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TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND ITS ACCURACY OF
ZORO’S ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES IN ONE PIECE COMICS
Syamsi Rasyid
1112026000019
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
OF JAKARTA
2017
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND ITS ACCURACY OF
ZORO’S ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES IN ONE PIECE COMICS
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Strata One Degree (S1)
Syamsi Rasyid
1112026000019
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
OF JAKARTA
2017
i
ABSTRACT
Syamsi Rasyid, Translation Techniques and Its Accuracy of Zoro’s Assertive
Utterances in One Piece Comics Thesis: English Letters and Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.
This research aimed at describing functions of assertive illocutionary act
from Zoro’s utterances in source text, identifying the translation techniques
applied and discovering the effects of the applied translation techniques towards
the quality of accuracy in translating the utterance. This research applied
descriptive qualitative. The source of data was an online comic entitled One Piece
by Elichiro Oda. The English version was taken from www.mangapanda.com and
its translated version from www.komikid.com. Whereas the data were all of
Zoro's assertive utterances found in the comic. It was conducted by finding the
relationship among the elements involved in this research. The analysis was
conducted at the same time during the data collection. The result of the analysis
showed that there were seven functions of assertive utterances saying (27 cases),
explaining (21 cases), informing (18 cases), asking (12 cases), convincing (11
cases), justifying (9 cases), and doubting (1 case) Whereas the most frequent
technique which applied to translate the utterances are literal (34 cases),
modulation (17 cases), established equivalent (15 cases), transposition (14
cases), reduction (8 cases), generalization (2 cases), linguistic amplification (2
cases), linguistic compression (2 cases), particularization (2 cases), variation (2
cases), amplification (1 case), borrowing (1 case), and compensation (1 case).
Meanwhile, the analysis of quality showed that the level of accuracy is high. It
was due to the fact that there were only a few data considered to be less accurate
and inaccurate. The level of accuracy which generated over than 80% from the
total data implied that generally the translation is good.
Key Words: assertive illocutionary act, translation techniques, translation
accuracy, comics translation.
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
TRASNLATION TECHNIQUES AND ITS ACCURACY OF ZORO’S
ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES IN ONE PIECE COMICS
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Strata One Degree (S1)
Syamsi Rasyid
1112026000019
Approved By
Advisor
Danti Pudjiati, S.Pd., M.M., M.Hum.
NIP : 19731220 199903 2 004
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF
JAKARTA
2017
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the
best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published
or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the University or other
Institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made
in the next.
Jakarta, February 18, 2017
Syamsi Rasyid
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise
to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for His help, affection and genorisity in
completing his study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta. Then, peace and blessing are upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad
SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.
The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirements
for the Strata 1 Degree to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letter
Departement, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
In the terms of completing his study, the writer would like to express
his deepest gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Prof. Dr.
Sukron Kamil, MA; The Head of English Letters Departement, Drs. A.
Saefuddin, M.Pd; The Secretary OF English Letters, Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum;
and to all lecturers who have taught him a lot of thing during the study.
The writer’s family deserves his deepest esteem more than anyone else
does his lovely parents (Maman & Susi), his lovely wife (Dewi), younger
brother & sister (Risman, Dedi, Lusi), since they always support his financially,
morally, and spiritually.
vi
In addition, the writer is deeply thankful to the individuals too
numerous to mention who have sent him suggestions, corrections, and
criticisms, especially Mrs. Danti Pudjiati, MM, M.Hum. as his thesis
advisor, whose every guidance, patience, support, and encouragement
from the first to the final level that enable him to develop an understanding
of the subject.
