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Early treatment of certain malocclusions is of great importance in ortho- dontics when normal growth and development is the objective of our the- rapy. The four cases presented illustrate the three types of malocclusion which must be treated early: cross-bites (transverse), Class III malocclusions (saggital) and open-bites (vertical). In most of these cases there is a defi- ciency of the maxilla. The maxilla is the template for the mandible in the early stages of deve- lopment, and for this reason it should be treated early. As Ricketts said concerning early treatment: The crux of the dilemma is the failure to recognize complete maxillary orthopedics in the three planes of space. Font Jaume JM. Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases. Prog Orthod 2006;7(2):202-219. Four clinical cases are presented in which treatment was initiated early, in the deciduous dentition. The cases were followed until the permanent dentition. When is the most appropriate time to treat in orthodontics? The issue of early treatment has always been and probably always be contro- versial. Turpin 1,2 has written two editorials pointing out the doubts concerning this topic: This past summer I participated in the an- nual meeting of the CDABO, (Col- lege of Diplomats of the American Board of Orthodontics) where I asked the audience who would correct a severe posterior x-bite with a functional shift in a 6-year- Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases Juan M. Font Jaume Private Practice, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Correspondence to: Juan Miguel Font Jaume Ramón Berenguer III, 1-Entlo 07003 Palma de Mallorca Tel.: +34 971 29.89.58 Fax: +34 971 20.40.78 E-mail: [email protected] PROGRESS in ORTHODONTICS 2006; 7(2):202-219 1 Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases 202

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Early treatment of certain malocclusions is of great importance in ortho-dontics when normal growth and development is the objective of our the-rapy. The four cases presented illustrate the three types of malocclusionwhich must be treated early: cross-bites (transverse), Class III malocclusions(saggital) and open-bites (vertical). In most of these cases there is a defi-ciency of the maxilla.The maxilla is the template for the mandible in the early stages of deve-lopment, and for this reason it should be treated early.As Ricketts said concerning early treatment: The crux of the dilemma is thefailure to recognize complete maxillary orthopedics in the three planes ofspace.

Font Jaume JM. Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases.Prog Orthod 2006;7(2):202-219.

Four clinical cases are presented inwhich treatment was initiatedearly, in the deciduous dentition.The cases were followed until thepermanent dentition.When is the most appropriate timeto treat in orthodontics? The issueof early treatment has always beenand probably always be contro-versial. Turpin1,2 has written twoeditorials pointing out the doubtsconcerning this topic: This pastsummer I participated in the an-nual meeting of the CDABO, (Col-lege of Diplomats of the AmericanBoard of Orthodontics) where Iasked the audience who wouldcorrect a severe posterior x-bitewith a functional shift in a 6-year-

Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases

Juan M. Font Jaume

Private Practice, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Correspondence to:Juan Miguel Font JaumeRamón Berenguer III, 1-Entlo07003 Palma de MallorcaTel.: +34 971 29.89.58Fax: +34 971 20.40.78E-mail: [email protected]

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Quando l’obiettivo della nostra terapia è la corretta crescita ed il corret-to sviluppo il trattamento precoce di alcune malocclusioni è di grande im-portanza in ortodonzia. I quattro casi presentati illustrano tre tipi di ma-locclusione che devono essere trattati precocemente: cross-bite (trasver-sale), malocclusione di Classe III (sagittale) e open-bite (verticale). Nellamaggior parte dei casi è presente un deficit del mascellare. Nella primafase dello sviluppo il mascellare funge da guida per la mandibola e perquesta ragione deve essere precocemente trattato. A proposito del trat-tamento precoce Ricketts diceva: il nodo del problema è non riconosce-re le potenzialità del trattamento ortopedico del mascellare nei tre pianidello spazio.

Tradotto da Paola M. Poggio

Key words: Deciduous dentition; Early treatment; Simplification oftreatment, stability.

old in the full deciduous dentitionstage of development. I was sur-prised to see only a few hands goup, with most choosing to wait atleast until the mixed dentition stagewith all permanent incisors fullyerupted. In the past quarter century,over 5˙000 articles and abstractsabout maxillary expansion havebeen published. Unfortunately, de-spite the thousands of articles onposterior crossbites, there appearsto be no clear consensus on themost efficient, effective, and stablemethod to correct them.The American Association of Or-thodontists, through the patient edu-cation brochures, recommends thefirst orthodontic check up no laterthan Age 7, which obviously doesnot reinforce treatment in the deci-duous dentition. In contrast, Pla-

