Transportation infrastructure system- Report

110040092 SHIKHAR SINGH

ASSIGNMENT-1

Q- Give the complete organizational structure of civil aviation of the

Nation. Enlist and enumerate the functions of each of the

organizations/institutions in this overall structure. Show also the flow

of administrative/regulatory control among these organizations.

Ans- The Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India is the

nodal Ministry responsible for the formulation of national policies and

programmes for development and regulation of Civil Aviation. The

ministry is under the charge of Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju, assisted

by minister of state G. M. Siddeshwara.[1] The Secretary is the head of

the Ministry and is assisted by one Additional Secretary & Financial

Adviser, three Joint Secretaries, seven officers of the level of Director /

Deputy Secretary / Financial Controller and ten officers of the level of

Under Secretary. It is located at Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan,Safdarjung

Airport, New Delhi.

The ministry has following departments:

DGCA(DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION):

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the regulatory body governing

the safety aspects of civil aviation in India. Some of its functions are:

1.Registration of civil aircraft;

2.Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registe

red in India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such aircraft;

3.Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engi

neers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose;

4.Licensing of air traffic controllers;

5.Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities;

6.Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of

other operational personnel such as flight dispatchers and cabin crew;


7.Granting of Air Operator’s Certificates to Indian carriers and regu

lation of air transport services operating to/from/within/over India

by Indian and foreign operators, including clearance of scheduled a

nd non-scheduled flights of such operators

8.Conducting investigation into incidents and serious incidents involving

aircraft upto 2250kg AUW and taking accident prevention formulatio

n of implementation of Safety Aviation Management Programmes


Bureau of Civil Aviation Security:

BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is

headed by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police and is

designated as Commissioner of Security (Civil Aviation).

FUNCTIONS: Laying down Aviation Security Standards in accordance

with Annex 17 to Chicago Convention of ICAO for airport operators,

airlines operators, and their security agencies responsible for

implementing AVSEC measures, Monitoring the implementation of

security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs.

ORGANISATIONAL

CHART

Commission of Railway Safety: The Commission of Railway Safety,

working under the administrative control of

the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India, deals with

matters pertaining to safety of rail travel and train operation and is

charged with certain statutory functions as laid down in the Railways


Act (1989), which are of an

inspectorial, investigatory & advisory nature.

Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India): It conducts

investigations and gave information to the investigations established by

the Court of Inquiry and the Committee Inquiry.

AAI:

The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation

is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil

aviation infrastructure in India

The Government of India constituted the International Airports

Authority of India (IAAI) in 1972 to manage the nation's international

airports while the National Airports Authority (NAA) was constituted in

1986 to look after domestic airports.[1] The organisations were merged

in April 1995 by an Act of Parliament and was named as Airports

Authority of India (AAI).Airports Authority of India (AAI) manages a total

of 125 Airports, which include 11 International Airports, 08 Customs

Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil Enclaves at Defence Airfields.

AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over entire

Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas:


ASSIGNMENT – 2

Q- Give examples of aircrafts for each type of landing gear

configuration indicating the gear foot print taken from the aircraft

design manual.

Ans- Aircrafts are generally supported by a nose gear and two main

landing gears located on the wing area on each side. Various types of

configurations are available for determining a particular gear. Usually it

is assumed that the landing gear supports most of the load. Hence the

landing gear has to be more efficient than the nose gear. The following

different types of gear configurations are given in FAA publications.


Now there can be different combinations of nose and landing gear

depending on the aircraft requirements. Some of these are:


Examples of gear configurations in popular aircrafts:

AIRCRAFT NO. OF WHEELS AND GEAR CONFIGURATION A318, A319, A320, A321 6 wheels [1x2]+[2x2]

A300, A310, A330 10 wheels [1x2]+[2x4]

A340-200/300 12 wheels [1x2]+[2x4+1x2]

A380 22 wheels [1x2]+[2x4+2x6]

Boeing 737

6 wheels [1x2]+[2x2]

Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet

18 wheels [1x2]+[4x4]


Gear Footprints of some of the above aircrafts:

