Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007 Tema 1: Tecnologías de red. Estructura de Internet Redes “core” SONET DWDM Redes de acceso

Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007

Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.

Estructura de InternetRedes “core”

SONET DWDM

Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11 et al. Otras tecnologías

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What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

End systems Host computer Network applications

Access networks Local area networks communication links

Network core: routers network of networks

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,

3rd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross

Addison-Wesley, July 2004.

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What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP

Internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private

intranet Internet standards

RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering

Task Force

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

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Network Components (Examples)

Fibers

Coaxial Cable

Links Interfaces Switches/routers

Ethernet card

Wireless card

Large router

Switch

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Juniper Routers

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Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Cable

and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately

NAP

Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

Sprint US backbone network

Seattle

Atlanta

Chicago

Roachdale

Stockton

San Jose

Anaheim

Fort Worth

Orlando

Kansas City

CheyenneNew York

PennsaukenRelay

Wash. DC

Tacoma

DS3 (45 Mbps)OC3 (155 Mbps)OC12 (622 Mbps)OC48 (2.4 Gbps)

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“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer oftier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP

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“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP



Tier-2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet

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a packet passes through many networks!

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP



Tier-2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

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Network Access Points (NAPs)

Source: Boardwatch.com

Note: Peers in this context are commercial backbones..droh

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Source: www.lightreading.com

MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone

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The situation in Europe

See: http://www.geant2.net/server/show/nav.1368




SONET DWDM


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IP and Traditional Transport

In the 80’s, software based routers were interconnected via relatively slow links 56K (early 80’s), to fractional T1, to full T1, to T3

This was layered over core TDM infrastructure Which was intended for voice and circuits

Generally, data folks ignored TDM folks, and vice versa

[On the edge, there has always been a wide range of links (Ethernet, ...)]

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Traditional View of Routers and Links

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Terminal Multiplexer

SONET/SDHADM

SONET/SDHADM

SONET/SDHADM

SONET/SDHADM

SONET/SDHDCS

SONET/SDHDCS

SONET/SDHDCS




Terminal Multiplexer Terminal

Multiplexer

SONET/SDHADM

SONET/SDHADM

Reality has always been more complex

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Time Division Multiplexing

Multiplexed Bit Stream

Sum of sources = Total MUX’d bit stream

MUX TimeSlot1

TimeSlot2

TimeSlot4

TimeSlot3

TimeSlot6

TimeSlot1

TimeSlot5

TimeSlot2

SyncBit

SyncBit

Source 1

Source 2

Source 3

Source 4

Source 5

Source 6

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Digital Hierarchy

STM-256

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1

STS-1 SPEDS-3/T3

DS-2/T2

DS-1/T1

45

6

1.5

0.064

E4

E3

E2

E1

E0

140

34

8

2

0.064

VC4

VC3

VC12

STS-1: Payload 49.536 Mbps + Overhead 2.304 Mbps

(4.5 %)Total = 51.84 Mbps

North America International

STS/OC-768

STS/OC-192

STS/OC-48

STS/OC-12

STS/OC-3

STS/OC-1

VT1.5

Bit Rate (Mbps)Name Bit Rate (Mbps)NameContainer Transport Container TransportBit Rate (Mbps)

40000

10000

2500

622

155

140

51

45

34

8

6

2

1.5

0.064

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SONET Hierarchy

STS-1=28 VT1.5s/1 DS-3+ OVERHEAD

OC-NNxSTS-1

DS-O VT1.5=1 DS-1+ OVERHEAD

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PAYLOAD

SONET/SDH Framing

One DS-3

Virtual Tributary (VT1.5)

(1.7Mb/s)

Or

DS-1LINE

OVHD

SECT

OVHD

P

A

T

H

O

V

H

D

STS-1 Frame Format 90 Columns

Transport Overhead 3

columns

STS-1 Synchronous Payload Envelope 87 Columns

Payload Options

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TrafficQuickly

ReroutedAfter Failure

SONET/SDH Features

Rapid and predictable restoration 10s of ms; depends on ring size Simple to engineer

Standard framing and multiplexing (Time Division Multiplexing [TDM])