nas3 considers that the ideal the-rapy is from 3 to 6 years of age,and Ricketts4 suggested that in thefuture of orthodontics the only solu-tion… is to treat very early. Thebest treatment in orthodontics willnot be the one which uses the mostappliances, but the one whichgains perfection and stability of re-sults with the fewest appliances.When we consider early treatmentof the transverse dimension, it is ofmajor importance to analyze thecase thoroughly. It is a priority toanalyze if there is any skeletal ordental asymmetry. When a skeletalor dental asymmetry is present,treatment should be started as soonas possible. Posterior lingual crossbite is the mostcommon asymmetrical malocclusion.According to Thilander et al.5 the

prevalence in the mixed and per-manent dentition has been found tobe of the same magnitude as in thedeciduous dentition, the great ma-jority of cases being unilateral, andvery often associated with forcedguidance (a shift). The uniform pre-valence of cross-bites in different sta-ges of dentition indicates that cross-bites in the deciduous dentition areseldom self-correcting. It seems thatthe tendency to develop crossbites isincreasing with evolution. Lindstenet al.6 compared a skeletal samplein the mixed dentition from the 14th

to the 19th century and a sample ofchildren of today. They found that theintermolar distance was greater inthe 14th-19th century skeletal sample,indicating that the risk of developinga posterior crossbite was greater intoday’s sample.As Gugino7 emphasizes, the ear-lier treatment begins, the more theface will adapt to your concept;the later treatment begins, the mo-re your concept will have to adaptto the face. Therefore, there is agreat advantage in treating cros-sbites early in order to avoid com-pensations and adaptations of themasticatory system to the asymme-tric dentition, since this would leadto adaptive remodelling of the tem-poromandibular joints and asym-metric mandibular growth8. Slavicek9 also proposed very earlytreatment as a patient with a uni-lateral crossbite in the primary den-tition develops a unilateral chewingpattern. A unilateral chewing pat-tern uses a unilateral neuromuscularsystem. The patient adapts to thisasymmetric system… If you waituntil the system develops fully – be-

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• a short ramus height and • an obtuse cranial deflection.The severity of these factors will beof value in the prognosis of Class III.Tollaro et al.12, studying Class IIImalocclusions in the deciduousdentition, found that most of the di-mensional craniofacial characteri-stics which will be typical of ClassIII adults are already apparent. Ac-cording to the results, the size of themandibular body and ramus weregreater in Class III children, andthe mandibular body was long inrelation to the linear extent of theanterior cranial base, which wasshorter than the norm.The main goal of treatment is mor-phologic normality. However, therole of function should be given asmuch consideration as possible dueto the interaction between form andfunction. Orthodontic treatment mayresult in an occlusion that is a mor-phologic success, but at the same ti-me a functional failure which will

lead to relapse. For this reason thediagnosis and treatment of potentialproblems in mastication, breathing,swallowing, posture and other oralhabits that may lead to dysfunction,should be faced early.The influence of mastication on thecraniofacial morphology and de-velopment is one of the reasonsfor early treatment.Each individual has a characteristicway of walking according to hissensorial mechanism, which al-though similar in every human being,acquires its own patterns, subject tospecific genetic instructions and ex-ternal influences. Likewise, each in-dividual has a different chewing pat-tern caused by either genotypic orparatypic influences13. Early treatment should aim for abetter development of the senso-rial mechanism of each patient inorder to achieve a proper chewingfunction, so that mastication itselfwill prevent the relapse of the cor-

Le traitement precoce de certaines malocclusions est de grande im-portance en orthodontie quand la croissance et le développementnormaux est l’objectif de notre thérapie. Les quatre cas présentés il-lustrent les trois types de malocclusion qui doivent être traités pre-cocement: occlusions inveses (transversales), malocclusions de Clas-se III (saggital) et open bite (verticales). Dans la plupart de ces il ya une insuffisance du maxillaire supérieur. Le maxillaire supérieurest le calibre pour la mâchoire inférieure au commancement du dé-veloppement, et pour cette raison il devrait être traité tôt. CommeRicketts disait puor le traitement précoce: Le poit principal du di-lemme est l’absence d’identifier l’orthopédie maxillaire complètedans les trois plans de l’espace.

Traduit par Maria Giacinta Paolone

yond the 10th year of age – andnow you create a symmetrical oc-clusion, you are inviting a relapseor a dysfunction case later on by in-troducing a symmetrical occlusioninto an asymmetrical system.Malocclusions should be diagnosedin the three planes of space. Lateralcephalograms, photographs andstudy casts are not enough for a tho-rough diagnosis. Evaluation of thetransverse dimension requires theanalysis of the anteroposterior ra-diograph10. Even when there is noasymmetry or deviation there mightbe a skeletal discrepancy betweenthe maxillary and mandibular widththat requires treatment.Another type of malocclusion thatrequires consideration for earlytreatment is a Class III malocclu-sion. In Class III cases the deci-sion on whether to start early or la-te is a real challenge. Patients thatreceive early orthopedic treatmentto correct the skeletal disharmonymight have to be retreated laterdue to differential skeletal growthof the maxilla and the mandibleduring the pubertal growth spurt.It is difficult to predict growth inyoung Class III patients. Followingthe Ricketts11 studies about growthforecast, there are several factorswe look for in the prognosis ofClass III cases. These are • a long body of the mandible

from Xi to PM;• a forward position of the Xi

point;• a short distance from the ptery-

goid vertical to porion;• a short anterior cranial base;• an obtuse gonial angle;

