Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly ...hydrologie.org/redbooks/a329/P329 Description, contents… · Web viewEdited by Makoto Taniguchi, Alyssa Dausman, Ken Howard,

Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly Stressed Aquifers Edited by Makoto Taniguchi, Alyssa Dausman, Ken Howard, Maurizio Polemio & Elango Lakshmanan IAHS Publ. 329 (2009) ISBN 978-1-907161-00-1, 318 + x pp. Price £62.50

Population growth, urbanization and global climate change have increased urban and agricultural water demands, stressing aquifer systems where groundwater is a source of water supply. The availability and utility of groundwater may further be threatened by factors stressing the quality of groundwater, such as industrial and domestic wastes and agricultural intensification. To address this issue, a symposium was organised by the IAHS International Commission on Groundwater (ICGW), supported by the International Associaton of Hydrologists (IAH) and by the IAHS International Commission on Water Quality (ICWQ), in Hyderabad, India, September 2009.

Contents

Preface by Makoto Taniguchi, Alyssa Dausman, Ken Howard, Maurizio Polemio & Elango Lakshmanan

v

Towards a rational water management and utilization of water resources in arid zones: application to the Jordan Rift Valley Joseph Guttman, Heinz Hötzl, Jacob Bensabat, Leif Wolf & Tamar Milgrom

1

Sustaining irrigation water abstraction at the stressed Murzuq basin aquifer system in southwest Libya through mathematical modelling and optimisation Adebayo Adeloye & A. Shaki

10

Integrated management of over-exploited aquifers: an extreme case study in southern Spain José Luis Molina, José Luis García-Aróstegui, John Bromley, Raziyeh Farmani, Caroline Sullivan, José Benavente & Jorge Hornero

16

Sustainability of the aquifer system of the sedimentary basin of the Peixe River in the semi-arid region of Brazil Gracieli L. M. Brito, Hans D M Schuster & Vajapeyam S. Srinivasan

28

Trends and sustainability of groundwater in highly stressed aquifers of Gujarat, India R. C. Jain

35

Variability of water table in a high density low income groundwater utilization area in Lagos, Nigeria Shakirudeen Odunuga, Lekan Oyebande & Ifeyinwa Okeke

47

Characterization of water level response to rainfall in Narava Micro Watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India P. Rajendra Prasad, N. V. B. S. S. Prasad, N. L. K. Reddy, K. V. Ramakrishna & D. Nooka Raju

57

Assessing the effect of over-exploitation on the Abdan-Dayer coastal aquifer, Iran Mohsen Rezaei

68

Abstraction influence on alluvial aquifer of the Tuul River, Mongolia N. Buyankhishig, M. Aley & D. Enkhbayar

80

The realities and challenges of contemporary groundwater-based smallholder irrigated farming across the Indus, Ganges and Yellow River basins Karen G. Villholth, Aditi Mukherji, Bharat R. Sharma & Jinxia Wang

89

Sustainability of a shallow aquifer in Yamuna-Krishni interstream region, Western Uttar Pradesh, India: a quantitative assessment Rashid Umar & Izrar Ahmed

103

Sustainability of groundwater resources in the Ljubljana area, Slovenia Branka Trcek

113

Degradation of subsurface environment due to human activities and climate variability in Asian cities Makoto Taniguchi, Jun Shimada, Yoichi Fukuda, Makoto Yamano, Shin-Ichi Onodera, Somkid Buapeng, Robert Delinom, Fernando Siringan, Chung-Ho Wang, Backjin Lee, Jun Yasumoto & Keiko Yamamoto

124

Analysis of groundwater movements in the coastal watershed in southern China: a case study at the Zhuhai campus of Sun Yat-sen University Congsheng Fu, Jianyao Chen & Songqing Zeng

130

The piezometric stress in the coastal aquifers of a karstic region, Apulia, Italy M. Polemio, V. Dragone & P. P. Limoni

138

Land subsidence and groundwater extraction in Bandung Basin, Indonesia Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, H. Andreas, I. Gumilar, S. Wangsaatmaja, Y. Fukuda & T. Deguchi

145

Hydrological investigations of surface water–groundwater interactions in a sub-catchment in the Namoi Valley, NSW, Australia Andrew M. McCallum, Martin S. Andersen, Bryce F. J. Kelly, Beatrice Giambastiani & R. Ian Acworth

157

EOF and SSA analyses of hydrological time series to assess climatic variability and land-use effects: a case study in the Kabini River basin of South India Y. Javeed, M. Sekhar, S. Bandyopadhyay & S. Mangiarotti

167

Assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater of a shallow aquifer in Kathmandu, Nepal Dhundi Raj Pathak, Akira Hiratsuka & Isao Awata

178

Status of Quaternary aquifer sustainability at Umm Ghafa area, eastern part of Al-Ain area, UAE Saeed Alrashdei, Ahmed Murad & Ahmed El Mahmoudi

184

Integrated assessment of risk for contaminated sites due to on-site sanitation systems in a mining area, Karnataka, India H. K. Ramaraju

193

Cause of groundwater contamination in Jakarta alluvium volcanic fan deduced by sulfate and strontium isotope ratios Takahiro Hosono, Robert Delinom, Shin-Ichi Onodera, Yu Umezawa, Takanori Nakano & Makoto Taniguchi

201

Transforming a desert into a food basket: quantitative and qualitative effects of agricultural development on a unconsolidated brackish environment Mathias Toll & Martin Sauter

207

Water and contaminant flow in an aquifer under urban stress Andreas Musolff, Sebastian Leschik, Gerhard Strauch, Sascha Oswald, Frido Reinstorf & Mario Schirmer

218

A genetic algorithm based groundwater simulation-optimization model under variable-density conditions Jin Lin, Jianyun Zhang, Chunmiao Zheng, Jiufu Liu, Jianfeng Wu & Shufeng Yang

223

Effect of urbanization on the groundwater discharge into Jakarta Bay Yu Umezawa, Shin-Ichi Onodera, Tomotoshi Ishitobi, Takahiro Hosono, Robert Delinom, William C. Burnett & Makoto Taniguchi

233

Research on reflowing conditions of Jinci karstic spring, north China Dan Yin, Longchang Shu, Lihong Liu & Chundong Xu

241

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of a stratified aquifer and groundwater quality degradation, Sila Massif, Italy Carmine Apollaro, Marina Accornero, Andrea Bloise, Riccardo Biddau, Rosanna De Rosa, Luigi Marini, Francesco Muto & Maurizio Polemio

247

Groundwater flow modelling in a canal command of Haryana State, India Vijay Kumar, K. J. Anandhakumar, M. K. Goel & P. Das

254

A use of global climate model output for site-specific assessment of climate change impacts on groundwater temperature Luminda Gunawardhana & So Kazama

264

Collecting aggregated groundwater data to identify highly stressed aquifers worldwide Sophie Vermooten & Neno Kukuric

277

Sulfate and strontium isotopic variations of groundwater in the Lower Central Plain, Thailand Takahiro Hosono, Somkid Buapeng, Shin-ichi Onodera, Tsutomu Yamanaka, Jun Shimada, Takanori Nakano & Makoto Taniguchi

284

Urban groundwater loading in Indonesian mega-cities Rachmat Fajar Lubis, Makoto Yamano, Robert Delinom, Sudaryanto, Yasuo Sakura, Shusaku Goto, Akinobu Miyakoshi & Makoto Taniguchi

291

Investigation of shallow tube-well water quality considering the influence of nearby latrines in a rural village of Bangladesh Syed Hafizur Rahman, Shakil Ahmed & M. Jakariya

299

Evaluation of nitrate attenuation potential in the groundwater of Jakarta metropolitan area, Indonesia Mitsuyo Saito, Shin-Ichi Onodera, Yu Umezawa, Takahiro Hosono, Yuta Shimizu, Robert Delinom & Makoto Taniguchi

305

Key word index 311

Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly Stressed Aquifers (Proc. of Symposium JS.2 at the Joint IAHS & IAH Convention, Hyderabad, India, September 2009). IAHS Publ. 329, 2009, 1-9.