Maintainability Performance monitoring Fault isolation and sectioning Bandwidth management Network management

Consolidation Reduction in wasted capacity

Challenge Remove complexity

and keep benefits

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SONET/SDH Benefits

Standard framing, rates, procedures, and interfaces

High transmission rates Survivability Separation of circuits Integrated network management Multi-vendor compatibility End-to-end provisioning and maintenance

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SONET/SDH Limitations

Difficult to scale Space, power, one wavelength per chassis

Slow and costly to provision Planning complexity

Delivery measured in weeks

Limited service offerings Static not dynamic bandwidth Granularity – why not 5.5Gbps ?

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Optical Fiber Evolution

Fiber is better than copper wire Purity – low attenuation and distortion

Longer distances, lower bit error rates Higher frequency signals – massive bandwidth Different wavelengths – massive bandwidth Immunity to noise Security – difficult to tap Small size and weight

Easier installation Bundles of fibers in same space as copper wire

Multimode fiber Low cost – LEDs, not lasers Many wavelengths (modes) Dispersion – limits bandwidth and distance

Light pulses spread out Intramodal – different delay per mode Typically 2 km maximum distance

Large diameter cores – for multiple modes Initially flat profile Stepped end improves performance

Single-mode fiber One wavelength – small core Less interference and loss

Greater distance (up to 100 km)

More expensive components – lasers Minimized dispersion point at 1310 nm

Not suitable for EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier)

Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber Optimized for longer distances Optimized for higher bandwidth Minimized dispersion point shifted to 1550

nm Suitable for Erbium-based optical amplifiers Silica-based fibers have lowest attenuation at

1550 nm, not 1310

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SONET/SDH ADM SONET/SDH ADM

WDM Node WDM Node

From One Wavelength Per Fiber to Many

ADM

Single Fiber

SONET/SDH ADM

Single Fiber

Wave Division Multiplexing

OT = Optical Transponder

OT

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

OT

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SONET/SDH ADM

SONET/SDH ADM

SONET/SDH ADM

SONET/SDH ADM

SONET/SDH ADM

SONET/SDH ADM

= Regenerators

WDM System Elements

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TDM and WDM Relationship

1 … n

TDM generates output from sum of inputs into a single

bit stream

Laser Output

nn

1

WDM changes TDM bit stream into wavelengths between 1532 nm and

1560 nm

OT

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EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier

Dense and Ultra Dense WDM

8

WDM 8 Lambdas

2.5 Gbps per lambda

1 1

8


2 2

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1

39

1

DWDM 40 Lambdas

40

10 Gbps per lambda

2 2

39

40EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier

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190

UDWDM 192 Lambdas

191

40 Gbps per lambda

3

192

3

190

191

192



1 1

2 2




SONET DWDM


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La famila Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

IEEE 802.3 (1985) “Ethernet” Ethernet implementa un protocolo MAC del tipo 1-persistente

CSMA/CD. Soporta diferentes medios de transmisión con anchos de banda

entre 1 y 10Mbps. Puede trabajar en banda base y en banda ancha, utilizando

técnicas de codificación y modulación. Se considera un red con topología de tipo bus.

IEEE 802.3u (1995) “FastEthernet (FE)” Ethernet de alta velocidad (100 Mbps).

Incremento del ancho de banda (un orden de magnitud). Compatibilidad con las redes Ethernet 10Mbps

Instalación rápida, reutilización de recursos. Las modificaciones se centran en el nivel físico.

El cableado es muy similar. Se necesitan codificaciones especiales para conseguir 100Mbps.

No es necesario adaptar el software de red: Utiliza el mismo MAC. El formato de la trama es idéntico al especificado en IEEE 802.3.

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La famila Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

IEEE 802.3z (1998) “Gigabit Ethernet (GE)” Ethernet de muy alta velocidad (1Gpbs). Se dispone de productos GE (switches, hubs, etc.) Inicialmente no se considera un cableado UTP CSMA/CD (Half-duplex):

Tiene problemas de tamaños de trama, colisiones, etc. Solución para troncales de alta capacidad. ¿ ATM o Gigabit Ethernet ? Comercialmente se impondrá GE FDX.