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rected malocclusion.Another important aspect in treat-ment is the breathing pattern. The re-lationship between nasorespiratory

function and dentofacial develop-ment remains controversial14. Theprevailing opinion among orthodon-tists is that nasal airway impairment

El tratamiento temprano de algunas maloclusiones es de gran im-portancia en ortodoncia cuando el crecimiento y desarrollo normales el objetivo de nuestro tratamiento. Los cuatro casos que se pre-sentan ilustran los tres tipos de maloclusiones que se deben tratar auna edad temprana: mordidas cruzadas (transversal), maloclusionesde Clase III (sagital) y mordidas abiertas (vertical). En la mayoría deestos casos existe una hipoplasia maxilar. El maxilar es la plantillapara la mandíbula en las etapas iniciales del desarrollo, y por ellose debería tratar pronto. Como dijo Ricketts en relación al tratamientotemprano: La clave del dilema esta en no reconocer que es necesariorealizar ortopedia maxilar en los tres planos del espacio.

Traducido por Blanca Font

and mouthbreathing may lead to mi-crorhinodysplasia, adenoid facies,long face syndrome or open-bite ma-locclusion. While many reports sup-port this premise, almost as manydeny it. The clinical fact is that mouth-breating has an influence on mu-scles, decreasing the masseter mu-scle activities by about one third af-ter nasal obstruction15, producing alow tongue position with unopposedlateral forces by the cheek muscula-ture, or maintaining the lips apart,which decreases the pressure of thelips. All these factors may cause: ma-xillary arch constriction, extrusion ofthe molars, backward and down-ward rotation of the mandible andmalposition of the incisors. As a con-sequence, the earlier we induce no-se breathing the better growth anddevelopment will be.

Figs 1 Case 1. Pretreatment intraoral photographs.

Fig. 2 Case 1. Pretreatment pano-ramic radiograph. Lines indicateasymmetry between right and leftcondyles.

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Figs 6 Case 1. Posttreatment intraoral photographs. On the top, photographs taken at the end of treatment. On the bottom,photographs taken 11 years after the end of treatment.

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Fig. 3 Case 1. Intraoral photographwith quadhelix appliance.

Figs 4 Case 1. Comparison of intermolar width before treatment and after ex-pansion with quadhelix.

Figs 5 Case 1. Pretreatment and po-streatment extraoral photographs.

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Clinical cases

Case 1: B.B. 2 years 11 months (Figs 1-6).

The concern of the patient’s pa-rents was centered on the devia-tion of the face to the right side, aswell as a difficulty in chewing.The patient’s attitude was very ma-ture for her age.The patient had a unilateral cros-sbite with a forced guided occlu-sion (functional shift) that resultedfrom a transverse maxillary skele-tal/dental deficiency. The mandi-ble adapted to this deficiency forchewing convenience, working likea unilateral activator appliance. This child had a history of a pro-

longed dummy-sucking habit. Thelowered tongue position and theextreme forces created by the buc-cinator muscles may have produ-ced a narrow maxilla.The only approach to the treatmentof this malocclusion was to expandthe upper arch due to the transver-se discrepancy between both ar-ches. Before function is restored,form should be changed.Three different appliances wereconsidered: RME (Rapid maxillaryexpansion), removable expansionplate, and a soldered quad-helix(Lingual arch wire expansion).The quad-helix appliance was se-lected due to a possible lack ofcooperation. Although most of theexpansion obtained with a quad-helix is orthodontic, orthopedic ex-

pansion is possible, particularly inyounger age groups, in whom thepalatal suture is active.Treatment was started with a quad-helix which was used for 3 months. The appliance was activated ap-proximately 8 mm, or the buco-lin-gual width of an average deci-duous second molar, with appro-ximately 400 gr of force. This isgenerally sufficient activation toproduce the desired maxillary ex-pansion in the majority of cases,according to Chaconas16.In the permanent dentition, toothposition was corrected with fixedappliances for a period of 7months in the upper arch and 10months in the lower arch. The result was stable as shown atage 20.

Figs 7 Case 2. Pretreatment intraoral photographs.

