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University of WestminsterTransport Studies Group
Annual Report 2001By Professor Peter Jones, Director
OVERVIEWThe Transport Studies Group, based at theUniversity’s Marylebone Campus, is aDepartment of the School of Architectureand the Built Environment and is one of thelargest research groups in the university,with around 25 research staff. The Grouphas three Research Professors, whooversee an extensive research andconsultancy programme. Michael Browne(Exel Professor of Logistics) leads work inthe freight and logistics areas and heads theMSc in European Logistics, run jointly withArnhem and Molde Universities. PeterJones (Professor of Transport Policy andBehavioural Analysis) is Director of theGroup, with particular responsibility for workon traffic and travel behaviour, publicattitudes, road pricing, urban transportpolicy and project evaluation, and linksbetween transport and other sectors (e.g.health, social exclusion); he has also beendeveloping a range of training activities forTransport for London. Peter White(Professor of Public Transport Systems)leads work in the area of public landpassenger systems, and co-ordinates theMPhil and PhD research programmes.
Dr Andrew Cook leads the Group’s researchon survey and marketing issues, across avariety of transport modes; Dr Nigel Dennisheads the Air Transport section, whichcovers a range of issues relating to airlineand airport planning and operation, and runsa number of successful international shortcourses. Dr Karen Lucas, currently on part-time secondment to the Cabinet Office’sSocial Exclusion Unit, is responsible forwork in the social policy area, and is playingan active role in the development of theUniversity’s Centre for SustainableDevelopment. David Whibley continues asCourse Director for the MSc in TransportPlanning and Management and hasmaintained his teaching links withL.E.T./ENTPE (France). Tim Powell remainsas the main co-ordinator of the Jubilee LineExtension Impact Study.
Ian Plowright recently joined the Group fromthe London Borough of Lambeth; he isresponsible for developing research andtraining activities, particularly in relation tostreetscape and urban design issues. Wewere also joined during the year by OumarAhmed, Tracey Bedford, Emma Shane,Sara Fuller, Stephen Marshall and Sarah
Wixey. During 2001 Ruth Bradshaw left theGroup to take up a post at the CountrysideAgency. A variety of information about theGroup can be found atwww.wmin.ac.uk/transport/, which alsooffers extensive links to other transport-related sites. Key research activities aresummarised below, with details of contactpersons; e-mail addresses are providedlater in the report.
CROSS-SECTOR IMPACTSTUDIES
Jubilee Line Extension Impact Study Unit(Contacts: Tim Eyers, Jon Paris, TimPowell)
The Jubilee Line Extension (JLE) ImpactStudy Unit was established within theSchool of Architecture and the BuiltEnvironment in January 1997 and is fundedby Transport for London. The role of theUnit is to bring together existing sources ofdata in the corridor through which the lineruns, to assist Transport for London in co-ordinating and implementing a programmeof surveys and studies, and to disseminateresearch findings between studyparticipants and to the wider researcher andpractitioner community. A number of thesurveys and studies are joint funded by theDepartment for Transport, LocalGovernment and the Regions (DTLR).
The JLE opened in 1999 and represents thelargest single urban transport investment inthe UK for over 25 years; it was justified onits economic regeneration as well as itstransport benefits, and this has encourageda wide-ranging assessment of its impacts. Itprovides a direct link from Central London tothe Docklands and the Greenwich PeninsulaDevelopment, and adds major areas ofSouth East and East London to theUnderground network for the first time. It islikely that, in the longer term, the increasedtransport benefits it brings will affecteconomic activity around stations, which willin turn alter land use patterns andencourage regeneration. The JLE will alsohave an impact beyond the immediate areait serves, arising from its comprehensiveinterchanges with other underground lines,mainline rail services and the bus network.
The various surveys and studies thatprovide information on conditions in the JLEcorridor prior to the opening of the extensionare now complete. The ‘baseline’information includes: economic activity and
labour markets, socio-economic conditions,land use patterns, traffic patterns and travelbehaviour, development activity, propertymarkets, visitor activity and a perceptionstudy of residents living in the vicinity of thenew stations.
The second wave of ‘after’ surveys is nowcomplete and, along with various other datasources, is enabling the post-openingstudies to assess the short-run impacts ofthe line. In parallel with this sector-basedanalysis, the Unit has begun to examine theoverall amount and nature of change in theJLE corridor. We are assessing thecontribution of the JLE to these observedchanges, and evaluating the beneficial andadverse implications of such changes fordifferent sectors of the community. It isintended to report on our findings byOctober 2002. For further details please visitthe website(www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/jle/jle.htm).
Civilising Cities Co-ordinating Unit(Contacts: Peter Jones, Karen Lucas, MartinWhittles)
‘Civilising Cities’ is a national initiative thataims to demonstrate the contribution thatimplementing well-chosen packages oftransport and land use measures in an areacan make to improving a range of quality oflife indicators. This will show how transportcan also contribute to other policy agendas,including health, community safety, wealthcreation, environmental sustainability andsocial inclusion. The Co-ordinating Unit wasestablished at TSG in October 1999 withfunding from the RAC Foundation and theDTLR.
During the past year, baseline datacollection has been carried out in the fivemain Pilot Project areas (in parts ofBlackpool, Medway, Leicester,Middlesbrough and Worksop), using anIndicator Framework previously developedby the project. In each area, detaileddesigns for packages of transport measureshave been finalised and their deliverysynchronised with other local sectorprogrammes. The results of the CivilisingCities ‘before’ monitoring have fed into thedesign and consultation processes. A rangeof quantitative and qualitative data havebeen collected using a variety of methods:drawing on existing sources, traffic counts,household surveys, on-street surveys,workplace surveys, on-board bus surveys,
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business surveys and focus groups. In eachcase detailed guidance has been produced,to ensure standardisation and to informfuture monitoring projects. Considerableprogress has been made in developing adatabase to manage the wide variety of dataand facilitate analysis. Trends in indicatorswill be plotted on local GIS maps.
The types of packages of measures that arebeing introduced include streetscape andneighbourhood renewal in Blackpool, roadreallocation and regeneration in Leicesterand improved public transport and leisureactivities for young people in Medway.Meanwhile, Middlesbrough is integratingbus corridor improvements with communitysafety measures and Worksop isimplementing a concentrated programme ofsite-based Travel Plans with infrastructureenhancements. There are also AssociateProjects, which serve to broaden the rangeof measures and urban areas we are able tocover.
Full details on pilot projects and progresscan be seen on the Civilising Cities website(www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/projects/cc.htm).
CONGESTION CHARGINGAND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
PROGRESS (Contacts: Alasdair Cain, PeterJones)
The PRoGR€SS Initiative is part of theEuropean Commission’s Competitive andSustainable Growth Programme.PRoGR€SS stands for Pricing Road use forGreater Responsibility, Efficiency andSustainability in citieS, and aims to assessthe effectiveness and acceptance of urbantransport pricing schemes across Europe.Edinburgh is one of the eight citiesparticipating in the PRoGR€SS Initiative.Since the publication of its Local TransportStrategy, the City of Edinburgh Council hasbeen developing its New Transport Initiative(NTI), a plan for major transport investmentin the city based around the implementationof a congestion charging scheme. The NTIproject team has commissioned TSG todevelop a public involvement andconsultation strategy that ensures publicparticipation in the various stages of thescheme design and implementationprocess. The Council has started with a‘blank sheet’ and is taking full account ofpublic and business opinion in the designprocess. The aim is to identify a congestioncharging scheme and package of transportimprovements that maximises publicsupport, while meeting NTI policyobjectives.
