tree improvement and wood quality

7/29/2019 tree improvement and wood quality

1/53

NIJIL JOSEPH MARTIN

2011-27-103


2/53

TREE IMPROVEMENT ??

Tree

Improvement

Breeding

Silviculture

Source: Zobel and Talbert (1984), Burley (2004)

P = G + E


3/53

EVOLUTION OF BREEDING STRATEGIES

PHASE I : UPTO 1945

PHASE II : AFTER 1945

PHASE III : RECENT

TRENDS

Source: Burley (2004), Burdon (2008)


4/53

WOOD QUALITY

Totality of the attributes of a product whichcontributes to the satisfaction of needs (Gibson, 1980)

Attributes that make the wood valuable for a given

end use (Jozsa and Middleton, 1994)

Suitability of a given piece of wood for a specific end

use (Barbour, 2004)

WOOD QUALITY


5/53

UTILIZATION ASPECTS

WOOD

UTILIZATION

Pulp &

Paper

Solid wood

Composite

wood &

fuelwood

Source: Raymond (2002),

Van Buijtenen (2004),

Barbour (2004), Raymond

and Apiolaza (2004), Potts

et al. (2011)


6/53

Basic density

Pulp yield / Cellulose

content, Lignin content and

composition, extractives

content, Juvenile wood,

Fibre Dimensions

Basic density and gradient

Microfibril angle,

Shrinkage and collapse,

Reaction wood, Juvenile

wood, Knot size, decay,

Spiral grain and end splits

Product properties

Strength and stiffness,

Dimensional stability,

Lack of internal checking,

crook and bow

Basic density

Lignin content,

Extractives content

Cellulose content

Product properties

Strength and Stiffness

Durability

Gluability

Hardness

Source: Raymond (2002), Raymond and Apiolaza (2004), Potts et al. (2011)


7/53

Between provenances

Between trees

Within trees

Source: Zobel and Van Buijtenen (1989)

WOOD VARIATION


8/53


9/53


10/53

CROSS SECTION


11/53

Softwood Ring Porous Hardwood

Diffuse Porous

Hardwood


12/53

GENERAL BREEDING STRATEGY

BREEDING

STRATEGIES

INTRODUCTION SELECTION HYBRIDISATION

Source: Zobel and Talbert (1984)


13/53

Source: Grattapaglia(2007)


14/53

Bhadrachalam

Clones of EucalyptusAn Achievement of

ITC

Source: Kulkarni (2002)


15/53

BASIC DENSITY / SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific

Gravity

Latewood

percentage

Cell wallthickness

Cell Size

Source: Hagglund (1954), Nylinder and Ericson (1966), Larson (1969a), Olesen (1976),

Zobel and Talbert (1984), Bergstedt and Olesen (2000), Van Buijtenen (2004)


16/53

BASIC DENSITY / SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Most important trait- wood quality Important targetbreeding programs

Strong genetic control

Strong correlations with other properties- mechanical,

anatomical, pulp

Influences yield and quality of fibrous and solid wood

products

Source: Newlin and Wilson (1919), Wilson (1921), Barefoot et al. (1964, 1970), Kollmann &

Cote (1968), Einspahr et al. (1969), Van Buijtenen et al. (1969), Panshin and de Zeeuw (1980),

Armstrong et al. (1984), Keith (1986), Keith and Kellogg (1986), Zobel and van Buijtenen

(1989), Tsoumis (1991), Zhang and Zhong (1991), Zhang (1992), Zhang et al. (1992), Cave &

Walker (1994), Zhang (1994a, 1994b), Zobel and Jett (1995), Downes et al., 2002; Sall, 2002


17/53

Source: Bouffier et al. (2008)

Efficiency of early stage selection for wood density -

Pinus pinaster

Correlation Rousset Hermitage

RD RW RD RW

P 0.80 0.47 0.74 0.49

G 0.98 0.71 0.67 0.44

Correlation between ring section- before 16 years & after 16 years

ResistographInstrument used


18/53

Indirect selection-pilodyn

Source: Fukatsu et al. (2011)Cryptomeria japonica

87% Genetic gain by direct selection


19/53

Populus euramericana Source: Kord et al. (2010)

Volumetricshrin

kage(%)

Wood density (Kg/m3 ) Wood density (Kg/m3 )

Wood density (Kg/m3 ) Wood density (Kg/m3 )

Tangentialshrinkage(%)

Longitudinalshrinkage(%)

Radialshrinkag

e(%)

Within tree variation- density and shrinkage - relationship


20/53

DENSITY VARIATION

Source: Jozsa and Middleton (1994)

Uniform densiy- excellent

carving and turning properties,

veneer peeling and slicing

X ray densitometry

Within ring min density range-0.25 to 0.4

Within ring max density range-

0.6 to 0.9


21/53


22/53

Source: Fujimoto et al. (2008)

INTRA RING WOOD DENSITY

VARIATION-HYBRID LARCH

(Larix gmelinii var. japonica x

L.kaempferi) F1


23/53

Source: Fries and Ericsson (2009)

GENETIC PARAMETERS

FOR EARLYWOOD AND

LATEWOOD DENSITIES AND

DEVELOPMENT WITH

INCREASING AGE IN SCOTS

PINE

Ring number from pith


24/53

MICROFIBRIL ANGLE


25/53


26/53

RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PROPERTIES

Source: Donaldson (2008)

Density

Stiffness

Shrinkage

Growth

stress

Pulp &

paper

properties

MFA


27/53

Source: Auty et al. (2012)

RADIAL TREND OF MFA WITH AGE


28/53

Source: Fang (2006)

Within-tree

variation inmicrofibril angle

in poplar clones


29/53

Source: Hein et al. (2012)