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d

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Case 2: M.O. 4 years 2 months (Figs 7-11)

This male patient had a unilateralcrossbite which was the samemalocclusion as his older brotherwho had been treated previously.The orthodontic records and thefunctional analysis indicated thatthe patient had similar maxillaryand mandibular intermolar andintercanine transverse dimen-sions; however, centric occlusionwas not coincident with centricrelation. There was a shift fromcentric relation to centric occlu-sion, due to the canine interfe-rence producing the forced gui-

ded occlusion.The objective of treatment was tocorrect the dental malocclusion inorder to improve mastication,which is very important for goodoral health and normal growth anddevelopment at this age.Composite build-ups were used onthe molars on the crossbite sideand selective grinding was doneon the non-crossbite side.During skeletal development andtooth eruption, readjustment of theocclusion was done by selectivegrinding for occlusal balance andproper mastication.The patient is waiting for full dentaldevelopment before any furthertreatment is considered.

Fig. 8 Case 2. Extraoral photograph.Lines indicate facial assymetry.

Figs 9 a-f Case 2. Intraoral photographs during treatment. Photographs taken just after composite build-ups on right deciduousmolars (a-c); photographs taken just after selective grinding (d-f).

a b c

d e f

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Figs 10 a-f Case 2. Intraoral photographs. Follow-up

Figs 10 a-f Case 2. Intraoral photographs. Follow-up

a b c

d e f

a b c

Case 3: S.G. 5 years 3 months(Figs 12-19)

The main complaint of the patien-t’s parents was: the mandible istoo far forward. Her aunt had or-thognathic surgery treatment.The patient presented with a full

Class III canine and molar maloc-clusion, a negative overbite of 4mm, bilateral cross-bite and symme-tric arches.Cephalometric measurements we-re analyzed. The anterior cranialbase and the mandibular ramuswere practically normal, howe-ver, the mandibular body was

long in relation to the anterior cra-nial base. The porion locationwas smaller than the norm by twostandard deviations. The SNAwas smaller than the norm by onestandard deviation, as well asthe facial convexity.Several treatment options were con-sidered. One of the options was to

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wait until the permanent dentitionand then decide if a camouflagetreatment is possible or if orthogna-thic surgery is indicated. Another al-ternative was to start treatment im-mediately with an orthopedic pro-tocol in order to take advantage ofthe early age of the patient.

The latter course of treatment wasfollowed. Treatment was started witha fixed expansion appliance cove-ring the occlusal surfaces with acry-lic and a facial mask. Five monthslater the expansion and facial maskwere removed and a removable ap-pliance with a triple screw was pla-

ced. A passive chin-cup made ofcanvas was used at night to en-hance nose breathing. The upperappliance was removed 5 monthslater and a lower plate with a ton-gue-crib was used at night, togetherwith the chin-cup to favor a normaltongue position. Seven years later,

9 Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases

Figs 12 Case 3. Pretreatment intraoral photographs.

Figs 13 Case 3. Pre-treatment lateral radio-graph and cephalome-tric traicing.

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when all the permanent dentitionhad erupted, fixed appliances we-re placed on the posterior mandi-bular teeth (from canines to secondmolars) for 7 months to detail toothposition. No other fixed applian-ces were used at the age of 18years the case is stable.

Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases 10

Figs 15 Case 3. Intraoral photographs. Follow-up.

Figs 16 Case 3. Intraoral photographs. Follow-up.

Figs 14 Case 3. Intraoral photographs with rapid maxillary expansion with hooksfor facial mask.

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Figs 18. Case 3. Pretreatment andposttreatment extraoral photographs.

Fig 17. Case 3. Pretreatment andposttreatment lateral radiographs.

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Case 4: X.G. 6 years 8 months(Figs 20-28)

The concern of the patient´s parentswas centered on the mandiblewhich they thought was too far for-ward, and her speech therapist re-commended the visit to an ortho-

dontist. The patient presented with ananterior open bite, bilateral crossbi-te, low tongue posture with hyper-trophic tonsils. The patient had hada thumb-sucking habit. Cephalometric measurements wereanalyzed and revealed a very nar-row maxillary width (J-J) with a valueof 54.2 mm (three standard devia-

tions off the norm). The ramus heightwas short by two standard devia-tions. The ramus Xi position was tooforward (two standard deviations offthe norm), the gonial angle was veryobtuse, and the porion location veryshort. Treatment was started with aRME (rapid maxillary expansion)and a facial mask with vertical pull

Figs 19. Case 3. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalometric traicings.

Figs 20 Case 4. Pretreatment intrao-ral photographs.

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Figs 21 Case 4. Intraoral photo-graphs with rapid maxillary expansionwith hooks for facial mask.

Figs 22 Case 4. Intraoral photographs. Follow-up before biofeedback therapy.

Figs 24 Case 4. Intraoral photographs. Follow-up after biofeedback therapy.

Figs 23 Case 4. Intraoral photographwith quadhelix appliance.

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Figs 26 Case 4. Pretreatment and posttreatment extraoral photographs.

Figs 25 Case 4. Pretreatment andposttreatment lateral radiographs.

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for 8 months. A quad-helix was thenplaced and a passive chin-cup ma-de of canvas was used at night toprevent mouth breathing. The pa-tient had an adenoidectomy andtonsilectomy. Since the patient waschewing on the left side, compositebuild-ups were done on the upperdeciduous left molars to favor che-wing on the right side. Biofeedbacktherapy according to Gugino andDus17 was used to reinforce properfunctions. Upper and lower plateswith Planas Tracks were used as re-tention. No fixed appliances wereused during treatment.

References

1. Turpin DL. Good time for discussionof early treatment. Am J Orthod Den-tofacial Or thop 2000 Sep;118(3):247.

2. Turpin DL. Dealing with posteriorcrossbite in young patients. Am JOrthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004Nov; 126(5):531-2.

3. Planas P. Le facteur áge dans la the-rapeutique orthodontique. LÕOrtho-dontie Française 1949;20:45-53.

4. Ricketts RM. FOR Newsletter volumeXXXI nº3 winter 2000.

5. Thilander B, Wahlund S, LennartssonB. Eur J Orthod 1984; 6:25-34 Theeffect of early interceptive treatment inchildren with posterior cross-bite. EurJ Orthod. 1984 Feb;6(1):25-34

6. Lindsten R, Ogaard B, Larsson E, Bjer-klin K. Transverse dental and dentalarch depth dimensions in the mixeddentition in a skeletal sample from the14th to the 19th Century and Nor-wegian children and Norwegian Sa-mi children of today. Angle Orthod2002 Oct; 72(5):439-48.

7. Gugino C. Proceeding Foundationfor Orthodontic Research 1995.

8. Santos-Pinto A, Buschang PH, Throck-morton GS, Chen P. Morphologic andpositional asymmetries of young chil-dren with functional unilateral cross bi-te. Am J Orthod Dentafac Orthop2001;120:513-520 (reference ad-ded by the Editor and renumberedaccording to the sequence of citation).

Figs 27 Case 4. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalometric traicings.

Figs 28 Case 4. Pretreatment and posttreatment anteroposterior traicings.

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Vengono presentati quattro casi in dentizione decidua neiquali è stato eseguito un trattamento precoce. I casi sonostati seguiti fino alla dentizione permanente.Qual è il momento migliore per iniziare il trattamento orto-dontico? Le indicazioni al trattamento precoce sono dasempre e probabilmente saranno sempre oggetto di dis-cussione. Turpin1,2 ha scritto due editoriali sull’argomentosottolineando alcuni punti dubbi: La passata estate ho par-tecipato al meeting annuale della CDABO (College of Di-plomats of the American Board of Orthodontics) in questaoccasione ho chiesto ai presenti chi tra loro avrebbe curatoun bambino di 6 anni con dentatura decidua completa edun severo morso incrociato posteriore con shift laterale.Mi sono stupito di vedere solo poche mani alzarsi, la mag-gioranza dei presenti preferiva aspettare almeno fino ad es-sere in dentatura mista con tutti gli incisivi permanenti erot-ti. Nei passati 25 anni sono stati pubblicati più di 5000articoli e abstract sull’espansione del palato. Sfortunata-mente nonostante centinaia di articoli sui cross-bite poste-riori, non esiste ancora un pieno consenso sul metodo piùefficiente, efficace e stabile per correggerli.L’American Association of Orthodontists per mezzo di bro-chures consiglia un primo controllo ortodontico non più tar-di dei 7 anni, e ciò non favorisce ovviamente i trattamentiin dentatura decidua.Al contrario Planas3 considera terapia ideale quella tra i 3ed i 6 anni e per Ricketts4 il trattamento molto precoce sa-rà l’unica soluzione nel futuro dell’ortodonzia. Il migliortrattamento in ortodonzia non è quello che impiega più ap-parecchiature ma quello che raggiunge la perfezione e lastabilità dei risultati con il minor numero di apparecchi.Ogniqualvolta valutiamo un trattamento precoce per pro-