Towards a rational water management and utilization of water resources in arid zones: application to the Jordan Rift Valley

JOSEPH GUTTMAN1, HEINZ HÖTZL2, JACOB BENSABAT3, LEIF WOLF2 & TAMAR MILGROM3

1Mekorot- Israel National Water Co., PO Box 20128, Tel-Aviv 61201, Israel [email protected]; [email protected]

2Karlsruhe University.12 Kaiserstrasse, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany3EWRE, PO Box 6770, Haifa 31067, Israel

Abstract The Jordan Rift Valley is a hydrologically closed basin with large parts under arid conditions. Nevertheless, the main economic activity is agriculture that critically depends on the availability of water. Freshwater and saline water co-exist in the aquifers, with a very sensitive equilibrium between them. The area suffers from water scarcity, and sustainability of the water resources utilization seems impossible under the actual demand situation. In order to increase the overall yield all existing waters sources (freshwater, brackish and effluent) have been classified as valuable water sources. An inventory of the available water sources of all qualities, alternatives for their utilization and the implementation of a multi-criteria decision making procedure based on the Saaty’s Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used for selecting the most appropriate alternative that increases the overall yield and allows the optimization and preservation of the water resources. Key words Jordan Valley; arid zone; groundwater; IWRM; Analytic Hierarchy Process; water supply; Israel; Jordan


Sustaining irrigation water abstraction at the stressed Murzuq basin aquifer system in southwest Libya through mathematical modelling and optimisation

ADEBAYO ADELOYE1 & A. SHAKI2

1School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, [email protected]

2Faculty of Agriculture, Sebha University, Libya

Abstract The Murzuq aquifers system in Libya is solely relied upon for irrigation water supply to many large scale schemes such as the Irawan project. However, with no recharge expected because of the aridity in the basin, the aquifers are vulnerable to over-abstraction and significantly depressed piezometric surface. This paper documents the modelling and optimisation studies carried out on the Murzuq to investigate the long-term impacts of the water withdrawals for irrigating Irawan. The predictions of the mathematical model showed that under current agricultural practices, the piezometric surface of the aquifer will stabilise in the year 2030, with a maximum drawdown of 30 m at the centre of the wells-cluster serving the project. On the other hand, the optimisation results confirm that more water than needed is currently being abstracted; adherence to the pumping regime proposed by this study will enhance the long-term sustainability of the Murzuq. Key words Murzuq basin; Irawan project; Libya; arid; groundwater; irrigation water; mathematical modelling; optimization


Integrated management of over-exploited aquifers: an extreme

mailto:[email protected]



case study in southern Spain

JOSÉ LUIS MOLINA1, JOSÉ LUIS GARCÍA-ARÓSTEGUI1, JOHN BROMLEY2, RAZIYEH FARMANI3, CAROLINE SULLIVAN2, JOSÉ BENAVENTE4 & JORGE HORNERO1

1Geological Survey of Spain, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio, 6, 30008 Murcia, [email protected]

2Oxford University Centre for Water Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK3Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK4 Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, C/ Ramón y Cajal, 18071 Granada, Spain

Abstract Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) of water systems supplied by groundwater is an unconsidered matter; even more in the case of groundwater-based systems in which over-exploitation of aquifers takes place. There are plenty of stressed water systems based on groundwater with serious and multidisciplinary conflicts due to the absence of a real integrated management, which offers integrated solutions. This study proposes a methodology for undertaking an integrated analysis of water systems supplied by groundwater. This methodology is applied to examine a water system called “Altiplano” located in southern Spain, where the water abstraction from the aquifers greatly exceeds recharge (147 hm3/year vs 35 hm3/year), and the irrigated areas supplied by those aquifers have a very high agrarian profitability. For this study a Decision Support System (DSS) based on the application of different techniques such as Object-Oriented Bayesian Networks (OOBNs), Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization (EMO) and Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) is presented. This DSS allows us to model the real problems of the water system and to quantify the impacts of different water management scenarios on the aspects involved in the case study. Dealing with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirements, any attempt to restore the aquifer systems generates strong socio-economic impacts which, in some cases, could be assumed by society.Key words Integrated Aquifers Management; Decision Support Systems; aquifer overexploitation; object-oriented Bayesian networks; Murcia, Spain


Sustainability of the aquifer system of the sedimentary basin of the Peixe River in the semi-arid region of Brazil

GRACIELI L. M. BRITO, HANS D. M. SCHUSTER & VAJAPEYAM S. SRINIVASANGraduate programme in Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus I, 58,429-900 Campina Grande, PB, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract The exploration of an aquifer system will only be sustainable if the average annual pumping does not exceed the annual recharge. In the present paper a sequential water balance model was utilized to estimate the recharge for a period of three years in the sedimentary basin of the Peixe River, located in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The period covered both low and high rainfall years. The infiltration, which leads to the recharge, is obtained by deducting the surface runoff from the daily rainfall. The water balance is applied to the root zone of the soil on a daily basis to obtain the daily net value of deep percolation. The results showed that the method is capable of providing reliable estimates of annual recharge of the aquifer system of the Peixe River and thus, is extendable to other semi-arid regions.Key words aquifers; recharge; water balance; semi-arid region; River Peixe, Brazil


Trends and sustainability of groundwater in highly stressed aquifers of Gujarat, India


R. C. JAINWest Central Region, Central Groundwater Board, SN College Building, Shah Alam Tolnaka, Ahmedabad-380022, Gujarat, [email protected]

Abstract Proliferation in groundwater withdrawal in Gujarat has led to development of water stress in the near surface shallow aquifer, which sustains major component of groundwater draft for irrigation and domestic requirements. This is clearly evident from the seven-fold increase in numbers of critical and over-exploited assessment units, which have increased from 6 during 1984 to 43 as of 2004, over a period of two centuries. These units show decline in water levels and in certain situations sharp deterioration in groundwater quality. The coastal aquifers are also under stress where excessive groundwater development has led to progressive deterioration in groundwater quality. The sustainability of the groundwater resources in the highly stressed aquifers in these areas has assumed criticality and its capability to meet the basic needs for economic development in its present status needs to be addressed through scientifically sound management interventions. This paper incorporates a river basin-wise review of groundwater levels, with special reference to the water stressed aquifers in Gujarat. Measures are spelt out for the sustainable management of such aquifers through various interventions like recharge with canal water, recharge with rainwater, incentivising communities for accelerated recharge, and groundwater demand management for augmentation of water stressed aquifers and regulation of groundwater development through people’s participation.Key words water stress; sustainability; overexploited; surplus; committed; managed aquifer recharge


Variability of water table in high density low income groundwater utilization area in Lagos, Nigeria

SHAKIRUDEEN ODUNUGA, LEKAN OYEBANDE & IFEYINWA OKEKEDepartment of Geography, University of Lagos, Lagos, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract This paper adopts a geo-statistical data analysis technique to model the spatio-temporal drawdown of groundwater in a high density low income area in Lagos. Weekly water level measurements for 12 wells were carried out for dry season periods between November 1995–April 1996 and November 2007–April 2008. The drawdown arising from climate variability/change and urbanization impacts between 1995 and 2008 was estimated using overlay analysis and mapped as digital terrain model (DTM). Average annual drawdown rate of 0.07 m per annum was estimated with a general drawdown of 0.8 m in the groundwater table of the dry season. This resulted in low production of water in most wells during the dry season periods. Annual maintenance of the wells during the dry season becomes imperative and this infringes on the economic wellbeing of the people. A complimentary extension of the surface water distribution network to the area is recommended. Key words water table; low income; Lagos, Nigeria


Characterization of water level response to rainfall in Narava Micro Watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India

P. RAJENDRA PRASAD, N. V. B. S. S. PRASAD, N. L. K. REDDY, K. V. RAMAKRISHNA & D. NOOKA RAJUDepartment of Geophysics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, [email protected]; [email protected]



Abstract Groundwater response to rainfall and its intensity has been investigated, using groundwater fluctuations from five bore wells located in Narava basin. The Narava micro basin, extending over an area of 105 km2 is covered with khondalitic suit of rocks and gneisses of Archaean age. Hourly time series data on rainfall and groundwater levels are correlated to derive the characteristic response of one over the other in time and space domains. The lag time responses are studied with specific reference to local hydrogeological conditions and regional recharge characteristics. A comparison between the well hydrograph and the associated hyetograph clearly reflects different response and lag times. The lag time, ranging from 5 to 10 days between the occurrence of rainfall events and the corresponding response in groundwater levels, is observed to have a close relationship with local hydrogeological conditions. The well hydrograph was correlated with the hyetograph at the same locations to quantify the response between rainfall and recharge. The lag time in recharge characteristics with reference to rainfall events are observed to be influenced by local hydrogeological conditions, as well as its proximity to recharge areas. A thick weathered kaolin zone is responsible for a large lag time due to its low permeability characteristics. However, further intensity of rainfall appears to have a direct relationship with raised water levels and, does not seem to have a one to one relationship with recharge response time. In general, it is observed that 10 mm of rainfall is a threshold value for triggering the groundwater recharge. Low rainfall of less than 10 mm is observed to contribute either to soil moisture or quick runoff. Sharp temperature variations in the groundwater, of around 0.05 to 0.1C, are associated with characteristic time lags and are prominently connected to recharge phenomena. The characteristic variation in groundwater temperature vis-à-vis atmospheric temperature and the temperature of recharge water indicates that the change in temperature of groundwater is due to recharge water rather than the decreased atmospheric temperature. An attempt is made to establish a quantitative relationship between recharge, rainfall, temperature, pressure and recharge lag time characteristics in different geological terrains in a closed micro watershed. Key words water level fluctuations; response lag time; Narava micro watershed; hydrograph; hyetograph


Assessing the effect of over-exploitation on the Abdan-Dayer coastal aquifer, Iran

MOHSEN REZAEIGeology Department, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, [email protected]

Abstract The impact of increasing abstraction on groundwater quality may be more critical than water table drawdown. The objective of this paper is to assess the effects of intensive exploitation on groundwater quality in the Abdan-Dayer Coastal Aquifer, Iran. In order to assess groundwater quality and quantity and to locate the most appropriate place for groundwater exploitation, groundwater level fluctuation, water budget and major element hydrochemistry have been studied. The result of water balance calculation indicates that outputs from the aquifer have been more than inputs for recent years, and so water level is falling. Groundwater samples were collected and analysed for major constituents (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO4

2-, and HCO3-). Different methods, including composite diagrams, saturation indices and multivariate

statistical methods, were employed in assessing groundwater quality. The results show that the Na-Cl water type as the main hydrochemical facies represents 60%, while the CaSO4 and MgSO4 types represent 40% of the total sampled water. The results of factor analysis indicate that the variables underlying the first and the most important factor are mainly controlled by salt water intrusion. The second and third proposed sources for salinity are dissolution of fine grain alluvium and gypsum in Aghajari formation in surrounding elevations, and evaporation from groundwater, respectively. Over-exploitation is the cause of intensification of seawater intrusion in coastal parts of aquifer.Key words hydrochemistry; multivariate analysis; saltwater; over-exploitation; Iran


Abstraction influence on alluvial aquifer of the Tuul River, Mongolia

N. BUYANKHISHIG, M. ALEY & D. ENKHBAYAR Department of Hydrogeology and Geoecology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology. PO Box 46/520, Ulaanbaatar, [email protected]

Abstract The quantity and quality of water is essential for socio-economic conditions and for regional development. The water supply of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, totally depends on groundwater withdrawn from alluvial aquifers along the Tuul River Basin, located in the southern part of the city. Water demand of the capital has increased to a great extent as a result of the rapid industrial development and population growth, partly due to the migration from rural areas. According to the Master Plan of Ulaanbaatar for 2020, the municipal water demand alone will reach 314 000 m3 per day by 2020, and the city may start to face a water shortage crisis from 2010. The main purpose of the study is to predict future groundwater decline in an aquifer. Mathematically-based finite difference numerical models are important tools for prediction. Although a numerical 3-D model is available for this purpose, it is expensive to run, and it contains many uncertainties of identification of hydrogeological parameters. Before a 3-D model is utilized, it is efficient to develop a 2-D model under the assumption that the aquifer is homogeneous parallel to the plane of profile. “3-D unsaturated flow code” and well developed software, Visual MODFLOW Pro, were used for this study. The result of the 2-D modelling shows that calibrated recharge rate was less than zero and hydraulic conductivity was inhomogeneous. The result of 3-D modelling shows that the area of dry area and drawdown will be reduced in heterogeneous alluvial aquifer with an optimal pumping rate of groundwater. Optimal pumping rate of groundwater is 57 487 m3 per day during the winter season and 95 236 m3 per day in the warm season. The pumping rate of extraction wells must be optimized and it will be kept away from over-exploitation of the alluvial aquifer and protect the main water source of the city’s water supply. Key words groundwater decline; water shortage; pumping rate; groundwater modelling; aquifer; recharge rate


The realities and challenges of contemporary groundwater-based smallholder irrigated farming across the Indus, Ganges and Yellow River basins

KAREN G. VILLHOLTH1, ADITI MUKHERJI2, BHARAT R. SHARMA3 & JINXIA WANG4

1GEUS, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, [email protected]

2 IWMI, International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka3 IWMI, International Water Management Institute, Hyderabad, India4Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Abstract Groundwater has played an increasing role in irrigated farming, livelihood support, poverty alleviation, and national food security in India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal since the advent of the green revolution in the 1960s. This paper presents a synthesis of the results of a cross-regional research effort, based on surveys in more than 60 villages, to map the contemporary realities and constraints of groundwater use and adaptation in irrigated agriculture within smallholder farmer communities across the alluvial plains of the major Indus, Ganges and Yellow river basins in Asia. The results show a general over-exploitation of groundwater resources in Pakistan, western India and China, and relative under-utilization in eastern India and Bangladesh. But more interestingly, and despite its great significance, practically nowhere is groundwater managed in an integrated manner. As a result, its use is sub-optimal where smallholders today employ a range of adaptation and coping strategies to uphold groundwater benefits. The research findings point to various axes along which to identify solutions and focus equitable and sustainable policies and management interventions. Key words groundwater; irrigation; smallholder farming; energy; coping strategies; India; China; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Nepal




Sustainability of a shallow aquifer in Yamuna-Krishni interstream region, Western Uttar Pradesh, India: a quantitative assessment

RASHID UMAR & IZRAR AHMEDDepartment of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, [email protected]

Abstract The Yamuna-Krishni interstream is part of the Central Ganga Plain, which is very fertile and is famous for sugarcane cultivation. Due to increasing demand to meet agriculture requirements the abstraction of groundwater has increased manifold in the last few decades. Although the area hosts potential aquifers, due to uncontrolled pumping the shallow aquifer is adversely affected. For proper management of any basin it is essential that careful water balance studies should be carried out. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to evaluate groundwater balance of the area. The Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee 1997 (GEC, 1997) methodology, with a few additions, is applied to compute the groundwater resources. Since subsurface horizontal flows significantly affect the input and output components in an alluvial aquifer, emphases have been given to precisely estimate various inflows and outflows. The river–aquifer interaction and other boundary flows were estimated using Visual MODFLOW Pro 4.1. The results of water balance show that the net recharge into the interstream region is 413.08 million m3 and discharge is 477.33 million m3, leaving a deficit balance of 64.25 million m3. Therefore, the status of groundwater development is 116%, which puts it in the over-exploited category. This is also reflected by the continuously falling water level situation in the basin. Thus, the hydrogeological and water balance studies shows that the groundwater development has attained a critical state in the region. Key words hydrogeology; groundwater budget; river-aquifer interaction; Yamuna-Krishni; interstream; India


Sustainability of groundwater resources in the Ljubljana area, Slovenia

BRANKA TRCEK University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, [email protected]

Abstract A detailed study of groundwater flow and solute transport was performed in the recharge area of the Union brewery groundwater resources in Ljubljana. The main study goal was the assessment and prediction of movement of groundwater and urban contaminants through the unsaturated or/and saturated zone of the Pleistocene sandy-gravel aquifer and the risk assessment of contamination of the groundwater below. For this purpose complex geological, hydrogeological, chemical, geochemical and isotopic investigations were performed. The results were statistically processed and modelled with the help of computer tools to simulate transport, and attenuation of pollutants in the study area. They provided the ability to conduct the scenario simulations and thus to develop the protection strategy of investigated groundwater resources.Key words Ljubljana; drinking water resources; urban gravel aquifer; groundwater flow; contaminant transport; sustainable management


Degradation of subsurface environment due to human activities and climate variability in Asian cities


MAKOTO TANIGUCHI1, JUN SHIMADA2, YOICHI FUKUDA3, MAKOTO YAMANO4, SHIN-ICHI ONODERA5, SOMKID BUAPENG6, ROBERT DELINOM7, FERNANDO SIRINGAN8, CHUNG-HO WANG9, BACKJIN LEE10, JUN YASUMOTO1 & KEIKO YAMAMOTO1

1Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kyoto 603-8047, [email protected]

2Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan3Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502, Japan4Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan5Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8521, Japan6Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 92 Phan Yothin Road, Sam Sen Nai, Phaythai Bangkok 10400,

Thailand7Puslit Geoteknologi LIPI Komplek Sangkuriang Gedung 70 Bandung 40135, Indonesia8University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines9Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang Taipei 11, Taiwan10Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 1591-6 Gwangyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si,

Gyeonggi-do 431-712, Korea

Abstract Degradation of subsurface environments has been studied in Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Bangkok, Manila, Taipei and Jakarta. The groundwater temperature observed in the study cities show the magnitude of timing of surface warming due to global warming and heat island effects. Recent new techniques using remote gravity measurement and isotope data enable us to evaluate the regional scale of groundwater issues. Groundwater contaminations and accumulated materials in the subsurface environment depend on the development stage of the cities. The material transports by groundwater have been evaluated. Stable isotopes data of the groundwater and soil water can tell us the origin of the contamination and processes.Key words urbanization; groundwater; heat island; Asia; land subsidence; groundwater contamination


Analysis of groundwater movements in the coastal watershed in southern China: a case study at the Zhuhai campus of Sun Yat-sen University

CONGSHENG FU1, JIANYAO CHEN1 & SONGQING ZENG1,2

1School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]; [email protected]

2Hydrological Bureau of Shantou in Guangdong Province, Shantou 515000, China

Abstract Groundwater discharge flux to the sea plays an important role in the environmental change of the coastal zone, but little research has been done on the relationships among groundwater, surface water and sea water in the Pearl River Delta area in southern China. This paper establishes a three-dimensional groundwater flow model focused on the Zhuhai campus of Sun Yat-sen University with the software FEFLOW, using observation data of the water table from 17 wells located inside the campus, observed rainfall and evaporation data, and analysed hydrogeological coefficients. Our results show that the discharge flux through the 1100 m × 22 m model boundary to the sea between 4 August 2006 and 17 February 2007 was about 25 000 m3. The coefficient of evaporation of the groundwater (actual evapotranspiration from phreatic aquifer/potential evaporation) and the coefficient of recharge by rainfall infiltration (the percentage of precipitation that infiltrates into phreatic aquifer) in the watershed are 0.26 and 0.21, respectively.Key words FEFLOW; groundwater discharge flux to the sea; evaporation from groundwater; coefficient of recharge by rainfall infiltration; Zhuhai


The piezometric stress in the coastal aquifers of a karstic




region, Apulia, Italy

M. POLEMIO, V. DRAGONE & P. P. LIMONI CNR – IRPI, Via Amendola 122/i, Bari, 70126 [email protected]

Abstract Apulian groundwater is extremely important for the development of local communities, given the extreme scarcity of surface water that is typical for a widespread karstic region. Valuable groundwater from large carbonate coastal aquifers is discharged at increasing rates for domestic, irrigation, and industrial uses. The increase has been particularly relevant during the many recent drought periods, due to paradoxical management. The trend of piezometric head and spring discharge highlights a dramatic decrease in groundwater availability since the 1920s. The remarkable lowering defines a widespread degradation of high quality groundwater resources in each aquifer considered. The lasting “memory effect” shown by each aquifer can reduce and delay, but cannot completely remove the negative effects of long drought periods and increasing well discharge. These effects are more relevant in some inner portions of aquifers. The piezometric lowering in the Salento Peninsula is slow but especially problematic due to the naturally low piezometric head above sea level, which permits seawater intrusion. Salt quality degradation of the Apulian groundwater, due to effects of seawater intrusion, is feared. The decreasing trend of the piezometric head thus defines not only a decrease in groundwater availability, but also a risk of quality degradation.Key words groundwater depletion; coastal aquifer; hydrological time series


