ( Rs. Perhouse-holds Household/

Annum)Dahanu 64 36 7500

2 Jawhar 56 44 80003 Shahapur 37 63 78004 Pen 32 68 68005 Ghodegaon 85 15 93006 Nashik 62 38 62007 Kalwan 68 32 61008 Rajur 88 12 80009 Yawal 34 66 650010 Taloda 44 56 590011 Nandurbar 53 47 670012 Kinwat 55 45 780013 Dharni 57 43 780014 Akola 49 51 670015 Pandharkaw ada 38 62 710016 Nagpur 49 51 750017 Devari 68 32 730018 Gadchiroli 72 28 720019 Aheri 62 38 700020 Bhamragad 82 18 700021 Chandrapur 57 43 630022 Chimur 50 50 7400

State Total 57 43 7000

Table 11 Expenditure Pattern of Tribal Families

S.No Item % Composition ofExpenditure

1 Food 76.892 Clothing 7.863 Smoking 3.024 Drinking liquor 3.055 Education 0.046 Entertainment 1.007 Others 8.14

_ TOTAL 100.00

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Table 12: Distribution of BPL families

Si. ITDP Bloc BPL House- Si. ITDP Block BPL House-No holds No holds

(% (%)

1 Dahanu 92 12 Kmwat 882 Jawhar 88 13 Dharni 883 Shahapur 89 14 Akola 934 Pen 95 15 Pand&arkaw ada 925 Ghodegaon 84 16 Nagpur 916 Nashik 91 17 Devari 927 Kalwan 91 18 Gadchiroli 928 Rajur 87 19 Ahen 929 Yawal 92 20 Bhamragad 9110 Taloda 95 21 Chandrapur 9511 Nandurbar 91 22 Chimur 91

State = ;91

Fig. 3 Poverty among the Tribals

9694-92--

90 El~~~~~~~~~ %of BPL House-holds88-86 92 |(income range for BPL is84 Rs 1 1000)82-80

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Fig.4 Percent BPL families - comparison between total population and tribal population

90 - -----80 -

60 _7iljlXl- - a ForTotalpopulation50-- - --- .

40 -. U For Tribal population30 *-- - . - --

20 --- - - - - -

10 0 I

7. Primitive Tribal Groups (PTG) in Maharashtra. As mentioned earlier, thereare 3 Primitive Tribes (PTG1 0) in the state, namely Katkaris, Madia Gonds and Kolams,whose human development index ranks much lower than the tribals, in general(especially their sex ratio and literacy). The majority of them are landless, their seasonalmigration is high, unemployment among the youth is very high, and their access to basicamenities (including transport and communication facilities) is poor.

8. De-notified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra. The Nomadic andDenotified tribes (NT and DNT respectively) constitute approximately 5 million peoplein Maharashtra. In the State, there are 313 Nomadic Tribes and 198 Denotified Tribes.While some of these tribes enjoy the ST status in the nearby States, they are not includedin the ST list in Maharashtra. Even within the state there are differences. While groupslike Kaikadi and Pardhi in Vidarbha region are recognized as STs (as this area waspreviously part of Madhya Pradesh), they are not recognized as such in the rest of theState. (11)

8.1 List of DNT: This list includes: Berad, Bestar Bhatma, Kaikadi, Kankarbhat,Katabu, Lamani, Phase -Pardhi, Raj-Pardhi, Rajput- Bhatma, Ramoshi, Vadar, Waghariand Chhapparbandh.

8.2 List of Nomadic Tribes: This list includes: Bawa, Beldar, Baradi,Bhute,Chalwadi, Chitrkathi, Garudi, Ghisadi, Golla, Gondali, Gopal,Helwe, Joshi, Ksi-Kapadi,

'0 There are categorized as such accordmg to the following cnteria: pre-agricultural stage of development,stagnant population and literacy level.(1 )(Bhudan, The Denoqfied and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Grouip Newvsletter)

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Kolhati, Mairal, Masan - Jogi, Nandi - Wale, Pangul, Raval, Shikalgar, Thakar, Vaiduand Vasudeo.

9. Villages in and around Forests areas. There are 15,600 villages inside and inthe fringes of forest areas in Maharashtra (12). What were previously called "ForestVillages" have all been declared revenue villages, and the Forest Department no longercontrols the development activities in the revenue areas inside forests. However anyactivities that involve forest land outside the village boundary, even if it is for laying apipeline, would require clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forest. Thisrequirement is necessary even for activities involving very small pieces of land and maytake many months. In some of the visited villages in Gadchiroli and Chadrapur districts,inhabitants stated they have been asking to be resettled as the forest department does notallow any development activities (likce road and electricity) to take place, and it createsproblems if they access forest products.

10. Issues of access and rights become more serious in protected areas like parks andsanctuaries. Here the Forest Department exercises stricter control on local communitieswhile the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 prohibits the majority of human activities. Themap in the next page shows the distribution of parks and sanctuaries in the state. It isevident that most of these have a tribal population that is highly dependent on forestresources.

11. Access to Water and Sanitation. Disaggregated water supply and sanitation'status data viz., separate for tribals and non-tribals, are not available for the state as awhole. Yet, given that some districts are predominantly tribal, some conclusions can bedrawn.

11.1 Quantity of Water Supply. The state has 40, 794 villages and 45, 896 Wadis(Hamlets) (1997 data) and a little over half of them (27,654 villages and 25,508 Wadis)are identified to beset with 'water scarcity' problems (Table-13 ). As per the WS&SD, ason April 2000, only 55% villages had supply exceeding 40 Ipcd with safe source, 33.75%villages had safe source but inadequate water supply (10 to 40 lpcd), 8.25% villages withno safe source and supply less than 10 lpcd and 3% villages not covered at all by a safesource. The district-wise details of number of villages and the availability of safe watersupply are presented in Table- 14 . Tribal districts do have significant number of 'notcovered' villages either due to non availability of potable water locally or due to lack inaccess.

(12) SOurce Office of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Nagpur

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Table 13: Safe Water Supply in Villages

No. CATEGORY NUMBER OF NUMBER OFVILLAGES WADIES

1. FC i.e. Villages fuilly covered (i.e. per capita 22209 29149supply of more than 40 Ipcd)

2. SS - Villages with Safe Source (SS) but 13636 10311inadequate supply (i.e. per capita supplybetween 10 to 40 Ipcd)

3. NSS - Villages with No Safe Source (i.e. per 3333 4362capita supply of less than 10 Ipcd

4. NC - Villages not at all covered by a Safe 1224 1706Source

Total ___ 40402 45528Source Sukthlankar Coumnittee Report on Operation and Maintenance of Rural and Urbaan Water Supply Schemes, Volume II -Background I,iformation, Januaor 2000

11.2 Tribal areas. Out of 8,484 tribal villages in TSP, ATSP, MADA and MiniMADA areas, only 2891 of them have been covered by rural water supply facilities. Theprimary source of drinking water in most villages has been reported to be ground water,while in some areas like Gadchiroli, surface water is widely used for domesticconsumption. Table-14 (Fig. 5) provides information of the tribal village that face watershortage for up to 4 months.

11.3 Water Quality. Many districts with a high percentage of tribal population facewater quality problems. For example, Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Nagpur, and Gadchiroliface fluoride problem, while Yavatmal, Nagpur and Chandrapur are affected by excess ofiron. Yavatmal, Jalgaon and Ahmednagar districts face the problem of brackishness.Yavatmal, Nagpur, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts have major nitrate problems.

12. Sanitation. No disaggregated data are available. About 1.8 million householdlatrines are reported to have been constructed by the Government. Till 1996,approximately 81,000 toilets were constructed while the remaining have been constructedduring the years 1996-2000. The state has about 11 million rural households and 0.6million is reported to have household latrines. Primary surveys reveal that situation ismuch worse in tribal

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Table 14 Access to Water Supply in Tribal Areas

S. No ITDP Block Water scarcity up to 4 months% of Villages % of Hamlets

1 Dahanu 10 152 Jawhar 29 283 Shahapur 28 374 Pen 36 505 Ghodegaon 25 396 Nashik 37 407 Kalwan 28 378 Rajur 13 299 Yawal 25 2510 Taloda 16 2311 Nandurbar 16 1712 Kmwat 23 2513 Dhami 23 5014 Akola 21 2215 Pandharkaw ada 24 2816 Nagpur 10 2017 Devari 21 2818 Gadchiroli 21 4019 Aheri 17 3520 Bhamragad 28 4021 Chandrapur 28 1722 Chimur 26 25

Fig. 5 Low access to water supply in tribal areas

10090 -80 - A

A70 A___60 -_ i -A A us * % of Hamlets

50 -~~~~~ A - rI~~~0% ofVillages40 3020 YW~ I10

0 2 I S

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areas. Substantial gap exists between number of household latrines constructed and thoseput into usage. Other environmental sanitation facilities such as drainage, waste waterdisposal are normally absent in tribal villages.

13. Tribals in the project districts. Maharashtra State has 33 districts. Of these, 8districts are or will be covered under KFW and Sector Reform projects (SRP). Theproposed project will cover the remaining 25 districts in the state (Table-15). Theycomprise a tribal population of 5.81 million which amounts to about 80 % of the state'stotal tribal population.

Baseline Information - Primary Data based

14. A summary of the baseline information generated through field surveys in 7districts is provided below13:

Tribal SettlementsTribal settlement patterns are quite unique and distinct from that of the non tribalsettlements. They comprise one or more Main Village (s) and a number of hamlets spreadacross a wide area. Distances from the main village are normally in the range of 2-3 Kmbut sometimes they can be in range of 20 Km.

