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Transport in animals
Mass flow transport
Mass flow transport
Needed for a constant supply of: Oxygen Nutrients Also needed to get rid of waste products
such as: Carbon
Mass flow transport
Small animals such as sea anemones, flatworms and nematodes can do this by diffusion across their moist body surfaces
Mass flow transport
For larger animals diffusion is too slow to supply all the body cells efficiently.
They need a a transport system and special exchange surfaces.
Mass flow transport
Humans have a circulatory system that transports large volumes of fluid to all parts of the body.
We have a mass flow system.
Mass flow transport
Our circulatory system consists of: Blood – the fluid that is transported
through the system Blood vessels – the tubes that carry the
blood A heart – to pump the blood through the
blood vessels
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
hepatic veinhepatic artery
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
hepatic veinhepatic artery
renal veinrenal artery
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
hepatic veinhepatic artery
renal veinrenal artery
hepatic portal vein
head, neck
and arms
lungs
right
atrium
right
ventricle
leftatrium
leftventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
hepatic veinhepatic artery
renal veinrenal artery
hepatic portal vein mesenteric artery
Closed or open?
Animals such as snails and insects have open blood systems.
The blood is pumped out of the heart into large spaces, not through blood vessels.
Single or double?
Fish have a single circulation system
The hearts pumps blood to the gills and from their it passes directly to the tissues before being returned to the heart.
Double circulation
In mammals, the flow of blood is maintained by: A muscular heart that pumps blood Rhythmical contractions of muscle in artery
walls (the pulse) Contraction of body muscles during normal
movement squeezing blood along the veins Breathing creates a negative pressure inside
the thorax which draws blood towards the heart
The heart
The heart is mainly made of cardiac muscle, each muscle cell is joined to the next by an intercalary disc.
These cells are ‘myogenic’, this means they can contract and relax of their own accord throughout a human life
cardiac muscle fibre
cardiac muscle fibre
one muscle cell
cardiac muscle fibre
one muscle cell
nucleus
cardiac muscle fibre
one muscle cell
nucleus
intercalary disc between muscle cells, these allow the rapid spread of impulses through the tissue from cell to cell
superior vena cava
superior vena cava
aorta
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
right ventricle
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
right ventricleleft ventricle
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
right ventricleleft ventricle
septum
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
right ventricleleft ventricle
septum
semi-lunar valves
superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
right ventricleleft ventricle
septum
semi-lunar valves
inferior vena cava
The heart
The heart is really two pumps side by side.
The left side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
The right side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
The heart
Each side of the heart is completely separate and so deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood do not mix
The heart
The thickness of the walls of each chamber is related to the distance that it has to pump the blood.
The atria just pump into the ventricles so are very thin
The heart
The right ventricle has to pump the blood to the lungs and has a thinner wall than the left ventricle
…because this has to pump blood all around the body
The heart The valves keep the
blood flowing in one direction.
The atrio-ventricular valves prevent the back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract
On the right side the tricuspid valve has three flaps, on the left the bicuspid has two flaps.
The heart
The semi-lunar valves are found at the base of the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
These prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles when they relax
