CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SEM 1

Tanay Balar (64) Zankhil Patel (66) Kanku Pelerin ( 67) Yash Desai (68) Dhruv Jani (69) Abhishek Jariwala (70) Jainam Shah (71) Aayush Parikh (72) Shivam Panchhiwala (73)

Prepared by:-

Group :8

Chapter-10.

Transportation Engineering

Introduction The term transportaion indicates a means or system of conveyance.Transport or transportation is mocment of people, animals and goods from one location to another.Mobility is basic human needs. From the times immemorial, everyone travels either for food or leisure. A closely associated need is the transport of raw materials to a manufacturing unit or finished goods for consumption. Transportation fulfills these basic needs of humanity. From a wider viewpoint, transportation facilities provide the option for work, shopping, recreation and give access to health, education and other amenities. The introduction of transport facilities in modern age has narrowed down the distance of transportation in world devloapment is multidimensional. Transportation engineering is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods. It is defined as the application of technological and scientific principles to the planing, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation. In this chapter, role of Transportation, modes of Transportation , road traffic and traffic control and mass Transportation system have been discussed.

ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT : Transportation constributes to economic, industrial, social and cultural

development of any country. Transport has affected economic development from beginning of human civilization. Transport is a key

infrastructur of a contry. A country’s economic status depends upon how well served the contry is by its transport system. The rate at which a country’s economic grows is very closely linked to the rate at which the transport sector grows.

Transportation is vital for the economic develoapment of any region since every commodity produced, whether it is food, clothing,

agricultural products, industrial products or medicine, needs transportation facilities retard the process of socio-economic development of a nation. The adequacy of transportaton system of a country indicates its economic and social development.

Transportation plays a major role in the develoapment of the human civilization for instance one could easily observe the strong correlation between the evolution of human settlement and proximity of transport

facilities. Also, there is a strong correlation between the quality of transport facilities and standard of living. Population have always settled along the river shores, road sides and near railway stations.

More specifically, it has been recognised that the provision of high quality transport system is a necessary precondition for the full participation of remote communities in the benefits of national development. Adequate, reliable and economic transport is essential , although not in itself sufficient, for the social and economic

development of rural areas in devloping countries.

The contribution of transport perfomance to regional economic development has obvious implications for poverty alleviation and personal welfare. In addtion, however, transport system perfomance can have a direct and significant impact on a range of the other dimenstions of development like health and education. Not to provide a hospital to every village but to make it possible for rural communities to

gain easier access to urban based facilities. Also, reliable efficient and affordable transport services will play a key role in ensuring equitable access to educational opportubities for rural people.

Transportation is for advancement of community. It is essential for the economic prosperity and general development of the country. It is also essential for strategic movement in emergency for defence of the country and to maintain better law and order. With improved facilities

for the transportation in rural areas, the urge for the migration to urban centers decreases, thus helping in balance development of the country as a whole.

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION : Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish

substantially different ways to perform transport. The basic modes of transport are by land , water and air. There are a number of alternative modes of transport and transport systems which can be selected to meet any given demand. Each mode and system has its own appeal and its own drawback. The four major modes of transportation are : (1) Roadways (2) Railways (3) Waterways (4) Airways

Road transport Advantages:- •Road transport offers quick and assured deliveries. •Roads provides good commercial links between cities. •Roads can be constructed at comparatively lower cost. •Roads transport offers a flexible service, free from fixed schedules. •Road transport offers door to door service. •Roads helps in the growth of trade and other economic activities. •For short haults road transport is the only economical means.

Disadvantage:

• One of the serious disadvantage of road transport is its poor record of safety.

• The poor construction and maintenance of roads contribute to overall increase of the operation cost of vehicles.

• Road transport has been one of the major causes for environmental pollution.

• Road transport has low carrying capacity of passengers and goods .

• Road transport consumes greater energy.

• Road transport has caused problem of parking in cities streets.

Railway transport Advantages:- •The railways can meet seasonal fluctuation in seasonal traffic. •Railway journey is cheap especially for long distance. •Railways can handle heavier loads at high speed. •Transporting food and clothes in times of emergencies such as floods and famines , etc. •Provides cheap , convenient and safe mode of transport. •Mobilizing troops and war equipments in times of war and emergencies.

Disadvantages:-

•Railway require constant maintenance as the wheel of railway vehicles are rigidly fixed at fixed distance and may cause serious accident.

•Initial construction cost of tracks , trains , stations , etc is high.

•Tracks are reserved only for the movement of trains.

•Operational controls are essential in the form of signal and interlocking.

•Railways are suitable for specific service only.

Traffic Survey

Introduction It is quite important to study the various

vehicular characteristic which affect the design and traffic performance , because it is possible to design, a road for any vehicle but not for an indefinite vehicle.

Traffic studies are carried out to analyse the traffic characteristics to decide geometric features and traffic control for safe and efficient movements.

Traffic volume study

Traffic volume is the number of vehicles

crossing a section of road per unit at any

selected period.

A complete traffic volume study may include

classified volume study by recording the

volume of various type s and classes of traffic.

Different vehicle classes are converted to one

common standard vehicle unit – PCU –

Passenger Car Unit.

Spot Speed Survey Spot speed is the instantaneous speed of a

vehicle at a specified section or location.

Enoscope is the name of equipment use for this survey. The collected data are analysed and S-curve is plotted.

We can obtain medium speed , geometric design speed , 85th percentile speed , 15th percentile speed , modal speed , space mean speed , time mean speed etc. from collected data.

Speed and Delay study

Speed and delay studies give the running speeds, Overall speeds, Fluctuations in speeds and the delay between two stations of a road spaced far apart.

They also give the information such as the amount, location, duration, frequency and causes of the delay in the traffic stream.

Various methods to carry out speed and delay survey are:

1. Floating car method

2. License plate record method

3. By interview

4. By photography and videography

4] Origin & Destination (O – D) Survey

The O and D studies of vehicular traffic determines their number, their origins and

destination in each zone under study. The data of number of passengers in each

vehicle, purpose of trip, intermediate stops made and reasons, actual direction of

travel, selection of routes and length of trip etc. are also collected.

Methods of O and D survey are-

(1) Road side interview method

(2) License plate method

(3) Return postcard method

(4) Tag on card method

(5) Home interview method

5] Traffic flow characteristics and studies

The measures of traffic flow are volume, density and speed.

Density is the number of vehicles occupying a unit length of lane of roadway at a

given instant.(Vehicle per km)

Traffic capacity is the ability of a roadway to accommodate traffic volume.

Traffic flow characteristics study includes transverse and longitudinal distribution

of vehicles in traffic stream. The study is useful as following,

(1) This is useful in geometric design features.

(2) To decide traffic regulatory measures like one way movement.

(3) It is used in design of traffic control measures and devices.

(4) It is used for accident rate analysis and to determine measures to reduce it.

(5) To decide speed trends and traffic patterns.

(6) To decide the priority for improvement and expansion.

(7) It is used for planning and control of existing facilities and routes.

(8) It is used for planning and designing the new facilities.

(9) It is used for planning of pedestrian facilities like

sidewalks, cross walks,

subways and pedestrian signals.

(10) It is used for planning of signal timings and cycle

length.

(11) It is used to structure design of pavement.

(12) To compute roadway capacity.

(13) To plan mass transit facilities.

Traffic planing

and analysis

Planning of traffic on major highways, mass transmit facilities and terminal

facilities are carried out as per existing datacollection and need of people. The

information collected are analysed with respect to past trends and future

expectations.

Traffic is composed by pedestrians and various types of vehicles.Drivers of

vehicles and pedestrians are affected by physical and pshychological factors.

Vehicles have various static and dynemic characteristics.Traffic planning deals

with estimation of pesent traffic,future trffic and need of trffic.Geometric design

of transporatain facilities are based upon trffic survey.Various traffic signs and

pavement markings are used to guide,warn and regulate traffic. For

convinient,efficient and economical transportation traffic planinng is important.