The year 2001 has seen the development ofa six phase public consultation strategy,which carries the project from in-principleCouncil agreement to explore the possibility
of congestion charging, through to theperiod after potential schemeimplementation in 2005. The analysis andreporting of Phase II (Preparatory MarketResearch) was carried out early in 2001, onthe basis of which some basic elements ofthe scheme design have been agreed,including the days of operation (Monday toFriday) and the charging basis (a cordondesign incorporating a daily charge forunlimited inbound crossings). Phase III ofthe strategy has recently been completed;this has focused on further refinement of thescheme design options in order to producea small number of complete designs topresent for full public consultation in spring2002. For more information please visit thewebsite (www.progress-project.org).
Road User Charging (RUC): OptionGeneration and Public Acceptability(contacts: Nazan Celikel, Peter Jones)
This work is being carried out under aDTLR-sponsored PhD studentship. It isfocusing on the development of a newmethodology for generating options to assistin the selection of RUC schemes andcomplementary measures that best meetthe objectives of local authorities and theconcerns of various stakeholder groups. It isbased around an ‘option generation’framework that sets out the key parametersof an RUC scheme (covering schemedesign, administration and technology) andthe various options available in each case.This incorporates a simple spreadsheetmodel that gives a broad indication of theamount of revenue raised and the level oftraffic reduction likely to result from differentconfigurations of scheme design. Themethodology also includes an ‘objectives-measures’ matrix, based on a set of causalchains, that helps to identify measures thatcan substitute for RUC or complement itsintroduction. The framework is intended toenable professionals to think more broadlyand innovatively about design options and itcan also be used in the publicparticipation/consultation process to helpidentify the concerns and the needs ofvarious stakeholder groups and to feed theirpreferences into the formal scheme designprocess.
During the final year of the research, theframework is being tested amongprofessionals and the public in two UKcities. It is being adapted into a web-basedRUC option generation tool, in order toprovide an interactive version to assist theRUC option design process.
GUIDEMAPS (contact: Peter Jones)
GUIDEMAPS is a new three-year EuropeanCommission project, that is developing andtesting various techniques for involving thepublic in all aspects of urban and regional
transport planning and implementation -from identifying issues, through schemedesign to post implementation assessment.It recognises, first that conventional publicconsultation is an insufficient basis fordeveloping policies and schemes that havebroad public support and, second that publicinvolvement needs to be set in the widercontext of a comprehensivecommunications strategy (including publicrelations, complaints handling, etc.).Brighton and Hove Council is participating inthe project as a Good Practice example.
The first year of the project will involvedeveloping draft guidance for differentsituations, which will then be tested in fieldtrials by several cities in different Europeancountries. One objective of the project is toprovide training on public involvement in theEU Accession Countries.
TRAVEL PLANS AND TRAVELAWARENESS/MARKETING
INITIATIVES
MOST (Contacts: Sarah Wixey, PeterJones)
MOST (Mobility Strategies for the NextDecades) is a three year research anddemonstration project funded by theEuropean Commission. It aims to furtherdevelop the concept of mobilitymanagement (MM) and expand the currentscope of experience by reaching out for newpartnerships in regions and subject areaswhere it is less known. The key objectives ofthe research are to identify success andfailure factors through better evaluation andto show ways in which to integrate MM intogeneral transport policy in practice acrossall levels. The project has preparedimplementation and monitoring/evaluationtoolkits, and has working with case studiesto apply these to address local problems.
The project includes more than thirty casestudies throughout Europe where MM isbeing tested. The case studies are groupedinto six thematic clusters (educationalinstitutions, tourism, health facilities, sitedevelopment, temporary sites and mobilityconsulting/centres). The project is alsodivided into four horizontal work packages,covering long-term impact assessment, thedevelopment of monitoring and evaluationtools and standards, the investigation ofpolicy frameworks and implementationstrategies, and the transfer of knowledgeand experience.
TSG is involved in the overall managementof the project, with particular responsibilityfor quality control. It is also leading thecluster on travel to health facilities, whichincludes a hospital in the UK and inBelgium, a day care centre in Spain and a
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clinic in Austria. The City of Sarajevo willbenefit from the experience of the four othersites as it develops MM for the large numberof people with physical disabilities in thecity. The project is due to finish in late 2002;for further details see http://mo.st.
TAPESTRY (Contacts: Sophie Tyler,Andrew Cook, Peter Jones)
TAPESTRY (Travel Awareness, Publicityand Education Supporting a SustainableTransport Strategy in Europe) is a threeyear research and demonstration project,funded by the European Commission. Itaims to increase knowledge andunderstanding of how to develop effectivecommunication programmes to supportsustainable transport strategies andencourage sustainable travel behaviour inEurope. TAPESTRY also aims to build onprevious research such as the INPHORMMproject, led by TSG and completed in 1999.
The project began in November 2000 andinvolves over twenty partners from acrossthe European Union, plus Moldova andRomania. Fifteen demonstration sites aredivided into three thematic clusters: the firstinvolving campaigns to promote the use of acombination of sustainable modes, thesecond focusing on initiatives to boost theimage and use of public transport, and thethird looking at campaigns which link towider health and environment issues. TSGare the Research co-ordinators for theproject, ensuring the overall quality of theresearch carried out in fifteen demonstrationsites, as well as being responsible for themonitoring and assessment strategy and thefinal analysis of results at the end of theproject.
Work carried out in 2001 has focused on thecreation of a common assessmentframework for the demonstration sites,which ensures that the campaignsimplemented can be compared in terms oftheir impacts and design. This included thedevelopment of a model to measuresprogress towards behavioural change infavour of sustainable modes, in terms ofchanges in awareness, attitudes andperceptions. A second major task has beenthe completion of a state-of-the-art review,which draws on previous research intocampaign planning and implementation, aswell as examples of past and ongoingcampaigns from throughout Europe. Inaddition, TSG has been advising thedemonstration sites on the localimplementation of the common assessmentframework and on elements of thecampaign design process, such as targetgroup definition.
Further information about the project andregular newsletters can be found on theproject’s website (www.eu-tapestry.org).
SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIALEXCLUSION
Centre for Sustainable Development(Contact: Karen Lucas, Sara Fuller -www.wmin.ac.uk/cfsd)
The Centre for Sustainable Development(CfSD) was established within the School ofArchitecture and the Built Environment in1998, in recognition that a growing numberof our research activities were relating to thebroader context of the sustainability agenda.The Centre provides a vehicle for an annualseries of public seminars on topics relatingto best practice in the delivery of sustainabledevelopment and also hosts a network ofstaff members within the University who areactively involved in researching variousaspects of sustainable development. In thisway, CfSD raises the profile of sustainabledevelopment as a discipline within theUniversity and with its outside contacts andprovides a multi-disciplinary researchplatform from which to bid for research,consultancy and training contracts. CfSDalso enables researchers from the fields of:transport; governance and democracy;environment; public health; estatemanagement; public and social policy;architecture and design; engineering andtechnology and land-use planning anddesign to share and discuss their work.