Sistemas basados en conmutadores que actuarán como troncales en redes corporativas

IEEE 802.3ae (2002) “10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE)” Multiplica por 10 el ancho de banda de GE. Cableado:

Sólo fibra óptica. Sólo funciona en modo full-duplex

Desaparece el modo CSMA/CD (Half-duplex). Soporte para...

LANs MANs WANs.

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La familia Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

Evolución de Ethernet y otras tecnologías…Ethernet (10 Mb) vs. Token RingFast Ethernet vs. FDDIGigabit Ethernet vs. ATM10 Gigabit Ethernet vs. ???

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¿Ethernet para el transporte de datos multimedia?

Reparto no equilibrado de recursos. En condiciones de alta ocupación no se reparte el ancho

de banda de forma equitativa.El ancho de banda que una estación obtiene de la red es

proporcional al tamaño medio de sus tramas.– Aplicaciones como FTP, HTTP, flujos de vídeo obtienen

más ancho de banda que otras como TELNET o voz IP. Soluciones:

Diseño de red adecuado.Sobredimensionar la capacidad de la red.

Transmisión full-duplex (1997). Una estación puede enviar y recibir tramas al mismo

tiempo NO SE REQUIERE CSMA/CD. Ventajas

Canal dedicado Incremento de prestaciones.Elimina la restricción de la distancia máxima.Simplifica el funcionamiento del hardware.Elimina los problemas de reparto no equilibrado de recursos.

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¿Ethernet para el transporte de datos multimedia?

Tráfico con prioridades (IEEE 802.1p/Q) - 1998. Define los mecanismos necesarios para priorizar el

tráfico en redes Ethernet. Permite asignar a cada trama un nivel de prioridad

de 0 (más baja) a 7 (más alta). Utiliza una extensión de la cabecera de trama Ethernet,

que se conoce como VLAN tag (etiqueta) que contiene:– Identificador de VLAN (8 bits).– Un campo de prioridad (3 bits).

Los conmutadores, así como los hosts, procesan las tramas entrantes de acuerdo a su prioridad.No se envían las tramas de un nivel de prioridad si

todavía hay tarmas pendientes de envío de mayor prioridad.

No define mecanismos de control de admisión.

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Bandwidth: Gb and 10Gb Ethernet

PC users

File Servers

………

1 Gbps

1 Gbps

Power users………

10 Gbps Uplinks10 Gbps UplinksStack of 2x SMC8748M

Stack of 2x SMC8748M

10 Gigabit Ethernet implementation.

SMC8708 layer 8 port 10GB switch

Alternative solution

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39

Scenario: VOiP Support

SMC2555W-AG

SMC8624T

SMC6824MPE

Fileserver

VoIP phones

PoE

Guestserver

RADIUSserver

Internet

SMC6824MPE VoIP phonesPoE

VLAN tagging

Username:Password:

Username:Password:

PoE

SMC2555W-AG

VLAN tagging

PoE

VLAN tagging

Employee VLAN

Guest VLAN

VoIP support

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40

Scenario: Enterprise

54 Mbps WLAN + Video Surveillance

Subnet 2

SMC8724ML3

Stack

VRRP

SMC8748ML3

SMC6824MPE

SMC6824MPE Stack

LACP

Gigabit

Trunks

Power-User

SMC8748M Stack

Server with

10G uplink

Server with

10G Uplink

IP Phone Call-Center

SMC6248M Stack

Subnet 1

PoE

PoE

STP

Internet

Router

STP

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41

10 Gigabit ETHERNET

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42

Otras tecnologías LAN

No son tecnologías de LAN populares Son alternativas que intentan explotar aspectos

de: Reserva de ancho de banda, tráfico con prioridades,

altas prestaciones (anchos de banda, latencias, etc). 100VGAnyLan (IEEE 802.12 - 1995).

Soporta tráfico con prioridades. HIPPI y Fibre Channel.

Definen enlaces de datos de muy alta capacidad y bajo retardo.

Myrinet. Tecnología heredada de los multicomputadores

Retardos muy pequeños y acotados.