blematiche trasversali, è importante analizzare il caso in mo-do completo. È assolutamente prioritario analizzare se ci so-no asimmetrie di tipo scheletrico o dentale. In presenza diuna asimmetria trasversale il trattamento va iniziato il piùpresto possibile. Il cross-bite posteriore è l’asimmetria più fre-quentemente riscontrabile.Secondo Thilander e Coll.5 la frequenza di cross-bite in den-tatura mista è la stessa riscontrata in dentatura permanen-te, nella maggior parte dei casi è unilaterale e spesso è as-sociata ad uno scivolamento. L’uniformità d’incidenza deicasi con cross-bite in fasi differenti della dentatura indicache i cross-bite in dentatura decidua raramente si correg-gono da soli. La tendenza a sviluppare cross-bite sembraessere associata all’evoluzione. Lindsten e Coll.6 hannocomparato tra loro alcuni scheletri di bambini in dentaturadecidua del XIV secolo, del XIX secolo e contemporanei.Hanno trovato una distanza intermolare maggiore neglischeletri del XIV e del XIX secolo rispetto a quelli di oggi,ciò indica che il rischio di sviluppare un cross-bite posterioreè maggiore oggi rispetto ad un tempo.Come enfatizzato da Gugino7 più precoce il trattamento ini-zia maggiormente il viso del paziente si adatterà al nostroideale; più tardi il trattamento inizia e maggiormente il no-stro ideale si dovrà adattare al viso del paziente. Trattarei cross-bite precocemente ci offre il grosso vantaggio di evi-tare che si creino compensi e compromessi nel sistemamasticatorio, il quale si adatta all’asimmetria della denta-tura; sono questi compensi che portano a un processo dirimodellamento delle articolazioni temporomandibolari eda una crescita asimmetrica della mandibola8. Slavicek9 propone il trattamento precoce dei cross-bite per pre-venire il formarsi di un pattern di masticazione unilaterale. Un

Trattamento in dentizione decidua: quattro casi clinici

Juan M. Font Jaume

Treatment in the Deciduous Dentition: Four Clinical Cases 16

9. Slavicek R. Dr. Rudolf Slavicek onclinical and instrumental functionalanalysis for diagnosis and treatmentplanning. Part 1. Interview by Dr.Eugene L. Gottlieb. J Clin Orthod1988 Jun;22(6):358-70.

10. Vanarsdall RL. Transverse dimensionand long-term stability. Semin Or-thod 1999 Sep;5(3):171-80.

11. Ricketts RM. Robert M. Ricketts onearly treatment (Part 3). J Clin Or-thod 1979 Mar;13(3):181-99.

12. Tollaro I, et al. Class III malocclu-sion in the deciduous dentition: amorphological and correlations tudy. Eu r J Or thod 1994Oct;16(5):401-8.

13. Simöes WA. Mastication. J Japan Or-thod Soc 1979;38(3):322-332.[Mastication (author’s transl)]Ortodontia. 1979 Jan-Apr;12(1):19-28. Review. Portuguese. No abstractavailable.

14. Warren DW, Spalding PM. Dento-facial morphology and breathing:A century of controversy. In: MelsenB. Current Controversies in Ortho-dontics. Quintessence PublishingCo.Inc;1991.

15. Yamada K. The relationship bet-ween chewing function and maloc-c lus ion. J Japan Or thod Soc1992;51:104-111.

16. Chaconas SJ, de Alba, Levy JA. Or-thopedic and orthodontic applica-tions of the quad-helix appliance.Am J Orthod 1977;72(4):422-8.

17. Gugino C, Dus I. Zerobase bio-progressive unlocking concepts:the interplay between form andfunction. Rev Ortho Dento Faciale2000;34:83-107.

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pattern di masticazione unilaterale comporta l’uso unilateraledel sistema neuromuscolare. Il paziente si adatta ad un siste-ma asimmetrico se aspettiamo che il sistema si sviluppi com-pletamente – oltre i 10 anni – e poi ricreiamo un’occlusionesimmetrica in un sistema asimmetrico il caso sarà a rischio direcidiva o di disfunzione. Le malocclusioni vanno sempre diagnosticate nei tre piani del-lo spazio. Le radiografie laterali, le fotografie e lo studio deimodelli non sono sufficienti per una diagnosi approfondita. Pervalutare il diametri traversi è necessario eseguire una radio-grafia postero-anteriore10. Anche se non c’è asimmetria o deviazione può esserci una dis-crepanza scheletrica tra l’ampiezza del mascellare e dellamandibola tale da richiede un trattamento. Un altro tipo di ma-locclusione che richiede un intervento precoce è rappresentatodalle III Classi. In questi casi decidere se iniziare il trattamentoprecocemente o se ritardarlo è una vera sfida. Se i pazientivengono trattati precocemente per correggere la disarmoniascheletrica spesso rischiano di dover essere ritrattati più tardia causa del differenziale di crescita scheletrica tra il mascel-lare e la mandibola che si verifica durante il durante il piccopuberale. In base agli studi di Ricketts11 sulla previsione di crescita ci so-no alcuni fattori ai quali dobbiamo guardare per fare una pro-gnosi delle III Classi.Questi fattori sono: • un corpo mandibolare lungo da Xi a PM;• un’avanzamento del punto Xi;• una riduzione della distanza tra la verticale pterigoidea