Sustainable Lifestyles (Contact: TraceyBedford, Peter Jones, Helen Walker)
The Sustainable Lifestyles project is a oneyear project funded by the DTLR under itsNew Horizons initiative. The aim of theresearch is to quantify what levels ofhousehold resource use and waste aresustainable, predominantly from anenvironmental perspective (but taking intoaccount economic and social aspects), andto use these figures to develop models of‘typical’ sustainable lifestyles. Whilst thereare several organisations campaigning for‘greener’ lifestyles, as yet there is noresearch that has attempted to quantifywhat a sustainable lifestyle would look likein its entirety. This project will, therefore,provide the first attempt to sketch out whatsustainability would mean for averageBritish households.
The project will use predictions ofsustainable levels of resource use toconstruct indicators of sustainable lifestylesand models of what a sustainable lifestylewould look like for a series of ‘typical’households. These will then be compared tocurrent lifestyles to reveal the scale of thechanges necessary if we are to movetowards a sustainable society. The final aimof the research project is to assess theprospects for achieving a move towardssustainable lifestyles. An audit of current
policy initiatives surrounding the differentaspects of sustainability will be undertakento indicate whether current governmentpolicy is steering institutions, business andindividuals towards the targets forsustainable lifestyles. Finally, focus groupswill be conducted with members of thepublic to determine the acceptability ofsustainable lifestyles to individuals. Theproject will provide an assessment of howmuch needs to be done throughout allsectors of society, if the UK is to meet itsinternational environmental obligations.
Transport, the Environment and SocialExclusion (Contact: Karen Lucas)
Early in 1999, the Joseph RowntreeFoundation (JRF) initiated a newprogramme of research under the generalheading Reconciling Environmental andSocial Concerns. As part of this programme,the TSG was commissioned to undertake astudy to characterise the views andaspirations of disadvantaged groups andpeople living in disadvantaged communitiesvis-a-vis their transport and mobility needs, inthe context of the changing transport policyagenda.
This study analyses current evidence on theopinions and perspectives, behaviour andexpenditure patterns of low income and otherdisadvantaged groups in relation to transportand travel. In addition, it reports qualitativecase study research in five different locationsin the UK. It explores to what extent theavailability and the affordability of localservices influences people’s decisions abouttravel, the distances people are prepared totravel to reach services, and the impact ofreliability and availability of current transportprovision. The particular transport needs ofsome low income groups (for examplewomen shift workers) and some areas (ruralor isolated homes) are also explored.
The findings of this study indicate that policieswhich result in car ownership and car usebecoming unaffordable for low incomegroups, without first improving local serviceprovision, are inequitable and unjust. Theyalso suggest that implementing an approachthat discourages car use before putting inplace adequate public transport measures willprove ineffective in reducing environmentallydamaging travel behaviour. This report waspublished in July 2001 (Lucas et al, 2001).
Factoring Social Exclusion/Inclusion intoLocal Transport Planning (Contact: KarenLucas)
The aim of this study, which was carried outfor the DTLR’s Mobility and Social InclusionUnit, is to identify, evaluate and disseminateways in which the needs of deprived areasand people can be addressed through thelocal transport planning process. The work
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was project managed by TSG, inconjunction with TraC at the University ofNorth London, STRS and Paul BeechamAssociates.
The research has involved a review of all 85English Local Transport Plans outsideLondon, submitted in July 2000, and moredetailed audits of LTPs with six case studyauthorities to evaluate their socialinclusiveness (i.e. Cambridgeshire,Leicester, Lincolnshire, Greater Manchester,Southampton and West Midlands). As wellas acting as a test-bed for the methodologythat was developed by the project, localarea-based transport initiatives have beendeveloped within each authority to tackleaspects of social exclusion/isolation withincommunities. Good practice evaluationshave also been undertaken of a further tenlocal authorities who are already deliveringtransport initiatives aimed at the reduction ofsocial exclusion in their areas.
The research builds upon a scoping studyby TraC at the University of North London,which examined Social Exclusion andAvailability of Public Transport. Theresearch has made a number ofrecommendations to DTLR and the findingswill be used to develop good practiceguidance for local authorities.
Local Agenda 21 (LA21): When is it amodel for joined-up, community-basedactivity? (Contact: Karen Lucas, SaraFuller)
It is now almost ten years since localgovernments were given the task ofimplementing at the local level many of theprinciples of Agenda 21, the global charterproduced at the Earth Summit in Rio in1992. This study, commissioned by theJoseph Rowntree Foundation in the secondround of their Reconciling Environmentaland Social Concerns programme, evaluatesthe effectiveness of LA21 strategiesdeveloped by local authorities in terms oftheir ability to contribute to the economic,environmental and social well-being of thecommunities they serve.
The study involves in-depth research on thedevelopment, delivery and outcomes ofLA21 strategies in eight case study areasacross the UK. The case studies have beenchosen to reflect local authorities that havebeen actively engaged in developing andimplementing LA21 over several years andhave made some progress in stimulatingcommunity based activity programmesthrough this process. Given the nature ofthe research, the emphasis has been placedon LA21-related activities in recognisedareas of deprivation, where the objective ofintegrating environmental and socialconcerns has most resonance. The casestudies will serve to better identify, in a localcontext, the processes involved in
implementing LA21, through both theexperiences of those who have beenresponsible for developing and deliveringthe initiative in disadvantaged communitiesand those individuals and communities whohave been engaged in this process. Thecase studies will also aim to record thereactions of the wider community and theirperceptions of LA21 as a model for joined-up community-based activity in their localarea.
The ultimate aim of the study is to developan evidence-based model for monitoringand evaluating the role of process in theachievement of community-based projectsaimed at the joint delivery of social,economic and environmental well-being atthe neighbourhood level. The research istimely in light of the Local Government Act2000 which has placed a duty on localauthorities to promote the environmental,economic and social well-being of theircommunities through a number of emergingpolicy initiatives, particularly CommunityStrategies and Local Strategic Partnerships.It is hoped that the development of anevidence based model with the potential toinform future policy making can be used tocarry forward lessons from practice at thelocal level to these developing arenas.
Following a review of LA21 activity in theUK, fieldwork is ongoing and it is anticipatedthat the final report and model will besubmitted in summer 2002.
URBAN STREETMANAGEMENT
ARTISTS: (Contact: Ian Plowright, StephenMarshall, Nazan Celikel)
ARTISTS (Arterial Streets TowardsSustainable Development) is a newEuropean Commission funded research anddemonstration project which forms part ofthe Sustainable Cities research programme.It involves university, consultant and cityparticipants from six countries. The projectfocuses on urban arterial streets. Thesestreets present a major challenge torealising sustainable urban planning, asthey attempt to meet four basic (oftencompeting) urban space functions. Arterialstreets provide (i) the main movementchannels for through traffic betweendifferent parts of the city, (ii) access pointsfor the various kinds of person and freighttraffic needing to reach buildings, (iii) theyare often major market places, and (iv) arepoints of congregation where residents andvisitors meet, talk and take part in events.