vii
THE LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 1-I. Medium of comics among other literary works .............................. 3
2. Table 2-I. The example of classification table of assertive speech act
and the translation technique used ................................................................. 12
3. Table 3-II. Accuracy Rating in Nababan (2004) ............................................ 34
4. Table 4-III. Classification of Assertive Illocutionary act of Roronoa Zoro
Utterances in One Piece Comics according to Searle (1979) ........................ 37
5. Table 5-III.Tabulated Data of Translation Techniques Usage ....................... 47
6. Table 6-III. Table of Amplification Technique Usage................................... 48
7. Table 7-III. Table of Borrowing Technique Usage ........................................ 49
8. Table 8-III. Table of Compensation Usage .................................................... 50
9. Table 9-III. Table of Established Equivalent Technique Usage .................... 51
10. Table 10-III. Table of Generalization Technique Usage ............................... 53
11. Table 11-III. Table of Linguistic Amplification Technique Usage ............... 54
12. Table 12-III. Table of Linguistic Compression Technique Usage ................. 56
13. Table 13-III. Table of Literal Translation Technique Usage ......................... 57
14. Table 14-III. Table of Modulation Technique Usage .................................... 59
15. Table 15-III. Table of Particularization Technique Usage............................. 61
16. Table 16-III. Table of Reduction Technique Usage....................................... 62
17. Table 17-III. Table of Transposition Technique Usage ................................. 63
18. Table 18-III. Table of Variation Technique Usage ........................................ 65
19. Table 19-III. Table Evaluation of Translation Accuracy ............................... 67
20. Table 20-III. Table of Less Accurate Translation Data ................................. 71
viii
21. Table 21-III. Table of Inaccurate Translation Data ........................................ 74
ix
THE LIST OF FIGURE
1. Figure 1-I. Example of Zoro’s Dialouge / Speech Acts
and its translation. (Left side is source language (SL)
right side is target language (TL) ..................................................................... 5
2. Figure 2-I. Example of Zoro’s utterances which included
as the unit data analysis .................................................................................. 10
3. Figure 3-I. Example of Zoro’s utterances which included
as the unit data analysis .................................................................................. 11
4. Figure 4-I. Example of One Piece comic utterances
which not included as the data ....................................................................... 11
5. Figure 5-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as saying on the chapter (600/06) ........................................ 38
6. Figure 6-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as explaining on the chapter (613/15) ................................. 39
7. Figure 7-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as Informing on the chapter (603/08) .................................. 41
8. Figure 8-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as asking (601/4).................................................................. 42
9. Figure 9-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as convincing on the chapter 653/04 ................................... 43
10. Figure 10-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as justifying on the chapter 653/04 ...................................... 44
11. Figure 11-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act
which functions as doubting on the chapter 653/04 ....................................... 45
12. Figure 12-III. The example of the utterance classified
into accurate translation ................................................................................ 68
13. Figure 13-III. The example of the utterance classified
into less accurate translation .......................................................................... 69
14. Figure 14-III. The example of the utterance classified
into less accurate translation…..…………………………………………….69
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. i
APROVEMENT ......................................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION ..................................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... v
THE LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... vii
THE LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................................ 1
B. Focus of the Study .......................................................................... 7
C. Research Question .......................................................................... 7
D. Objectives of the Study .................................................................. 8
E. Significances of the Study .............................................................. 8
F. Research Methodology................................................................... 9
1. Research Method ...................................................................... 9
2. Research Instrument ................................................................. 9
3. Unit Analysis ............................................................................ 9
4. Technique of Data Analysis ..................................................... 9
xi
5. Place and Time of the Study .................................................. 13
CHAPTER II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................ 14
A. Previous Research ........................................................................ 14
B. Theoritical Description ................................................................. 16
1. Definition of Translation ........................................................ 16
2. The Process of Translation ..................................................... 17
3. Translation and Pragmatics .................................................... 19
4. Technique of Translation ....................................................... 21
5. Speech Act ............................................................................. 24
6. Assertive Illocutionary Act .................................................... 27
7. Comics in Translation ............................................................ 29
8. Translation Quality Assesment .............................................. 32
a) Accuracy .......................................................................... 32
b) Acceptability .................................................................... 34
c) Readability ....................................................................... 35
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................. 36
A. Data Description ........................................................................... 36
B. Research Findings ........................................................................ 37
1. Zoro’s Assertive Illocutionary Act in One Piece Comics ................................................................................... 37
a. Saying ............................................................................... 38
b. Explaining ........................................................................ 39
c. Informing ......................................................................... 40
d. Asking/Questioning ......................................................... 41
xii
e. Convincing ....................................................................... 42
f. Justifying .......................................................................... 44
g. Doubting ........................................................................... 45
2. Translation Techniques of Zoro’s Assertive Speech Act
Uttarances ............................................................................. 46
a. Amplification Technique ................................................. 47
b. Borrowing Technique....................................................... 48
c. Compensation ................................................................... 49
d. Established Equivalent Technique ................................... 50
e. Generalization Technique ................................................ 52
f. Linguistic Amplification Technique ................................ 54
g. Linguistic Compression Technique.................................. 55
h. Literal Translation Technique .......................................... 56
i. Modulation Technique ..................................................... 58
j. Particularization Technique ............................................. 60
k. Reduction Technique ....................................................... 62
l. Transposition Technique .................................................. 63
m. Variation Technique ......................................................... 65
3. Evaluation of Translation Accuracy .................................. 66
a. Accurate ........................................................................... 67
b. Less Accurate ................................................................... 68
c. Inaccurate ......................................................................... 72
xiii
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................... 75
A. Conclusion.................................................................................... 75
B. Suggentiosn .................................................................................. 76
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 77
APPENDICES
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The development of translation studies is not only focused on studying of
variable related to formal information texts, such as science books, news, or
certain non-literary texts. Furthermore its development has become more
dominant in theories of translating literary text. The function of literary text is not
only limited on information, moreover it has an important role that can be a tool to
entertain people. Types of literary texts are more various and specific than non-
literary, one of most favorite literary text in this time is comics. Comics is
traditionally regarded as a literary works for kids but its judgment must be
changed, since nowadays statistically the readers of comics are dominated by
teens as well as adults. In this period of time, people have tendency to change
their traditional habits to read literary text, especially for comics. People usually
access the internet to read comics. It is caused by many websites which have
translated their favorite comics from English into Indonesian.