A-380

A340-200


B737-200

B747


ASSIGNMENT-3

Q- (i) Prepare payload versus range relationship curve for aircraft with

following characteristics

Maximum structural takeoff weight 99880 kg

Maximum structural landing weight 89892 kg

Zero fuel weight 82860 kg

Operating empty weight 56982 kg

Maximum structural payload 25878 kg

Fuel capacity 34232 kg

Reserve fuel requirement: 1.25 hr in en route service

Average route speed: 869 km/hr

Average fuel burn rate: 6.43 kg/km

Ans: First we calculate reserve fuel required if payload is nonzero,

Reserve fuel = 1.25*869*6.43 = 6985 kg

For calculating range at maximum payload, we have:

Maximum structural takeoff weight = 99880 kg

Zero fuel weight = 82860 kg

Hence trip fuel = 99880-82560-Reserve fuel = 10335 kg

Hence Range(payload maximum)= 10335/6.43 = 1607.3 km


Now we can increase this range if we decrease the payload and

adhering to maximum structural takeoff weight.

Fuel capacity+OEW+payload = MSTW

34232+56982+P = 99880, P=8666 kg

Trip fuel = 34232-6985 = 27247 kg

Range(maximum) = 27247/6.43 = 4237.5 km

Also, to find ferry range we equate fuel capacity to trip fuel

Hence Range(ferry) = 34232/6.43 = 5323.8 kg

With the above values Payload vs Range graph is plotted in excel:

0

8666

2587825878

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

PA

YLO

AD

(K

G)

RANGE (KM)

Payload vs Range curve for the given data

MAXIMUM

PAYLOAD

TRADE OFF

BETWEEN

PAYLOAD

AND FUEL

FERRY

RANGE

RANGE WITH

MAXIMUM FUEL

CAPACITY

MAXIMUM RANGE WITH

MAX. PAYLOAD


(ii) Also prepare pay load range curves for some typical aircrafts by

collecting data from their design manuals.

Ans: The following is the payload-range design characteristics of

Boeing 737-800:

We have the following additional values:

Average Cruising Speed = 828 km/hr

Average Fuel Burn Rate = 4.88 US gallons per seat per hour

Seating Capacity = 189

Reserve Fuel Requirement = 1.25 hr in en route service (Assumption)

From the above data,

Average fuel burn rate in (kg/km) = 4.88*3.789*189/828 = 4.22 kg/km

Reserve fuel = 1.25*189*4.88*3.789 = 4369 kg

Fuel capacity = 6875 gallons = 26050 kg

Maximum takeoff weight = 174200 lbs = 78913 kg

Maximum Zero fuel weight = 138300 lbs = 62650 kg

Maximum operating empty weight = 90000 lbs = 40770 kg

hence max payload = 62650-40770 = 21880 kg


Trip fuel at max payload = 78913-62650-4369 = 11894 kg

Range(max payload) = 11894/4.22 = 2818.5 km

Max range =(fuel cap–reserve fuel)/4.22 =(26050-4369)/4.22 = 5138 km

Payload at this situation = 78913-26050-40770 = 12093 kg

Ferry range = 26050/4.22 = 6173 km

The graph is shown below:

0

12093

2188021880

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

PA

YLO

AD

(K

G)

RANGE (KM)

Payload vs Range curve for Boeing 737-800

MAXIMUM

PAYLOAD

TRADE OFF

BETWEEN

PAYLOAD

AND FUEL

FERRY

RANGE

RANGE WITH

MAXIMUM FUEL

CAPACITY

MAXIMUM RANGE WITH

MAX. PAYLOAD


ASSIGNMENT-4

Q- Give two examples for each of the airport configurations (runway

configurations) in terms of google earth images and mark therein all the

components of airside of the airport (e.g. runways, taxiways, apron,

gates, terminal building, etc.). Bring out peculiarities if any in your

example images.

Ans: Single Runway:


Parallel Runway:

2-parallel runway-

4-parallel runway-


Staggered runway-


Open-V Runway:

Intersecting:


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Transportation infrastructure system- Report