Transport IITransport II

Blood FatsBlood Fats

• Blood FatsBlood Fats– Cholesterol Cholesterol

• a soft, waxy a soft, waxy substance substance present in all present in all parts of the body parts of the body made by the made by the body and body and obtained from obtained from animal products animal products in the dietin the diet..

– Low Density Low Density Lipoproteins Lipoproteins (LDL)(LDL)

• Bad cholesterolBad cholesterol

Protein, fat and Protein, fat and cholesterol ballcholesterol ball

– High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

• Good cholesterolGood cholesterol

CholesterolCholesterol

Makes up structure of cell Makes up structure of cell membranes membranes

Production of hormonesProduction of hormones

lining of myelin sheath (nerve tissue)lining of myelin sheath (nerve tissue)

Cholesterol is essential for life:Cholesterol is essential for life:

Does the cholesterol in your blood come Does the cholesterol in your blood come from the cholesterol you eat?from the cholesterol you eat?

–Yes and noYes and no. . Unfortunately, we have a cholesterol “thermostat” that is genetic. We can make cholesterol from other fats, even if we don’t get it from the animal products that we eat.

Who is at risk for High CholesterolWho is at risk for High Cholesterol– 25% of Americans25% of AmericansRisk factorsRisk factors

•Obesity •Leading a sedentary lifestyle•Smoking•Consuming a high cholesterol, high fat

diet•Hereditary factorsWhat should blood cholesterol What should blood cholesterol

levels be?levels be?Good = Good = <180<180 Moderate risk = Moderate risk = When 180-200When 180-200High risk = High risk = anything over 200anything over 200

Can it be dangerous to lower your Can it be dangerous to lower your cholesterol too much?cholesterol too much? YESYES

– Serotonin levels (depression) Serotonin levels (depression) – Membrane make upMembrane make up– Hormone production (sex)Hormone production (sex)

– Nerve coveringsNerve coverings

What do LDL’s do? (Lousy)What do LDL’s do? (Lousy)• Carries fats 60-70% of fats around Carries fats 60-70% of fats around

bodybody What do HDL’s do? (Helpful)What do HDL’s do? (Helpful)transports cholesterol from cells transports cholesterol from cells back to the liver where they are back to the liver where they are either reused or converted to bile either reused or converted to bile acids and disposedacids and disposed

• Who should worry about blood fat Who should worry about blood fat levels?levels?

People at risk or who have high blood People at risk or who have high blood pressure or high cholesterol levelspressure or high cholesterol levels

Everyone should have a ratio of Everyone should have a ratio of cholesterol that ischolesterol that is cholesterol:HDLcholesterol:HDL 5: 15: 1Average male HDL = Average male HDL = 4545Average female HDL = Average female HDL = 665 prior 5 prior menopause; 45 aftermenopause; 45 after

ExamplesExamples

Cholesterol Cholesterol HDL HDL Ratio Ratio

225225 45 45 5:1 5:1

225 225 55 10:110:1

225225 7575 3:13:1

How to raise HDL and lower LDL’sHow to raise HDL and lower LDL’sLower LDL – Lower LDL – eating right, herbs, eating right, herbs, lifestyle change, and medicationlifestyle change, and medicationRaise HDL – Raise HDL – foods, drugs, lifestyle foods, drugs, lifestyle changes (exercise, eating patterns) changes (exercise, eating patterns) reduce alcohol intakereduce alcohol intake

Fats in our Diet!Fats in our Diet!A. A. Saturated fatSaturated fat

• Fatty Acid chains saturated with Fatty Acid chains saturated with hydrogenhydrogen

• Animal fat, processed and fast Animal fat, processed and fast foods foods

• Solid at room temper (butter, lard)Solid at room temper (butter, lard)• Block entry of cholesterol into Block entry of cholesterol into

cells and triggers more LDL cells and triggers more LDL production (raises LDL and production (raises LDL and cholesterol level)cholesterol level)

B. B. Polyunsaturated fatPolyunsaturated fat

• Fatty acid chain not filled with Fatty acid chain not filled with hydrogenshydrogens

• Fats in liquid form at room Fats in liquid form at room temperaturetemperature

• Ex. Vegetable oil (corn)Ex. Vegetable oil (corn)• lower both HDL and LDL’slower both HDL and LDL’s

C. C. Monounsaturated fatMonounsaturated fat

• Best fatsBest fats• Fats in liquid formFats in liquid form• Ex. Canola oil (lowers LDL’s without Ex. Canola oil (lowers LDL’s without

lowering HDL’s)lowering HDL’s)

DD. . Trans fatTrans fat• Vegetable oils Vegetable oils

converted to be a solid converted to be a solid at room temperatureat room temperature

• Margarine – worst Margarine – worst dietary fatsdietary fats

• Changes chemical Changes chemical structure of saturated structure of saturated fats by adding fats by adding hydrogens hydrogens (hydrogenated), (hydrogenated), increasing shelf lifeincreasing shelf life