The aim of the project is to improve ourunderstanding of the issues and options andhence inform the basis for decisions toresolve the conflicts between these fourfunctions, taking into account a broad set of
social, economic and environmental factors.The intention is to guide and facilitate the re-design of arterial streets in such a way as toimprove the quality of life of those usingurban arterial streets, while achieving moresustainable access.
The project begins by defining corecharacteristics of arterial streets and a set ofindicators by which performance can beassessed. In parallel with this activity,examples of urban arterial streets indifferent European countries are beingexamined, as an input to draft guidance onhow to improve the design andmanagement of arterial streets. Thisguidance will be field-tested and refined at anumber of sites during the project. Transportfor London is one of the project partners andwill be providing one of the trial sites. Formore information please visit the website(www.ess.co.at/LUTR/artists.html).
Developing a Streetspace ReallocationTool: Feasibility Study (Contact: IanPlowright, Peter Jones)
TSG has been funded by the EPSRC/DTLRFIT research programme to examine thefeasibility of developing a design tool andexpert system, that will lead to higher qualityand more innovative streetscape designs.Aimed primarily at the designer and decisionmaker, the tool would bring together anumber of functionalities: (i) a GIS-baseddesign tool with CAD capabilities,incorporating broad and detailedknowledge/data relating to road casualties,land uses etc; (ii) a formal approach to theassessment and balancing of street userneeds; (iii) a systematic approach tostreetspace reallocation; (iv) detailedinformation on elements of the street, and(v) examples of good practice drawn fromacross Europe.
The study has identified potential marketsfor such a tool, with interested heighted as aresult of skill shortages, the recent sharpincrease in guidance and the need to take amore comprehensive approach to streetdesign issues. An application for funding todevelop such a tool over a two-year periodhas now been prepared, in conjunction withcommercial partners and Transport forLondon. During the course of the feasibilitystudy, a number of good practice examplesof streetspace reallocation have beenidentified, and it is intended to publish theseas an interim guide in the near future.
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FREIGHT POLICY
Freight and Logistics Developments inUrban Areas (Contact: Michael Browne,Julian Allen, Stephen Anderson)
The Group is continuing to conduct work intologistics development in British towns andcities. The research aims to consider theeconomic and social importance of urbanlogistics and the difficulties experienced bydistribution companies in servicing urbanlocations, together with the traffic andenvironmental impacts caused by goodsvehicle movements. The work is alsoconcerned with new directions in urban freighttransport, such as fuel and vehicletechnologies, urban transhipment, andservice vehicle traffic.
Work has been completed on an exploratorystudy funded by the EPSRC into goods andservices flows to and from premises inNorwich and parts of London, and vehicleactivity that supports these flows. The aim ofthe research was to develop and apply aframework for understanding urban freighttransport in its broadest sense that reflectsthe breadth of freight and service-relatedtransport activity in urban areas. The workhas illustrated the range and scale of freightand commercial service requirements of citybusinesses, how these requirements are metby distribution and logistics services and aremanifest in vehicle movements. (See Allen etal 2001 and Anderson et al 2001.)
The exploratory research has led to a furtherEPSRC project entitled “Modelling policymeasures and company initiatives forsustainable urban distribution” which isbeing carried out with Birmingham CityCouncil, Hampshire County Council, NorfolkCounty Council and several logisticscompanies including Exel, the CERT Group,Securicor Omega Express and TDG. Theproject is receiving DTLR and EPSRCfunding as part of the Future IntegratedTransport programme. The intention is thatthe project will provide a more detailedunderstanding of the way in which a rangeof policy measures and company initiativesare likely to result in changes to patterns ofgoods flows and goods vehicle collectionand delivery activity. We will consider howthese changes in goods vehicle operatingpatterns would affect the cost and efficiencyof the goods collection/delivery operation,as well as social and environmentalimpacts. Detailed survey data for a range ofurban distribution trips has now beencollected and is being analysed. In addition,survey work has taken place in three urbanareas in order to identify interaction betweengoods vehicle loading and unloading andother activities.
In addition, the Group is also a member of thesteering committee of the BESTUFS project.This is an EU-funded thematic network
concerned with establishing and maintainingan open European network between urbanfreight transport experts, user groups/associations, ongoing projects, interestedcities, the relevant European CommissionDirectorates and representatives of national,regional and local transport administrations.The aim is to identify, describe anddisseminate best practices, success criteriaand bottlenecks with respect to themovement of goods in urban areas; toidentify the problems and requirements ofcities, and to establish recommendationsand best practice scenarios.
E-commerce and Home Delivery (Contact:Michael Browne, Julian Allen, StephenAnderson)
Several projects have been carried outunder this theme, including an examinationof the ways in which both business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer(B2C) e-commerce are likely to affect supplychains and distribution networks, and toevaluate the changes in commercial vehicleusers’ requirements as a consequence ofgrowth in e-commerce. This work wasconducted for ACEA, and consisted offacilitating an ACEA-hosted discussiongroup and writing a paper based on thisevent (see Browne, 2001a). Further work onthe importance of e-commerce and homedelivery in urban areas was reported inBrowne (2001d).
The major research project in this areacarried out in 2001 was a studycommissioned by the DTI as a continuationof the Foresight Retail Task Force work one-commerce and home delivery. Thepurpose of the study was: (i) to gaugecurrent knowledge about business toconsumer (B2C) home deliveries (ii) toidentify gaps in current understanding ofB2C home deliveries, (iii) to consider futureresearch needs related to B2C homedeliveries. The study was carried out inconjunction with the Freight TransportAssociation (see Browne et al 2001a andBrowne et al 2001b).
The study highlighted the importance ofrecognising the differences between homedelivery of parcels, groceries and largeitems in terms of logistics requirements, aswell as the very different planning and trafficimplications of each of these types ofservice. The significance of logistics costs inhome delivery operations was identified,especially for e-commerce retailers - manyof whom are experiencing difficulties inachieving profits due to fulfilment anddelivery costs. There remains considerableuncertainty about the best approach todealing with unattended deliveries.Alternative systems, including collection anddelivery points (CDPs), are still in the earlystages of development. Consumerdissatisfaction that can arise from home
shopping and home delivery service failurecan jeopardise a consumer’s repeatpurchasing behaviour.
A number of other features of home deliverysystems were identified. Potential growth inthe use of home delivery services could leadto significant delivery vehicle trip generation.There is currently a lack of evidence aboutwhether the overall impacts of replacingcustomers’ shopping trips with homedelivery operations are positive or negative.As home delivery operations take place insensitive residential areas, their traffic,social and environmental impacts tend to behigh. Parking is already a major problemwhen performing home deliveries. It is likelythat this problem will worsen. The space-related requirements of home shopping anddelivery, such as fulfilment centres, andCDPs, will require planning decisions.Planning guidance has yet to adequatelyreflect developments in e-commerce andhome deliveries.
Home delivery offers positive benefits thatcould help to reduce social exclusion.However the migration towards e-commercetechnology may prevent these benefits frombeing realised. (Details of the research canbe found at in the report ‘@yourhome: NewMarkets for Customer Service and Delivery’published by the DTI and on the followingwebsites: (i) www.foresight.gov.uk (ii)www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/ (iii)http://bestpractice.fta.co.uk).