There are a lot of translated comics which can be found at bookstore or
website. There is one of comics known to have the largest fans and readers in
Indonesia even for Asia is One Piece. One Piece is categorized as a manga.
Manga is a style of Japanese comic books and graphic novels, typically aimed at
adults as well as children (Anime Project General Information. Web. 31 Mar.
2016). The plot of One Piece generally described as an adventure story of a pirate
2
group. This manga comic is written and illustrated by Elichiro Oda, It has been
serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine since July 19, 1997. The
story is still on going until today, it means this comic has a very great loyal reader
for almost 19 years. One Piece manga comic also has been adapted into an
original video animation (OVA) produced by Production I.G in 1998, and an
anime series produced by Toei Animation, which began broadcasting in Japan in
1999 and has aired 734 episodes to date. Additionally, TOEI has developed
thirteen animated feature films, two OVAs, and five television specials. In
Indonesia, the anime series of One Piece has been broadcasted at several
television network channel such as RCTI, Trans 7, Indosiar, Global TV.
In case of translated comics, it is quite interesting to acknowledge the
domination of online translated comics to compare with its printed version. This is
caused by the easier and simpler way to access and read on the internet freely. In
Indonesia, the readers usually read the Indonesian translated version comics at
certain websites such as www.komikid.com or www.samehadaku.com. It is
acknowledged by the online comic translators that they usually translate the
English version into Indonesian almost every week for several famous manga.
Therefore those aspects have encouraged me to use this translated comics
as my thesis research data. In the perspective of translations, translations of
comics were often overlooked in the theoretical works, partly due to the fact that
comics are often regarded as literary genre focused mainly on children and
teenagers, comics are considered to be genre of literature and therefore are
3
analyzed alongside other literary works, according to Ondřej Tomášek, comics are
an independent medium, just as literature, drama or film, comics have their own
language, narrative strategies and system of signs. The false assumptions
regarding comics as a genre of literature can be found not only in translation
theory, but also in the theories within cultural studies (Ondřej Tomášek, 2009:5).
He also defines, comics are pictorial narrative created by one or more static
expositions combining images and non-pictorial symbols (Ondřej Tomášek,
2009:9) Using this definition, comics consist of five main elements: (1) it is
pictorial, (2) it is narrative, (3) it is formed by static expositions, (4) it contains
images and (5) it contains non-pictorial symbols.
These five elements can be used in comparison of comics with literature,
film and painting. This comparison clarifies and emphasizes the uniqueness of the
medium of comics. The chart below shows which of these five elements comics
share with literature, painting and film.
Table 1-I. Medium of comics among other literary works
4
From the chart above we can obtain the concept of comics as a media not a
genre, Comics, as well as literature and painting, are meant to be perceived with
only one sense. Scott McCloud labels paintings as “received information” and
literature as “perceived information”. Perceived information is more abstract and
requires more knowledge to be decoded than received information. Comics stand
between these two kinds of information (McCloud: 49). Comics use two ways of
delivering their message to the reader: textual and pictorial.
In translating a comic, a translator needs to know about the stylistic aspect
of the comic as well as the limited space. The language style of comic tends to
have its own characteristic depending on the author style. The limited space
means the texts translated must be allocated appropriately according to the size of
the balloon on the panel. Besides that, translators are also required to be proficient
in selecting the appropriate translation techniques in order to have messages
carried in the source language can be properly transferred into the target language.
Selecting of the proper technique is related to the methods used and ideology of
the translator. Finally, it will give influence toward the quality of the translation.
The fault in selecting certain technique in translation can result significant errors
on the outcome of translation. Therefore it is one of main important point in
translations to select an appropriate technique for certain texts which will be
translated.
As mentioned before, one of comic element is narrative text. In a comic
the narrative contains of dialogue, utterances, direct speech, or speech acts from
5
the characters. Those narrative texts aim to help readers visualize the plot story on
the page. So this element is included as the most important one for the translator.
