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Showing Complex DataTrees, Tables, and other information graphics
Art of Information Graphics
Communicate visually rather than verbally Show rather than tell User’s can use their eyes and minds to draw
their own conclusions When done well can be much more effective
than displaying verbal data, especially for complex data sets
Types of Information Graphics
Maps Flowcharts Bar Plots Graphs Diagrams Tables* TreeViews*
Power of Interactivity
We are dealing with computers not printed information
Use pop-ups, animation, etc to hide and show information to the user
Let the user modify, sort, etc – describe the data as they see fit to increase their ability to comprehend the data set.
Make the user a participant in the information discover process
Good Interactive Information Graphics
Clearly shows how the data is organized Clearly shows what is related to what Clearly shows how to explore the data Clearly shows how the data can be rearranged Shows only what is needed to be known Allows the user to determine specific data
values
Data Organizational Models
Linear• List or single-variable plot
Tabular• Spreedsheet, multi-column list, sortable table, multi-y plot, etc
Hierarchical• Tree, cascaded lists, tree table, treemap, directed graph, etc
Network or Organic• Directed graph or flow chart
Graphical or Spatial• Map or schematic
Other• Parallel coordinate plots, treemaps, etc
Data Relationships
What’s Related to What Preattentive Variables?
Visual features that convey information before the view pays conscious attention to them
Gestalt principles of similarity and continuity are most often use to convey these relationships
Data RelationshipsPreattentive Variables
Data RelationshipsPreattentive Variables
Data RelationshipsPreattentive Variables
Data RelationshipsPreattentive Variables - Example
1.178739 0.699194 0.874042 0.291308 0.78357 0.745908 0.029079 0.521737
0.665048 0.776872 0.299437 0.585789 0.092586 1.055652 0.965067 0.021414
0.619581 0.393814 1.070211 0.306591 0.431111 0.176973 0.781644 1.042008
0.793146 1.077211 0.787416 0.384232 1.155947 1.104749 1.092146 0.81739
0.915559 1.01208 0.889061 0.509637 0.302029 0.872603 0.28545 0.59468
0.580484 1.150445 1.034182 0.062897 0.471185 0.544897 0.003143 1.011945
0.581041 0.265065 0.727255 0.31025 0.266997 0.741408 0.600416 1.040854
0.600723 0.552569 0.589978 0.198444 0.248 0.732601 0.69475 0.516055
1.112418 0.61739 0.291955 1.136749 0.379753 0.547165 0.004565 0.339588
0.399637 0.798155 1.044651 0.457568 0.281085 0.307115 0.457619 0.470444
0.242094 0.362186 0.627088 0.903784 0.622542 0.644447 0.503984 0.267117
0.101365 0.759558 0.386118 1.015149 0.381423 0.864015 0.956702 0.738639
0.271352 1.068867 0.217901 1.081866 0.328774 0.334843 0.545305 0.588397
0.803179 0.928343 0.503075 0.281974 0.284908 0.598675 0.544283 0.781571
0.203747 0.317019 0.222559 0.093807 0.913725 0.268272 0.899177 0.319825
0.068907 0.040848 0.057594 0.152116 0.965071 0.148314 0.857975 0.075507
0.905255 0.054391 0.542175 0.173376 0.192987 0.235287 0.443616 0.440908
0.035335 1.019702 0.848172 0.264228 0.91475 0.817566 0.052136 0.197727
0.016105 0.432765 0.592027 0.053195 0.849949 0.331346 0.968428 0.838117
1.065995 0.769864 0.90944 0.668404 0.768833 0.268052 0.398713 0.657809
0.457786 0.56645 1.032207 0.094762 1.082979 1.04981 0.814591 0.835953
0.750538 0.000213 0.461111 0.21911 0.112873 0.672291 0.051096 0.14064
0.712832 0.049231 0.104551 1.062568 0.506072 0.545243 0.703485 0.166171
0.787857 0.216091 1.029121 0.753735 0.757384 0.967038 0.241039 0.384356
0.341526 0.961132 1.021503 1.023409 0.624147 0.150229 0.106662 0.761185
1.050832 0.655706 1.071661 0.194237 1.083082 0.353512 1.028894 0.042028
0.260481 0.804218 0.794451 0.507621 0.591614 0.268941 0.408261 0.986109
Data RelationshipsPreattentive Color
Data RelationshipsAbility of preattentive color to scale
Data RelationshipsUse of multiple preattentive variables
Navigating and Exploring the Data
Scroll and Pan Drag or Scroll the viewable area until a point of
interest is visible Zoom
Change the scale of the viewed section or point of interest
Open and close points of interest Expand/Collapse to points of detail and interest
Drill down into points of interest Drilldown/drillup to points of detail and interest
Sorting and Arrangement of Data
Choosing a good sort value, or letting the user define it, can by a good method of arranging data in a useful manner
Common types of sort: Alpha, Numeric, Date, Time, Location, Category/Tag, Popularity, Custom, etc
Sorting and Arrangement of Data
SORTED BY LOCATION (ALPHA) SORTED BY VALUE
Searching and Filtering the Data
Highly Interactive Respond quickly to user’s searching and filtering
Iterative User refines search, query, filter until the result set
is ideal Contextual
Shows results in context with surrounding data to make it easier for a user to understand
Showing Specific Data Values
Labels Values shown directly in graphic Names on a Map, Values on a chart, etc
Legends Legends are used when color, texture, linestyle, symbol, etc,
represent the data values in the graphic Axes, Rulers, Scales, Timelines
Used when position represent values Datatips
Labels on mouse hover, tab, or other focus Data Brushing
Allows selecting a subset of data in the graphic to see how it fits or relates to data in other contexts
Common Patterns