Freight: Environmental andIntermodalism (contact: Frank Worsford)
In conjunction with industry partner Exel, abook was published during 2001 addressingthe wide range of issues concerningrecommended managerial strategies for‘greening’ all aspects of the operation of alogistics company (Worsford 2001). Thebook has been widely disseminatedthroughout the industry and has beenextensively cited.
Advisory work continues on thedevelopment of large-scale inter-modalfreight villages, with an increasing focus onrail and water modal accessibility tomarkets. The knowledge gained has beendisseminated through conferences andpapers. New interest has been expressed inthe potential of water transport for domesticfreight movements at both an official andindustry level. A detailed memorandum wasprepared on the future role of inlandwaterways for the House of CommonsTransport Select Committee and publishedin their final report. In addition, detailedresearch work was completed on theenvironmental benefits of using a smallcargo ship between Liverpool andManchester, which is to be incorporated intoan on-going Government study on the useof water transport for the domestic freight
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market. Frank Worsford has been activelyengaged in the Government’s water freightstudy and chaired the sub-committee groupon water statistics.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLICY
Monitoring Policy Developments(Contact: Peter White)
Activities have been maintained inmonitoring policy developments in sectors inwhich strong research interests have beenestablished for some years. Within theexpress coach sector, a review ofdevelopments in Britain and other countrieswas presented to an ECMT round table,published in White (2001a). In Britain itself,little further development has occurred, withincreasing consolidation of the NationalExpress network and little new competition,despite the existence of a deregulatedframework. Conversely, the Norwegiannetwork has grown under a regulatedregime and now represents a larger systemin ridership and fleet size, vis a vis nationalpopulation, than that in Britain (White2001b).
In the privatised rail network, furtheranalysis of ridership trends up to 2000/01suggests that these are mainly a function ofeconomic growth and fares regulation. Anoverall review paper was presented at aplenary session of the Seventh InternationalConference on Competition and Ownershipin Land Passenger Transport in Molde,Norway, in June (White 2001c). Issues inrail privatisation and bus deregulation werealso examined in a paper for the‘Competition and Integration in PublicTransport’ conference in February 2001(White 2001d).
A review of performance measurement inrail, bus and underground networks waspresented to a seminar of the RoyalStatistical Society (White 2001e). Markeddifferences in criteria currently used areevident between the modes, with scope fora more systematic approach. Whileconsiderable amounts of data are now beingcollected on a regular basis on customersatisfaction indicators, it is not entirely clearhow far these explain observed variations inridership.
‘Globalisation’ has emerged as a theme inmany sectors of the economy. A shortreview of its role in public passengertransport has been published in the UITPjournal (White 2001f). Evidence waspresented in December to a hearing of aScrutiny Committee of the Greater LondonAuthority, examining the Mayor’s TransportStrategy in respect of transport provision inouter London (White 2001g).
The Demand for Public Transport(Contact: Peter White)
Following the publication in 1980 of the‘Demand for Public Transport’ handbook bythe Transport Research Laboratory, theneed for an updated version has becomeevident, incorporating new researchevidence and techniques. Funding wasawarded through EPSRC to a consortiumincluding UCL, TSU Oxford, ITS Leeds andTSG Westminster. The public transportoperating industries are involved throughthe Association of Train OperatingCompanies (ATOC) and Confederation ofPassenger Transport (CPT). Work is now inprogress with a view to publication of a newreport through TRL in early 2003.
To date, work has largely focussed onupdating evidence based on traditionalelasticity concepts for fare and service level,together with other factors. TSG isspecifically involved in the current stage,setting out the market structure for publictransport in Britain and other similarcountries, methodologies to be employed,and evidence from the operating industry ofthe impacts of factors such as improvedvehicle quality, marketing campaigns andchanges in fare structure. Meetings arecurrently being held with the major operatinggroups in Britain.
Smart Cards in Public Transport(Contacts: Paula Bagchi, Peter White)
Paula Bagchi has been undertaking PhDresearch looking at the potential forimproved data collection and marketing fromthe use of smart cards for bus travel. SinceAugust 2001 the research is being fundedby the DTLR (the first two years of researchwere funded by the Rees Jeffreys Researchfund and University of Westminster). Inorder to assess how effective thecontribution of smart cards in data collectionand marketing may be, she has undertakena survey of transport providers (PTEs, localauthorities and bus operators) in the UnitedKingdom, to identify current practices andneeds in those areas. Smart card data arecurrently being analysed to show how themarket structure for public transport can beexamined more thoroughly when tripsattributable to individual holders can beidentified. Data is being obtained from theFirst Group (from a smart card schemeoperating on buses in Bradford), and othersources. Following this, and drawing on theassessment work findings, a case study of aspecific phenomenon - public transportmarket turnover - will then be used toillustrate the potential of such data toquantify user turnover in the transportmarket, a concept developed in the earlierphase of the PhD work. Paula presented aposter on her work at the Association forEuropean Transport (AET) conference atCambridge in September 2001.
AIRLINE MARKETING ANDOPERATIONS
Airline Marketing (Contact: Nigel Dennis)
In a demanding commercial environment,airline marketing strategies are comingunder closer scrutiny. Research has beencarried out into airline pricing (Dennis,2001n) and a workshop produced toexamine the interaction between price,schedule, product and market share for anew-entrant carrier (University ofWestminster, 2001g). The eighth annualMarketing and Market Research seminarwas held in December, bringing together theexpertise of the group’s air transport andmarket research interests along withindustry practitioners (University ofWestminster, 2001h).
Airline Economics and Regulation(Contact: Nigel Dennis)
A new seminar on Air Transport Economicsand Planning was launched in November2001 (University of Westminster, 2001e). Arange of papers cover the background to theindustry, the international regulatoryframework and the impact of deregulationtogether with a study of airline coststructures (Dennis, 2001i, 2001j, 2001k,2001m). A workshop exercise was createdto further investigate the ways in whichairline costs differ (University ofWestminster, 2001f).
Low-cost Airlines (Contact: Nigel Dennis)
This fast developing sector of the industrycontinued to attract much interest in 2001. Apaper was given to the Tourism Society onhow low-cost airlines have found asuccessful business formula (Dennis,2001d) and further research has beenconducted into the economics of low-costoperations and future challenges these maypresent (Dennis, 2001l). A key characteristicof the low-cost airlines is their use ofsecondary airports away from the mainpopulation centres and these wereconsidered in a seminar presentation(Dennis, 2001c).
Airline Scheduling and Hub Operations(Contact: Nigel Dennis)
Building on the group’s long experience inthis area, a journal article was producedexamining the current developments ofhubbing at European airports (Dennis,2001a). The major airlines’ key competitiveadvantage over the low-cost operators liesin the breadth of their route network.Techniques for network and scheduleoptimisation have been researched (Dennis,
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2001g) and related to marketing strategyand competitive performance (Dennis,2001p). Issues such as airport capacity andslot allocation were developed in a seminarpaper (Dennis, 2001o).
Demand Forecasting and Modelling(Contact: Anne Graham)
Key topics in the understanding ofpassenger demand and its relationship withairport and airline capacity were addressedin the Demand Analysis and CapacityManagement seminar in October (Universityof Westminster, 2001d). A paperinvestigated ways of modelling demand fornew or enhanced air services anddistributing traffic between airports (Dennis,2001h).