Even in tribal districts, the proportion of tribals in a Village Panchayat as a whole variesfrom 7% to 100% of the total population. Generally, the main village is inhabited by arelatively less number of tribals. Correspondingly, a relatively higher number of tribalhouseholds is found in the surrounding hamlets.

Population in a settlement ranges between 20 and 2000. Households, accordingly, rangebetween 6 and 300.

Majority of the houses are kuchcha (mud walls and thatched roof). Similarly, internalroads in most settlements are also kuchcha (not metalled). Very few houses haveelectricity connections.

Being isolated and away from market centers, access to amenities such as school, college,primary health center, hospital, post office and banks are very poor. A nearest bank /hospital could be as far away as 30 Km.

Land use patterns comprise not only private and public (pastures) but also forest lands. Invillages surrounded by the forests, land tenure is not very clear and well defined. Landholdings of some of the tribal families were regularized by the state during 1974-78.Since then, no such regularization has been attempted. There are villages in which lessthan 15% households have clear titles. For the others, the status of land holding isgenerally classified as "encroached".

3 Details are available on request from the PPMU

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Land holdings are small (less than 5 acres). Agriculture productivity is quite low (aslands are non irrigated), with the result that a large majority of population (45-70%)works as agriculture laborers. Very few people have regular jobs.

Social capital is quite low. Except for a few women self-help groups, normally, noorganizations exists.

Water Supply and Sanitation

Water requirement for drinking and cooking, as expressed by the tribals, ranges between20 to 40 Ipcd. Access to water supply is quite low as sources are at a distance. Many ofthese sources go dry in summer rendering, in particular, women to high difficulty. Watercollection is normally the responsibility of women and they make 4-5 trips in a day tocollect water. Difficulty in water fetching depends upon the distance to be traversed andtime taken for waiting at standposts. Traversing up to 3 Km (undulating terrain) duringsummer is not uncommon. Erratic power supply and load shedding renders unreliable andaffects the daily routine of the community.

Hygiene status (personal, household and community) is quite poor. Small and kuchchahouses with animals being an integral part of the household and no drainage/ solid wasteremoval facilities are typical characteristics of tribal settlements.

Household latrines are normally not found, with the result that open defecation is quitecommon. Women complain that open defecation results in: lack of privacy, traversinglong distance, restricted to certain period in a day, fear of insects and wild animals, andslushy paths in monsoon season.

Preference ranking revealed that both men and women expressed water as a top priority.While accessibility was an issue for women, men desired good quality potable water.Similarly, men wanted public/ group latrines, women preferred individual latrines.

Ventilation in the kitchens is quite poor in most households. A window or a vent pipe tomake way for the smoke is missing, resulting in irritation in eyes and problems in lungs.

15. A clear demand for drainage and environmental sanitation, though felt as a needin many areas, was not articulated forcefully, with a few exceptions. In most cases,drainage was viewed as something "that also could be done". These observations make acase for extensive educational efforts at generating a demand.

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Table 15: District/ Division-wise Total & Tribal population in the project districts

lSr. No ||State/Division/Dstrnct ||Population ('000) %Total IiTbtribal to total

1l ii2 13 14 15

Maharashtra State 789.37 [73.18 IF9.27

11. IGreatar Mumbai 1199.26 [1.o4 F1.05

[2. Thane ]952.49 l[9.51 1[18.12

3. |Ratnagiri ||15.84 10.15 1o(.97

14. | Sindhudurg 118.32 J(0.04 1(0.48

|Konkan Divisi6n ||193.76 |[13.08 J(6.75

15. |Nashik 938.51 19.31 ][24.18

17. |Dhule (& Nandurbar) |25.36 |10.36 |[40.85

[Nashik Divisi6n |129.48 ||25.21 1]19.47

18. l|Satara 24.51 018 ]I0.73

|9. |[Sangh 22.09 |i|0iiII I.5o[10. I|Solapur 32.31 I I8 111.49

|11. ||Kolhapur 29.90 0.15 1o150|Pune Divisi6n 30164.14 3J. 1.88

|12. ||Aurangabad o 22.14 0379

113. |Jalna (13.64 |0.28 112.05

14. Parbhani 1(21-17 ||1.11 ]fs25

15 ||Beed [18.22 |0.21 F 1.1516 |Osrnanabad 12.76 22 I 1.72

17. IILatur ]386.77 1[2227

Aurangabad Division |[128.00 ||5.80 j14.5018. Bul&ana [18.87 0.95 5.03

19. ||Akola 22.14 56 7 05

20I. Yavatmal 20.77 1 4.36

Amravati Division |83.78 110.13 12.09

21. lWardha | 1.66 ||15.56

122. |Nagpur |32.87 |4.58 ||13.93

23. Bhandara 21.0813.10 1114.71

24. ]FChandrapur 31772 ]349 |190 70

25. ]FGadchirol |7.87 3.O5 ||38.75

Nagpur Division |90.21 115.88 || 7-60

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Village Panchavats

Village Panchayat activities are generally concentrated only in the main village(s)rendering the hamlets neglected.

Although all villages have representation in Village Panchayats, the representatives didnot frequently interact with their chairman, as the office is located in the main village.Interactions between Village Panchayats and local communities are normally very poor.Many hamlets expressed a sense of alienation from it.

Tribal Development Department and the Development Schemes:.

As per a study carried out by the Tribal Research and Training Institute, Pune, 90% of therespondents were aware of only 7-8 schemes out of the 326 different tribal developmentschemes being planned and implemented by different line departments. Schemes, whichtribals were aware of, include the provision of: bullock carts, milch cows, goats& poultry,pumpsets & diesel engines, housing and supply of tiles. Moreover, awareness levels varysubstantially across the tribal groups and blocks/ districts. Nevertheless, even VillagePanchayat members were aware of not more than 20 schemes.

The Gram Sevak constitutes the general channel for dissemination is information.However, in many cases, it is observed that the Gram Sevak operates from Tehsil andvisits tribal settlements rarely. Neither are Gram Sabhas convened nor any alternativefora exist to inform/ share/ discuss with the communities about development programs.

IV: Stakeholder Analysis

16. A summary of the key stakeholders' analysis viz., issues, status and concerns asexpressed by key stakeholders is presented below:

16.1 Tribal Women. Women are the water managers in the households.Women and girl children fetch water. They decide which sources to use, the quantity ofwater to be brought home in different seasons as the frequency of activities such asbathing and washing clothes and the amount of water to be used for different householdactivities. However, some households reported that men too are involved in fetchingwater, specially during summers when water was to be accessed from distant sources.Tribal women generally spend between 1.5 to 3 hours in a day fetching water. Whilebetter off women (particularly in the main village) have relatively easier access to water(private connections and standposts), poorer hamlet-based families inevitably suffer asthey are more dependent on hand pumps and bore wells. Many such women have towork as agricultural and non-agricultural labor and lose precious labor time fetchingwater for the household. This problem becomes more acute during the water scarceseasons (February through May) and during the agriculture seasons. There are a largenumber of instances wherein women are unable to go to work due to unreliable andinadequate water supply, specially during summers and hence they lose wages.

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16.1.1 Expectations and Concerns. Women would ideally want private connectionsto make their lives easier. However they were also aware of the fact that privateconnections would require higher contributions that could be beyond their ability to pay.In such a circumstance, the following emerged as key expectations:

Tribal Women's Expectations

* Accessibility and availability of water source, either through public stand posts orthrough hand pumps and borewells, all throughout the year. Accessibility in hillyareas is expressed in terms of the distance to be covered and the ease of approach. Inplains, accepting that water levels drop during summer, accessibility meant at leastone perennial water source within a reasonable distance.

* Reliability of water supply, i.e., not to be subject to factors such as electricityavailability, machine breakdowns and low water pressure. Delivery should be for astipulated time and for the duration that it is planned for.

* Timings of the water supply should coincide with the work schedule of women.Many women work as wage laborers, collect firewood, forest produces etc., andhence prefer water supplies in the early hours of the morning and late in the eveningwhen they come back from work.

* Service level. So long as the issues listed above are no problem, lower levels ofdelivery (say, 20-30 lpcd) too are acceptable.

* Household latrines-Privacy. Women do desire latrines as latrines would providethem with the needed privacy. Very few, however, desired private household latrinesas affordability is an issue. The majority desires either group or public latrines. Spaceconstraint was mentioned by the communities in clustered settlements.

* Health facilities. Accessible and affordable health facilities constitute a majorrequirement.

Tribal Women's Concerns

* Affordability. They may not have the ability to contribute towards capital cost* Participation/ Inclusion. Women do not normally get to know about planned

activities nor are they involved subsequently.* Technological options. Technological options should be such as to render operation

and maintenance easier and cheaper.* Livelihood Support, in particular, employment, and access to health and education

are a key concerns.

16.2 Tribal Men. The expectations of men were similar to women for better access towater and sanitation. In some villages the men were more vocal about the need for properdrains and wanted a better life with less drudgery for their women folk. The men inhamlets emphasized the need for a separate water and sanitation committee for tribalhamlets. As a matter of fact, they strongly desired that all decisions related totechnological option, delivery design, household contributions, operation and

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maintenance, etc., be made and executed at hamlet level and not at Village panchayatlevel.