It is true that basically the dialogues available on the comics are not
merely produced by the characters on the comic, but it is still regarded and
categorized as dialogue. Dialogue is conversation, especially between two people,
e.g. in a book, play or film (Higgleton & Seaton, 1995). In a dialogue included
into speech event, they were supposed to reveal or contain speech act. Moreover,
a speech act might be analyzed as an illocutionary act (i.e. the actual utterance and
its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic, corresponding to the verbal,
syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance), as well as an
illocutionary act (the semantic 'illocutionary force' of the utterance, thus its real,
intended meaning), and in certain cases included on perlocutionary act (i.e. its
actual effect, whether intended or not) (J.L. Austin, 1975:120). From those three
types of speech acts, illocutionary act is the most essential type to relate to its
function of utterance. From illocutionary act, it can be found the intended
meaning through the context of situation, and cultural context.
Figure 1-I. Example of Zoro’s Dialouge / Speech Acts and its translation. (Left side
is source language (SL) right side is target language (TL).
6
The picture above shows the dialogue between Zoro with his friend Sanji
in a battle situation.
Example I:
SL: If he couldn’t do this much, we would have to get a new captain.
TL: Kalau hanya segini saja dia tidak bisa, maka aku akan menggantikannya
menjadi kapten.
Searle (1983) set up the illocutionary speech acts into five kinds of
classification, one of them is assertive. Assertive is a speech that aims to explain
the truth of the proposition expressed, e.g. affirm, believe, conclude, deny, and
report (Searle in Leech, 1993: 163). The utterance “If he couldn’t do this much,
we would have to get a new captain”, is remarked by Zoro to his friends while
watching his captain fighting with the enemies. From the example above, it can be
identified the dialogue categorized into assertive illocutionary act which functions
as affirmation. It seems that the translator tried to use modulation technique. This
technique gives priority toward viewpoint of the translator rather than the literal
meaning. It can influence the actual meaning intended by the author in this part.
From several aspects and explanation before, therefore the writer will
analyze and identify the dialogue categorized into assertive illocutionary act
which uttered by one of One Piece manga character (Roronoa Zoro) and the
techniques used by the translator with its influence to the accuracy of meaning
conveyed from the source language (English) into the target language
(Indonesian). The writer will do further research comprehensively with this thesis
7
entitled “Translation Techniques and Its Accuracy of Zoro’s Assertive Utterances
in One Piece Comics”.
B. Focus of the Study
Limitation problem of this study concerns in analyzing the techniques used
by the online comic translator in translating the dialogue uttered by Roronoa Zoro
mentioned on the background of the study before. More precisely, the Zoro’s
dialogues which included on category of the illocutionary act that classified as
assertive. Besides that, the writer identifies the influence of techniques usage for
the translation outcome. The object of the study is every assertive utterance or
speech act uttered by Roronoa Zoro. He is one of main character in One Piece
comics.
C. Research Question
Based on the limitation problems above, the writer formulated the
following research questions:
1. What kind of translation technique are used by the online comics translator
in translating the utterance classified as assertive illocutionary act of Zoro
character on the comics of One Piece?
2. How the translation quality is resulted by using those techniques in
translating the utterances related to its accuracy of translation?
8
D. Objectives of the Study
This study aims:
1. To identify, describe and classify techniques used by the comics translator
in translating assertive illocutionary act dialogue of Zoro character on One
Piece comics.
2. To identify the quality of translated comics “One Piece” from English
version into Indonesian version, this analysis is done after the writer has
finally found the technique used by the translator in translating assertive
illocutionary act from utterances of Zoro character on “One Piece” comics.
The writer shall arrange the table that is related to the translation
techniques and also the writer will describe how the outcome between the
english version and its translated version (Indonesia) through the accuracy
translation theory and also with the context of story after using the certain
technique that used by the translator.
E. Significances of the Study
The study is expected to provide benefits to the writer and also the reader
1. To enrich knowledge about the classification of speech acts and their
functions in a comic and also their translation.
2. To increase knowledge of translation techniques used in translating the
character dialogue on a comics.
3. To know the relation between the translation techniques used with its
influence on the quality of translation especially its accuracy.
9
F. Research Methodology
1. Research Method
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The writer tries
to classify the dialogues included into assertive illocutionary act of the character
selected, analyze techniques used by the translator with translation outcome
resulted.
2. Research Instrument
In this study, the instrument is the writer himself as the main instrument to
obtain qualitative data about the techniques of translation with how the translation
outcome resulted by using the techniques. From the English version comics (SL)
into the Indonesian version comics (TL), and also form other sources that can
provide useful data for this research. Certainly, the writer is also supported by
other equipment obtained from internet, library and other references.
3. Unit Analysis
The unit of analysis or data that will be studied in this research that all
speech acts categorized into assertive illocutionary acts uttered by one of the main
character, Roronoa Zoro in One Piece comics and their translation. The English
and Indonesian translated version obtained from the biggest website of online
comic, www.mangapanda.com (English version), and www.komikfox.com
(Indonesian translated version).
4. Technique of Data Analysis
Data collected in this study is analyzed inductively in accordance with the
characteristics of qualitative methods which data are collected one by one to
10
arrange complete theory. Content analysis is applied to the step of data analysis in
this study. Content analysis is a stage of collecting, classifying, and analyzing the
data that is based on the approach used in a study. The stages of data analysis in
this study such as:
a. Reading One Piece comics from the beginning of the story until the latest
chapter, to understand the context of the story on both the source language
as well as the target language.
b. Collecting domains that will be analyzed, which includes the types of
utterances assertive illocutionary acts of Zoro character in One Piece
comic and the functions of the speech. In this first analysis step, the
examples of data collected as follows:
Figure 2-I. Example of Zoro’s utterances which included as the unit data
analysis.
Example I:
SL: I want to sail and become the world’s number one swordsman.
TL: Aku akan berkelana di dunia luar kalau aku sudah dewasa nanti dan
aku akan menjadi pendekar pedang nomor satu sedunia.
11
Figure 3-I. Example of Zoro’s utterances which included as the unit data
analysis.
Example II:
SL: If you do something that ends up in the way of my goal, I will have
you cut your stomach open to say sorry!
TL: Kalau kau coba untuk menghalangiku mencapai cita-citaku, akan
kupakasa kau untuk bunuh diri!!!
Figure 4-I. Example of One Piece comic utterances which not included as the
data.
Example III:
SL: Good! To be the world’s number one swordsman! Since you
wanna be the Pirate King’s crew member. If you can’t even
accomplish something that small, then I would be very
embarrassed as well!
TL: Keren!! Pendekar pedang nomor satu sedunia?! Tentu kau harus jadi
yang terhebat untuk bisa bergabung denganku. Siapapun yang
bergabung dengan raja bajak laut harus hebat di bidangnya tidak ada
yang tidak mungkin!!
12
Example I and II are dialogues uttered by Zoro. The context of the
dialogue functions as assertive illocutionary act. Therefore, they are
included as domains of this research data. In the other hand, example III is
not dialogue which uttered by Zoro, but his captain. Thus, the last example
is not included as the data that will be analyzed.
c. Analyzing translation techniques used by the translator on the data that has
been collected. This phase analysis of taxonomy to classify all collected
data into categories based on the approach used. Every assertive speech
acts of the selected character in the comic is grouped into their functions.
The data is also classified based on the techniques of translation used. In
this research the writer uses the translation technique theory of Searle.
Table 2-I. The example of classification table of assertive speech act
and the translation technique used.
No.
Data
Speech Act Function of
Illucutionary
Act
Technique
of
Translation
SL
TL
01
I want to sail
and become
the world’s
number one
swordsman.
Aku akan
berkelana di
dunia luar kalau
aku sudah dewasa
nanti dan aku
akan menjadi
pendekar pedang
nomor satu
sedunia.
Saying Amplification
02
If you do
something that
ends up in the
way of my
goal, I will
have you cut
your stomach
open to say
sorry.
Kalau kau coba
untuk
menghalangiku
mencapai cita-
citaku, akan
kupakasa kau
untuk bunuh
diri!!!
Explaining Discursive
Creation
13
Utterance (01) is Zoro’s speech act which classified into assertive
illocutionary act, it functions to state his determination. The translator used
amplification technique in translating this utterance where it can be
identified from additional words used on the target language. Utterance
(02) is also assertive illocutionary act which functions to state the
consequences if his captain inhibits his dream to be the strongest sword
man. This part is translated by established equivalent technique where the
translator avoid using literal meaning and trying to find the prevalent
expression of that phrase.
d. In order to evaluate the translation outcome resulted by the translator in
translating the utterances by using techniques of translation that have been
identified before. Therefore the researcher will try to identify the accuracy
using the indicators of accuracy in Nababan (2004). The theory will be
explained more on the second chapter.
e. Writing the final conclusion, this is the final step in this research. The
author describes the conclusion based on the analysis that has been done
before.
5. Place and Time of the Study
This research began in July in 2016, Q2 of 2016 and the target it will be
finished on Q1 2017. The place for doing this research is certain place which
supports the writer to do the research, supporting the concentration and the
references to obtain all data needed such as library and study room.