e porion;• una base cranica anteriore ridotta;• un angolo goniaco ottuso;• un ramo mandibolare corto;• un’angolo craniale ottuso.La gravità di tutti questi fattori è d’aiuto per la prognosi delleIII Classi.Tollaro e Coll.12, studiando le III Classi hanno visto come tut-te le caratteristiche dimensionali craniofacciali tipiche delle IIIClassi negli adulti siano già presenti nei in dentizione decidua.Secondo i loro risultati, la lunghezza del corpo e del ramo del-la mandibola erano maggiori nei bambini in III Classe, e il cor-po mandibolare era lungo rispetto alla lunghezza della basecranica anteriore che era più corta della norma. L’obbiettivo del trattamento è quello di raggiungere la normalitàmorfologica. Tuttavia alla funzione dovrebbe essere dato il mas-simo risalto possibile e ciò per la stretta correlazione tra la fun-zione e la forma. Un trattamento ortodontico può ottenere comerisultato una perfetta occlusione ossia un successo morfologico,ma allo stesso tempo può essere un fallimento funzionale che por-terà a una recidiva. Per questo la diagnosi ed il trattamento dipotenziali problemi masticatori, respiratori, di deglutizione, di po-stura, o altre abitudini orali che possono portare a disfunzionedeve essere fatta precocemente.L’influenza della masticazione sulla morfologia cranio facciale esullo sviluppo è una delle indicazioni al trattamento precoce.Ciascun individuo ha il proprio caratteristico modo di camminare

che dipende da specifici meccanismi sensoriali, che sono similiin ciascun essere umano ma che acquistano il loro specifico pat-tern, in base alle indicazioni genetiche ed alle influenze esterne. Allo stesso modo ciascun individuo ha un suo differente pat-tern masticatorio determinato dalle influenze sia geneticheche ambientali13. Il trattamento precoce deve mirare ad un corretto sviluppo deimeccanismi sensoriali del paziente permettendogli di raggiungerecosì una corretta funzione masticatoria, in grado a sua volta diprevenire eventuali recidive della malocclusione corretta.Un altro importante aspetto del trattamento è rappresentato dal-la respirazione. La relazione tra la funzione naso-respiratoria elo sviluppo facciale resta controversa14. L’opinione prevalente tragli ortodontisti è che un impedimento delle vie aeree e la respi-razione orale possono portare allo sviluppo di microrinodispla-sia, facies adenoidea, alla sindrome della faccia lunga o adopen-bite. Esistono tanti lavori che provano questo e altrettanti chelo negano. La clinica ci dimostra che in presenza di un’ostruzionedel naso la respirazione orale influenza i muscoli in quanto l’at-tività del massetere diminuisce all’incirca di un terzo15, si deter-mina una postura bassa della lingua che bilancia più la forza del-le guance e mantiene le labbra aperte determinando una dimi-nuzione della pressione delle labbra. Tutto ciò contribuisce a crea-re una contrattura dell’arcata, l’estrusione dei molari con rotazionein basso ed in dietro della mandibola e malposizione degli in-cisivi. Di conseguenza prima noi ricreiamo una corretta respira-zione nasale tanto migliore sarà la crescita.

Casi clinici

Caso 1: B.B. 2 anni 11 mesi(Figg. 1-6)

I genitori della paziente erano preoccupati per la deviazione delviso della bambina verso destra e la sua difficoltà a masticare.La paziente era molto matura per la sua età. A causa di undeficit del diametro trasversale del mascellare presentavaun cross-bite unilaterale con uno shift funzionale. La man-dibola si era adattata a questa deficienza per ottenereuna posizione di comodo che lavorava come un attivatoremonolaterale. La bambina aveva succhiato il ciuccio a lun-go. La postura bassa della lingua e le forze estreme crea-te dai muscoli buccinatori potevano aver contribuito a crea-re un mascellare stretto. L’unico trattamento a questa ma-locclusione era quello di espandere l’arcata superiore percorreggere la discrepanza tra i diametri delle due arcate.Perché si possa ricreare la corretta funzione si deve primaricreare la forma.Tre differenti apparecchi sono stati valutati: RME (rapid ma-xillary expansion), una placca rimovibile di espansione, edun qad-helix saldato (lingual arch wire expansion). Temendo una possibile mancanza di cooperazione fu scel-to il quad-helix.Anche se l’espansione con il quad-helix è ortodontica, un’e-

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spansione ortopedica è possibile sopratutto nei soggetti piùgiovani in cui la sutura palatina e attiva. Il trattamento conquad-helix fu di tre mesi. L’apparecchio fu attivato di circa8 mm, o della larghezza bucco-linguale media di un se-condo molare deciduo, con circa 400 gr di forza. SecondoChaconas16 questa è una attivazione generalmente suffi-ciente nella maggior parte dei casi per ottenere l’espan-sione desiderata. Una volta in dentatura permanente, il caso fu terminato conun’apparecchiatura fissa per 7 mesi nell’arcata superiore eper 10 mesi nell’arcata inferiore. A 20 anni il risultato è ancora stabile.

