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THE THAW ENDS
Khrushchev was [understandably] upset about the U2
Frustrated with the US arming adjacent nations with nuclear arms
i.e. Turkey
Both the Americans and Soviets [better] develop fusion bombs
Fission vs. Fusion = c.1000 X more powerful
Khrushchev would like to see these within range of US as well
THE CIA AND THE KGB
CIA 1947 AND KGB 1954
COVERT OPERATIONS TO UNDERMINE ENEMIES
COUPS, ASSASSINATIONS, AND INTELLIGENCE
CIA OPERATIONS
1953 – Iran – Mossadegh (GB)
1954 – Guatemala
1958 – Indonesia (mixed results)
1961 – Cuba
Communists (Fidel Castro)
CUBA TURNS TO KHRUSHCHEV
USSR pledges support
Begins moving in nuclear weapons to target US – like Turkey
U2 planes capture movements
Kennedy tells Khrushchev to stand down, declined – nuclear brink
US blockades Cuba Oct 1962 – Soviets turn back
THE WALL GOES UP
FEAR OF NSC-68 AND ISSUES WITH BERLIN LEAD TO THE ERECTION OF THE WALL IN AUGUST 1961
MILITARY BUILD UP
Post economies become increasingly geared to war
US supports Israel (on and off war with Arabs)
Six-Day War – 1967
US arms Israel – Soviets arm Arabs
Arabs, Allah, and the MIG-21
Gives US a new edge [it was lagging]
SPACE RACE OUTLINE
1957 – Sputnik I successfully orbits Earth the travelling companion
1957 – USSR successfully puts a dog in orbit Sputnik II
1958 – Explorer I is launched
1961 – Yuri Gagarin success orbits Earth and returns
1962 – John Glenn orbits Earth
Various space ventures (multi-man orbits, space walks, etc.)
1965 – Dark side of the Moon photographed
1967 – Tortoises circumnavigate the Moon
1969 – Apollo landings on the Moon (11)
BLAME IT ON THE FRENCH
French evacuation in the late 1950s (Indochina)
Communism popular in the north
NSC-68
Gulf of Tonkin Incident – intervention
Years later, tens of thousands dead, country socially deteriorating…
We give up and leave
Communism takes over
Our policy failed (socially) – Soviet social deterioration