Tribal Men's Concerns

o Affordability. Inability to contribute towards capital cost. Demand flexible paymentmechanisms and bulk of it in labor, rather than cash.

O Participation. Most men and women will find it difficult to participate in villagemeetings during day time as they have to go for wage labor. As a consequence,critical decisions are likely to be made without their knowledge nor theirparticipation. Ensuring participation, in particular, by women and by the poorassumes significance.

o Village Panchayat vs Habitation. Village Panchayats normally do not involve otherresidents, especially hamlets' residents, in decision making. Panchayats select costlyoptions in order for its members to benefit from a higher share. As a consequence, thetime needed to complete the schemes is higher and so are its costs. Moreover, O&Mwould also be costly and difficult.

o Transparency and Accountability. Village Panchayats' functioning is devoid oftransparency and accountability. Men are concerned that the status quo will bemaintained even in the case of this project.

o Capacity Building. Inadequate experience and technical expertise to operate andmaintain facilities at the village level. Adequate support to building capacity isimportant.

16.3 Village Panchayat. The proposed project design has the Village Panchayat as thefocal point viz., as primary management unit. Village Panchayats naturally are veryenthusiastic about the project and in most places they had already decided on the design(and costs thereof) of water supply facilities. These were those originally designed by theMaharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) under their plan of activity. No consultations withother residents were ever done nor any intentions shown or shared. Their expectationsinclude:

Gram Panchayats - Expectations

o The water and sanitation scheme construction should commence at once.o The scheme they propose is accepted without changes.o They remain the most powerful body in the village.o They get political mileage from a successful WSS scheme.o Capital cost contribution and O&M are not major issues. People would

enthusiastically contribute 10% of the capital cost and 100% 0 & M cost of theproject. These costs are all manageable.

o In some places, Village Panchayat were expecting contributions from trusts andindustrial bodies, and were hoping that they would not require contributions from theBPL and tribal families.

o There is no requirement for a major change of its style of functioning.

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Gram Panchavats -- Concerns

* Any delay in the project may get the local people angry and cynical, after all theraised expectations.

* Their village might not get selected for the project.* If people are given too many choices in terms of payments and choice of scheme, no

one will pay and the scheme will not take off.* All decisions should be centralized at the Village Panchayat level. Other bodies, like

the Village Water and Sanitation Committees, may become a parallel influentialbody, eroding the status of the Village Panchayat.

* Village Panchayat are not confident about the communities' technical capability tooperate and maintain the schemes.

Village Panchavats Vs Habitations

16.4 In case a Village Panchayat comprises more than a village/ hamlet, developmentactivities must be carried out equitably in all of them. However, this happens very rarely.As a matter of fact, only very small percentages of people resulted to have been in anyway involved in or informed about Village Panchayat's activities. People viewed theVillage Panchayat as a distant entity, not really within their scope of influence orinvolvement. Several factors are responsible for this. The Village Panchayat'sfunctioning is normally greatly influenced by a few rich and powerful people who drivethe agenda by keeping their interests in mind. With the result that the communitiesneither participate nor are they consulted. There is therefore a certain sense of alienationfrom and apathy towards the Village Panchayat across the different communities. Thus,communities' expectations and concerns from/ about Village Panchayats appearparticularly relevant:

Communities' Expectations from Village Panchayat

* The project should trigger a change in Village Panchayat's style of functioning,reforming it into a more transparent, democratic and accountable body

* Decision making should rest with hamlets and the Village Panchayat should act as afacilitator and not as provider.

* The Village Panchayat should ensure that all villages and hamlets have equal accessto development activities and development funds from the Village Panchayat.

Communities' Concerns about the Village Panchavat

* Village Panchayat is too powerful to change. There might be temporary "posturing"for the project, which will change as soon as the project activities are under way.

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o Village Panchayat is primarily concerned with water and does not see sanitation anddrainage as equally important issues.

o While main villages will be the focal point, hamlets and remote villages will getneglected.

o Village Panchayats will prefer large single schemes (overhead tanks and piped watersupply) which reflect the preference of richer families for private connections andprivate latrines and will not explore smaller decentralized schemes which are lesscostly.

o Poor and hamlet-based communities will be neglected.

17. Tribal Development Department

17.1 Tribal Development Department (TDD), set up in 1983, is the nodal agency for tribaldevelopment in the state, meant to look after the tribals' welfare and development. Following areorganization made in 1992 aimed at an unitary command, the department has a TribalCommissioner with Nashik as headquarters; and four Additional Tribal Commissioners at Thane,Nashik, Amravati and Nagpur. Macro level guidance and steering rests with a Tribes AdvisoryCouncil (TAC) (set up as per the provisions of Schedule V of the constitution) of which ChiefMinister is the Chairman and the Tribal Development Minister,Vice Chairman. Secretary, TribalDevelopment Department is the ex-officio Secretary of the Council. The main function of theCouncil is to advise the Governor on important matters pertaining to the welfare andadvancement of scheduled tribes in the State. The Chief Minister also heads the Cabinet Sub-committee for the Tribal Sub-Plan at the state level. This committee is responsible for approvingthe formulation of the Tribal sub-plan, as well as monitor and supervise its implementation.

17.1.2 District level administrative arrangements. Plans (like the Five year plans) areformulated keeping the district as a basic unit. Responsibility for formulating plans as well asimplementation and monitoring at the district level rests with the District Planning andDevelopment Councils (DPDC) headed by a Minister, called 'District / Guardian Minister'.Special Executive Committees have been constituted in the 14 tribal districts of Maharashtra,under the DPDC to ensure public participation in planning, implementation and monitoring ofthe schemes for tribal development. In addition to other representatives from the district levelgovernment machinery, the Project Officer from the ITDP is the ex-officio joint secretary of theCommittee. The Collectors of the district and the CEO of the Zilla Parishad are designated ex-officio Additional Tribal Commissioners (ATC). The Project Officers of the ITDPs are placedunder the ATCs for co-ordination, supervision and implementation at district level.

18. Key Issues related to the Tribal Development Department

o TDD is a mere fund channelizing agency'4 . Barring a few education irrigationschemes, most tribal development schemes are planned and implemented by other

14 TDD's Plan outlay works out to about US$ 100- 120 million; an equally good amount is available tomeet non-plan expenses

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line departments. Despite relevant expertise and experience, TDD do not have anopportunity to influence the programs either in planning or implementation.

* Planning by the line departments is rather exclusively top-down, hence lacking ina holistic perspective. The line departments take the funds the implement it theway they implement their other programs

* TDD is not monitoring the projects financed by them. Data base is very weak.Except data on physical and financial targets/ achievements, no information onoutputs/ outcomes are available.

* In the absence of any feedback, changes into the intervention are very rarelymade. Leave alone content and approach, even the title continues to be same forover decades. With no systematic feedback, neither learning is possible, nor is theTDD able to influence the policies/ programs. Expertise available in the TDD isthus not being put into an effective usage.

* While the sensitive ITDPs are supposed to have IAS and IFS officers as ProjectOfficers, in reality, this does not happen and most of the POs in ITDP areas arefrom the TDD. Hence the TDD remains a low profile and un-influentialdepartment. Senior officers see ITDP postings as "punishment posting".

* The Planning Officers in ATC offices in Nagpur and Nashik were concernedabout the lack of funds and the fact that only about 40-50% of the planned budgetactually comes into their hands for expenditure. However the irony is thatsignificant amount of funds from the department also are surrendered by differentITDPs every year.

* In the remoto areas of Gadchiroli and Chandrapur, the department was concernedabout lack of adequate manpower to interact with the villagers on a regular basis.These areas were also impacted by the Naxalite movement making traveling andfield visits unsafe.

19. Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD). Water Supply and SanitationDepartment, Government of Maharashtra, is a key stakeholder, as it is currently engaged inpreparing the proposed project. Subsequently, it will shoulder responsibility for implementation,monitoring and evaluation. The department has been traditionally strong on technicalcompetence (engineering/ contract aspects) and will have to equip itself with social/ institutionalcapacity.

V: Tribal Driven Development

20. Given the existing development/ regulatory framework including constitutionalprovisions under the 73rd amendment, and issues identified through stakeholder analyses in thebackdrop of the current rural water supply and sanitation status, objectives are defined together

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with a strategy and a plan of action including institutional arrangements and the costs thereof aredeveloped for a TDP in this section.