Land subsidence and groundwater extraction in Bandung Basin, Indonesia

HASANUDDIN Z. ABIDIN1, H. ANDREAS1, I. GUMILAR1, S. WANGSAATMAJA2, Y. FUKUDA3 & T. DEGUCHI4

1Geodesy Research Division, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia [email protected]

2West Java Environment Protection Agency, West Java Provincial Government, Indonesia3Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan4School Of Engineering, University Of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Abstract The Bandung Basin is a large intra-montane basin surrounded by volcanic highlands, in western Java, Indonesia, inhabited by more than seven million people. The basin, an area of about 2300 km2, is a highland plateau at approximately 650–700 m above sea level and is surrounded by up to 2400 m high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain. Based on the results of six GPS surveys conducted in February 2000, November 2001, July 2002, June 2003, June 2005, and August 2008 it was shown that several locations in the Bandung Basin have experienced land subsidence, with an average rate of about –7.6 cm/year and can go up to about –23 cm/year in certain locations. A similar rate of subsidence was also detected by the InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technique between June 2006 and March 2007. A hypothesis has been proposed by several studies that land subsidence observed in several locations in the Bandung Basin has been caused by excessive groundwater extraction. It is found that there is a strong correlation between the rates of groundwater level lowering with the GPS-derived rates of land subsidence in several locations in Bandung Basin, with a correlation coefficient of up to about 0.92. The GPS and InSAR results in this study detected significant subsidence in the textile industry area, where very large volumes of groundwater are usually extracted. Extensive conversion of prime agricultural areas into residential and industrial areas, and also significant disturbance to the main ecological functions of the upland around Bandung Basin, also significantly disturb the groundwater recharging system in the basin; which in turn intensify subsidence problems there.Key words Bandung; land subsidence; groundwater; GPS; InSAR

Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly Stressed Aquifers (Proc. of Symposium JS.2 at the Joint IAHS & IAH Convention, Hyderabad, India, September 2009). IAHS Publ. 329, 2009.



Hydrological investigations of surface water–groundwater interactions in a sub-catchment in the Namoi Valley, NSW, Australia

ANDREW M. McCALLUM1, MARTIN S. ANDERSEN1, BRYCE F. J. KELLY2, BEATRICE GIAMBASTIANI2 & R. IAN ACWORTH1

1Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, [email protected]

2School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia

Abstract In catchments with multiple inputs and outputs of water it can be difficult to reconcile why various reaches of a river are gaining or losing water. If rivers and adjacent aquifers are to be managed sustainably, while balancing environmental, economic and social goals, it is important that the link between the river and the aquifer is correctly characterised. This paper demonstrates how the joint analysis of rainfall, streamflow and borehole hydrograph data can contribute to elucidating the hydrological processes occurring in the catchment and hence understanding these links. In particular, the impact of the groundwater abstractions are examined by analysing the hydrological data over large time scales (decades) which span the pre- and post-irrigation development periods as well as short time scales (weeks) during pumping and flooding events.Key words surface water; groundwater; connectivity; losing and gaining rivers; catchment hydrology; correlation analysis


EOF and SSA analyses of hydrological time series to assess climatic variability and land-use effects: a case study in the Kabini River basin of South India

Y. JAVEED1, M. SEKHAR1, S. BANDYOPADHYAY2 & S. MANGIAROTTI3 1Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India

[email protected], Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore, India3LMTG, Univ. Toulouse, CNRS IRD OMP, 14 avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France

Abstract In the last two decades, significant changes have taken place in the semi-arid areas of the Kabini River basin (an area of 10 000 km2 and a sub-basin of Cauvery River basin) in the south of India on the use of groundwater for irrigation. Depletion of water tables due to over-extraction of groundwater has become a critical issue in some parts of these areas. However, the impacts are found to be non-uniform across the region due to the heterogeneity in terms of aquifer characteristics of the hard-rock system, spatio-temporal pumping patterns of micro-scale land parcels, variations in the soil types and in addition the spatial variability of the recharge. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) have been applied to analyse the spatial and temporal signatures of the behaviour of the rainfall and the groundwater in 66 piezometers monitored during the last three decades in the semi-arid zone of the Kabini River basin. The approach helped in delineating the non-uniform spatial clusters in the groundwater system resulting due to the various factors discussed above. Singular spectrum analysis was applied to study the rainfall, streamflows and groundwater levels in the system to comprehensively analyse the climatic and anthropogenic effects on the regional system. The respective roles of climatic and land use changes on the groundwater recharge and discharge components are simulated using the CRD model, which illustrates its utility for the sustainable development of the groundwater system under a changing hydro-climatic scenario. Key words time series; EOF; SSA; groundwater; CRD model; climatic variability; land use changes


Assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater of a shallow aquifer in Kathmandu, Nepal

DHUNDI RAJ PATHAK, AKIRA HIRATSUKA & ISAO AWATAGraduate School of Engineering, Osaka Sangyo University, 3-1-1 Nakagaito, Daito, Osaka 574 8530, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Nitrate is commonly used as an environmental indicator to trace the impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater. Hence, a survey was made of the nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of a shallow aquifer in Kathmandu valley from 90 wells, including shallow tube wells, dug wells and stone spouts (locally called dhunge dharas). The aims of this study are to describe the current status and trends of the nitrate contamination in different sources of shallow groundwater systems and to provide a sound, scientific understanding of the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the nitrate contamination. The study indicates 16% of the sampled wells exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of 10 mg/L of nitrate-nitrogen; however, another 33% wells have impacted levels of nitrate, i.e. between 2 and 10 mg/L. Although, nitrate contamination is widespread in shallow groundwater systems of Kathmandu, its concentration depends on depth of water table, well types and land use. Key words nitrate contamination; anthropogenic; environmental indicator; Kathmandu, Nepal


Status of Quaternary aquifer sustainability at Umm Ghafa area, eastern part of Al-Ain area, UAE

SAEED ALRASHDEI1, AHMED MURAD2 & AHMED EL MAHMOUDI3

1Water Resources Program, UAE University, PO Box 17551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates2Department of Geology, UAE University, PO Box 17551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates

[email protected] 3Water Studies Centre, King Faisal University, PO Box 420, Al Hassa-31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract The Quaternary aquifer of the Umm Ghafa area, located in the eastern part of the Al-Ain area of southeast UAE, is facing a serious threat that might harm the sustainability of the aquifer. Groundwater sustainability in the region has been reduced and deteriorated. There are many natural and human factors affecting the quality and quantity of the groundwater. These factors include agriculture practices, weathering of the Oman Mountains, dissolution of carbonate rocks that exist in the study area, and atmospheric precipitation stored on the surface. Groundwater salinity is observed and high salinity in groundwater may be attributed to the evaporation of return flow and heavy groundwater abstraction for agricultural activities. In addition, high groundwater salinity may result from upward discharge of underlying brine as groundwater moves downgradient. The feasibility of agricultural activities is observed from high concentrations of nitrates in groundwater. Contamination chromium in the study area was noticed and exceeded the limit of WHO. The main reason for high chromium concentration in groundwater is weathering of pyroxenes and olivines of the Oman Mountains. Key words aquifer; sustainability; groundwater; UAE; evaporation; weathering