14
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
In the previous research that has previously been carried out, and they
were relevant to the topic of this study. The writer drew from a variety of sources,
including: seminar papers, thesis and journal articles. The papers that are relevant
to the study entitled “Analisis Teknik dan Keakuratan Penerjemahan Pada Tindak
Tutur Ekspresif Dalam Teks Komik Naruto Shippuden Edisi Ke-500 Berjudul
“Kelahiran Naruto (Naruto Birth) (Murti, 2015). The paper was written by Dewa
Bayu Murti student of Sebelas Maret University and the paper was presented at
the National Seminar Inscription II "Study of Pragmatics In Various Fields". This
paper discusses the speech act expressive on the comic of Naruto Shippuden
chapter 500 is Birth of Naruto. In addition, researchers are also trying to
implement a pragmatic assessment of how to work in the field of translation,
especially in the field of translation comics.
While the relevant thesis is entitled “Analisis Tindak Tutur Ilokusi Dalam
Novel Negeri 5 Menara Karya Ahmad Fuadi” compiled by Pezi Awram, Study
Program of Indonesian Language and Literature Department of Language
Education and Arts, the Faculty of Education, University of Bengkulu (Awram,
2012). This study aimed to describe the illocutionary speech acts and their
functions contained in the novel. This study uses qualitative descriptive.
15
Furthermore, the thesis is relevant to the study entitled “Analisis
Terjemahan Tuturan Karakter Spongebob Dalam Komik Amazing Journey Dan
Terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia” compiled by Rahmat Wisudawanto,
Graduate Program in Linguistics Translation, University of March Surakarta, in
2012 (Wisudawanto, 2012). This study aimed to describe the type and function of
illocutionary speech acts Spongebob characters that exist in the source language
text. It also identified the speech translation techniques used and disclose the
impact of the use of such techniques for the accuracy and acceptability of speech
translation. This type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative
research.
Meanwhile, Journal articles relevant to this study were obtained from
Transling Journal: Translation and Linguistics, Vol. 1, No.1, January 2013. This
journal article “Analisis Terjemahan Tindak Tutur Direktif Pada Novel The God
Father Dan Terjemahannya Dalam Bahasa Indonesia” (Singgih, 2013). This
journal article written by Singgih Darukuncara, M.R. Nababan, and Sri Samiati,
Graduate School of Linguistics UNS Surakarta. This study aims to evaluate the
application of the directive speech acts illocutionary function, the use of
techniques translation into Indonesian, and their impact on the quality of
translations. This research is descriptive qualitative, ethnographic.
This thesis has similarities with previous studies that both want to analyze
the technique of translation as well as the accuracy of the translation. While the
things that distinguishes with the previous one, in this thesis the author focuses on
the analysis of the translation technique and accuracy of assertive utterances. The
16
unit of analysis used in this study is assertive utterances from one of main
character in One Piece comics namely Roronoa Zoro.
B. Theoritical Description
1. Definition of Translation
The translation has been defined in various ways with the theoretical
background and a different approach. Translation has become a problem that is
much in demand by the public, at least in many cases. Translation is an effort to
divert messages from one language to another. Therefore, we cannot see
translation as merely an attempt to replace the text in one language into another
language text. There is a lot of opinion regarding the definition of translation
expressed by the experts of translation.
a. Nida dan Taber (1974: 12) Translation consist in reproducing in the
receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language
message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.
b. Newmark (1988: 5) provides a definition of translation as "rendering the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended
the text".
c. Catford (1965) translation is an activity replacement text material into one
language (the source language) into the appropriate text material or the
same in another language (the target language).
d. Larson (1984: 3) translation focuses on the transfer of the meaning of the
source language to the target language. This transfer is done from the first
17
language form into the shape of a second language through semantic
structure.
e. Hatim and Mason (1997: 1) defines translation as "an act of
communication the which attempts to relay, across cultural, and linguistic
boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended
for different purposes and different readers / hearers)".
f. Translation is also a common form that refers to the transfer of thoughts
and ideas from one language (source) into another language (target), both
orally and in writing, both in language that has been prepared in
orthographic or not standard, or either one or two it is based on sign
language, such as sign language for the deaf (Brislin, 1976: 1).
Thus, based on different definitions of the above, it can be concluded that
(1) the translation involves two languages namely source language (SL) and the
target language (TL or receptor language); (2) the translation is an attempt to
divert (reproducing, rendering, a process of finding) a text (message, the meaning,
utterance, style) with the source language text equivalent in the target language;
(3) translation is done by various purposes and various target readers; (4) Also
transferring ideas and thoughts from one language to another.
2. The Process of Translation
Translating is not writing by our own thoughts and it is not also adapting.
Translating is essentially converting a form into another form (Larson, 1984: 3).