Forecasting of tourism demand, which is soclosely related to air transport, is also amajor research area. Forecasts have beenmade for long-term tourism demand fromthe 30 largest tourism generating countriesin the world (Graham and Humphreys,2001). Two papers related to this topic havebeen given (Graham, 2001e, 2001g).Market maturity and its relevance to airtransport and tourism demand has alsobeen assessed (Graham, 2001j).
AIRPORT OPERATIONS
The Airport/Airline Relationship (Contact:Nigel Dennis)
Successful airports appreciate that a focussimply on economic or operationalobjectives is no longer sufficient and theymust better understand the needs of theirairline customers. A study has beenconducted of the impact of changes in theairline industry on airports (Dennis, 2001b).These are mainly due to evolving airlinestrategies in a deregulated environment butalso to external factors such as new aircrafttechnologies. One example of this is thenew opportunity provided by regional jets toopen up thin routes that were too long for aturbo-prop operation (Dennis, 2001f). Animportant issue for airports arises from theconsolidation of the airline industry throughmergers, alliances and franchisearrangements. A paper presented to theAMERC conference in Montreal shows thatas well as altering the requirements ofterminal facilities, this increases the risk toan airport should that airline withdraw or fail(Dennis, 2001e). Airports are increasinglyinfluenced by environmental concerns and apaper to the SCAN-UK conferenceconsidered the implications of differentpatterns of airline service for environmentalcapacity (Dennis and Graham, 2001). Arange of wider airport policy issues featured
in the Airport Policy and Planning seminar inMay (University of Westminster, 2001c).
Airport Economics and Globalisation(Contact: Anne Graham)
TSG has been involved with research intoairport economics for over 25 years. Theannual Airport Economics and FinanceSymposium, in its 24th year, was held inMarch (University of Westminster/CranfieldUniversity, 2001). This attracted delegatesfrom all over the world and University ofWestminster papers covered airporteconomic benchmarking and US airporteconomics (Graham, 2001b, 2001c). Anexternal paper on benchmarking airportperformance were also presented (Graham,2001a) and a workshop related to this topicwas developed for the Symposium(University of Westminster, 2001a). Thisworkshop complemented the otherSymposium workshop examining the use ofairport aeronautical charges as aninstrument to further various policyobjectives (University of Westminster,2001b). Research has continued into theprinciples of airport economics (Graham,2001i).
Ownership and control of the airportindustry, as with the airline industry, is nolonger just within the scope of nationalboundaries and there is a growing trendtowards airport internationalisation andglobalisation. This topic is a key theme of amajor new book on contemporary airportmanagement issues, entitled ‘ManagingAirports: An International Perspective’ whichwas published in 2001 (Graham, 2001f).Seminar papers were presentedsummarising the principal developments(Graham, 2001d, 2001h).
AIRSPACE RESEARCH(Contact: Andrew Cook [email protected])
Air Traffic Services PerformanceMeasurement and Benchmarking
Following successive waves of a customersatisfaction monitor for UK National AirTraffic Services, including both quantitativeand qualitative assessments of NATS’strategic and tactical service delivery, at thetime of printing the Group was in the finalstages of detailing a similar project forNATS’ Dutch counterpart,Luchtverkeersleiding Nederland. Again, thiswould be centred on quantitative analysesof pilots’ questionnaire data, but wouldinclude more qualitative feedback fromoperations managers, and would be furtherextended to encompass interviews of airtraffic controllers, in order to undertake a‘gap’ analysis of performance.
Euroteam Research Consortium(Eurocontrol) (Contact: Andrew Cook)
Building on successful projects carried outfor Eurocontrol’s Performance Review Unit(Brussels), studying Air Traffic FlowManagement and Conditional Routeimplementation, the Group has joined the‘Euroteam’ consortium. This is aninternational collaboration, headed byCoframi (France), and comprising PacteNovation, Alcatel Space Industries, LilithEurope and the Universita di Siena,established to bid under the EurocontrolExperimental Centre’s ‘FrameworkAgreement’ for research projects in theairspace sector.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
Staff Activities
Five books have been published bymembers of the group during the year,covering airport economics (Graham,2001f), greening logistics (Worsford, 2001l),public transport (White, 2002c) and twobooks on transport economics (Powell,2001a, 2001b).
Michael Browne convened the SpecialInterest Group on Urban Goods Movementat the 9th World Conference on TransportResearch held in Seoul in July 2001. He hasrecently been nominated by the DTLR toparticipate in the OECD Urban FreightLogistics Project. In addition, he acted as amember of an advisory board established bythe French Ministry of Transport to provideadvice on future research in the area ofurban freight and city logistics. In June 2001he was a rapporteur for OECD/ECMTseminar on e-commerce and impact onlogistics held in Paris.
Peter Jones was appointed to theAssurance Group for the World BusinessCouncil for Sustainable Development’sglobal study into Sustainable Mobility. He isalso advising Transport for London on thesocial impacts element of the congestioncharging monitoring programme, and hascontributed to a TfL review of theirconsultation processes and a Best Valuereview of street maintenance. He co-chairedthe International Conference on ‘TransportSurvey Quality and Innovation’ in SouthAfrica, in August 2001.
Peter White stepped down as chairman ofthe Transport Economists’ Group (a roleheld since 1983) but remains as a memberof the Committee; his role has been takenby Prof. Roger Mackett of UCL. He acted asa judge in the ‘Bus Industry Awards’ held inAutumn 2001, and is involved in trainingaspects of that industry throughmembership of the ‘Future SkillsRequirements’ panel and the ‘Education and
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Professional Advisory’ group of Transfed.He is a member of the Bus Review Boardestablished by DTLR to review the quality ofstatistics collected in the bus and coachindustry.
Part-time Research students
Julian Heathcote is pursuing a part-time MPhil study in the economics of charging fortrack access on rail systems, based oncomparative studies of Britain, Germany,Austria and Sweden.
Len Nockles is undertaking M Phil/PhDresearch into the role of freight forwarders.Financial data from a large sample hasbeen analysed to evaluate profitability,comparing forwarders with large companiesengaged in wider transport activity. Apresentation was made to the LogisticsResearch Network conference at Heriot-Watt University during the year.
Hans-Arthur Vogel has continued his part-time PhD studies into airport efficiency andperformance. Data from samples ofprivatised and public sector airports ofcomparable size have been assembled, andanalysis is now in progress using DEA andsimilar techniques to identify differences inefficiency.
Robin Whittaker was awarded the degree ofMaster of Philosophy during 2001 for hisstudy ‘Network effects on rail systems’. Thisexamined the effect on total ridership ofadding further links to an existing network,using the Mansfield - Nottingham line as acase study.
Teaching and Training
During 2001, agreement was reached withTransport for London to fund a number oftheir own staff and those from LondonBoroughs on the MSc Transport Planning &Management course at Westminster and theMSc Transport Course run by Imperial andUniversity Colleges. At Westminster, theBuchanan Prize for the best studentdissertation was awarded to John Ball forhis work on “Vertical Separation and theRestructuring of EU Metros”.
During the past year TSG has carried out aseries of in-house training courses for DTLRcovering airline and airport issues. Inconjunction with Tim Grosvenor and AlanLovell, it has also conducted acomprehensive training programme for TfLStreet Management, dealing with theimplementation of the mayor’s TransportStrategy, including the use of ‘lateralthinking’ techniques.