21. Strategy. The concept of self-help and community sharing of resources is ingrainedin the tribal culture. Involving local communities in decision-making is a part of the tradition.Key issues are discussed and conflicts, if any, are resolved in the presence of hereditary villagehead and other elders. Thus, the project's strategy of decentralization to Village Panchayats andUser Groups, in broad terms, fits in well with the tribal socio-economic characteristics andcultural values. At the same time, however, a study on 'traditional' systems of governanceamong tribals will also be completed during the first year of the project, with a view to identifyculturally-appropriate ways of local governance and hence to improve tribals' participation andinclusion. The tribal development strategy, hence, will also be premised on the Community-Demand Driven (CDD) principles of: (i) autonomy; (ii) subsidiarity; (iii) self selection anddemand driven; (iv) participation, (v) inclusion & equity; (vi) transparency & accountability; and(vii) cost sharing. Initially, efforts will be made at creating an 'enabling' environment so as toprovide for informed decision making, to participate or otherwise, in the project. Subsequently,tribals, mobilized into groups, will be capacitated to plan, implement and operate and maintainthe project activities/facilities. Scheme cycle and the associated rules and regulations have,accordingly, been evolved in discussions with tribals and other relevant stakeholders. Specialtechnical assistance through professional agencies will be ensured. All other rules andregulations, specially related to capital cost contribution and operation and maintenance willremain the samne. The difference, however, will lie in its operationalization. In addition, to ensurethat this is not a one-time sort of intervention, and to help in mainstreaming CDD basedapproaches into the tribal development as a whole in the State, project provides for TDD'sstrengthening. Thus, the tribal development plan will have two major objectives: (i) one relatedto rural water supply and sanitation delivery being attempted through fostering andempowering autonomous, inclusive, equitable and accountable grassroots tribal institutions;and (ii) institutional strengthening, to enable the State government, in general and the TDD inparticular to imbibe the CDD approach towards tribal development. Elements ofoperationalizing the strategy are presented below, separately for RWSS and InstitutionalStrengthening.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Delivery

22. Primary Management Unit. In accordance with the national constitutional provision andexperiences gained elsewhere in the country, each habitation/ hamlet will work as the basicmanagement unit, instead of the Village Panchayat. That is, for the purpose of TDP, anindividual hamlet or a cluster of hamlets (hereinafter, for the purpose of simplicity, referred to as"Tribal Para" 15 ) comprising 30-50 households, will be the focal point. Thus Tribal Paras will beresponsible for planning, procuring, constructing, operating and maintaining water supply andsanitation activities.

23. All denotified and nomadic tribes' habitations too will be considered au par with the STs .

5 15 Para, m local parlance, means hamlet

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24. Prioritization. Tribal habitations will receive priority for participation in the project. Alltribal settlements in a project district will automatically be eligible to participate in the project.

25. Tribal Para Definition. Recognizing that population could be mixed (tribal and non-tribal),all habitations with at least 50% tribal households will be considered as a Tribal Para.

26. Gram Sabha. The 'Gram Sabha', the general body, will comprise all people of a TribalPara.

27. Village Panchayat. village Panchayat's responsibility will include: (i) aiding andfacilitating the Tribal Paras, as and when requested by the latter, in executing the projectactivities; (ii) monitoring of the Para wise progress as designed under the project; (iii) providingleadership and be responsible, if the need arises, for settling inter Para/ hamlet issues; and (iv)acting as a conduit between Paras and other external agencies.

28. Zilla Parishad (ZP), housing the district support units (DSU), will be responsible forsteering the project in a district.

29. Self Selection and Demand Driven. Project preparation recognizes that tribalhabitations will not be able to express a demand and make an application on their own. Also, it isalso doubtful whether project's general IEC (Information, Education, Communication) effortswill succeed in reaching them. Hence, under TDP, an application (on behalf of a Tribal Para)could be made by any proponent such as: NGOs, consultants, Tribal Development Department(including ITDP), Village Panchayats, BPs and ZPs. However, tribals' willingness, in principle,should be ascertained before making applications. Towards enabling this, PPMU/DSU willlaunch an appropriate IEC campaign as well as prepare an application format.

30. Delineating Tribal Para. All applications will be examined by the district level projectmanagement team and delineate tribal Paras taking technical, social, economic and institutionalaspects into account. Towards ensuring that WSS facilities are tribal-friendly, all efforts will bemade to make sure that each Tribal Para will have an independent water supply system. Multi-Para and/ or multi-Village Panchayat schemes, as a rule, will be avoided.

30.1 Technological Alternatives. Proponents and the DSUs will, as a rule, make available abasket of alternative technological options for improving water supply and sanitation facilitieswhich are cost effective and culture-friendly. Full information on the merits and demerits of eachtechnology will be provided to the tribals to enable an informed and appropriate decisionmaking. Small scale and decentralized, rather than single large scheme will be encouraged so asto ensure that the local needs are not subsumed in large and elaborate schemes. Repair andrehabilitation including augmenting and modernizing existing schemes will be preferred overentirely new schemes.

31. Autonomy, Decentralization and Inclusion. Once a Tribal Para has expressed aninterest in participating in the project, and the same is endorsed by the district support team,residents of the Para will be mobilized into a Tribal Para'6 Water Supply and Sanitation

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Committee (TPWSC) which will be responsible for planning, procuring, constructing,implementing and operating and maintaining WSS facility. TPWSC will be established as a sub-committee of the Village Panchayat and separate by-laws (governing functioning of TPWSC)drafted by the GOM will, among other things, ensure autonomy and decentralization. Thecommittee will be formed based on three essential elements: representativeness, responsivenessand responsibility. All decision making including the choice of a technology (location, spread,size etc) will rest with the TPWSC. Project's funds will flow into the accounts of the TPWSCand they will operate the project investments. A 'sub project cycle' has been developed whichdetails activities to be carried out (in the Pre-Planning, Planning, Implementation, and PostImplementation O&M Phases). Against each activity, roles/responsibility of a particularactor/agency are specified.

32. Towards ensuring ownership, transparency and accountability, every TPWSC willbe enabled to prepare a PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal)-based Para Water & Sanitation Plan(TPWSP).This will form an attachment to a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the threeprincipal actors -TPWSC, GP and ZP. Once approved by signatures, this will not only be thebasis for implementation, but it would also enable comparative assessments in future. Theelements of such a plan are listed in the box below.

Tribal Para Water Supply and Sanitation PlanCommunity Mobilization, comprsing: (a) Social Mobilization details relating to PWSC

formation as well as registration and opening of the bank account; (b) Socio-economicsurvey for a social mapping; (c) water sources mapping; (d) superimposing social map onwater resources map, on a top sheet, to depict the existing situation and identify gaps (ifany); and (e) computing situational index.

Community Contribution Mobilization plan detailing household-wise cash and labor shares.Detailed technical project report (DPR) with details about choices considered and the

discussions thereof as well as the cost particulars related to water supply.Ground Water Recharge (GWR), point recharge, focusing on the water supply source.Operation and Management (O&M) Plan including the likely tariff, income and expenses.Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion plan detailing objectives, inputs, scheduling and the likely

outputs. Results of the baseline healthy home surveys will also be an integral part of themodule.

Women Development Initiatives (WDI) will spell out how women have been mobilized, theprocess of their deciding on the choice of activities; financing mechanism; expectedoutputs and the NGO support.

Environmental Management Plan, outlining measures to address environmental issues includingthose related to sanitation.

Capacity Building Initiatives will include the programs planned (class room/ lecture mode as wellas field based), likely participants, scheduling, community development support,implementation arrangements, the post implementation follow-up.

Implementation schedule, including schedule for delivery of inputs and services, schedule formonitoring of the progress, success indicators and capacity enhancements.

Community Monitoring. Besides implementation, benefits likely to accrue to different subgroupsas well as to the community as a whole will be monitored by the community. Simpleindicators, as identified and articulated by the community themselves, will be deployed forthe purpose.

Study on Traditional Systems of Governance - tribal people have customary institutions toregulate social life, manage common resources and resolve conflicts. An understanding of

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these institutions will help improving tribals' participation and effectiveness of localgovernance.

Mutual obligations and responsibilities on the part of all the three signatories - TWSC andZPED will be detailed out in respect of each of the activity in the scheme cycle.

33. The TPWSP approved by the Tribal Para'7 Water Supply and Sanitation Committee(TPWSC) will be submitted to ZP for further processing, i.e., to be approved. In addition, theproject will support a Village Panchayat Strengthening Plan.

34. Project Support Units in the ZP will be responsible for identifying and arranging capacitybuilding needs as well as professional technical assistance (TA --both engineering andcommunity development) to Paras. Services of a non-government Service Agency (SA --NGOs, Consultants, etc) will be enlisted to provide the TA to the Village Panchayats and Paras.All these arrangements will be formalized through a Tri-Partite Planning Phase Agreement ( tobe signed by Village Panchayats, ZP and SA) and a quadrilateral contract among ZP, villagePanchayats, and SA and the respective Para. GOM will issue an appropriate directive to makethese arrangements, in particular, project funds to flow to Paras. Thus, the institutionalarrangements would include: PWSC at the Para level, with executive responsibilities; villagePanchayats at Village Panchayat level, with guiding and monitoring; ZP at the district level,with facilitating, and monitoring; and PPMU at the state level, with policy, fund and monitoringresponsibilities.

35. Organizational arrangements at the district level will include: (i) a District FacilitationTeam (DFT), to address software related issues; and (ii) District Appraisal Team, to addresstechnical aspects. DFT in the tribal districts will have a tribal development managementspecialist (TDMS). In addition, the state level PMU will also have a TDMS in its socialdevelopment team.

36. The cost sharing arrangements are:

Para/ PWSC ZP/ GOM

Water Supply Capital Cost 5% (1% cash) 95%

O&M 100%

Sanitation Capital Cost 5% (1% cash) 95%

O&M 100%

Household Latrines Capital cost 100%

O&M 100%

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37. Fund flows to Tribal Paras. Once planning phase is through, implementation phaseproposals are prepared & approved, and IPQAs are signed, project funds will flow to the Paras.This will be released in four installments: (i) first installment, 40%, of the IPQA budget to bereleased upfront; (ii) second, 40%, after 80% of the first installment is utilized; (iii) 10% as thethird , after the first installment is utilized fully, and 80% of second installment is utilized; and(iv) 10% around Implementation Phase Completion Report (IPCR).