In addition to understanding what it is translated and what should be produced in
18
the translation, a translator should know that translation is the complex process
and consists of a series of activities as an integral element (Widyamartaya, 1989:
14).
Translation is a process that is done in stages. here is a model that is
intended to explain the thought process (internal) that a man while doing the
translation. Larson (1989: 3) argues stages of translation as follows: (1) studying
the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and the text of the
source language, (2) analyzing text of the source language to find meaning, and,
(3) revisits the same meaning using the lexicon and structures in accordance with
the target language and cultural context.
In the process of translation, the translator performs a series of actions in
shedding the knowledge, skills, abilities, and his habit of redirecting a message
from the source language to the target language through several stages using the
procedure of translation, methods of translation, technical translation, etc.
(Sayogie, 2014: 18 ). When viewed from the process, a good translation should
follow a gradual process, as proposed by Ronald H. Bathgate (1983), through
seven steps in translation process:
a. Tuning. By this we mean, the translator is trying to understand the context
and the language style of the text that is about to translate. It can be
performed through reading and digging information in discussion as much
as you can about the content and the context.
b. Analysis. Once the content and the context of the text have been well
established in translator mind, in this stage the translator has attempted to
19
analyze the sentence level identification. It can be done by dividing the SL
text into clauses and phrases and examining the syntactical relation one
another.
c. Understanding or comprehension. In this step, translators try to catch the
overall meaning of the text with his vast knowledge of the text. Thus, it
will be influenced by translator basic knowledge about the subject matter.
d. Terminology. After obtaining the overall meaning of the text, in this step,
translators have to find equivalent and appropriate terms for the transfer
every word, phrase and clause from SL into TL.
e. Restructuring. After obtaining complete equivalent terms to be transferred
from the SL into the TL, translators try to arrange new well-form structure
in the Target Language text.
f. Checking. It means proofreading. Translators check the final draft for
typing errors and passages. To make sure it is quite common for someone
other than translator to read through the finished translation text and
suggest more detail from his point of view.
g. Discussion. After having review from experts or editors, then it goes to the
last step. In this step, the final draft in Target Language is ready to be
published.
3. Translation and Pragmatics
Translation as an interdisciplinary study always has relation with other
disciplines like Linguistics, Comparative Culturology, Comparative Computer
Science, Ethnology, Comparative Sociology, and still many more (Newmark,
20
1981: 3). Thus, pragmatic as a branch of linguistics study is related to translation.
There are so many definitions of pragmatic by expert, one of them Leech (1993:
8), defines pragmatics as the study of meaning in situations (speech situations).
Therefore the pragmatics study is understanding the meaning of an utterance by
knowing the speaker, the listener, and the situation and conversation place.
The transfer of messages from the source language to the target language
is a core part in a translation process. A translator is not allowed to change the
message from the source text. The messages have to be equally transferred
between the source language and the target language. Its meaning which is being
transferred and must be constant (Larson, 1984: 3).
Related to the transfer of messages as the core of translation process,
sometimes in obtaining a message or meaning from the source text, translators
cannot only see from the meaning of literal words that make up sentences in the
text or utterance. In this case, a translator must look at the context of the sentence
in a passage so that the message contained in the sentence can be appropriately
perceived. In this case, the study of pragmatics has an important role.
The pragmatics study focuses on learning implicit meaning of an utterance
or a sentence. Meaning can be influenced by the context of the situation and
cultural context. The true meaning of an utterance is not always able to be seen
explicitly in a speech. Thus, knowledge of the translator in the pragmatic field will
really help translators in performing their duties.
21
4. Technique of Translation
The concept of translation techniques is one of the concepts of translation
studies that are problematic and associated with two concepts, the methods and
strategies. Techniques differ from the methods and strategies. Technique describes
the outcome of translation and it can be used to classify the types of solutions in
translation (Nababan, 2007).
Translation technique is used to transfer messages from SL to TL, applied
at the level of words, phrases, or sentences. In addition, the technique of
translation is also the result of choices made by translator or manifestation of a
strategy to overcome the problems at the micro level that can be seen by
comparing the results of the translation with the original text (source text).
There are several theories about types of translation techniques. Each
theory has some different types of translation techniques. However, there are
some concepts about the technique that still confusing until Molina and Albir
came up with the classification which considered as better and clearer one.
Moreover, these techniques have more comprehensive details from previous
clarification of strategy, procedure, and technique of translation (Ardi, 2012:323).
Molina and Albir (2002) formulated the technique as a procedure to
analyze and classify the problems of equivalence in translation. The technique of
translation proposed by Molina and Albir (2002), including:
a. Adaptation is a technique that replaces source text element with accepted
element in the culture of the target text. This technique is intended to
replace the SL cultural elements into more accepted culture of the TL.