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WLANs, El estándar IEEE 802.11

En el 1997 nace el: IEEE Working Group for WLAN Standards:

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/index.html

Se define el MAC y tres diferentes niveles físicos, que operan a 1Mbps y 2Mbps: Infrarrojos (IR) en banda base Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), banda de 2,4 GHz Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), banda de 2,4 GHz

IEEE Std 802.11a (diciembre 1999): Otro estándar de nivel físico: Orthogonal frequency domain

multiplexing (OFDM) Hasta 54 Mbps

IEEE Std 802.11b (enero 2000): Extensión de DSSS; hasta 11 Mbps

IEEE Std 802.11g (Junio 2003) Etc.

Data Link

Network

IEEE 802.2. LLCISO 8802.2

IEEE802.3

ISO8802.3

Network

DataLink

Physical

LLC

MAC

Ethernetv2.0 IEEE

802.11

ISO8802.11

http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html

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44

Arquitectura 802.11

Estructura descentralizadaFlexible:

Redes pequeñas y grandes, Redes transitorias y permanentes

Control del consumo de potencia

Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

Componentes:Estación (STA)

Access Point (AP)

Basic Service Set (BSS)Extended Service Set (ESS)

infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS)

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45

Servicios

La arquitectura IEEE 802.11 define 9 servicios: para la estación y para la distribución

Station services: Authentication Deauthentication Privacy WEP Data delivery

Distribution services: Association genera una conexión entre STA y AP Disassociation Reassociation como association pero informando del AP

anterior Distribution integration conexión de la WLAN con otras LANs;

uso de un portal

Parecidos a conectar/desconectar el cable en una red tradicional

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El MAC: entrega de datos fiable

CSMA/CA con binary exponential backoff

El protocolo mínimo consiste de dos tramas: DATOS+ACK

El standard propone RTS-CTS-DATOS-ACK

Point CoordinationFunction (PCF)

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

MA

C

Servicios sin contienda Servicios con contienda

DIFS DIFS

PIFS

SIFS

ventana de contienda

defer access

busy medium

slot

Los 5 valores de timing:• Slot time• SIFS: short interframe space• PIFS: PCF interframe space (=SIFS+1slot)• DIFS: DCF interframe space (=SIFS+2slots)• EIFS: extended interframe space

Los 5 valores de timing:• Slot time• SIFS: short interframe space• PIFS: PCF interframe space (=SIFS+1slot)• DIFS: DCF interframe space (=SIFS+2slots)• EIFS: extended interframe space

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Mecanismo de detección de portadora

Se basa en el network allocation vector (NAV)

RTS

DIFS

CTS

SIFS

data

ACK

SIFS SIFS

DIFS

NAV (RTS)NAV (CTS)

fuente

destino

otro STA

defer access

ventana de contienda

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QoS: 802.11e and WMM™

QoS needed for audio, voice, video Original Wi-Fi® didn’t have QoS IEEE 802.11e is new QoS standard

Still in process after more than 4 years Both “prioritized” and “guaranteed” QoS

WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) Prioritized QoS subset of 802.11e draft Widely accepted by 802.11e members Added to Wi-Fi certification in September 2004 Already included in some products

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WMM™ for Video

Source: Wi-Fi Alliance

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Bluetooth Specifications

Bluetooth is a system solution comprising hardware, software and interoperability requirements. The Bluetooth specifications specify the complete system.

De facto standard - open specifications. Two part document - Volume 1:Core and Volume

2:Profiles. Bluetooth specs developed by Bluetooth SIG.

