59TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

Transporting agricultural goods Simalgarhi Samuha, a farmers’ group based in the village of Chainpur, in Nepal’s Chitwan district, has 22 members who grow beans, eggplant

Bharatpur, Pokhara and Kathmandu, but getting their produce to these markets is not easy. Although an all-weather road connects the village to the markets, the road can deteriorate quickly, especially in the rainy season. And because licensed commercial vehicles are in short supply in

the farmers often rely on informal public transport such as unregistered minibuses. This solution is far from ideal as the vehicles neither comply with safety rules nor keep the produce fresh until it reaches the market.

Access to essential transport infrastructure and

-

-

obtain essential inputs and get their crops to

1

-

World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development -

and exports.2

-

-

costs.3

60 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

4 In the -

nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions

logistics costs.

Appropriate

7 Appropriate professional standards

trucking sector can facilitate trade.8

What transporting agricultural goods data measure

1. Licensing requirements to operate a trucking company. -

-

--

goods.

2. Pricing and freight allocation. These -

are set and how freight is allocated.

3. Axle-load regulation. These data focus

through weighing stations and associat-

4. Mutual recognition of standards and for-eign trucking competition. These data

61TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

focus on bilateral or regional agree-

-

well as restrictions on cross-border truck-

rights.10

Monitoring of road access, density and quality. These data record the existence

-cess (such as the share of the popula-

What the initial pilot results show

trucking sector around the world. Licensing re-

-

policies on transport and infrastructure.

License or permit is required to transport agricultural goods in most pilot countries

Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport

trade and transport.11

-

haulage (registre spécial de transporteur de marchandises pour compte d’autrui

The process of obtaining a license or other au-

-

where the process includes a hearing that re-

-

62 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

-

such as refrigeration for transporting perishable agricultural goods.

applications.

Little intervention in pricing and freight allocation

-

prices.12

-

-

(food grain) and coffee.13

and Transport publishes past prices (based on

FIGURE 7.1:

State concession or franchise

Special license or permit

Registry or notification to a governmentagency or professional association

No special license required

1

7

1

1

Ethiopia

Rwanda

Guatemala Mozambique

Spain Uganda

Nepal

Morocco

Ukraine

Philippines

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.

63TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

prices.

associations publish reference prices on their websites or in national newspapers. In nei-

there are no legal sanctions for not following

-

associations (box 7.1).

to belong to a trucking association to operate

-

Axle-load regulations are widespread

BOX 7.1: What is the role of trucking associations?

guidelines and training.

-

(Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport -

guidelines (such as those on pricing).

-

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.

64 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

FIGURE 7.2: Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country

9 10.211.511.58

13.5111010

56

40 40414546

5356

Ethiopia

Guate

mala

Philip

pines

Rwand

a

Moro

cco

Nepal

Spain

Uganda

Moza

mbique

Ukraine

Tons

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.

-

14

tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal

Axle-load regulations are enforced through

countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding

countries. Most of the countries also take other

-

International transport agreements are in place, but limited foreign trucking competition remains

65TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

transport rights allowing foreign participation

on the International Transport of Goods under

-ate borders.

-

-tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load

Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a

landlocked countries.17 -

-

18

-

-

-

backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1).

Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours

Broad use of standard government indicators on road quality, but limited reliable data on road access and density

-

20

66 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

TABLE 7.1: Transporting goods from the country’s largest neighboring agricultural trading partner

Country

Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies

Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage

EthiopiaGuatemalaMorocco

NepalPhilippinesRwandaSpainUgandaUkraine

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.

Index21 22

- resources (box 7.2).

BOX 7.2: Morocco’s national programs for improving rural roads

-

douars-

Continued next page

67TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

-

a

Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city

b

c

Enabling the Business of Agriculture-

0 100 200 300 400

Kilometers

Rural popula onwithin 1 hour

within 2 hours

within 3 hours

within 4 hours

over 4 hours (30 %)

MAP B7.2.1: Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco

Source:

Continued next page

BOX 7.2: (Continued)

68 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

BOX 7.2: (Continued)

FIGURE B7.2.1: Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco

Perc

ent o

f rur

al p

opul

atio

n be

yond

sp

ecifi

c tra

vel t

ime

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 93

73

49

30

18

86

56

33

20

11

Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants

Travel time in hours

-

terai (plain) region.

all countries use the International Roughness

trunk roads in poor condition is as high as 33

Source:a. World Bank 2006; African Development Bank 2013; Ministry of Equipment, Transport and Logistics (Ministère de l’Equipement, du Transport et de la Logistique)

c. Webb 2013.

69TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

Next steps

This chapter presents the initial results for a

constraints in trucking that can affect the

These data points will be used as a basis for

data collection (see Data notes).

1.

based on the International Roughness --

-Enabling the Business of

Agriculture is exploring the use of geo--

2. and international transport agree-

3. -

data. Another group of indicators would

-

4. --

trucking business. While the focus is pri-

-

perishable goods as well as the distinc-

international transport.

the pilot phase (including through a

to conduct research on transport prices

-

70 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

Notes

Osborne and Virginia Tanase.

3 Kunaka et al. 2013.

7 World Bank 2012d. 8 World Bank 2010.

11 World Bank 2010.

13 World Bank 2012b.

17 Nathan Associates 2012.

21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale

roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface.