Transport Phenomena Data Companio

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TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

DATA COMPANION

L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken


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TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA

DATA COMPANION


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TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA

DATA COMPANION

L.P.B.M. Janssen

professor at the Department of

Chemical Engineering of

Groningen University

M.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken

professor at the Faculty ofScience and Technologyof the

University of Twente

VSSD


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VSSD

First edition 1987

Third edition 1997, 2001, 2006

Published by:

VSSD

Leeghwaterstraat 42, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands

tel. +31 15 27 82124, telefax +31 15 27 87585, e-mail: [email protected]

internet: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf

URL on this and related books: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of the publisher.

Printed in The Netherlands

ISBN 90-71301-59-1

NUR 952

Keywords: transport phenomena
http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htmhttp://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htmhttp://www.vssd.nl/hlf


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5

Preface

Many of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersed over the

literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcing the user to perform

tedious conversions before a quick calculation can be started. In this companion theauthors have compiled those data that, according to their experience, are used frequently

in transport phenomena and related subjects and, since all data are in S.I. units, rapid

access to various calculations is facilitated.

This book is of course no substitute for a complete literature survey and no compendium

on all data available in literature. On many occasions a selection had to be made from

a multitude of expressions. For instance, for the mass transfer to bubbles, drops and

particles, dozens of correlations are available. In those cases the most general correlation

or the expression most commonly used has been chosen.

This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and gives informationvarying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermocouples and pH ranges

of indicators.

The second part consists of frequently used mathematics. In addition to general

mathematical techniques, a selection of vectorial and tensorial calculus relevant to hydro-

dynamics and elementary rheology has been added.

The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematic arrangement

facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy reading and accuracy are

combined.

In the final part various material properties are given. Special attention has been paid to

the most commonly used materials: air and water, but also frequently used materials like

for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others are included.

For easy access to the data an extensive index is very important, so, special attention has

been given to make the index as complete as possible.

We hope this book will be useful for all those involved in transport phenomena, students,

scientists as well as engineers, and we are grateful to everybody who has contributed

to improve this companion by suggestions and criticism. Any further suggestions and

amendments will be gratefully received.

Groningen and Delft,

L.P.B.M. Janssen

M.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken


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7

Contents

MISCELLANEOUS 11

Greek Alphabet 12

S.I. Prefixes 12

Periodic Table 13

Mathematical Constants 14

Standard S.I. Units 14

Derived S.I. Units 14

Physical Constants 15

Conversion Factors 16

Temperature Scales 18

Approximations for Physical Properties 19

Therrnocouples 20

pH Range of Acid Base Indicators 24

MATHEMATICS 25

Volume and Surface of Some Bodies 26

Integrals 29

Elementary Differential Equations 37

Approximations for Bessel Functions 39

The Error Function 42

Laplace Transforms 43

Properties 43

Frequently used Laplace transforms 45Vectors and Tensors 47

Differentiation in Vector and Tensor Notation 49

Linear Regression 52

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 53

Concentration Notation 54

Microscopic Balances in General Form 55

Bernoulli Equations 58Balances for Idealised Materials 59

Frequently Occurring Flow Fields in Tensor Notation 62

Rheological Models 63


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8 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

Pressure Throughput Characteristics for the Flow of Liquids

Through a Straight Round Tube 65

Residence Time Distribution 66

Quantities and Their Dimensions 68

Alphabetical List of Dimensionless Numbers 70Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations 75

Analogies between Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer 78

Drag Coefficient Cw for Flow around Obstacles 79

Richardson-Zaki equation 80

Friction coefficient Cw of packed beds as a function of Reh 80

Drag coefficients for flow around spheres, cylinders and

disks 81

Friction Coefficient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems 82

Friction factor for flow in tubes 84

Hydraulic diameters 86

The power number Po of impellers as a function of Re 87

Humidity Diagrams for Air-Water Systems at Atmospheric

Pressure 88

Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer 90

Shapes of Free Rising Bubbles or Drops in Newtonian Liquids 93Rising Velocity of Air Bubbles in Water 94

Rising Velocity or Fall Velocity of Drops in Liquids of Low

Viscosity 95

Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Tubes 96

Two Phase Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid through Vertical Tubes 98

Formation of Bubbles at a Nozzle 99

Heat and Mass Transfer for Flow around Spheres 100

MATERIAL PROPERTIES 101

Water 102

The Prandtl number 103

Thermal diffusion coefficient 103

Heat of vaporization 104

Cubic expansion coefficient 103

Dielectrical constant 105

Surface tension 105

Electrical conductivity 105

Density 106


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Vapor pressure 107

Thermal conductivity coefficient 107

Dynamic viscosity 108

Specific heat 109

Compressibility 110

Refractive index 110

Velocity of sound 111

Properties of water and steam above 100 C 111

Physical Properties of Ice 112

Air 113

Composition of air 113

The Prandtl number 113

Thermal diffusion coefficient 114

Density 114

Dynamic viscosity 115

Thermal conductivity coefficient 115

Specific heat 116

Ratio of specific heats 116

Sound velocity 116

Physical Properties of Some Materials 117Density, specific heat and heat conductivity coefficient 117

Heat of combustion of some fuels 117

Properties of natural gas 118

Melting point and heat of melting of some materials 118

Properties of some liquids 119

Properties of some gases 120

Physical properties of some metals 121

Absorption coefficient a of various surfaces for heat

radiation 121

Electrical conductivity of some aqueous solutions 122

Cubic coefficient of expansion of some liquids 123

Eutectic temperature of freezing mixtures with snow or ice 123

Properties of some plastics 124

Refractive index of aqueous solutions at 20 C 126

Properties of foods 127Viscosities of foods 128

Compressibility of Gases 129

Contents


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Critical constants, boiling point and molecular weight of

various substances 130

Solubility Table 131

Solubility Parameters 134

Liquified gases at 90 K 134

Liquid solvents at 25 C 134

Amorphous polymers near 25 C 134

Diffusion Coefficients 135

Diffusion coefficients of gases in water 135

Diffusion coefficients of gases and vapours in air 135

Diffusion coefficients of ions in water at very low

concentrations 136

Henry's Law 137

Henry's law constant for the solubility of gases in water 137

Henry's law constant for the solubility of gases in ionic

solutions 138

Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons 139

Dynamic Viscosity 144

Dynamic viscosity of ethanol-water solutions 144

Dynamic viscosity of glycerol-water solutions 146Dynamic viscosity of glycerol-water solutions as a function

of temperature at different weight percentages of glycerol 147

Dynamic viscosity of cane sugar dissolved in water as a

function of temperature at different weight percentages of

cane sugar 148

Dynamic viscosity of PVP (type K.90) dissolved in tap

water at 20 C 149

Dynamic viscosity of some gases as a function of

temperature at atmospheric pressure 150

Surface Tension 151

Surface tension of some inorganic substances in water

against air 151

Surface tension against air and interfacial tension against

water of some organic liquids 152

Surface tension against air of some water-organic liquidsolutions 153

INDEX 154


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11

Miscella

neous


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12 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Greek Alphabet S.I. Prexes


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13Periodic Table


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Mathematical Constants

Standard S.I. Units Derived S.I. Units14 Transport Phenomena Data Companion


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15Physical Constants


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16 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Conversion Factors


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17Conversion Factors (continued)


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Conversion Factors (continued)

Temperature Scales


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19Approximations for Physical Constants of Water and Air


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20 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Thermocouples


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21Thermocouples (continued)


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22 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Thermocouples (continued)


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23Thermocouples (continued)


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24 Transport Phenomena Data Companion pH Range of Acid Base Indicators


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Mathem

atics

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26 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Volume and Surface of Some Bodies


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27Volume and Surface of Some Bodies (continued)


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28 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Volume and Surface of Some Bodies (cont.)


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29Integrals


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31Integrals (continued)


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32 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)


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37Elementary Differential Equations


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40 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Approximations for Bessel Functions


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41Approximations for Bessel Functions


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42 Transport Phenomena Data Companion The Error Function


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46 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Laplace Transforms


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47Vectors and Tensors


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49Vectors and Tensors (continued)


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50 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Vectors and Tensors (continued)


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52 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Linear R egression


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Transp

ort

Pheno

mena

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56 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Microscopic Balances in General Form (cont.)


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60 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Balances for Idealised Materials (cont.)


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61

energybalanceforNewtonianfluidswithconstan

tdensityandconstantheat

conductivity

Balances for Idealised Materials (cont.)


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Frequently OccurringFlow

Fields in Tensor Notation


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63Rheological Models


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64 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Rheological Models (continued)


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66 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Residence Time Distribution


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68 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Quantities and their Dimensions


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69Quantities and their Dimensions (continued)


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70

TransportPhenomenaDataCompanion

Alphabetical List of Dimensionless Numbers

DimensionlessNumbers


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DimensionlessNumbers(continued)


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72




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73



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74




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75Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations


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77Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations (continued)


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Analogies between Heat Transfer

and Mass Transfer


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Drag Coefcient Cwfor Flow

around Obstacles (continued)


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81Drag Coefcient Cwfor Flow around Obstacles (continued)


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Friction Coefcient Kwfor

Flow through Tube Systems


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83Friction Coefcient Kwfor Flow through Tube Systems (continued)


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Flow through Tube Systems (continued)


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Flow through Tube Systems (continued)


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87Friction Coefcient Kwfor Flow through Tube Systems (continued)


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Humidity Diagram for Air-Water Systems at

Atmospheric Pressure (I)


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89Humidity Diagram for Air-Water Systems at Atmospheric Pressure (II)


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90 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer


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91Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer (continued)


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Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow

in Horizontal Tubes


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97Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Tubes (continued)


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Two Phase Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid

through Vertical Tubes


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99Formation of Bubbles at a Nozzle


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Materia

l

Properties

101


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Water

Prandtl

thermal diffusion coefficient

heat of vaporization

cubic expansion coefficient dielectrical constant

surface tension

electrical conductivity

density

vapor pressure

thermal condutivity coefficient

dynamic viscosity

specific heat

compressibility

refractive index velocity of sound

properties of water and steam above 100 C

Water


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104 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)


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107

Water(continued)


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109

Water(continued)


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111

Water(continued)


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112 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Physical Properties of Ice


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113Air


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115Air (continued)


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116 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Air (continued)


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117Physical Properties of Some Materials


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Physical Properties of Some Materials

(cotinued)


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119Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)


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120 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials

(continued)


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(continued)


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(continued)


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129Compressibility of Gases


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133

Table


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134 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Solubility Parameters


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137Henrys Law


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138 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Henrys Law (continued)


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140 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)


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141Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)


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142 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)


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144 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity


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145Dynamic Viscosity (continued)


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146 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)


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147Dynamic Viscosity (continued)


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148 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)


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151Surface Tension


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152 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Surface Tension (continued)


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153

SurfaceTension(continued)


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Index

90 open channel, hydraulicdiameters 86

A

a naphtol benzeine 24Abels theorem 44absolute humidity 19, 88, 89absorption coefficient 121acetate 133acetic acid 123, 153acetone 119, 123, 126, 153acetylene 117, 120, 130, 135acid base indicators 24actinide series 13activation energy 68, 70adiabatic cooling line 88, 89adiabatic flow ideal gas 58air 19, 113, 120, 130, 137air-water system 88, 89alcohol 117, 123alizarine, yellow 24alphabet, greek 12aluminium 118, 121, 132

, sulphate 151ammonia 117, 120, 130, 135

ammonium 132, 150, chloride 123, 151, hydroxide 151

amyl alcohol 153analogies between heat

transfer and mass transfer78

aniline 152, 153annular 96antimony 118, 133 sauce 127, 128approximation formulae for

thermocouples 20aqueous solution 122, 126Archimedes 75, number 70argon 113, 134, 135Arrhenius number 70arsenate 132arsenite 132asbestos 117, 121asphalt 117atomic mass 13atomic number 13

avogadro number 15axial diffusion 70azolithmine 24

B

balanced idealised materials59

balances 55barium 132barium chloride 151basic integrals 2934benzaldehyde 152benzene 119, 123, 130, 134,

135, 152benzyl alcohol 152Bernoulli equations 58Bernoulli, differential

equations 37Bessel functions 3941Bessel, differential equations

38biaxial elongation 62binary diffusion coefficient 19binary vapour-liquid

equilibrium 139Bingham 64, 128

, number 70, plastic 63, 65

Biot number 70

bismuth 133black bodies 121black lacques 121Blake-Kozeny 80Blasius flow 75block 26Bodenstein number 70boiling point 130Boltzman constant 15Bond number 70borate 132brass 118, 121

brick 117, 121brilliant cresyl blue 24Brinkman number 70bromide 132, 134, 136bromo cresol blue 24bromo cresol purple 24bromo phenol blue 24brown coal 117bubble flow 98bubble formation 99bubble shape 93bulk expansion coefficient 69buoyancy force 72Burke-Plummer 80butane 117butanol 153butter 127butyric acid 153

C

cadmium 118, 133, 136calcium 132, 136

, chloride 123, 151candela 14cane sugar 148caproic acid 153carbon dioxide 120, 130, 135,

10carbon disulfide 134carbon monoxide 117, 130,

134carbon tetrachloride 134, 152

carbon tetrafluoride 134carbonate 132carbondioxide 113Casson 128

, fluid 63Cauchy number 70Cauchy, differential equations

38cellulose acetate 124cellulose diacetate 134Celsius 18centrifugal force 71

cesium 136characteristic length 68characteristic process time 71chemical reaction rate 71, 74chemical resistance 125Chilton-Colburn analogy 78chlorate 132chloric acid 122, 123chloride 132, 136chlorine 120, 135chloro phenol red 24chloroform 119, 123, 152

chocolate 128, 132chromel/alumel thermocouple

2023chromium 118, 121, 132classical Maxwell fluid 63coal 117, 121cobalt 118, 121, 133codeformational derative 51composition of air 113composition of gas 118compressibility 110

, gas 129concentration notation 54concentric tube, hydraulic

diameters 86concrete 117conduction of heat 70

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, coefficient 117, 119121

heat of combustion 117, 118heat of melting 118heat of reaction 69, 71heat of vaporization 104

, water 111heat transfer 74, 100

, coefficient 68, dimensionlesscorrelation 75, number 78

Heaviside theorem 44helium 113, 120, 135, 150Henrys law 137, 138hertz 14homogeneous, differential

equations 37

honey 128Hooke number 72horizontal tubes 96humidity diagram 88, 89hydraulic diameters 86hydrocarbon 139hydrodynamic boundary layer

74, thickness 73

hydrogen 113, 117, 120, 130,135, 137, 150, chloride 126, 151, nitrate 151, sulfide 120, 130, 135, sulphate 151

hydroxide 132

I

ice 117, 118, 121, 127ideally mixed tank 66, 67ideally mixed tanks in serie 67ignition temperature 118impellers 87incompressible medium 58

inertia force 7074instationery heat transfer 90instationery mass transfer 90integrals 2936interfacial tension 152internal age distribution 66internal heat transfer

resistance 70internal mass transfer

resistance 70invariant of tensor 48iodide 132, 136iron 118, 121, 133iron/constantan thermocouple

2023isobutane 130isopentane 130, 134isothermal flow ideal gas 58

J

J-factor analogy 78Jaumann derative 51Jaumann Maxwell fluid 64Joule 14

K

Kelvin 14, 18kilogram 14kinematic viscosity 69kinetic energy 71, 73krypton 113

L

l-hexane 134lamb 127laminar flow 65

, round tube 67lanthanide series 13Laplace transforms 4346Laplacian scalar field 50Laplacian vector field 50lead 118, 121, 133Lewis number 72linear expansion coefficient

121linear regression 52linear thermal expansion 124liquid film, hydraulic diameters

86

liquid solvent 134liquids 119liquified gas 134lithium chloride 151

M

m-xylene 130maganese 132

, sulphate 151magnesium 121, 132

, chloride 123, 151, sulphate 151

manganese 118, 121marble 117margarine 128mass balance 55, 59mass fraction 54mass transfer 100

, boundary layer 74, boundary layerthickness 72, coefficient 68, dimensionlesscorrelation 75

, number 78, with chemical reaction72, without chemicalreaction 72

mathematical constants 14

Maxwell fluid 63mayonnaise 128melting point 118, 121melting temperature 112mercury 118, 121, 133metals 121

meter 14methane 117, 120, 130, 134,

150methanol 119, 126, 135, 152,

153methyl butyl ketone 152methyl ether 123methyl ethyl ketone 153methyl propyl ketone 152methyl red 24methylcyclohexane 130methylcyclopentane 130

milk 127,128mixing rule 129modified Bessel functions 41modified Bessel, differential

equations 38modulus of elasticity 69molar concentration 54molar mass 19, 54mole fraction 19, 54molecular weight 130Morton number 73, 93multicomponent system 129mustard 128

N

n-butane 130n-butanol 152n-decane 130n-heptane 119, 130n-hexadecane 134n-hexane 119, 130, 134, 152n-nonane 130n-octane 119, 130, 134, 152n-pentane 119, 130, 134

n-pentanol 152, 153nabla identities 50nabla operator 49natural gas 118Navier-Stokes equation 56, 60neon 113, 135neopentane 134neutral red 24Newton 64, 65, 128

fluid 63newton 14newtonian liquids 93nickel 118, 121, 132nitramine 24nitrate 132nitric acid 119, 122, 123nitro benzene 152nitrogen 113, 120, 130, 134,


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135, 137, 150, dioxide 135

nitrous oxide 135nozzle 99number averaged molar mass

54

Nusselt 7578Nusselt number 73, 100nylon 6/6 124

O

o-xylene 130, 152oakwood 117octahedron 26oil 127, 128Oldroyd derivative 51Oldroyd Maxwell fluid 64olive oil 127, 128

open channel, hydraulicdiameters 86

oranges 127organic liquid 152organic solution 153oxalate 132oxide 132oxygen 113, 120, 130, 134,

135, 137, 150ozone 113

P

p-xylene 130, 152packed bed 80paint 121paraffin 118

, oil 117Pascal 14peanut oil 128Pclet number 66, 73penetration of heat 90penetration of mass 90pentane 123perfluoro-n-heptane 134

periodic table 13perspex 124petrol 117petroleum 117, 123pH range 24phenol 123, 153

, red 24phenolphtalien 24phenyl chloride 152phosphate 132physical constants 15physical properties 19, 117

, phases 73pipe entrance 83pipe exit 83plaster 117plastic 124125platinum 118, 121, 133

platinum/platinum-rhodiumthermocouple 2023

plexiglass 124plug flow 67

, with axial dispersion 67plugs 96

plutonium 121Poisseulle flow 75polished marble 121polyacrylonitrile 134polyamide 6/6 124polybutadiene 134polycarbonate 124polydimethyl silicone 134polyethylene 124, 134polyisobutylene 134polymer 134polymethyl methacrylate 134

polymethylmethacrylate 124polypropene 124polystyrene 134polytetrafluoro ethylene 124polyurethane 124polyvinyl chloride 124, 134polyvinylidene chloride 134pork 127potassium 121, 132

, bromide 151, carbonate 151, chloride 123, 151, hydroxide 123, nitrate 151, nitrite 151, sulphate 123, 151

potatoes 127potential energy 73poultry 127Powell-Eyring fluid 63power added 68, 73power input 87power law 63, 64, 65, 128

, index 63, 65, 128power number 73, 87power transferred to kinetic

energy 73Prandtl 7578

, fluid 63, number 73, 100, 103,113, 119, 120

Prandtl-Eyring fluid 63precious metal 121prefix 12pressure 19, 68

, throughputcharacteristics 65

process time 72propane 117, 120, 130, 150propanol 119properties of ice 112

properties of steam 111properties of water 111propionic acid 153propylene 130, 135PVP 149pyramid 26

Q

quartz 117

R

radiation 121rankine 18Rayleigh number 73reaction constant 68rectangular pip, hydraulic

diameters 86Redlich-Kwong 129

refractive index 110, 124, 126relative humidity 19, 88, 89relative roughness 84, 85relaxation time 63, 69, 71residence time 66

, distribution 66Reynolds 80, 82

. number 73, 7579, 93,100

rheogram 64rheological model 63, 64Richardson number 73

rising velocity air bubbles inwater 94

rising velocity drops in liquid95

round tube, hydraulicdiameters 86

rubber 121

S

S.I. prefix 12salicyl yellow 24sauce 128

Schmidt 7678, number 74, 100second 14second invariant deformation

tensor 63second order fluid 63separation of variables 37service temperature 125shear stress 63

, energy wall 65, 71Sherwood 7678

, number 74, 100

silicate 132silver 118, 121, 133

, nitrate 151simple elongation 62simple shear 62slug flow 98

Index


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slugs 96sodium 118, 121, 132, 136

, bromide 151, carbonate 123, chloride 122, 123, 126,151

, hydroxide 122, 126,151, nitrate 123, 151, sulphate 151

softening temperature 125solubility 131133

, gas in ionic solution 138, gas in water 137, parameter 134

sound velocity 116soup 128soy bean oil 127, 128

specific heat 19, 68, 109, 112,116, 117, 119, 120, 121,124, 127

specific mass 69specific volume dry air 88specific volume saturated air

88speed of light 15sphere 28

, sector 28, segment 28

spiral diameter 68spray 96standard pressure 15standard S.I. units 14standard temperature 15Stanton number 74steel 121Stefan-Boltzman constant 15straight round tube 65stratified 96strirrer diameter 68strontium 132

styrene 134, 152substantial derivative 51sulfate 132, 136sulfide 132sulfur 118, dioxide 120, 130sulfuric acid 119, 122surface calculations 2628surface tension 69, 96, 105,

151153, force 70, 71, 73, 74

T

T-junction 83tantalum 121teflon 134temperature 19

, conversion 18, scale 18

tensor 4751, mathematics 47, operation 48

tetrachloroethylene 134tetrahedron 26thermal boundary layer

thickness 72, 73thermal conductivity 69, 121,

124, coefficient 107, 115

thermal diffusion 68, coefficient 103, 114,119, 120

thermal energy 70thermocouples 20thermovoltage 21

, high temperature 23, low temperature 22

Thiele modulus 74thiocyanate 132thymol blue 24thymol phatalein 24tin 118, 121, 133titanium 121toluene 119, 130, 134, 135,

152tomato juice 128total derivative 51total heat transfer 73total mass transfer 74transcendental functions,

integrals 3436transformed Bessel,

differential equations 38transparency 125tropaelin 00 24truncated cone 28truncated cylinder 27truncated pyramid 27tube 27tube system 82

turpentine 123two phase flow 96, 98

U

uniaxial elongation 62unit step 45uranium 121

V

valve 83Van der Waals 129vapor pressure 107, 112vaporization entropy 111

veal 127vector 4751

, mathematics 47, operations 48

velocity 69, of sound 111

visco-elastic force 74viscosity 19, 63, 65, 118120,

127, 128viscous dissipation 70viscous force 7074viscous stress 70

volume calculations 2628volume ideal gas 15

W

water 19, 102, 119, 121, 130,135, content 127, vapor 19

watt 14wave 96

, flow 98Weber number 74

Weissenberg number 74Wiens displacement constant

15Williamson fluid 63wolfram 121wood 117, 121wool 117

X

xenon 113xylene 135

Y

yield strength 124yield stress 63, 65, 69, 70, 128

Z

zinc 118, 121, 132zinc sulphate 151


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Transport Phenomena Data Companion

Many of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersed

over the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcing

the user to perform tedious conversions before a 'quick' calculation can bestarted. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, according

to their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and related

subjects. Since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calculations is

facilitated.

This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and gives

information varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermo-

couples and pH ranges of indicators. The second part consists of frequently

used mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, also a

selection of vectorial and tensorial calculus, relevant to hydrodynamics and

elementary rheology, has been included.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematic

arrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy reading

and accuracy are combined.

In the final part various material properties are presented. Special attention has

been given to the most common materials: air and water, but also frequently

used materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others.

Published by VSSD

URL thi b k htt // d l/hlf/ 017 ht
http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm

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Transport Phenomena Data Companio