February 1998: The Bluetooth SIG is formed promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba

May 1998: The Bluetooth SIG goes “public” July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) is published December 1999: ver. 1.0B is released December 1999: The promoter group increases to 9

3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola February 2000: There are 1,500+ adopters

0.7 ---> 0.9 ---> 1.0A ---> 1.0B ---> 1.1 --> November 2003: release 1.2 Currently (November 2004), release 2.0

(aka EDR or Extended Data Rate) triples the data rate up to about 2 Mb/s

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release 2.0: the new partitioning

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Bluetooth usage

Low-cost, low-power, short range radio a cable replacement technology Common (File transfer, synchronisation, internet bridge,

conference table) Hidden computing (background synchronisation, audio/video

player) Future (PC login, remote control)

Why not use Wireless LANs? power cost

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Bluetooth RF

1 Mb/s symbol rate Normal range 10m (0dBm) Optional range 100m (+20dBm) Normal transmission power 0dBm (1mW) Optional transmission power -30 to +20dBm (100mW) Receiver sensitivity -70dBm Frequency band 2.4Ghz ISM band Gross data rate 1Mbit/s Max data transfer 721+56kbps/3 voice channels Power consumption 30uA(max), 300uA(standby),

~50uA(hold/park) Packet switching protocol based on frequency hop

scheme with 1600 hops/s

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Bluetooth Power Class Table

30m10m0dBm1mWClass 3

50m16m4dBm2.5mWClass 2

300m42m20dBm100mWClass 1

Range inFree SpaceExpected RangeMax Output PowerMax Output PowerPower Class

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Bluetooth Network Topology

Bluetooth devices have the ability to work as a slave or a master in an ad hoc network. The types of network configurations for Bluetooth devices can be three. Single point-to-point (Piconet): In this topology the network

consists of one master and one slave device. Multipoint (Piconet): Such a topology combines one master device

and up to seven slave devices in an ad hoc network.o Scatternet: A Scatternet is a group of Piconets linked via a slave

device in one Piconet which plays master role in other Piconet.

M

S

i) Piconet (Point-to-Point)

M

SS

S

S

ii) Piconet (Multipoint)

M

S S S

M

S S

Master/Slave

iii) Scatternet

The Bluetooth standard does not describe any routing protocol for scatternets and most of the hardware available today has no capability of forming scatternets. Some even lack the ability to communicate between slaves of one piconet or to be a member of two piconets at the same time.

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Bluetooth stack: short version

RF

BasebandLink Manager

L2CAP

SDPRFCOMM

Applications

HCI

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Transport Protocol Group (contd.)

Radio Frequency (RF) Sending and receiving

modulated bit streams Baseband

Defines the timing, framing Flow control on the link.

Link Manager Managing the connection

states. Enforcing Fairness among

slaves. Power Management

Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol Handles multiplexing of

higher level protocols Segmentation & reassembly

of large packets Device discovery & QoS

The Radio, Baseband and Link Manager are on firmware.

The higher layers could be in software.

The interface is then through the Host Controller (firmware and driver).

The HCI interfaces defined for Bluetooth are UART, RS232 and USB.

Source: Farinaz Edalat, Ganesh Gopal, Saswat Misra, Deepti RaoBLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION, Core Version 1.1 page 543

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Physical Link Definition

Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link circuit switching symmetric, synchronous services slot reservation at fixed intervals

Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link packet switching (a)symmetric, asynchronous services polling access scheme

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Packet type Name Symmetric (kbps)

Asymmetric (kbps)

1 slot + FEC DM1 108.8 108.8 108.8

1 slot DH1 172.8 172.8 172.8

3 slot + FEC DM3 256.0 384.0 54.4

3 slot DH3 384.0 576.0 86.4

5 slot + FEC DM5 286.7 477.8 36.3

5 slot DH5 432.6 721.0 57.6

ACL data rates

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Single slot

Three slot

Five slot

fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5

Multi-slot packets

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fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5 fn+6 fn+7 fn+8 fn+9 fn+10 fn+11 fn+12

Master

Slave

Symmetric single slot

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MASTER

SLAVE 1

SLAVE 2

SLAVE 3

ACL ACLSCO SCO SCO SCO ACLACL

Mixed Link Example

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Polling on ACL links

Slave is allowed to send only after it has been polled. Master polls slave at least Npoll slots (negotiated). Master may send at will. Polling algorithm is proprietary.

time

Master

Slave

Data

Data

POLL

Slot

TDD frame

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Bluetooth Connection States

There are four Connection states on Bluetooth Radio:

Active: Both master and slave participate actively on the channel by transmitting or receiving the packets (A,B,E,F,H)