Integrated assessment of risk for contaminated sites due to on-site sanitation systems in mining area, Karnataka, India

H. K. RAMARAJUUniversity Visveswaraya College of Engineering (UVCE), Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560056, Karnataka, India [email protected]

Abstract The sanitation coverage in rural households of India is very low. A field study was carried out in the Kolar Gold Field mining residential area. The residents of the study area depend on bore wells and resort to septic tanks for disposal of domestic waste. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of septic tanks/low cost sanitation systems on groundwater and soil environment in the unsaturated zones of the soil. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil in the study area varied from 0.13 to 0.31 m day -1. Higher concentration of nitrates and chlorides in well waters show that groundwater is getting contaminated with on-site sanitation effluents. Higher concentrations of major metals, salts and gases were also observed because the geology of the particular area has influence on the quality of water. Based on the investigations, appropriate technological options are proposed. Key words bacteriological; hydrogeological; infiltration; nitrification; onsite sanitation systems; unsaturated zones; weathered rock


Cause of groundwater contamination in Jakarta alluvium volcanic fan deduced by sulfate and strontium isotope ratios

TAKAHIRO HOSONO1, ROBERT DELINOM2, SHIN-ICHI ONODERA3, YU UMEZAWA4, TAKANORI NAKANO5 & MAKOTO TANIGUCHI5

1Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japanhosono @kumamoto-u.ac.jp

2Research Centre for Geotechnology, Indonesia Institute of Science, Jln. Cisitu Sangkuriang, Bandung 40135, Indonesia3Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima,

Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan4Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan5Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto

Abstract Sulfate and strontium isotope ratios were analysed in groundwater, river water, and spring water samples in order to examine the groundwater quality under the Jakarta volcanic fan watershed. On the basis of sulfate isotopic comparison with possible source materials, it is suggested that anthropogenic materials such as chemical fertilizers are responsible for the pollution of groundwater. Moreover, strontium isotopic signatures with ions concentrations data clearly suggest that the groundwater nitrate pollution is occurring in an area where aquifer sediments originated from volcanic rocks other than the sedimentary rocks. This study demonstrates the usefulness of sulfate and strontium isotopes in understanding the cause of groundwater deterioration under the Jakarta volcanic fan watershed. Detailed pollution status and deterioration mechanisms with sufficient water samples need to be investigated in future research.Key words sulfate isotope; strontium isotope; groundwater; environment; Jakarta


Transforming a desert into a food basket: quantitative and qualitative effects of agricultural development on a unconsolidated brackish environment

MATHIAS TOLL & MARTIN SAUTERApplied Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077 Göttingen, [email protected]

Abstract In semi-arid areas groundwater systems are frequently not sufficiently characterized hydrogeo-logically and long-term data records are generally not available. However, long-term time series are necessary to design future groundwater abstraction scenarios or to predict the influence of future climate change effects on groundwater resources. To overcome these problems, an integrated approach for the provision of a reliable database based on both hard quantitative and sparse and fuzzy data was taken and developed further. This developed integrated approach is demonstrated in the lowermost area of the Jordan Valley/Jordan. The Jordan Valley was rapidly transformed from a barely inhabited area into the “food basket” of Jordan. As a result, hundreds of shallow wells were drilled and large amounts of groundwater were abstracted, since groundwater is the major source for irrigation. Consequently groundwater quality decreased rapidly since the 1960s and signs of overpumping and an increase in soil salinity could clearly be seen. A numerical 3-D transient model integrating all important features of the hydrogeological system was developed and tested against stress periods depicted during the historical review of the test area (model period: 1955–2001). These stress periods include periods of intense rainfall, of drought, and of anthro-pogenic impacts, like building of storage dams and the influence of violent conflicts. Recommendations for future sustainable groundwater abstractions are given.Key words stressed-aquifer system; unconsolidated aquifer; qualitative data; numerical modelling; Jordan Valley


Water and contaminant flow in an aquifer under urban stress

ANDREAS MUSOLFF1, SEBASTIAN LESCHIK1, GERHARD STRAUCH1, SASCHA OSWALD1, FRIDO REINSTORF2 & MARIO SCHIRMER3

1UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Hydrogeology, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, [email protected]

2Water and Recycling Management, University Magdeburg-Stendal, Breitscheidstrasse 2, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany

3Eawag–Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, D-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

Abstract Urban groundwater resources are a matter of growing concern. Surface sealing and the urban subsurface infrastructure, such as water mains and the sewage system, can influence groundwater quality and quantity. To this end, groundwater deterioration within an urban watershed was assessed. An extensive monitoring programme concerning groundwater quality was combined with a numerical 3-D groundwater flow model of the study site. Results of the quality assessment revealed a pronounced influence of urban land use on the groundwater concentrations of the inorganic contaminants nitrate and boron. Within the urbanized part of the study area groundwater recharge is high and characterized by a fast response to rainfall. Here, the high degree of surface sealing does not necessarily contribute to surface runoff and enables fast infiltration of rainwater to groundwater through cracks and joints. Annual water and contaminant flow from the study area were estimated using the numerical groundwater model.Key words urban groundwater; monitoring; groundwater recharge; pharmaceuticals and personal care products; contaminant mass flow


A genetic algorithm based groundwater simulation-optimization model under variable-density conditions

JIN LIN1,2, JIANYUN ZHANG1, CHUNMIAO ZHENG2, JIUFU LIU1,

JIANFENG WU3 & SHUFENG YANG4

1Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, [email protected]

2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA3Department of Hydrosciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China4Department of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Abstract A new groundwater simulation-optimization model, named SWTGA, was developed by coupling genetic algorithm (GA) with SEAWAT, which is a density-dependent groundwater modelling tool based on the theory of a transition zone between freshwater and saltwater. The purpose of developing SWTGA is to provide a new effective tool, which can be used to solve groundwater management problems under variable-density conditions based on the theory of a transition zone between freshwater and saltwater so as to scientifically and technically assist the decision makers to determine the strategies for sustainable use and reasonable management of groundwater resources. During the development of SWTGA, a general form of the objective function suitable for a wide variety of groundwater management problems under variable-density conditions is presented and a general density-dependent groundwater management model is subsequently created. In this study, SWTGA is specifically designed and developed to solve the general density-dependent groundwater management model. Finally, the new model is successfully applied to optimal design of the groundwater pumping scheme for a theoretical coastal aquifer system, which demonstrates its effectiveness and robustness.Key words groundwater; optimization algorithm; SWTGA; variable-density flow; genetic algorithm


Effect of urbanization on the groundwater discharge into Jakarta Bay

YU UMEZAWA1, SHIN-ICHI ONODERA2, TOMOTOSHI ISHITOBI3, TAKAHIRO HOSONO4, ROBERT DELINOM5, WILLIAM C. BURNETT6 & MAKOTO TANIGUCHI7

1Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japanu mezawa @nagasaki-u.ac.jp

2Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan

3Nara City Office, Minami 1-1-1, NijoOhji, Nara, 630-8580, Japan4Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555,