38. Targeting, Project Coverage and Implementation Schedule. Of the 25 project districtsincluded in the proposed project, 10 districts have significant tribal population, and are normallydefined as "tribal districts". These 10 districts are of high significance for the project and theyare: Thane, Nasik, Yavatmal, Wardha, Nagapur, Chandrapur, Bhandara, Gadchorili, Dhuleand Nandurbar. Tribal population across the 10 districts is about 4.94 million which amounts to85% of the total tribal population. These districts comprise about 6700 settlements which arecategorized either as Non-covered or Partially Covered (Table- 15 ). Given the demand drivenand self-selection stipulation and discounting for the non-tribal settlements, the project wouldexpect demand to emanate from about 2,000 tribal settlements. Provisions are made foradditional 200 settlements falling outside the purview of the 10 districts. 2,200 settlements willbe covered in 4 batches (each about 15 to 18 months- preplanning, 3 months; planning, 6months; implementation, 3-6 months; and post implementation, 3 months), over a period of sixyears. To enable focused attention and continuous learning, only 2-3 districts will be covered ineach batch. District-wise coverage is worked out in consultation with local experts (Table--17).

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Table 17: Tribal Settlements Coverage(

Si District Paras Batch Batch Batch BatchNo Coverage I 11 III IV

(No)

1 Thane 3002. Nasik 3003 Dhule 2004. Nandurbar 200 @ batchwise phasing of TDP in5. Yavatmal 2006. Buldhana 100 distncts will be in tune with the6. Wardha 1007. Nagapur 100 phasing of districts in the proposed8. Chandrapur 2009. Gadchiroli 200 project.10. Bhandara 10011. Others 200=___ Total 2200 550 650 900 100

39. Forest- Tribals Interface. There are villages inside and on the periphery of theforests in Maharashtra. What were previously called 'forest villages' have all beendeclared revenue villages, and the forest department no longer controls the developmentactivities in revenue areas inside the forests. However, any activity to be taken outsidethe revenue boundaries require endorsement from the forest department. Particular casesof such type include: source identification and development and pipe laying. NationalPolicy of Joint Forest Management provides a solution so far as the reserved forests areconcerned. Project Planning and Management Unit (PPMIU) will discuss this with theForest Department and will issue a directive to this regard.

Institutional Strengthening

40. The project's institutional strengthening component will support capacity buildingand strengthening of the tribal department and Village Panchayats. The former includes:(i) a comprehensive evaluation of the functioning and performance of the tribaldevelopment department activities (Rs 5 million); (ii) general management developmentof the TDD personnel; (Rs 5 million); (iii) setting up of a computerized MIS system (Rs10 million); (iv) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Resource Centers in 100 AshramSchools, similar to the Tribal Development Commissioner mooted project, "Promotion ofSanitation through Tribal Schools" by a Nashik based NGO, Nirmal Gram NirmalKendra (Rs 5 million); (v) Barefoot Health Workers scheme, on the lines of TribalDevelopment Commissioner's (and UNICEF) Project Concept Note: "Upgradation ofHamlet and Village Health Services in Tribal areas", (Rs 2.5 million); and (vi) pilotingCDD based Integrated Tribal Development Planning in some 10 tribal GPs (Rs 2.5million). In addition, a sum of Rs 5 million is set apart for strengthening the TRI.

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41. Costs/ Budget. Based on the field experiences and to ensure that low cost andO&M friendly technologies are promoted, per capita capital cost for water supply will notexceed Rs 2,000. As aconsequence, water supply construction cost will be around Rs500,000 per Para. For 2,200 Paras, tota Icosts will amount to Rs 1,100 million. Sanitationcost is worked out at about Rs 200 per capita, aggregating to Rs 110 million. 20% of theconstruction costs (Rs 12 million) will be towards technical assistance from SAs. Thus,Rs 1,210 million is budgeted for water supply and sanitation costs. InstitutionalStrengthening is budgeted at Rs 30 million. The two together add to Rs 1,240 million.Details are provided in the cost table.

42. Financing. While technical assistance costs towards demonstrating CDD basedintegrated tribal development planning formulation will be met out of the project funds,TDD will meet with the investment costs. PPMU will seek assurance from the TDD tothis effect. Remaining funds will flow from the project.

43. lLnstitutional Arrangements. PPMU will provide for TTD and ForestDepartments' representation on all the project management committees both at the stateand district levels.

44. Monitoring and Evaluation. The project has planned a four-fold monitoring andevaluation (M&E) system:

Community Monitoring -- Each Tribal Para will be capacitated to assess theimplementation performance themselves. Simple formats involving indicators(chiefly, quantitative and some qualitative) as perceived and articulated by thecommunities will be developed for the purpose. Essentially, this will be anassessment of the 'observed' occurrences against 'expected' or planned actions. Thiswill be conducted throughout the scheme cycle. Details will be captured in theTWSPs Results of individual Paras will be aggregated by the respectiveNGOs/PSU and maintained at the state level through a computerized managementinformation system (MIS).

Process Monitoring -- This will aim at assessing the participatory processes(expected to result in empowerment of tribals). It will be done for the first twobatches, by an external agency. This will also include an assessment of thefunctioning and performance of the institutional arrangements.

Sustainability Monitoring - to assess the likelihood of sustainability of the servicedelivery, in a sample settlement, in each batch and to draw up action plans for post-implementation support employing a Village Immersion Program-based approach.This will be done by a team of different set of stakeholders including the villagecommunities.

Impact Evaluation - While a lessons leamed note will be prepared by the end ofthe first batch, a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts as a result of the TDPintervention, at the end of the program, will be conducted by an external agency.

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Expected outcomes

45. The expected outcomes are: (i) establishment of local level autonomous, inclusiveand accountable tribal institutions; (ii) enhanced awareness among the tribals, about theirrights and measures to safeguard interests; (iii) increased social capital among the tribals,in general, and women, in particular; and (iv) building local capacity among governmentand non-government organizations in addressing tribal issues. Indicators for monitoringimplementation performance and outcomes are present in Annex--.

46. Appraisal Condition. Maharashtra will recruit appropriate tribal developmentmanagement specialist in the state's project planning and management unit.

47. Negotiation conditions.

* Maharashtra will issue necessary directive to Project Zilla Panchayats totransfer project investment funds, as stipulated in the IPQAs, to the selectedtribal Paras viz., to the Tribal Para water and sanitation committees.

* Maharashtra will prepare a draft bye-law outlining the role and responsibilitiesof a Tribal Para vis-a-vis Village Panchayats, ZP - PSU; seek comments fromIDA; and finalize the same.

*. Maharashtra will prepare draft Planning Phase and Implementation PhaseAgreements; seek comments from IDA; and finalize the same.

47. The following legal covenants will be included in the PAD:

"Maharashtra will recruit appropriate tribal development management specialistsin the project support units at the district level before the commencement of thepre-planning phase, and will ensure their continuity throughout the projectperiod".

"Maharashtra will prepare a lessons learned note at the completion of the Batch-Iand share it with the Bank as a part of the learning and sharing."

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Annex-1: District/ Division-wise Total & Tribal population in Maharashtra

Sr. No State/Division/District ijPopulation Percentage ofI Total ][Tnbal Tribal Population

1 12 __3 j[4 5

Maharashtra State 789.37 [73.18 1[9.27

I. | Greatar Mumbai 1|99.26 |1.04 1[.os

2iZIiThane 1 52.49 1[9.51 1[18.12

13 ||Raigad ]|18.25 |[2.34 |12.824. IlRatnagirn ][15.84 10.15 10.9715. |Sindhudurg [|8.32 Io0.04 ||0.48|Total-Konkan Division 1193.13.08 ||6.j16. ||asik1l3 8.51 119.31 2.1

17. ||Dhule [25.36 |0.36 40.85

8. |Jal-gaon ||31.88 ||3 .14 |W.8

9. lAhmednagar i33.73 I 2.40 7.12

Total-Nashik Division [|129.48 125.21 ][19.47

|l. Pune 1155.33 ||2.16 113.90

|1. Isat~ara~ 124.51 ||10.18 lO7

12. 1Sangli 1[22.09 170.11 _ _ _ _ _ _

13. 11 Solapur 132.31 1.48 149

14. l|Kolhapur 129.90 0.15 0.50

Total-Pune Division 1164.14 3.08 1

|15. ||Aurangabad I>4 i 10.84 1

1l6. j|Jalna |[13.64 1|0.28 ||2.05

117. |Parbhani |21.17 I1.11 5.25

1Z18 1[Beed[ 118.22 1]0.21 111.15119. ||Nanded ]123.30 112.76 ||11.85

120. |Osmanabad ]112.76 |0.22 1 1.72

|21. ||Latur |I 016.77 0.38 32.27

Total-Aurangabad Division 28.005.80 4.50

j22. [|Buldhana ]118.87 1 0.95 ]Ic.03123. I[Akola 122.14 ][1.56 ]17.0524. ][Amaravti 3.122.00 1 16 1113.36

25. ||Yavatmal j1120.77 I 4.36 ]J21.47

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iTotal-Amravati Division 1[83.78 1 10.13 112.09

126. |IWardha |110.67 [1.66 1115.56m27. |Nagpur ][32.87 14.58 ]113.93

28. ||Bhandara [121.08 |3.10 |14.71

29. |Chandrapur 3.17.72 113.49 190.70

130. Gadchiroli 7.87 113.05 II38.75Total-Nagpur Division [92 15.8817.60

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Annex-2: Regulatory Framework for Water and Sanitation