Planning and nalysis is carried out in 4 stages:

(1)Trip generation (2)Trip distrubution (3)Model split (4)Traffic assingment

Geometric

design

All the elements such as pavement cross section

, riding surface details , sight distance

requirement , horizontal and vertical alignment ,

manoeuvre areas and intersection and parking facilities are to be suitably designed for better

performance.

Introduction To Mass Transportation System :

•Mass transportion or Public transportion deals with

study of transportion system that meets the travel

need of several people by sharing a vehicle.

•Public transtort is the predominent mode of

motorised local travel in cities.

•Generally this focuses on the urban travel bus and

rail transit.Public transport still remains the primary

mode of transport for most of the population, and

India’s public transport systmes are among the most

heavily used in the world.

Public transport

Various modes of mass transportation

or public transport are :

a) Travelling by Bus

b) Travelling by taxi

c) Travelling by auto-rickshaw

d) Traveliing bny metro trains

e) Bus Rapid Transist System (BRTS)

Travelling by Bus Each city has e a local bus network. Though fares

are cheap buses can get very crowded during

peak hours and this is not the fastest mode if

transportation.

Bus passes are also available. There is separate

seating for women at the front of the bus. This bus

service serve as a cheap and convenient mode of

transport for all classes of society

Services are mostly run by municipal corporation

owned transport corporation.

Travelling by Taxi

Mumbai, Delhi and kolkata have old-

fashioned black, yellow or black and

yellow taxis, which run on a meter and

can be flagged down in the street.

Depanding on the city\state, taxis can

either be hailed or hired from taxistand.

In cities such as Ahemadbad,

Bengaluru , Hederabad, taxis need to

be hired over phone, whereas in cities

like kolkata and mumbai, taxis can be

haled on the street

There are many private taxis for the

companies in every city running out of

roadside office.They can rent the taxis for

the day or for longer trips out of down.

Rates are generally fixed by the hour or on

the killometres or by the day.

A similler system exists for autorickshaws,

known as share autos.

Travelling by auto-rickshaw An auto-rickshaw is a three wheeler vehicle

for hire that has no doors and is generally

characterized by a small cabin for the driver

in the front and seat for passenger in the

rear.

The color of the auto rickshaw is also

determined by the fuel that is powred by,

for example Ahmadabad and Delhi have

autos indicating the use of compressed

Natural Gas (CNG).

A recent law prohibits auto-rickshaw drivers

from charging more than the specified fare,

or charging night-fare before midnight, and

also prohibits for driver form refusing to go to

a particular location.

Airports and railway stations at many cities

as Chennai, bengaluru, and Mysore provide

a facility of prepared auto booths, where

the passenger pays a fiexed fare as set by

the authorized for various locations.

Travelling by Merto-tarins Delhi and kolkata have an extensive metro system,

which is the quickest way to get around, especially

during peak hours.

The new bangalore metro opened in 2011 and has

only 6 stations along a 7 km stretch, but the next

phase are due for completion in 2013, 2014 and

2017.

The Delhi metro in New Delhi is the second

conventions metro and began oprations in 2002.

Currently, rapid transit systems have been deployed

in these cities and more are under construction or in

planning in several major cities of India

Cities that have a metro systems :

Kolkata Metro

Chennai Mass rapid trasist System

Mumbai’s suburban railway system is the

city’s lifetime, transporting over 7 milion

passenger a day, and providing the fastest

way to travel in this tarfific choked city.

These trains are very crowded during peak

times and can ba a challenge to navigate.

Chennai also has a suburban train system

and a metro line is currently in

construction.Goverment of Gujarat is also

palaning metro tarin service between

Ahemdabad to gandhinagar cities.

Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) New initiatives like Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems

and air conditioned buses have been taken by the

various state government to improve the bus public

transport systems in cities

The idea of a BRT concept in India- based on the

succesful system in Curitibam, Brazil – was first

introduction in the year 2000 in the form a feasibility

study for Bangalore carried out by swedish

consultant but was not implemented at the time.