Sniff: In this mode slave rather than listening on every slot for master's message for that slave, sniffs on specified time slots for its messages. Hence the slave can go to sleep in the free slots thus saving power (C)

Hold: In this mode, a device can temporarily not support ACL packets and go to low power sleep mode to make the channel available for things like paging, scanning etc (G)

Park: Slave stays synchronized but not participating in the Piconet, then the device is given a Parking Member Address (PMA) and it loses its Active Member Address (AMA) (D,I)

E

A

G

H

C

D

I

H

C

B

F

Master

Bluetooth Connection States

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Bluetooth Forming a Piconet

Inquiry: Inquiry is used to find the identity of the Bluetooth devices in the close range.

Inquiry Scan: In this state, devices are listening for inquiries from other devices.

Inquiry Response: The slave responds with a packet that contains the slave's device access code, native clock and some other slave information.

Page: Master sends page messages by transmitting slave's device access code (DAC) in different hop channels.

Page Scan: The slave listens at a single hop frequency (derived from its page hopping sequence) in this scan window.

Slave Response: Slave responds to master's page message

Master Response: Master reaches this substate after it receives slave's response to its page message for it.

Master

Inquiry

Inquiry Scan

Inquiry Response

Page

Page Scan

Slave Response

Master Response

ConnectionConnection

Slave

3

2

4

1

5

7

6

Forming a Piconet Procedures


2G, 3G and Beyond2G, 3G and Beyond

An Understanding of Technology and Services

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2G: Technology Summary

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access Standardized in 1990 as IS-54 Provides 3-6 times capacity increase over AMPS (1G) Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels) Introduced authentication and encryption for security

GSM: Global System of Mobile communications Standardized in 1992, based on TMDA technology Improved battery life over TDMA GPRS peak data rates of 140 kbps; EDGE data rates of 180kbps

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Standardized in 1993 as IS-95 Provides 1.5-2 times capacity increase over TDMA Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels)

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2G: Winners & Losers

TDMA Marginally better capacity than GSM, marginally worse battery life No evolution path beyond 2G – DEAD END !!

CDMA Lots of hype on capacity, delivered on upwards of 2x capacity

improvement over TDMA/GSM Clear evolution to 3G

GSM International Roaming and Compatibility Clear evolution to 3G Defacto Global Standard

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GSM: A Success StoryGrowth in China

GSM subscribers in Asia Pacific reached 650 GSM subscribers in Asia Pacific reached 650 million in March 2006million in March 2006

(521 million March 2005 = 24.7% annual growth)(521 million March 2005 = 24.7% annual growth)

GSM growth exceeded CDMA by 11x from March 05 to March 06GSM growth exceeded CDMA by 11x from March 05 to March 06

ChinaChina

GSM grew over 54 mil subs in past GSM grew over 54 mil subs in past 12 months = over 1 million/week12 months = over 1 million/week

Cdma added under 5 mil subs in Cdma added under 5 mil subs in the same periodthe same period

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GSM: A Success StoryGrowth in India

India reached almost 64 million India reached almost 64 million GSM subscribers at 31.03.06GSM subscribers at 31.03.06

GSM has 77.5% market shareGSM has 77.5% market share

GSM additions = 22.7 million in GSM additions = 22.7 million in 12 months = over 55% growth12 months = over 55% growth

Cdma added 8 million in same Cdma added 8 million in same periodperiod

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GSM: A Success StoryGrowth in Rest of World

Europe:Europe:Eastern Europe 289 million (48.9% annual growth)Eastern Europe 289 million (48.9% annual growth)Western Europe 426 million (8.1% annual growth)Western Europe 426 million (8.1% annual growth)

Africa:Africa:146 million (62.6% annual growth)146 million (62.6% annual growth)

Middle East:Middle East:51.4 million (63.5% annual 51.4 million (63.5% annual

growth)growth)

Americas:Americas:Canada and USA 85 million (35% annual growth)Canada and USA 85 million (35% annual growth)

Latin America and the Caribbean 144 million (92.6% annual Latin America and the Caribbean 144 million (92.6% annual growth)growth)

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Evolution to 3GDrivers: Capacity, Data Speed, Cost

cdmaOnecdmaOne

GSMGSM

TDMA TDMA

2G

PDC PDC

CDMA2000 1x

CDMA2000 1x

First Step into 3G

GPRSGPRS 90%

10%

EDGEEDGE

WCDMA

WCDMA

3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

3GPP CoreNetwork

CDMA2000 1x EV/DO

CDMA2000 1x EV/DO

HSDPA/HSUPA

HSDPA/HSUPA

Expected market share

EDGEEvolution

EDGEEvolution

CDMA2000 EV/DO Rev A

CDMA2000 EV/DO Rev A

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3G: Technology Summary

Technology Convergence on Wideband-CDMA CDMA 2000

Successor to CDMA IS-95, 4 core standards – 1xRTT, 1x EV-DO, 1x EV-DV, 3xRTT

1xRTT provides 2x voice capacity increase over IS-95 and a peak data rate of 144kbps

EV-DO Rev A provide peak data rates of 3.1 downlink / 1.8 uplink (800kbps typical)

UMTS Successor to GSM, based on W-CDMA Peak data rates of up to 1920kbps (384kbps typical) HSDPA peak data rate of up to 14.4Mbps

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3G: Winners & Losers ??

UMTS Huge delays (terminals availability) Exorbitant license fees Confusing pricing strategies & lack of compelling services Clear evolution path

HSxPA (Peak Data Rates), LTE (Network Simplification)

CDMA2000 Early adoption (Korea) Compelling peak data rates (EV-DO) Unclear evolution path

3xRTT? WIMAX?

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UMTS GrowthSubscriber Penetration

Over 55 million WCDMA subs at 31

March 06

Approaching 140% yearly growth

Over 3 million adds monthly in last 6

months

WCDMA gained over 10% share of mobile

growth in Asia Q1 06

WCDMA gained 1 in 3 new connections in

Western Europe in Q1 06

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Global Subscriber Counts

0

0.5 Bn

1 Bn

1.5 Bn

2 Bn

2.5 Bn

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

CDMA

GSM

PHS

W-CDMA

Note:GSM Emerging Market Handset (EMH) initiative = 80% of Global Population with Wireless Service by 2010, based on sub $30 handsets17 countries targeted = 1.8 Bn people ; not included in current sub counts

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…and Beyond

Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

WIMAX Standardized by IEEE 802.16, evolution of 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Improved bandwidth, encryption and coverage over WiFi

Theoretical peak data rates of 70Mbps (practical peak ~2Mbps) Improved QoS better enables applications such as VoIP or IPTV Ideal application is for “last mile” connectivity to the home or

business Intel plans to embed WiMAX chips as part of ‘Intel Inside’

L3GTE/HSOPA Early standardization work starts in 3GPP R8 Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPA Radio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data rates of up to

70Mbps Network simplification

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Market Segments

Cordless

WiMAX 16eHSDPA to OFDMEV-DO to OFDM

WiFiLocal

Fixed

Voice Broadband

Cellular

WiMAX 16dDSL / CablePOTS

802.11a/b/g802.11n MIMO

Mesh

Dialup

2.5G

Mobile

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Service ControlPresence / GLMS

Applications

R4CDMAPSTN

Media Resources

TDM & Packet Interworking

PDF

HSS/AAA

Peer IPNetwork

Access Network

IP/MPLS Core

MultimediaServices

MessagingServices

Web / WAPServices

StreamingServices

MG15000

MGCF(CS2000)

CallSession

Controller

MRF

Audio/Video

PDG

WLAN

ASN

CSN

ASNWiMAX

GGSN

GPRSUMTS

EASGW

ASGHSOPAOFDM/MIMO

BRAS

PDG

GGSN

ASN

CSN

ASGW

Network Convergence - IMS

Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -- two standard architectures under the 3GPP umbrella -- both support fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). But their approaches to FMC have little in common. UMA is a highly constrained approach to a single service -- dual-mode access to GSM networks -- while IMS is an open platform for all types of services and all types of networks. UMA offers mobile network operators (MNOs) a quick fix, but IMS promises profitable new services and sustainable growth for all service providers.