Japan5Division of Hydrology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), JI. Sangkuriang 21/154B, Bandung 40135, Indonesia6Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4320, USA7Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4, Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan

Abstract At Jakarta city in Indonesia, an increase of chemical fertilizer input in suburban areas and over-abstraction of groundwater at unregistered wells have caused many groundwater-related problems such as NO3

- contamination in the shallow aquifer and seawater intrusion in coastal areas. Because groundwater is an essential carrier of land-derived nutrients into adjacent aquatic ecosystems, as well as river water, it is important to understand the effect of urbanization on the submarine groundwater discharges into coastal areas. In this study, we carried out continuous 222Rn and SGD measurements at a fixed location and along the coast of Jakarta Bay in March, 2008. Rn concentrations in groundwater in coastal areas were mostly similar to those in the lower reaches of a nearby river, suggesting that Rn may not be an effective tool as an indicator of groundwater discharge in coastal waters off Jakarta city. However, 222Rn activities were low along the reclaimed land areas (i.e. 0.8–3.0 dpm/L) around the centre of the city, while the values increased up to 6.0 dpm/L along the coast line with natural mangrove vegetation in western suburban areas. 222Rn and conductivity signatures suggested that an increase of Rn around suburban areas can be caused by river water (likely groundwater fed) rather than direct discharge of groundwater. The estimated minor contribution of groundwater to the terrestrial water flux into the ocean corresponds to the observed decline of hydraulic potential caused by urbanization in the Jakarta city area.


Key words SGD (Submarine Groundwater Discharge); Jakarta; 222Rn; urbanization


Research on reflowing conditions of Jinci karstic spring, north China

DAN YIN1, LONGCHANG SHU1, LIHONG LIU1 & CHUNDONG XU2

1 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, [email protected]

2China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation, Beijing, China

Abstract Jinci karstic spring dried in 1994 due to long-term groundwater overexploitation, and the possibility of this spring reflowing became topical research in China. Artificial neural network (ANN) was used to capture the inherent nonlinearity and complexity, which is associated with the relationship between the spring flow and its influencing factors. Precipitation, Fenhe River infiltration, groundwater exploitation, coal mining drainage and lateral discharge were selected as the input variables, and water level was selected as the output variable. Both the simulation and verification errors were satisfied by error test criteria and a reasonable groundwater protection scheme was obtained by restricting the groundwater exploitation to 0.59 m3/s and coal mining drainage to 1.056 m3/s, then the Jinci karstic spring will reflow in 2015.Key words Jinci karstic spring; artificial neural networks; reflowing


Hydrogeochemical characteristics of a stratified aquifer and groundwater quality degradation, Sila Massif, Italy

CARMINE APOLLARO1, MARINA ACCORNERO2, ANDREA BLOISE1, RICCARDO BIDDAU3, ROSANNA DE ROSA1, LUIGI MARINI4, FRANCESCO MUTO1 & MAURIZIO POLEMIO5

1Department of Earth Sciences, via Ponte Bucci 4, cubo 15B, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), [email protected]

2D’Appolonia S.p.A., Via San Nazaro, 19, 16145, Genova, Italy 3Department of Earth Sciences, Via Trentino 51, 09127 Cagliari, Italy4Laboratory of Geochemistry, Dip.Te.Ris., Genoa University, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy5CNR-IRPI,Via Amendola 122/I, 70126 Bari, Italy

Abstract Hydrogeochemical surveys were carried out in eastern Calabria (Italy) for recognizing the groundwater flow domain, assessing the utilization level, and characterizing the degradation risks. Physical-chemical parameters of groundwater and surface water were determined. Waters draining crystalline and metamorphic rocks have Mg-HCO3 to Na-Ca-HCO3 compositions and low salinity (<0.20 g/L), whereas waters from sedimentary environments belong to the Ca-HCO3 facies and have higher salinity (0.20 to 0.76 g/L). Waters interacting with evaporite formations show a dominant Ca-SO 4 composition, and high salinity (up to 2.9 g/L). The concentrations of toxic components are usually low, but in some samples nitrates and arsenic exceed the drinking limit. It is shown that quality degradation is due to anthropogenic activities, mis-use of fertilisers, or discharge of untreated urban wastes.Key words layered aquifer; geochemistry; contamination; water quality


Groundwater flow modelling in a canal command of Haryana


State, India

VIJAY KUMAR1, K. J. ANANDHAKUMAR2, M. K. GOEL1 & P. DAS2

1 National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, [email protected]

2 Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi, India

Abstract Groundwater flow in part of the Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) command area in the Haryana state (India) has been simulated. An area of 7508 km2 of the total 13 543 km2 area of WYC command was selected for modelling. The groundwater in the selected area is under high stress. The block-wise ground-water development in the model area varies from 56% to 190% with 24 blocks (out of 32 blocks falling in the study area) having a groundwater development of more than 100%. The 3-D Modular Finite Difference Groundwater Flow Package MODFLOW, with Visual MODFLOW as an interface is used for model development. Conceptualization of the area was done based on the hydrogeology, bore hole lithology, the fence diagram and water level fluctuation in wells, as reported in the literature. The area is modelled as a three layer system with layer 1 representing upper phreatic aquifer, layer 2 representing confining layer and layer 3 representing confined/semi-confined aquifer. The area was discretized into 1 × 1 km grids. The eastern and southwestern side of the model area was represented by the river boundary, western side as no flow boundary and north and southern sides as flux boundaries. Major canals and drains were also simulated in the model as rivers, to account for their recharge/discharge to the groundwater system. The various model inputs, like hydrogeological parameters, areal recharge and groundwater abstraction, were assigned to the model based on the data available in literature. A total of 29 observation wells (20 in aquifer I and 9 in aquifer II) were used for model calibration. The model was run for three years (June 2002 to May 2005) consisting of 37 stress periods, with the first stress period under steady state conditions. Very good calibration is achieved for aquifer I (layer 1). But due to very limited data availability, mainly recharge and discharge, the calibration results achieved for the third layer (aquifer II) are not as good as those of layer I. The calibrated model was run further, for a period of 10 years (2005–2015) to see the impact of continuing with the present day groundwater withdrawal on the groundwater conditions in the year 2015. The results indicate that the present rate of groundwater pumping may lead to further deterioration in the groundwater situation. The results of the study will be useful to predict the sustainability of the groundwater resources of the study area and to evaluate possible management actions.Key words groundwater; visual modflow; western Yamuna canal; India


A use of global climate model output for site-specific assessment of climate change impacts on groundwater temperature

LUMINDA GUNAWARDHANA & SO KAZAMAGraduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 20, Sendai, 980-8579, [email protected]

Abstract Spatial mismatch of coarse resolution projections in Global Climate Models (GCMs) is a major constraint in site-specific climate impact predictions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) statistically downscale MRI monthly data at coarse resolution grid scale to station scale in the Sendai plain, Japan using transfer function method, and (2) estimate the potential range of groundwater temperature change in future from different GCM scenarios. Field observations of groundwater temperature and groundwater level were made in five observation wells. A water budget technique was applied to account for the changes of groundwater recharge in the future. A one-dimensional heat transport model was calibrated to the present day and used with the downscaled GCM results and potential recharge variations for predicting aquifer temperature change. The strongest effects were estimated that probably increase surface air temperature by 3.3°C and annual precipitation by 82 mm (7% from 1967 to 2006) during 2060–2099. The overall results show that the aquifer temperature, under the changed ground surface temperature and precipitation, will increase in a range of 1.1 to 2.6°C. Key words climate change; groundwater temperature; downscaling; transfer function; Sendai plain