Laws/POlicies Key FeaturesWhite Paper m July 1995 Gives the status of Maharashtra in Rural Water supply

and Sanitation.sets out the policy objectives of the Government forthe subsequent period of five years

Master Plan (Brihat a "supply driven" concept for implementing DrinkingArakhada) in 1996 water supply schemes

Envisions an ambitious "Freedom from Tankers"program by March 1999

Minimum Needs Programme Implement dnnking water supply schemes with statesince 1986 fund or with external agencies

Involves construction of individual and comimurnitylatrines

Powers to Function as Self Empowers the Gram Sabha along with all theGovernment (Amendment of three tiers of the Panchayat SystemCertam State Laws) Act,1997.Bombay Village Panchayat To carve out a legal framework that makes the GramAct 1958 Panchayat accountable to the Gram SabhasMaharashtra Zilla Parishad Directs every Zilla Parishad shall appomt of a Waterand Panchayat Samutis Act Conservation and Drinking Water Supply1961 Committee

Outlines the Powers and Functions of the PanchayatSarmtis

Maharashtra District Constitution of a District Planning Committee (DPC)Planning Committees at the District Level to consolidate the plans prepared(Constitution and Functions) by the Panchayat and prepares a Draft DevelopmentAct 1998 Plan for the District as a wholeMaharashtra Village (Water Village water supply committee to 'advice' the VillageSupply Fund) Rules, 1997 Panchayat for proper maintenance, operation and

repairs of the SchemeGovernment Resolution Based on "Demand dnven and communityWater Supply and Sanitation participative prmciples" the resolution transfers theDepartment, No RWS- roles of "choice, design, planning, implementation,1099/CR-328 WS/07 dated operation and maintenance" of the scheme is to be27th July 2000 done by the beneficiariesGovernment Resolution announces the constitution of Village Water andWater Supply and Sanitation Sanitation Committee and its rolesDepartment, No RWS-1001/CR-190 WS/07 dated3rd September 2001

Government Circular Water lays down the procedure for the collection ofSupply and Samtation community contribution for Water Supply andDepartment, No WSS - Sanitation Project; defines critena for deciding the1002/CR 532/WS-07 dated prionty of schemes amongst the schemes proposed by23rd March 2002 the Gram Panchayats; mode of release of fund by GoM

Government Resolution emphasised on implementing a water quality controlWater Supply and Samtation system, regular water quality survey and developmentDepartment, No RWS- of information management system1096/CR - 128 WS/07 dated28th November 1996

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Maharashtra Groundwater * Regulates the exploitation of ground water for the(Regulation of Drinking protection of ground water resources;Water Purposes) Act, 1993 * Prevents sinking of any well within five hundredand Rules, 1995 meters of a public drinking water source;

regulates extraction of water from a well within onekilometre of the public drinking water source in adeclared water scarcity area preventing sinking ofwell in a declared 'over exploited' watershed.

Government Circular: Water Enhance sustainability of the water source bySupply and Sanitation rainwater harvesting for its use for drinkingDepartment RWS-098/CR-215/WS-07 dated I 1th

November 1998Government Resolution: Introduces a "three pronged integrated strategy"Water Supply and Sanitation for Water Supply focusing on increasing water supplyDepartment SCY 3000/ CR through water conservation, preservation &1159/WS-14 dated 28h' Sept. utilization2000Government Resolution: Introduces "Shivkalin Pani Sathawan Yojana"Water Supply and Sanitation (Shivkalin Water Harvesting Scheme).Department RWS 1001/CR- Aims at augmenting water supply through rainwater330/WS-07 dated l4th harvesting measures not only for drinking purposesFebruary 2002 but also for groundwater rechargeGovernment Decision: Water Delegates powers to the District Collector /DivisionalSupply and Sanitation Commissioners of a district to tackle the waterDepartment 3099/C. No scarcity situation and undertake emergency water13/WS-14 dated 1" February supply schemes1999 Sets out criteria for such a declarationGovernment Decision: Water Incorporates community participation of 10% in ClassSupply and Sanmtation 'A' and Class 'B' Mumicpal Council areas andDepartment 3099/ C. No exempts Class C civic areas from such a14/WS-14 dated 2nd February contribution.Also redefines "scarcity taluka"1999 Gives a timeframe when to complete emergency water

supply systemGovernment Decision: Water Transfers direct authority to GSDA for assistance toSupply and Sanitation the District Collector by periodical preparation ofDepartment 3099/ C. No Water Scarcity Action Plan14/WS-14 dated 3rd February Elaborates on kind of schemes, which can be1999. undertaken under the preview of this "Emergency

schemes"Maharashtra Drinking Water Rules related to acquisition of private wells, ifSupply Acquisition Act, 1992 required, with compensation to the owner of the well.Government Resolution: Funds available from the RWSS schemes can also beRural Development and utilised for the emergency schemeswater ConservationDepartment No RWS-1093/CR-687/39-A dated 3 0'hJune 1993

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Government Decision: Rural Regular survey on a monthly basis for maintenanceDevelopment and Water and non overlap of funds between already allocatedConservation Department district funds for repair and the emergency fund forNo. RWS 1093/CR 831/39 A scarcity taluka,dated I "th January 1994Government Decision: Rural Regular survey on a monthly basis for maintenanceDevelopment and Water and non overlap of funds between already allocatedConservation Department district funds for repair and the emergency fund forNo. RWS 1093/CR 831/39 A scarcity taluka,dated I1h January 1994Government Decision Rural Conditions of release of funds by Zilla ParishadDevelopment and WaterConservation Department NoRWS1093/CR 611/39-Adated 18'h October 1993Government Decision: Water Guidelines for selection of Voluntary organisations,Supply and Sanitation involved in WSS ProjectsDepartment, GR No. RWS1002/CR No. 537/WS 07dated 30th March 2002Government Resolution: Elaborates the approach of total Sanitation campaignWater supply and Samtation and Allocation Based ProgramDepartment, GR No. TSC-2000/CR-352/WS-16 dated27th July 2000

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Annex-3: Inaccessible Tribal Areas in Maharashtra

Sr.No District Tehsil No.of Complex No.of Villages1 2 3 4 5Thane 1) Jawhar 1 4

2) Wada 1 43) Shahapur 2 94) Murbad 2 75) Mokhada 1 8

Total District.. 7 322 Pune 1) Junnar 2 16

2) Ambegaon 2 263) Khed I 6

Total District 5 483 Nashik 1) Surgana 14 42

2) Peth 8 29

3) Nashik 2 74) Jagatpuri 3 95) Kalwan 1 2

Total District 28 89

4 Dhule 1) Akkalkuwa 4 342) Dhadgaon 3 25

3) Nawapur I 44) Shirpur 7

Total District 9 705 Jalgaon 1) Chipda 1 14

2) Yaval _ _4

3) Raver 15Total District 3 236 Ahmednagar 1) Akola 4 38Total District 4 387 Nanded 1) Kinwat 6 40Total District 6 40

8 Amravati 1) Achalpur 1 72) Dharni 4 383) Chikhaldara 5 34

Total District 10 799 Yavatmal 1) Moregaon 7 48Total District 7 48

10 | Nagpur I) Ramtek 7 71

1) Parshivaji Ig)R t

Total District 8 82

1 1 Chandrapur 1) Chimur 4 192) Warora 2 18

3) Gond-Pimpri 3 234) Rajura 3 47

_5) Bhadravati 2 1116) Nagbhid 1 5

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7) Smdewahi 1 5Total District 16 12812 Bhandara 1) Moregaon Arjuni 5 47

2) Deon 5 523) Salekasa 2 23

Total Distnct 12 12213 Gadchlroli 1) Aheri 47 123

_ 2) Etapalli 70 2683) Sironcha 8 244) Chamorshi 8 535) Gadchiroli 6 276) Dhanora 21 957) Kukheda 13 768) Annori 1 7

Total District 174 673Total Maharashtra 289 1472

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Annex4: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SITUATION OF THE VILLAGES IN THE STATE

SR. DISTRICT NOT-COVERED NO SAFE SOURCE SAFE SOURCE FULLY COVERED GRAND TOTAL

Village Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total

I Thane 33 112 145 14 9 23 242 684 926 1392 3384 4776 1681 4189 5870

2 Raigad 121 294 415 30 87 117 610 1025 1635 1090 1280 2370 1851 2686 4537

3 Ratnagiri 424 274 698 69 83 152 592 1748 2340 436 4475 4911 1521 6580 8101

4 Smdhudurg 97 191 288 35 21 56 248 515 763 357 2993 3350 737 3720 4457

5 Nashik 63 67 130 46 48 94 818 376 1194 901 701 1602 1828 1192 3020

6 Dhule 3 50 53 169 296 465 501 395 896 889 769 1658 1562 1510 3072

7 Nandurbar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 Jalgaon 22 0 22 9 0 9 586 33 619 830 0 830 1447 33 1480

9 Ahmednagar 63 87 150 48 339 387 972 2128 3100 474 875 1349 1557 3429 4986

10 Pune 145 417 562 527 1356 1883 168 622 790 1012 4416 5428 1852 6811 8663

11 Satara 18 53 71 146 844 990 493 1359 1852 919 2563 3482 1576 4819 6395

12 Sangli 0 0 0 118 257 375 290 418 708 323 1126 1449 731 1801 2532

13 Solapur 0 0 0 305 604 909 198 0 198 651 2639 3290 1154 3243 4397

14 Kolhapur 4 61 65 186 87 273 389 310 699 589 878 1467 1168 1336 2504

15 Aurangabad 8 0 8 26 1 27 823 195 1018 408 39 447 1265 235 1500

16 Jalna 0 0 0 327 32 359 479 34 513 146 168 314 952 234 1186

17 Parbhani 0 0 0 8 0 8 757 127 884 730 109 839 1495 236 1731

18 Beed 45 27 72 371 146 517 219 14 233 636 698 1334 1271 885 2156

19 Nanded 24 31 55 144 35 179 378 29 407 971 373 1344 1517 468 1985

20 Osrnanabad 20 11 31 54 37 91 341 23 364 307 43 350 722 114 836

21 Latur 0 0 0 88 25 113 374 32 406 469 152 621 931 209 1140

22 Buldhana 29 0 29 1 0 1 711 0 711 558 46 604 1299 46 1345

23 Akola 0 0 0 11 0 11 404 0 404 435 0 435 850 0 850

24 Washim 0 0 0 7 0 7 337 0 337 355 0 355 699 0 699

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SR. DISTRICT NOT COVERED NO SAFE SOURCE SAFE SOURCE FULLY COVERED GRAND TOTAL |