Power Tools Overview Plus Detail Datatips Dynamic Queries Data Brushing Local Zooming
Tables and Lists Row Striping Sortable Table Jump to Item New-Item Row
Hierarchical Data Trees Cascading Lists Tree Table
Multidimensional Data Multi-Y Graph Small Multiples Treemap
Overview Plus Detail
• Place an overview graphic new to a zoomed “detail view”
• Best used when you want to user to see both the big picture and details of a portion of interest
• User here don’t need to see all details at once
• Zoomed region is typically movable in overview section
Data Tips
As the mouse rolls over points of interest, put the data values or additional information into a tooltip or floating window
Best used when you are showing an overview of the total data, but the graphic represents or has data behind what is shown
Data tips can be a quick and rewarding form of interactivity
Data Tips
Data Tips
Dynamic Queries
Provide ways to filter the data set immediately and interactively
Best used when data set is large and contains many variables and/or categories
Sliders and checkboxes often work well as controls to filter
Dynamic Queries
Dynamic Queries
Data Brushing
Let the user select data items in one view and show the same data selected in another view
Best used when you have two or more information graphics at a time.
Provides the ability to see a select group of points or items mapped against another metric or region
Data Brushing
Data Brushing
Data Brushinghttp://vitagate.itn.liu.se/projects/GAV/demovideos/VDE/VDE.html
Data Brushinghttp://vitagate.itn.liu.se/projects/GAV/demovideos/CoRelation/CoRelation.html
Local Zooming
Show data in a single page. Allow the mouse to select and area which in turn distorts the page and makes those data items large and readable
Best used when data set is some type of organizational form – plots, maps, networks, tables
Can include rearranging the data to show detail or fisheye zooming which enlarges a section without altering surrounding content
Local Zooming
Distorted Layout
Local Zooming
Fish Eye Zooming
Local Zooming
Row Striping
Use two similar shades to alternately color the backgrounds of table rows
Best used when a table’s row are difficult to separate visually
Often occurs when there are two many columns with various types or data or images
Colors should be low saturation and similar in hue
Row Striping
Row Striping
Clearly Better?
Sortable Table
Show data in a table and let the user sort the table rows according to column values
Best used when the interface contains many variable types the user may want to explore, group by, reorder, etc.
Jump to Item
When user begins to type, jump to that item in the list or table
Best used when the interface uses a scrolling list, table, drop down, combo box or tree to present a long set of items that are usually sorted by alpha
Keystrokes within a certain time interval (~200ms) are often honored to drive deeper into the name path
Jump to Item
Cascading Lists
Express a hierarchy by showing selectable lists of items at each level
Selection of an item shows that item’s children in subsequent list
Best used when your data is tree shaped but the hierarchy is deep and/or broad. A treeview would not work as well here due to the vast amount of scrolling that may be induced
Tree Table
Put hierarchical data in columns, as you would a table; but use an indented outline and controlling structure as would be seen in a tree
Best used when you want to show hierarchical data represented by a tree, but need to show more information than the item name itself.
Can be used for sub-sorting in some cases
Tree Table
Tree Table+
Multi-Y Graph
Stack multiple graphs vertically and let them share the same X-axis
Y-axis for each graph represents a different metric
Best used when you want to show two or more graphs or data sets that share a common trait such as timeline
Multi-Y Graph
Small Multiples
Create many small pictures of the data using two or three dimensions
Tile them on a page according to one or two additional data dimensions
Best used when you need to display a large data set with more than two dimensions or over multiple variables over regular intervals
Small Multiples
Small Multiples
Small Multiples
Treemap
Express multidimensional and/or hierarchical data as rectangles of various sizes
The rectangles are nested to show hierarchy, color and/or labels show additional variables
Best used when data is tree shaped but each item has several attributes such as size and category that permit items to be grouped accordingly.
Users also want to see an overview of many data points.
Treemap
Tree Map
Treemap
Treemap
Deductive User Interface
Inductive User Interface
Good Inductive Interface answers What am I supposed to do now? Where do I go from here?
Inductive User Interface
Focus each screen on a single task State the task Make the screen’s contents suit the task Offer links to secondary tasks Use consistent screen templates Provide screens for starting tasks Make it obvious how to carry out the task with
controls on the screen Provide an easy way to complete a task and start a
new one Make the next navigational step obvious
Case Study
Case Study – Focus?
Starting with a screen of tasks
2nd Tier Tasks
Accounts home page – Focus?
Design of secondary tasks
Screen Titles
Screen titles – State the task
Primary and secondary assistance