Caso 2: M.O. 4 anni 2 mesi(Figg. 7-11)

Questo paziente presentava un cross-bite unilaterale uguale alfratello maggiore precedentemente trattato. La documenta-zione e l’analisi funzionale indicavano che i diametri trasver-sali intermolari ed intercanini del mascellare e della mandibolaerano uguali tra loro; tuttavia l’occlusione centrica non coin-cideva con la relazione centrica. C’era uno scivolamentodalla seconda verso la prima dovuto all’interferenza di un ca-nino che determinava un’occlusione forzata.L’obbiettivo del trattamento era quello di correggere la ma-locclusione per migliorare la masticazione, cosa molto im-portante per mantenere una buona salute dentale e per unosviluppo eugnatico. Sui molari del lato del cross-bite furo-no posti dei rialzi in composito mentre sul lato senza cross-bite fu fatto del molaggio selettivo. Durante lo sviluppo scheletrico e l’eruzione dei denti fu ese-guito un ulteriore molaggio selettivo d’aggiustamento per crea-re un buon equilibrio masticatorio.Il paziente deve ora aspettare il completo sviluppo delladentatura prima di prendere in considerazione qualsiasi ul-teriore trattamento.

Caso 3: S.G. 5 anni 3 mesi(Figg. 12-19)

La preoccupazione dei genitori di questo piccolo paziente erala crescita in avanti della mandibola. Una zia era stata sot-toposta a chirurgia ortognatica.Il paziente aveva una piena III Classe sia canina che mo-lare, un over-bite negativo di 4 mm, un cross-bite bilatera-le, le arcate simmetriche.In base all’analisi cefalometrica la base cranica anterioree il ramo mandibolare erano normali ma il corpo della man-dibola era lungo in confronto alla base cranica anteriore.La distanza del porion a PTV era minore rispetto alla nor-ma di due volte la deviazione standard. L’angolo SNA e laconvessità facciale erano minori rispetto alla norma di una

volta la deviazione standard. Furono valutate più opzioni terapeutiche: la prima era quel-la di aspettare fino alla dentatura completa e quindi deci-dere o per un trattamento di camouflage, o per un tratta-mento chirurgico. L’alternativa era quella di iniziare il trat-tamento subito, con un protocollo ortopedico cercando ditrarre beneficio dalla giovane età del paziente. Questa fula soluzione scelta.Da prima fu utilizzato un espansore fisso con copertura dellesuperfici occlusali ed una maschera facciale. Dopo cinque me-si l’espansore e la maschera facciale furono rimossi e fu da-to al paziente un apparecchio rimovibile con una tripla vite,di notte il paziente portava anche una mentoniera di tela, pas-siva che lo obbligava a respirare con il naso. Dopo cinquemesi fu sospeso l’apparecchio superiore e al fine di favorireuna corretta posizione della lingua fu data al paziente unaplacca inferiore con una griglia per la lingua da indossare dinotte insieme alla mentoniera.Sette anni dopo a permuta ultimata fu posizionata una appa-recchiatura fissa solo inferiormente da canino a secondo mo-lare per 7 mesi al fine di dettagliare la dentatura posteriore.Non furono usati altri apparecchi fissi.All’età di 18 anni il caso è stabile.

Caso 4: X.G. 6 anni 8 mesi(Figg. 20-28)

La preoccupazione dei genitori del paziente era la crescita se-condo loro troppo in avanti della mandibola e il logopedistaaveva consigliato una visita ortodontica.Il paziente presentava un open-bite anteriore, un cross-bite bi-laterale, una postura bassa della lingua con ipertrofia delle ton-sille. Il paziente aveva succhiato il pollice.Dall’analisi cefalometrica risultava che l’ampiezza mascel-lare (J-J) era molto ridotta con un valore di 54,2 mm (infe-riore tre volte la deviazione standard della norma). L’altez-za del ramo ridotta di due volte la deviazione standard del-la norma. Il punto Xi era più avanti (due volte la sd dellanorma), l’angolo goniaco era molto ottuso e la posizionedel porion molto avanzata. Il trattamento è iniziato con unRME (rapid maxillary expansion) e una maschera faccialecon una trazione alta per 8 mesi. Fu poi posizionato unquad-helix ed una mentoniera di tela, passiva da portaredi notte per impedire la respirazione orale. Il paziente fusottoposto ad adenoidectomia e tonsillectomia. Poichè il pa-ziente masticava solo dal lato di sinistra furono fatti dei ri-alzi in composito sui molari decidui superiori di sinistra perfavorire la masticazione sul lato i destra. Fu quindi esegui-ta una terapia di Biofeedback secondo Gugino e Dus17 perrinforzare le corrette funzioni. Come ritenzione furono usa-te le placche di Planas. Durante il trattamento non furonomai impiegate apparecchiature fisse.

Tradotto da Paola M. Poggio

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