_ ____________ Village Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total Villages Wadies Total

25 Amravati 5 0 5 223 0 223 518 0 518 885 0 885 1631 0 1631

26 Yavatmal 27 13 40 312 51 363 282 20 302 1219 281 1500 1840 365 2205

27 Wardha 4 0 4 21 0 21 248 0 248 693 0 693 966 0 966

28 Nagpur 13 0 13 21 0 21 534 0 534 1108 0 1108 1676 0 1676

29 Bhandara 51 9 60 4 2 6 480 189 669 1119 625 1744 1654 825 2479

30 Chandrapur 3 8 11 13 2 15 485 29 514 963 78 1041 1464 117 1581

31 Gadchiroli 2 1 3 0 0 0 159 6 165 1344 438 1782 1505 445 1950

Total 1224 1706 2930 3333 4362 7695 13636 10311 23947 22209 29149 51358 40402 45528 85930Source- Sukthankar Committee Report on Operation and Maintenance of Rural and Urban Water Supply Schemes, Volume 1 - Background Information, January 2000Note All information of Nandurbar distnct is included in Dhule district

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Annex- 5: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

As a part of the social and environmental assessment study and for the preparation ofIPDP, as many as 27 public consultations were held along with 50 Focus GroupsDiscussions and meetings with Government Officials, Village Panchayat members, ZillaParishad members and NGO representatives. In addition the team met academicians andresearchers. These consultations have been recorded in a separate volume. Here we listthe consultations held specifically for preparing this Tribal Development plan.

List of Consultations

[S.N District Place Participants- DateNumbers Key Persons

Chandrapur Tribal Assistant Project Officer, Tribal 8 1 2003Development Development InspectorsDepartment

2 Block Block Development Officer 8 1 2003DevelopmentOffice, Sindwahi

3 RWSS, Sindwahi Junior Engineer 8.1.20034 Forest CCF, North Circle 9 1 2003

Department CCF, South Circle5 Maharashtra Deputy Engineers, Junior 9 1.2003

Jeevan Engineers, Local CouncillorPradhikaran(MJP)

6 RWSS, Executive Engineer 16 1 2003Chandrapur

7 MJP Executive Engineer 16.1 20038 Lindiguda Sipahi, Panchayat Samiti, 10 1.2003

village- GP HQ Panchayat Samiti Members,Other community members

9 Kakban Police Patil, Sarpanch, GP 10.1 2003* Gond Pada 20 member, Community members

* Kolam Pada 35

10 Ghadchiroli TDD Planning Officer, Research 13.1.2003Officer

11 Forest Assistant Conservator of Forests 13 1.2003Department

12 Collector's Office Resident District Magistrate 13 1 200313 Allapalli/Gh TDD Planning Officer, Research 13 1 2003

adchiroli Officer14 Village Kothi

* GP Office 5 Gram Sevika, Anaganwadi 14.1 2003Worker, Ashram Shala teacher,Veterinary assistant

* Pradhan 10 14 1 2003Settlement Women, PHU nurse, school

teacher, anganwadi worker* Madia 50 14-

Settlement Sarpanch, Police Patil, 15.1 2003Community members

* Kothi Tolla 2015 1 2003

Community members

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S.No District Place Participants Date15 TDD Assistant Project Officer 15 1 2003

16 Nagpur TDD 5 Project Officers, Assistant 6.1.2003Project Officers

17 FD Chief Conservator of Forests, 7.1.2003Divisional Forest Officer

18 Mohgaon Zilpi

o GP office 7 Sarpanch, Gram Sevak, 6-7.1.2003Panchayat Sipahi, Aanganwadiworker, Community members

o Main 11 6.1 2003settlement Community members

• Navin Abadi 30 71 2003GP members, Community

o Anya Nagari 10 members 7.1 2003

Community members

19 Ratnagirn Kudavle villageo GP office 6 Deputy Sarpanch, 4 panchayat I11-12 1.

members, gram sewak. 2003

Families of the hamlet, sarpanchand gram sewak

o Adivasi pada Families of the hamlet, gram31 sewak

o Govind

nagar

1620 Ratnagiri Project office, 6 Planning Officer, Assistant 13 1.2003

Integrated Tribal planning officer, TribalDevelopment development InspectorsProject, Pen,Raigad distnct

21 Thane Ashagad

o GP 2 Sarpanch, Up- Sarapnch

o Dongari 28 Community membersPada (Upper)

o DongariPada 27 Community members(Lower)

o Wadu Pada17 Community members

22 Yavatmal Village GhubadiGP office 5 Panchayat members, Gram 08.01 2003

Sewak, NGO

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LS.No DisIrict Place Participanls _ i Dale |GP office 12 Elder members of the tribal 08.01 2003

communityGP office 15 Tribal women 08 01 2003GP office 35 Tribal men 08.01 2003Gond settlement 15 Tribal community members 09 01 2003Forest Mr R K Chawan, Range Forest 09 01 2003department, officer and Mr Morankar, AsstPandharkawda Conservator of ForestsIntegrated Tribal Mr Warwarantkar, Project 09 01.2003Development officer, ITDPProject office,Pandharkawda

23 Nandurbar Integrated Tribal Mr Valavi, Project officer, ITDP 11 012003DevelopmentProject office,NandurbarVillage AmapadaGP office 10 Gram Sarpanch, Tribal 11 102003

Development Inspector andvillagers

A Tribal house 8 Sarpanch, Gram Sewak, tribal 12.10.2003men

Village Church 100 approx All villagers, Gram Sewak, 12 102003Sarpanch and Journalist (fromlocal news paper Gavkari)