RESEARCH STAFF CONTACTDETAILS
Julian Allen [email protected]
Stephen Anderson [email protected]
Paula Bagchi [email protected]
Tracey Bedford [email protected]
Michael Browne [email protected]
Alasdair Cain [email protected]
Nazan Celikel [email protected]
Andrew Cook [email protected]
Adrian Davis [email protected]
Nigel Dennis [email protected]
Tim Eyers [email protected]
Sara Fuller [email protected]
Anne Graham [email protected]
Peter Jones [email protected]
Karen Lucas [email protected]
Stephen Marshall [email protected]
Jon Paris [email protected]
Ian Plowright [email protected]
Tim Powell [email protected]
Alan Sturt [email protected]
Graham Tanner [email protected]
Sophie Tyler [email protected]
David Whibley [email protected]
Peter White [email protected]
Martin Whittles [email protected]
Sarah Wixey [email protected]
Frank Worsford [email protected]
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SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
ALLEN, J. AND BROWNE, M. (2001). Logistics Outsourcing, chapter in Handbook in Transport 2: Transport,Supply Chain and Logistics, Pergamon. (TSG2001/44).
ALLEN, J.; ANDERSON, S.; BROWNE, M. AND JONES, P. (2001). Urban freight transport and logisticssystems: moving towards sustainability; 9th World Conference on Transport Research, Seoul, Korea, July.(TSG2001/45).
ANDERSON, S. (2001). The integration of telematics applications in road freight transport companies: asystems architecture approach; UTSG 33rd Annual Conference, St Anne’s College, Oxford, January.(TSG2001/01).
ANDERSON, S.; BROWNE, M.; ALLEN, J. AND JACKSON, M. (2001). @ Your Home. Department of Tradeand Industry, October 2001, DTI. (TSG2001/46).
ANDERSON, S.; BROWNE, M.; AND ALLEN, J. (2001). Service-related vehicle activity in urban areas; 2nd
International Conference on City Logistics, Okinawa. June. (TSG2001/47).
BATES, J.; POLAK, J.; JONES, P. AND COOK, A. (2001). The valuation of reliability for personal travel.Transportation Research E, 37, 191-229. (TSG2001/59).
BROWNE, M. (2001a). E-commerce, freight distribution and the truck industry. ACEA discussion paper,ACEA, Brussels, 2001. (TSG2001/48).
BROWNE, M. (2001b). Urban freight transport in the UK. EU BESTUFS Conference, Barcelona, March.(TSG2001/49).
BROWNE, M. (2001c). Road freight transport for own account in Europe. Round Table 115, EuropeanConference of Ministers of Transport. (TSG2001/50).
BROWNE, M. (2001d). E-commerce and the implications for local transport. OECD/ECMT Seminar on e-commerce. Paris, June. (TSG2001/51).
BROWNE, M. (2001e) Recent developments in e-commerce: the implications for logistics operations andpolicy. Logistics Consultants Forum. London, June. (TSG2001/52).
BROWNE, M. (2001f) The benefits of a supply chain approach to urban freight transport. Conference paper,L’intégration des merchandises dans le système des déplacements urbains, Jacques Cartier Conference,Montreal. (TSG2001/53).
BROWNE, M.; ALLEN, J.; ANDERSON, S. AND JACKSON, M. (2001). Overview of home deliveries in theUK. Available from TSG website (www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/) and from Freight Transport associationwebsite (http://bestpractice.fta.co.uk). (TSG2001/54).
BROWNE, M.; JACKSON, M.; ALLEN, J. AND ANDERSON, S. (2001). Home delivery market size andoperations in the UK. Logistics Research Network Annual Conference, Edinburgh, September.(TSG2001/55).
CAIN, A.; BURRIS, M.W. AND PENDYALA, R.M. (2001). Impact of Variable Pricing on TemporalDistribution of Travel Demand. Transportation Research Record 1747, 36-43. (TSG2001/56).
CAIN, A.; CELIKEL, N. AND JONES, P.M. (2002). Incorporating public participation into the detailed designof a congestion charging scheme for Edinburgh. UTSG 34th Annual Conference, Napier University,Edinburgh, 3-5 January 2002. (TSG2002/09).
COOK, A. AND TANNER, G. (2001). ATFM Independent Study - Communication Flows, January 2001.(Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/77).
COOK, A.; TANNER, G. AND ANDERSON, S. (2001) Conditional Route Implementation Phase 1: AO useof CDR’s, July 2001. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/78).
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COOK, A. AND TANNER, G. (2001). Report on the NATS 2000/2001 Customer Satisfaction Monitor, March2001. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/78).
DENNIS, N. (2001a). Developments of hubbing at European airports. Air & Space Europe 3(1/2), 51-55.(TSG2001/11).
DENNIS, N. (2001b). The impact of airline industry changes on airports. Airport Economics and FinanceSymposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/12).
DENNIS, N. (2001c). The role of secondary airports. Airport Policy and Planning Seminar, University ofWestminster, May. (TSG2001/13).
DENNIS, N. (2001d). The low-cost airline perspective. The Tourism Society Annual Conference,Peterborough, June. (TSG2001/14).
DENNIS, N. (2001e). Impact of airline alliances and mergers on airports. Aviation Management Educationand Research Conference, Concordia University, Montreal, July. (TSG2001/15).
DENNIS, N. (2001f). Development of regional air services in Europe. European Transport Conference,Cambridge, September. (TSG2001/16).
DENNIS, N. (2001g). Optimisation of schedules and route networks. Demand Analysis and CapacityManagement Seminar, University of Westminster, October. (TSG2001/17).
DENNIS, N. (2001h). Ideas for modelling air transport demand. Demand Analysis and CapacityManagement Seminar, University of Westminster, October. (TSG2001/18).
DENNIS, N. (2001i). Introduction to the air transport industry. Introduction to Air Transport Economics andPlanning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/19).
DENNIS, N. (2001j). The international regulatory framework. Introduction to Air Transport Economics andPlanning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/20).
DENNIS, N. (2001k). Airline cost structures. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar,University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/21).
DENNIS, N. (2001l). The economics of low-cost airlines. Introduction to Air Transport Economics andPlanning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/22).
DENNIS, N. (2001m). Impact of deregulation. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and PlanningSeminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/23).
DENNIS, N. (2001n). Airline pricing and revenues. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and PlanningSeminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/24).
DENNIS, N. (2001o). Airport operations. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar,University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/25).
DENNIS, N. (2001p). The importance of scheduling decisions. Marketing and Market Research Seminar,University of Westminster, December. (TSG2001/26).
DENNIS, N. AND GRAHAM, A. (2001). Airport environmental capacity and developments in airlineoperations. SCAN-UK Conference, Manchester Metropolitan University, April. (TSG2001/27).
GRAHAM, A. (2001a). Performance indicators for airports. Airport Management Course, LoughboroughUniversity, January. (TSG2001/38).
GRAHAM, A. (2001b). The US experience. Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, University ofWestminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/28).
GRAHAM, A. (2001c). Performance measures and benchmarking in the airport industry. Airport Economicsand Finance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/29).
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GRAHAM, A. (2001d). The changing nature of airports. Airport Policy and Planning Seminar, University ofWestminster, May. (TSG2001/30).
