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4D Composites
Professor Richard S. Trask Dr Anna B. BakerDr Tom M. Llewellyn-JonesDr Simon Bates
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
Experiment!
4D MaterialsThis is a 3D printed multi-layered hydrophilic-hydrophobic
polyurethane architecture with designed actuation
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D CompositesApplication of biological principles for future manufacturing?
“growth that causes an organism to develop its shape”
“interaction of system‐intrinsic capacities and external environmental forces”
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D CompositesApplication of biological principles for future manufacturing?
In biologically engineered architectures, ‘morphogenesis’, is described as a process of evolutionary development and growth that causes an organism to develop its shape through the interaction of system‐intrinsic capacities and external environmental
forces.
[Espinosa et al, 2009].
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
Interaction mechanism1. Sequential activation
2. Linear vs non-linear movement3. Independent folding/ bending/ twisting
4. Coupled movement – folding/ bending/ twisting
Smart dynamic structure
Smart static structure
Smart material
Printer toolpath programming1. Optimisation algorithm
2. Origami/ Kirigami principles
3D Printer1. Printer resolution
2. Multi-materials deposition
Stimulus1. Biological – protein/ enzyme
2. Chemical – pH/ H2O/ oxidation/ reduction3. Physical – ultrasound/ light/ temperature
4DPrinting
Sequence showing the self‐folding of a 4D‐Printed multi‐material single strand
into a coil, zig‐zag, hexagon
AB Baker, DF Wass, RS Trask, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol 254, January 2018, 519‐525
4D‐Printing – Additive Manufacturing of Smart Materials
[Trask Group, 2018]
4D CompositesDesigned and Programmed for Self-Assembly
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D Composites4D field-effect additive manufacturing
Field effect alignment
The picture can't be displayed.
1mm
P W
PZT
P R
λ2
Mic
rogr
aph
Aco
ustic
fie
ld
Act
ive
sour
ces
φx = 0, φy = π/2
In‐plane instantaneous alignment
Field effect alignment additive manufacturing
Llewellyn‐Jones TM, Drinkwater BW, Trask RS 2016 3D printed components with ultrasonically arranged microscale structure, Smart Materials and Structures 25 (2), 02LT01
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D Composites4D field-effect additive manufacturing
1mm
P W
PZT
P R
λ2
Field effect alignment additive manufacturing
Llewellyn‐Jones TM, Drinkwater BW, Trask RS 2016 3D printed components with ultrasonically arranged microscale structure, Smart Materials and Structures 25 (2), 02LT01
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
• Hydrophilic‐hydrophobic polyurethane responsive hinges • 3D printer ‐ Ultimaker Original desktop 3D printer with Flex3 drive extruder. Print speed ~ 20 mm s‐1• Materials – TPU Ninjaflex (elastomer) and Tecophillic TPU (hydrogel) • Modify print pathways to promote new actuation pathways• Upon hydration the trilayer bends out‐of‐plane at the location of the skin gaps.
4D Composites4D materials for additive manufacturing
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D Composites4D materials for additive manufacturing
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D Composites4D materials for additive manufacturingHydrophilic‐hydrophobic polyurethane responsive actuated SINGLE DIRECTION hinges for the folding and deployment of complex origami tessellations
Tool paths for cube a) bottom elastomer skin, b) middle hydrogel core and c) top elastomer skin
Tool paths for octahedron a) bottom elastomer skin, b) middle hydrogel core and c) top elastomer skin
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
4D Composites4D materials for additive manufacturingHydrophilic‐hydrophobic polyurethane responsive actuated MULTI‐DIRECTIONAL hinges for the folding and deployment of complex origami tessellations
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
Future Directions and Challenges• Extension of printing process to create an even
more diverse range of shape-changes, including:
• Non-planar 4D constructs – (1) the application of a curved-layer tool-path (i.e. individual layers with variable z) to enable buckling domes, and (2) printing on cylindrical print beds creating tubular bilayer/trilayer architectures for application in keyhole surgery
• Hierarchical 4D movement – ‘4D materiome’ where different actuation strategies occur at different length scales.
• Actuation speed - the introduction of a porogen (dissolvable particles used to create a porous structure) to control the rate of actuation of the hinges and through the combination of non-porous and porous hydrogels enable sequential actuation.
• Actuation sequence – single vs multi stimuli, coupled or independent movement (bending and/or twisting), and non-linear vs linear
3D printed PU skin
3D Printed hydrogel core and hinge gap
Material Building Blocks
Additive
Fusion
Subtractive
Process
Property Structure
Function & Requirements
4D MATERIOME
Material Building Blocks
Additive
Fusion
Subtractive
Property Structure
Function & Requirements
Active SensingFeedback Loop
Leng
th S
cale
Hie
rarc
hica
l Len
gth
4D CompositesProfessor Richard Trask
Experiment - Outcome!
• Direct control of the print pathways and in‐fill direction during 3D construction, permits the realisation of reversible organic movement, rather than being limited to traditional origami folds.
• The dissimilar processing temperatures of the TPU and hydrogel permit stacked assembly of complex folding/ bending patterns
Hydrophilic‐hydrophobic polyurethane for actuated TAILORED BENDING for deployment of complex ‘organic’ architectures.
4D Composites
Professor Richard S. Trask Dr Anna BakerDr Tom Llewellyn-JonesDr Simon Bates