Correlation

between traits

Eucalyptus

urophylla

D-C MFA-C MFA-KL MFA-D


30/53

SHRINKAGE- IMPORTANCE IN BREEDING

Correlations rG

Total Shrinkage vs. Partial Shrinkage

T vs. Tn 0.94

R vs. Rn 0.82L vs. Ln 0.57

VoS vs. VoSn 0.94

Heartwood shrinkage vs. Sapwood shrinkage

Thw vs. Tsw 0.87Rhw vs. Rsw 0.95

Lhw vs. Lsw 0.91

Hai et al. (2009)

Acacia auriculiformis - Vietnam


31/53

Varies from 5 to 20 growth rings

in size- species related-demarcation boundarydiffuse

Poorer properties than mature

wood More severe in softwoods

More reaction wood , higher

lignin, lower cellulose

Fast grownhigher proportion

Source: Burdon et al. (1992), Cown (1992), Kumar and Lee (2002), Megraw et al. (1999),

Zobel and Sprague (1998), Tutty (1981), Clark et al. (2006), Li et al. (2011 b), Wu et al.

(2007), Thomas (1985)

JUVENILE WOOD Formed byimmature

cambium


32/53

JUVENILE WOOD V/S MATURE WOOD

Source: Walker and Butterfield (1995)


33/53

Source: Barbour (2004)


34/53

PULP PROPERTIES

Pulp yieldslowerdry weight basis

Higher costs for pulping

Pulp properties

Higher

Tensile strength

Sheet smoothness

Burst strengthFold endurance

Lower

Tear strength

Opacity

Source: Zobel and Blair (1976) , Thomas (1985)

GENETIC CONTROL


35/53

GENETIC CONTROL

OF THE TIME OF

TRANSITION FROM

JUVENILE TO

MATURE WOODIN PINUS RADIATA D.

DON

Source: Gapare et al. (2006 )


36/53

CELL DIMENSIONS

Cell length- strong genetic control (Wheeler et al., 1965)

Fibre length- juvenility- shortest near pith- increases radially outwards-shorter along with high MFA(Tsoumis, 1991)

Pulp and paper- fibre morphology (Paavilainen, 1993; Seth et al., 1997;

Niskanen, 1998)

Long and slender fibres- most of paper products (Fries, 2012)

Early wood fibres- long & slender, late wood fibres- short and thickwalled- fine paper (Zobel & Jett, 1995; Finell, 2003; Watson & Bradley,2009)

Fibre length- strong G & P corr.- juvenile and mature wood (Hannrup

and Ekberg, 1998; Fries et al., 2003)


37/53

CELL DIMENSIONS

Vessel elementsmajor effect on paperproperties (Colley, 1973; Colley & Word,

1976; Ogata, 1978; Malan et al., 1994;

Ona et al., 2001) and penetration of

pulping liquors (Hillis, 1969)

Shorter vessel element & longer fibre-

pulp (Ona et al., 2001; Colley, 1975)

Raysfigure-size & distribution of cells

(Rydholm, 1965)

FIBRE CHARACTERS


38/53

Category Hardwoods Softwoods

Type of fibre

Short Long

Average length of fibres

1mm 3mm

Features

Achieving bulk,

smoothness, opacity

Providing additional

strength. Also suitable for

writing and printing

Typical products

Writing papers, printing

papers, tissue papers

Shipping containers,

grocery bags, corrugated

boxes

FIBRE CHARACTERS Source: www.paperonline.com


39/53

Source: Jozsa and Middleton (1994)


40/53

Fibre width Fibre length Wood density

0.49 0.23 0.34Fries (2012)

HeritabilityPinus sylvestris- Progeny trial-

Sweden

No. of Fibres in each length class


41/53

Molteberg & Hoibo (2006)

Development &

variation of

wood density,

kraft pulp yield

and fibre

dimensions in

young Norway

spruce


42/53

WITHIN TREE VARIATION IN FIBRE LENGTH

Ohshima et al. (2011)


43/53

WITHIN TREE VARIATION IN VESSEL LENGTH

Ohshima et al. (2011)

Paraserianthes falcataria


44/53

Ishiguri et al. (2007)

Paraserianthes falcataria


45/53

CELL CHEMISTRY

SOFTWOODS

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Lignin

29%

28%

HARDWOODS

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Lignin

45%

34%

21%

43%


46/53

CELL CHEMISTRY- EFFECT ON PROPERTIES

Lignin more- crushing strength & brittleness

increases, tension strength , resistance to rupture

and shock decreases (Hildebrandt, 1960)

Gummosis- Eucalyptus- bleaching and pulping-

difficult (Scurfield et al., 1974)

Resin formationproduct quality (Plumptre,

1983)

Within tree variability of lignin composition Populus


47/53

Within tree variability of lignin composition - Populus

Sykes et al. (2008)

Heritability trends in


48/53

Source: Wu et al. (2007)

Heritability trends in

relation with age

Density

Microfibril

MOE

Efficiency of early

selectionPinus

radiata


49/53

Pinus radiataWu et al. (2008)


50/53

Source: Raymond (2002)


51/53

Source: Hamilton et al. (2010)

CONCLUSION


52/53

CONCLUSION

More studies required- tropical hardwoods- wood variations

Correlation studies- Objective and Selection traits

Index selection- economic weightage to traits

Studies- models- predict changesquality traits with

development Cost effective biotechnological tools- genetics of wood characters

Indirect selectionscope for non destructive techniques-

countries like India

Tree improvement will be successful- proper silviculturalpractices


53/53

We cant use wood with intelligence unless we understand

it

Documents

tree improvement and wood quality