• Raises LDL’s and Raises LDL’s and lowers HDL’slowers HDL’s

• Saturated fats stimulate the liver to Saturated fats stimulate the liver to make more cholesterolmake more cholesterol

• Unsaturated fats stimulates the liver Unsaturated fats stimulates the liver to make less cholesterolto make less cholesterol

Dietary RecommendationsDietary Recommendations

• Less than 30 % of your calories Less than 30 % of your calories from fatfrom fat

• No trans fatsNo trans fats• More monounsaturated More monounsaturated

(like olive oil) (like olive oil) and less saturated and less saturated (like animal fat and butter)(like animal fat and butter)

Blood InformationBlood Information• Coagulation is blood clotting Coagulation is blood clotting • How it works:How it works:• http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm • http://www.dvt.net/preventionCenter/animations.aspxhttp://www.dvt.net/preventionCenter/animations.aspx

Blood TerminologyBlood Terminology– Blood AntigensBlood Antigens are – are – A, or B, A, or B,

proteins on cells.proteins on cells.– Blood AntibodiesBlood Antibodies – – anti- A or anti-B anti- A or anti-B

proteins in blood.proteins in blood.– Agglutination is - Agglutination is - when blood clumps when blood clumps

due to antibody cross-linking.due to antibody cross-linking.Problem:Problem:

I. Stroke (interference of the blood I. Stroke (interference of the blood supply to brain cells due to clogged supply to brain cells due to clogged arteries)arteries)

• damage to brain cellsdamage to brain cellshttp://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200071.htm http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200071.htm

Blood TypeBlood Type

Blood Blood typetype

% % found found in in worldworld

GenotyGenotypepe

RBC RBC AntigeAntigenn

Plasma Plasma AntiboAntibodydy

Donate Donate toto

ReceivReceive frome from

AA 41%41% AA, AoAA, Ao AA Anti BAnti B A, ABA, AB A, oA, o

BB 11%11% BB, BoBB, Bo BB Anti AAnti A B, ABB, AB B, oB, o

ABAB 4%4% ABAB A, BA, B __________ ABAB AllAll

OO 45%45% oooo ____________ Anti B Anti B & Anti & Anti AA

AllAll OO

Rh factorRh factor

a. Rh+a. Rh+ has proteinhas protein

b. Rh- b. Rh- Lacks proteinLacks protein

c. Putting Rh+ into Rh- c. Putting Rh+ into Rh- mother mother produces antibodies that produces antibodies that attack the fetus' red blood cells attack the fetus' red blood cells because of Rh incompatibilitybecause of Rh incompatibility

d. Putting Rh- into Rh+ d. Putting Rh- into Rh+ NothingNothing

– Universal donor = Type O blood– Universal recipient = Type AB blood

I. Erythroblastosis fetalis• Rh incompatability

Problems with HeartProblems with HeartI. I. Heart attackHeart attack• A heart attack (also known as a A heart attack (also known as a

myocardial infarction) is the myocardial infarction) is the death of heart muscle from the death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of a coronary sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clotartery by a blood clot

II. II. Heart attack risk factorsHeart attack risk factors• Increase in age, Smoking, Increase in age, Smoking,

gender, heredity, high blood gender, heredity, high blood pressure or cholesterol, pressure or cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress and too diabetes, stress and too much alcoholmuch alcohol

• Animation: Animation: http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understandihttp://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.htmlng-cholesterol-13-115.html

• http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?article=4166http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?article=4166

Heart attack statistics (USA)Heart attack statistics (USA)– This year “515,204 deaths in the United This year “515,204 deaths in the United

States in 2000 (one of every 5 deaths)” (States in 2000 (one of every 5 deaths)” (http://http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?idewww.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifierntifier=4591=4591 ) )

– Myocardial infarction (mi"o-KAR'de-al in-Myocardial infarction (mi"o-KAR'de-al in-FARK'shun) (acute heart attack) -- FARK'shun) (acute heart attack) -- 7,600,000.7,600,000.

– This year an estimated 1.1 million Americans This year an estimated 1.1 million Americans will have a new or recurrent coronary attack.will have a new or recurrent coronary attack.

III. Rheumatic fever (bacterial infection)III. Rheumatic fever (bacterial infection)• Causes damage to the heart valvesCauses damage to the heart valves

Deaths due to circulatory systemDeaths due to circulatory system• In 1996, the age-standardized In 1996, the age-standardized

mortality rate due to all other mortality rate due to all other diseases of the circulatory system diseases of the circulatory system was 61 deaths per 100,000 was 61 deaths per 100,000 population. population.

• http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-XIE/01201/high/othercirc.htm82-221-XIE/01201/high/othercirc.htm

• Risks heart attack vs. strokeRisks heart attack vs. stroke• Cardiac Risk Index Cardiac Risk Index