GRAHAM, A. (2001e). Tourism forecasts. Air Transport Forecasting Course, Cranfield University, June.(TSG2001/39).
GRAHAM, A. (2001f). Managing Airports: An International Perspective, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.(TSG2001/40).
GRAHAM, A. (2001g). Forecasting issues in air transport and tourism. Demand Analysis and CapacityManagement Seminar, University of Westminster, October. (TSG2001/31).
GRAHAM, A. (2001h). Airport organisational structures. Introduction to Air Transport Economics andPlanning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/32).
GRAHAM, A. (2001i). Airport economics. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar,University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/33).
GRAHAM, A. (2001j). Using Tourism Statistics To Measure Demand Maturity, chapter in Lennon, I. (eds)Tourism Statistics: International Perspectives and Current Issues, Continuum, London. (TSG2001/41).
GRAHAM, A. AND HUMPHREYS, C. (2001). International Tourism Forecasts to 2015. Report to Travel andTourism Intelligence. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/42).
JONES, P. (2001). Stated preference: problems and potentials. AMUS Conference, Aachen, June 2001.
LUCAS, K.; BEECHAM, P.; BROOKS, R.; SOLOMON, J.; WORSLEY, L. AND WOFINDEN, D. (2001a).Exploring Ways to Factor Social Exclusion into Local Transport Planning, Project Report to DTLR, June 2001.(TSG2001/57).
LUCAS, K.; GROSVENOR, T. AND SIMPSON, R. (2001b). Transport, the Environment and SocialExclusion, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2001. (TSG2001/79).
POWELL, T. (2001a). Principles of Transport Economics. PTRC, London, February 2001. (TSG2001/81).
POWELL, T. (2001b). The Transport System: Markets, Modes and Policies. PTRC, London, February 2001.(TSG2001/82).
STOPHER, P. AND JONES, P. (2001). Developing standards of transport survey quality. Keynote paper,International Conference on Transport Survey Quality and Innovation, South Africa, August 2001.
SWENSON, C.R; CAIN, A AND BURRIS, M.W. (2001). Toll price - traffic demand elasticity analysis onvariable priced toll bridges. Institute of Traffic Engineers Annual Meeting, Chicago, USA, 19-22 August 2001.(TSG2001/80).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001a). Airport benchmarking workshop. Airport Economics andFinance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/35).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001b). Aeronautical charges workshop. Airport Economics andFinance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/34).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001c). Airport Policy and Planning Seminar. May, Proceedings.(TSG2001/62).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001d). Demand Analysis and Capacity Management Seminar.October, Proceedings. (TSG2001/63).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001e). Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar.November, Proceedings. (TSG2001/64).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001f). Airline cost structures workshop. Introduction to Air TransportEconomics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/36).
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UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001g). New entrant strategy workshop. Introduction to Air TransportEconomics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/37).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001h). Marketing and Market Research Seminar. December,Proceedings. (TSG2001/65).
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER/CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY (2001). Airport Economics and FinanceSymposium. March, Proceedings. (TSG2001/66).
WHITE, P.R. (2001a). Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe. In European Conference of Ministersof Transport Round Table 114, Paris March 1999 (published by OECD 2001). (TSG2001/58).
WHITE, P.R. (2001b). An independent review of rail privatisation in Britain. Seventh InternationalConference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport, Molde, Norway (‘Thredbo 7’).(TSG2001/60).
WHITE, P.R. (2001c). An overview of the impact of rail privatisation and bus deregulation. ‘Competition andIntegration in Public Transport’ Conference, London, 7th February 2001 (Waterfront Conference Company).(TSG2001/03).
WHITE, P.R. (2001d). Selection of suitable performance indicators for national railways, LondonUnderground and local buses, and the extent to which quality revealed by such indicators affects ridership.Seminar on ‘Performance measures in rail transport’, Royal Statistical Society, London, 16 October 2001.(TSG2001/09).
WHITE, P.R (2001e). Evidence presented to Greater London Assembly Scrutiny Committee on publictransport in Outer London, 4 December 2001. (TSG2001/61).
WHITE, P.R. (2002a). Globalisation in Public Transport. Public Transport International (UITP, Brussels).(TSG2002/01).
WHITE, P.R. (2002b). Public Transport: Its Planning, Management and Operation. 4th Edition, Spon press.(TSG2002/02).
WIXEY, S. (2002). Policy-making dynamics within the Trans-European Transport Network Programme.UTSG 34th Annual Conference, Edinburgh, 3-5 January 2002. (TSG2002/04).
WORSFORD, F. (2001a). Pan European: Gibraltar poses its own unique logistics challenges. LogisticsManager, April 2001. (TSG2001/67).
WORSFORD, F. (2001b). Eurocentral - Scotland’s premier freight village. Chapter case study in Croner’sLogistics Management, Warehousing and Distribution, April 2001. (TSG2001/68).
WORSFORD, F. (2001c). Logistics and the role of inland waterways. Memorandum submitted for publicationin the House of Commons Transport Select Committee’s report into Inland Waterways (House of Commonspaper 317, 2001). (TSG2001/69).
WORSFORD, F. (2001d). Planning issues in the expansion of cargo activities at an airport. AirportsConference, University of Westminster, 16-18 May 2001. (TSG2001/70).
WORSFORD, F. (2001e). Logistic & the environment: the significance of green issues to those managingthe supply chain has never been greater. Logistics Manager, July 2001. (TSG2001/71).
WORSFORD,F. (2001f). Managerial issues in greening the supply chain. Supply Chain Practise, Vol 3, No3, 2001, Cranfield University School of Management, September 2001. (TSG2001/72).
WORSFORD, F. (2001g). Going for green, Supply Chain Guide 2001. Retail Week, September 2001.(TSG2001/73).
WORSFORD, F. (2001h). The development of modern warehousing. Westminster Business SchoolSeminar, October 2001. (TSG2001/74).
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WORSFORD, F. (2001i). Establishing first principles in greening a logistics company. Supply ChainKnowledge, COM conference, October 2001, Cranfield University School of Management. (TSG2001/75).
WORSFORD, F. (2001j). KD Marine & the Manchester Ship Canal. Report submitted to the Department forEnvironment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) freight study on water transport, December 2001.(TSG2001/76).
WORSFORD, F. (2001k). Case study on Liverpool Port’s Intermodal Freight Village. Logistics Manager,Volume 8. (TSG2001/05).
WORSFORD, F. (2001l). The Green Logistics Company, A managerial strategy to greening the supplychain. In conjunction with Exel, Croner Transport Publications, Surrey. (TSG2001/06).
WORSFORD, F. (2002a). Industry overview - new and emerging government transport and environmentalpolicies and changing social patterns have important implications for moderns logistics operations. LogisticsManager, January 2002. (TSG2002/05).
WORSFORD, F. (2002b). An operator’s perspective on the use of waterborne transport detailingenvironmental benefits in comparison to road freight transport. Logistics Manager, February 2002.(TSG2002/06).
WORSFORD, F. (2002c). Strategic issues involved in logistics warehouse selection, an industry specialreport. Croner Publications Ltd, March 2002. (TSG2001/08).
WORSFORD, F. AND BELL, C. (2002). Green logistics in the public sector. Green Government, January2002. (TSG2002/07).