Tribal house 6 Tribal women 12.10 2003Tribal house 9 Trial community (men/women) 12 10 2003

~~~~~_ _ __.,_______________.. '' ']24 Pune Econet (NGO) 3 3 12.200225 Society for Tribal 1 4 12 2002

Conscientisation(NGO)

26 National Centre 2 3 12 202fir AdvocacyStudies

27 SCOPECOM 5 12.2002

28 Nashik ATC Office Planning officer 8 01.03Forest DCF, Nashik West 8 01 03DepartmentOffice

The Consultations centered around the proposed water and sanitation project, the issuesand concerns of the communities and sub groups and their expectations from this project.In the first round, 20 villages were visited as a part of the social assessment study andvillage level consultations and FGDs with women, tribal groups and other marginalcommunities (SC households, BPL families) were held. In the next round, 7 VillagePanchayats with predominantly tribal population were visited to specifically look at tribaldevelopment issues. This entailed hamlet level and village Panchayat level consultations,PRA exercises, and preparing tribal development plans along with the concernedcommunity over a period of two days. The plans, which have been summarized in section5 of this report, have been endorsed by the respective tribal communities, and thisendorsement at different locations have been put in the subsequent pages.

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Annex 6. List of consultations and persons met along with World Bank Mission(Feb. 2003)

List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Missionmembers Meeting held at Yavatmal on 3/2/2003

Sr.No. Name Designation Department

1 Shri. Lodha S.B. Ex.Engg. MJP Div. Yavatmal2 Shri.Hedaoo K.L. Supt. Engg. MJP Circle, Yeotmal3 Shri. M.W. Joglekar. C.E.O.Fish Farmers Dev.Agency, Yavatmal4 Shri. Deshmukh S.B. I/C,Dist.Fisheries Dev.O. D.F.D.O.,Yavatmal5 Shri. Ingle Anil M. Agri. Dev. Officer A.D.O., Yavatmal6 Shri. Bhople N.B. Sect.Engg. Z.P., Yavatmal7 Shri.Athawale K.B. Agri.Officer Z.P., Yavatmal8 Shri Gajbhiye D.B. Women & Chield Dev. Officer, Yavatmal9 Shri.Rathod B.P. . R.F.O. Pusad Dvi.,Pusad10 Shri. Morankar P.T Acctt.Conser. of Forest. Pandharkawada11 Shri. Choudhari D.P. Dy.Ex.Engr. Minar Irr. Dvi., Yavatmal12 Shri. Trivedi Anil Sect.Engg. Z.P.Water Supply, Yavatmal13 Shri. Nashine Solo Ex.Engg. Z.P.Water Supply Supply, Yavatmal14 Shri. Mohod A.P. Dy.C.E.O.(CW) Z.P., Yavatmal15 Shri. Naik P.B. Spl.Dist. Social Welfare Officer, Z.P., Yavatmal16 Shri Deshpande V.B. Asstt.C.F. Z.P., Yavatmal17 Shri. Jadhav C.E.O. Z.P. Yavatmal

List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Missionmembers Meeting heldl on 3/2/2003 at Gadchiroli I.T.D.P. OFFICE.


1 Shri. Rathod B.G. Planning Officer, I.T.D.P. Gadchiroli2 Shri.Bansod S.P. Ex.Engg. RWS Div. Gadchiroli3 Shri. Khobragade P.S. A.P.O. d.r.d.a. Gadchiroli4 Shri. Imulla A.K. A.E. M.S.E.B. Gadchiroli+F655 Shri.Domalwar N.G. N.G.O.6 Smt. Kanta Mishra N.G.O.7 Shri. R.V.Shrigiriwar Ex. Engg. M.I. Div. Z.P., Gadchiroli

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List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Missionmembers Meeting held at Nagpur on 4/1/2003 in the office of Principle ChiefConservator of Forest, Nagpur


1 Mr. Gogale P.C C.F. Wild Life Forest, Nagpur2 Mr. Krishana Kumar LIC of World Bank Project, Forest, Nagpur3 Mr. Saxena Noddle Officer Forest, N+F85agpur

List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Missionmembers at Meeting held at Nagpur on 31/1/2003 in the Chamber of Chief Executive OfficerZilla Parishad, Nagpur.


1 Mr.Kunal Kumar C.E.O. Z.P., Nagpur2 Mr V S. Barde Add. C.E.O. Z.P., Nagpur3 Mr. T.U. Girdkar Ex.Engg. Z.P., Nagpur4 Dr. D.D.Ghorpade D.A.H.O. Z.P., Nagpur5 Mr. Chaudhari S.B. Ex.Engg. Z.P., Nagpur6 Mr. Bhute P.R. Dy.C.E.O. Z.P., Nagpur7 Mr. Shende M.B. Distt. Agri. Officer Z.P., Nagpur8 Mr. Zalke K.L. Project Director Z.P, Nagpur9 Dr. Rathi N.M. D.H.O Z.P., Nagpur10 Shri. Raut A.T. Dy.C.E.O. Z.P., Nagpur11 Shri. Tol M.M. Sect. Engr Z.P., RWS Nagpur

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2List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Mission members Meeting held atYeotmal on 3/2/2003members meeting held on 2/2/2003 in the Commissioner's office, Trible Deptt.at Nasik.


1 Mr. Meena Commissioner Tribble Deptt.2 Ms Vineeta Singhal C.E.O. Z.P. Nasik3 Shri. Hingonekar S.B. P.O. I.T.D.P.,Nasik4 Shri.Morwal Tahsildar Trambakeswar5 B.D.O. Trambakeswar6 Mr. Kale Dy.Engg. Trambakeswar7 Mr. Gunjar Dy.Collector Nasik8 Mr. Markand Add.C.E.O. Z.P. Nasik9 Dr. Ashetekar N.G.O.10 Dr. Dhruv N.G.O.11 Mr. Narvekar G.V.S.12 Mr. Bagal A.P.O.13 Mr. Bhoir H.M. H.M. Bhilmal School14 Mr. Jadhav Supdt. Bhilmal School15 Mr. Pagare Teacher Bhilmal School16 Mr. Bhoir. Teacher Bhilmal School17 Mr.Pagare Teacher Bhilmal School18 Mr. Khan+B116bait Teacher Bhilmal School

List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank MissionMeeting held held on 31/1/2003 in the office of Addl. Commissioneer, Tirble Div. Thane.


1 Shri. Satish World Bank2 Smt. Usha Maheshwari Soc.Scientist PPMU, Mumbai3 Mr. Patil Sudhir Project Officer Tribale Deptt., Dhahanu4 Mr.Ghodake M.N. Project Officer I.T.D.P., Shahapur5 Mr. Andhale S.V. Addl. Project Officera I.T.D.P., Shahapur

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6 Smt.Patwardhar Sunda N.G.O. Pragadi Pratisthan7 Mr. Sawai B.K. Ex.Engg MJP, Thane8 Mr. Kale K.M. Asstt Comm. Thane9 Mr. Inamdar P.B. Ex.Engg. Z.P. Thane10 Mr. Patel P.S. Asstt. Ex.Engr. Z.P. Thane11 Mr.Dhidhwadkar Shivaji Supt Engg. Javar12 Mr. Kumbhare Y.V. Senior Asstt. Trible Deptt., Thane

List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Mission members Meeting held atYeotmal on 3/2/2003members meeting held on 31/1/2003 at Nagpur in the office of the Asstt. Commissioner,Tribal Dev Nagpur


1 Mr. Ingle R.W. Dy Director G.S.D.A, Nagpur2 Mr. Lodhiya D.P. Dy Engg. PPMU, Mumbai3 Dr.Dhande D.J. Asstt Dir. Dy.Dir., Helth Service, Nagpur4 Mr Phirke K.V. Stat. Officer Dy Dir., Helth Service, Nagpur5 Mr. Nagrale N.B. Dist. Supt.Agr.Offfcer Nagpur6 Mr. Dubey S.R. Dist. F.D.O. Fishers Dev. Nagpur7 Mr. Badwaik G.B. Fisheries Dev. Officer Nagpur8 Mr. Palladwar A.D. Dist. Women & Chield Deptt. Nagpur9 Mr. Garud D.M. Dist. Agri. Officer Z.P., Nagpur10 Mr. Shakare K.P. Add.District Health Officer Z.P , Nagpur11 Mr. Gajbhiye M.S. Sr.Geologist G.S.D.A.,Nagpur12 Mr. Dahiwale S.S. Asstt. Conv.Officer ACFO Forest Div., Nagpur13 Mr. Ganvir P T. Dist. Dy.Director AH Public Health, Nagpur14 Mr. Sheikh K.A. Projet Director Charbahali W.D.Asso., Ramtek15 Mr. Shevade V.S. Co-Ordinator Bhartiya Adim. Jati Sevak Sangh16 Mr. Joshi Sunil Secretary Institurte of Village Enterprise

Dev.for Handicraft, Nagpur17 Mr. Tol M.M. Sectional . Engr. R.W.S.Div., Z.P., Nagpur18 Mr. Khan Sarfaroz Chief Conservation of Forest, Nagpur Forest Div.Nagpur19 Mr. Bedge G R. NGO Vanrai, Nagpur20 Mr. Nilu Chaudhari President Bhartiya Adim. Jati Sevak Sangh

Nagpur21 Mr. Madke R.S. Designer MJP Div.No.1, Nagpur22 Mr.Waikar S.M. Engineer MJP Div.No.1, Nagpur

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List of officers/representatives attended for discussion with World Bank Mission members Meeting held atYeotmal on 3/2/2003members meeting held on 1/2/2003 at Chandrapur in the office of the


1 Mr. Devnikar M.A. C.E.O. Z.P., Chandrapur2 Mr Mohan R.R. Member World Bank3 Mr. Lodhiya Devendra Dy.Engg. PPMU,Mumbai4 Mr.Rajgadkar Prabhu Add.C.E.O. Z.P., Chandrapur5 Mr. Sarode V.P. S.E. MJP, Chandrapur6 Mr. Das P.B. D.H 0. Chandrapur7 Mr. Varambhe K.A. Ex.Engg. Z.P., Chandrapur8 Mr.Ade R.M. Z.P., Chandrapur10 Mr. Bhoir P.N. Agri Dev. Officer Z.P., Chandrapur11 Dr Kapse Bhagyashri Project Officer (I/C) drda Z.P., Chandrapur12 Dr. Gedam C.N. D.A.H.O. Z.P., Chandrapur13 Mr.Bhatt J.C. Sr.Geologist G.S.D.A.,Chandrapur14 Mr. Chitnis V.J. V.J. Distt. Dairy Dev. Officer D.D.D.O., Chadrapur15 Mr. Jagtare V.B. Ex.Engr. MJP,Chandrapur16 Mr. Konde D.N. Project Dir., Distt. Div. Chadrapur17 Mrs. Sodekar N.S. ICDS Officer Z.P., Chandrapur18 Mr. Pande R.S. S.W.O. Z.P., Chandrapur19 Mr.Mahawale Vijay Dy.C.E.O.(Chield Welfare) I.T.D.P., Chandrapur20 Mr. Wankhede S.M. Dy. Engr. Z.P., Chandrapur21 Mr. Sangde B.S. Asstt. P.O. Z.P., Chandrapur22 Mr. Gabhane Ravindra Dy. C.E.O. Z.P., Chandrapur23 Mr. Pagikar G.M. Dy.C.A.O. Z.P., Chandrapur24 Mr. Katare S.H. Dy. Engr. Z.P., Chandrapur25 Mr. Vemulkonda K.S. Ex. Engr. Chandrapur26 Mr. Patil N.N. Jr. Engr. M.l.(Local Sector) Chandrapur M.I.27 Mr. Shemala Ashok Representative of D.F.O. Chandrapur28 Mr. Mate V G. I/C Project Dir. Fishery Chandrapur29 Mt.Talvekar P.G. Sect. Gramin Sarvangin NGO30 Mr. Gunjwar D.G. Presedent, Gramin Sarvagin NGO31 Mr. Kolekar P.B. Distt.Agri Dev. Chandrapur

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Documents

Tribal (Indigenous Peoples) Development Plan