Collecting aggregated groundwater data to identify highly stressed aquifers worldwide

SOPHIE VERMOOTEN & NENO KUKURICIGRAC, Daltonlaan 400, PO Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands [email protected]

Abstract Assessment of global groundwater resources is the core mission of the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC) working under the auspices of WMO and UNESCO. In 2006, IGRAC set up a project about monitoring groundwater resources on a global scale to assess the current state of groundwater resources worldwide and its expected trends, and identify highly stressed or underexploited aquifers. Three important aspects of this project are: (1) setting up a network of regional and national groundwater experts committed to providing aggregated groundwater monitoring data; (2) a user-friendly web-based application for collection, processing, storage and dissemination of groundwater monitoring information; and (3) the choice of adequate groundwater variables, both observed and derived. This paper focuses on the architecture and functionalities of the innovative web-based application released and discusses the choice of (derived) variables serving various user groups requesting large scale regional and global groundwater related information (e.g. scientists, international agencies, policy/decision makers and financial institutions).Key words groundwater monitoring; network; global assessment; variablesInternational Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC)


Sulfate and strontium isotopic variations of groundwater in the Lower Central Plain, Thailand

TAKAHIRO HOSONO1, SOMKID BUAPENG2, SHIN-ICHI ONODERA3, TSUTOMU YAMANAKA4, JUN SHIMADA5, TAKANORI NAKANO6 & MAKOTO TANIGUCHI6

1Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japanhosono @kumamoto-u.ac.jp

2Department of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 49 Soi 30, Roma 6 Rd, Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

3Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan

4Terrestrial Environment Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan5Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan6Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan

Abstract Sulfate and strontium isotope ratios were determined for river water and groundwater in order to examine the origins of dissolved ions/elements in confined aquifers under the Lower Central Plain of Thailand. Groundwater samples with sulfur isotope ratios of more than 20‰ increase in major ions concentrations with increasing sulfur isotope ratios. Considering the uppermost Bangkok clay to be formed at the time of transgression in the Holocene Warm Period, such groundwater is assumed to be formed by infiltration of paleo-seawater. This type of groundwater shows 87Sr/86Sr value around 0.7091, which is similar to the 87Sr/86Sr value of seawater after the Quaternary period. Although paleo-seawater has been suggested to be affected by sulfate reduction, in the present days redox condition has not been well understood. Details of groundwater environmental status and biogeochemical behaviour of the ions/elements including heavy metals must be investigated in future research with sufficient numbers of samples.


Key words sulfate isotope; strontium isotope; groundwater; environment; Bangkok, Thailand


Urban groundwater loading in Indonesian mega-cities

RACHMAT FAJAR LUBIS1, MAKOTO YAMANO2, ROBERT DELINOM1, SUDARYANTO1, YASUO SAKURA3, SHUSAKU GOTO4, AKINOBU MIYAKOSHI4 & MAKOTO TANIGUCHI5

1Research Center for Geotechnology Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jln Cisitu Sangkuriang Bandung 40135, [email protected]

2Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan 3Faculty of Science Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku Chiba 263-0043, Japan4National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan 5Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan

Abstract In Jakarta, a major city in Indonesia, the use of groundwater has greatly accelerated conforming to the rise in its population and the development of industrial sector, which consume a relatively huge amount of water. The increase of groundwater exploitation in Jakarta city has already caused a negative impact on these resources, such as a highly stressed aquifers system. In addition, as a consequence of the development the changing environment has also brought undesirable effects to the groundwater. Therefore an assessment of groundwater trends in the urban area, including their hazard and risk management is a necessary action. This paper tries to describe excessive groundwater use caused by human concentration in city areas. The interaction between city development and increase of groundwater exploitation will be explained in the relation with the pattern and stage of city urban evolution. Subsurface heat contamination under the condition of surface warming and the quantity-quality of groundwater show significant effects of urban groundwater loading during the last century in Jakarta city.Key words urban groundwater; mega-city; Jakarta, Indonesia


Investigation of shallow tube-well water quality considering the influence of nearby latrines in a rural village of Bangladesh

SYED HAFIZUR RAHMAN1, SHAKIL AHMED1 & M. JAKARIYA2

1Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, [email protected]

2NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation, 4/6 Black - E, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh

Abstract Considering the hypothesis “shallow tube-well water might be contaminated by microorganisms from a nearby open pit latrine”, litho-stratigraphy, physico-chemical properties along with microbial contamination level of shallow tube-well water and socio-economic aspects related to sanitation of a rural village (Gakulnagar, Bangladesh) were investigated. A questionnaire survey, an open pit of 33 m, tube-well water temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Arsenic (As), Phosphate (PO4), Total Hardness, Nitrate (NO3) and Total Coliform Bacteria were analysed using standard methods. The litho-stratigraphy of Gakulnagar village consists of clay (7 m), fine sand (3 m), medium sand (3 m) and coarse sand (20 m) layers from the surface. Values of all parameters were found within the tolerable limits, except coliform, in very few samples, where pit latrines were adjacent to the tube-well. Values of total coliform bacteria showed an inverse relationship with the distance between the tube-well and the pit latrine.Key words water quality; tube-well; pit latrine; Bangladesh; litho-stratigraphy



Evaluation of nitrate attenuation potential in the groundwater of Jakarta metropolitan area, Indonesia

MITSUYO SAITO1, SHIN-ICHI ONODERA2, YU UMEZAWA3, TAKAHIRO HOSONO4, YUTA SHIMIZU2, ROBERT DELINOM5 & MAKOTO TANIGUCHI6

1Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, [email protected]

2Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan3Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan4Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Japan5Division of Hydrology, Indonesia Institute of Science, Indonesia6Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Japan

Abstract To evaluate the nitrate attenuation potential in the groundwater of Jakarta metropolitan area, we tried to examine the mixing and denitrification process with the groundwater flow. The hydraulic potential distribution shows the direction of overall horizontal groundwater flow is from the mountainside to Jakarta Bay (south to north). Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3N) concentrations in the shallow groundwater at depths of <100 m were more than 600 μ M-1 in the mountainside. However, it declined to less than 50 μ M-1 during 5 km of horizontal groundwater flow. The variation in nitrogen stable isotope ratio (δ15N) shows slightly increasing trend with groundwater flow. The relation between Cl- and NO3N concentrations, and NO3N and δ15N suggests that the mixing and denitrification process occurs in the shallow groundwater. Based on these results, it is estimated that approx. 5% of nitrate denitrified during 1 km of horizontal groundwater flow. Compared with the result in the Yellow River Delta, the nitrate attenuation potential in the groundwater is relatively low in Jakarta. However, it is suggested that nitrate in the groundwater is denitrified before it reaches the sea. Key words nitrate; attenuation potential; aquifer, Jakarta


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Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly ...hydrologie.org/redbooks/a329/P329 Description, contents… · Web viewEdited by Makoto Taniguchi, Alyssa Dausman, Ken Howard,