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Market Trends

Media Convergence – Multiple Play Dual Play: High-Speed Internet & Fixed Line Triple Play: Dual Play + TV Quadruple Play: Triple Play + Wireless Challenge: Consolidated Invoice and Price Points

Fixed Mobile Convergence Dual Mode connectivity

Cellular / Cordless (DECT, ADSL/Bluetooth) WLAN / WWAN

Challenge: Technology standardization

MVNO – Mobile Virtual Network Operator Wireless Service Reseller, wholesales access from wireless

operators Discount & Lifestyle MVNO’s Segment, Product, Utilization Driven Challenge: Market Saturation & Service Differentiation

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Market Trends (continued)

M-Commerce – Electronic Commerce using Mobile Phones Leverage ubiquity of mobile phones to make transactions Current payment methods: premium calling #’s, phone bill invoice,

credit card Strong interest in key industries: banking, sports & entertainment,

travel, retail Challenge: Security, Terminal Capabilities, Access Speeds

Multimedia – use of several media types to convey information Effective information delivery across many disciplines: art, education,

telecommunications, medicine IMS enables multimedia services for mobile users

VoIP Challenge: User Interface, Form Factor, lack of “killer app”

Presence – Always on, always connected Combine Mobility & Reachability Effectively bring Popularity of IM to mobile phones (AOL, Yahoo!, MSN,

Skype) Opportunity for standardization & interworking based on SIP/SIMPLE Challenge: Standardization & always on connectivity




SONET DWDM


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Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) architecture

To deliver data services over a cable network: one 6 MHz television channel that is in the 50 MHz to 750 MHz range is

typically allocated for downstream traffic to homes one 6 MHz channel in the 5 MHz to 42 MHz band is used to carry upstream

signals

A headend cable modem termination system (CMTS) communicates through these channels with cable modems located in subscriber homes to create a virtual LAN connection

Scientific-Atlanta CMTS

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The cable modem network only operates at Layers 1 and 2

www.twcarolina.com

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An individual cable modem subscriber may experience access speeds from 500 kbps to 2.5 Mbps, depending on the network architecture and traffic load.

If congestion does begin to occur due to high usage, cable operators have the flexibility to add more bandwidth for data services.

A cable operator can simply allocate an additional 6 MHz video channel for high-speed data, which would double the downstream bandwidth available to users.

Scientific-Atlanta CMTS

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What is DSL?

While considered an end-to-end solution, DSL only operates on the local loop between the customer premises equipment (CPE) and the DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM).

A DSLAM is a device in the central office (CO) (sometimes) used to terminate many Layer 1 DSL connections, such as dialup, cable, wireless, and T1.

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What is DSL?

DSL uses the high frequency range of up to about 1 MHz. For example, asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) uses

the frequency range of about 20 kHz to 1MHz. ADSL does not overlap the plain old telephone service (POTS) voice

frequency range. (300 – 3,400 Hz) POTS and ADSL service can coexist over the same wire.

Other DSL variants like single-line digital subscriber line (SDSL) use a frequency range that overlaps the POTS voice frequency range. POTS and SDSL service cannot coexist over the same wire.

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DSL limitations

The distance from CO to the DSL CPE must be considered. The longer the distance, the lower the speed.

The gauge of wire used in the local loop is important. Thicker wire gauge supports higher speed.

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ADSL

An installer must check with the service provider to determine which modulation technique is being used.

The modulation method used must be matched between the ADSL CPE (DSL Modem) and the ADSL modems on the DSLAM.

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ADSL and POTS coexistence

There is a POTS splitter at the central office (CO) (or at home) to split up the POTS called voice and ADSL called data traffic.

The POTS traffic goes to the voice switch in the CO, and the ADSL traffic goes to the DSLAM in the CO.

ADSL offloads the data or modem traffic from the voice switch and keeps analog POTS separate from data.

www.consultronics.com/ psts450.htm

Documents

Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2006/2007 Tema 1: Tecnologías de red. Estructura de Internet Redes “core” SONET DWDM Redes de acceso