22
e.g SL The skin of the princess is as white as snow.
TL Kulit putri kerajaan itu seputih kapas.
b. Amplification is a technique that adding more detail information that is not
contained in the source language text.
e.g SL There are many Indonesian at the ship.
TL Banyak warga negara Indonesia di kappal itu.
c. Borrowing is the technique of taking a word or phrase directly from the
source language. There are two (2) kinds of borrowing. Firstly, pure
borrowing and secondly, naturalized (this borrowing uses phonetic and the
morphology adjusted with the target language system).
I. Pure Borrowing II. Naturalized Borrowing
e.g SL Wow !! e.g SL Buss !!
TL Wow !! TL Bis !
d. Calque is a literal translation technique a word or phrase of the source
language directly translated into the target language, usually at the level of
lexical or structural.
e.g SL Souvenir Shop
TL Toko Souvenir
e. Established equivalent is a technique to use the terms or expressions that
have been prevalent in the dictionary or target language as the equivalent
of the source language text.
e.g SL Cool !
TL Keren!
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f. Generalization is the use of terms that are more common or neutral in the
target language.
e.g SLBajaj
TL Vehicle
g. Linguistic Amplification is the addition of linguistic elements in the target
language to better fit with the rules of the target language. This technique
is often used in dubbing.
e.g SL everything is up to you!
TL semuanya terserah anda sendiri!
h. Linguistic compression is a technique synthesizes existing linguistic
element, because it has been understood. It reverses with the linguistic
amplification, the application of this technique is usually there in the
translation of the subtitles (subtitling).
e.g SL Are you sleepy?
TL Ngantuk?
i. Literal translation is the translation of a word or phrase by way of
translating word for word. Literal translation is the same as formal
equivalence by Nida.
eg. SL Wait! wait! Please stop that bus!
TL Tunggu! Tunggu! Tolong Hentikan bis itu!
j. Modulation is a technique change of viewpoint, focus or cognitive
category in the source language text, both at the level of lexical and
structural.
24
eg. SL I’m confused. Which one is the men’s room?
TL Aku bingung, harus masuk ke toilet yang mana?
k. Particularization is the technique of using terms that are more concrete and
specific. This technique contradicts the generalization techniques.
eg. SL Vehichle
TL Becak.
l. Reduction is a technique for components meaning information already
included in the target language. This technique is the opposite of
amplification.
e.g SL She got a car accident
TL Dia mengalami kecelakaan
m. Transposition is a replacement techniques grammatical category in the
source language into the target language is considered more appropriate.
e.g. SL Would you like to come in or you just passing through?
TL Kau mau masuk sebentar?
n. Variation is a linguistic element replacement technique (intonation,
gestures) which affect aspects of linguistic diversity. This technique is
usually found in the translation of the novel or drama.
e.g SL Give it to me now!
TL Berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang!
5. Speech Act
The speech act theory is firstly introduced by J.L. Austin (1962).
According to this theory, speech act is an utterance to state the purpose of the
25
reader known by the listener (Kridalaksana, 1984: 154). Speech acts can be
interpreted as something we actually do when we speak. When we are engaged in
conversation, we take some action such as reporting, stating, warning, promising,
proposing, suggesting, criticizing, asking and others.
A speech act can be defined as the smallest unit of speech activity that has
a function. As a philosopher of Britain, Austin, in his book "How to do with
words," which also stated every sentence uttered is not merely to declare or report
something. But it also performs an action. Austin (1962) distinguishes speech acts
on three parts.
Firstly, locution as speech act (locutionary act) is more easily identified
because it can be done without analyzing the context of the speech, a locutionary
act is the performance of an utterance. The term equally refers to the surface
meaning of an utterance because, according to J. L. Austin's posthumous "How To
Do Things With Words", a speech act should be analyzed as a locutionary act (i.e.
the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and
rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any
meaningful utterance) In Austin's framework, locution is what was said, illocution
is what was meant, and perlocution is what happened as a result. For example,
when somebody says "Is there any salt?" at the dinner table, the illocutionary act
(the meaning conveyed) is effectively "please give me some salt" even though the
locutionary act (the literal sentence) was to ask a question about the presence of
salt. The perlocutionary act (the actual effect), was to cause somebody to hand
over the salt.
26
Illocutionary act, according to the conception adopted by Bach and
Harnish in 'Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts' (1979), an illocutionary
act is an attempt to communicate which they analyse as the expression of an
attitude. Another conception of the illocutionary act goes back to Schiffer's book
'Meaning' (1972, 103), in which the illocutionary act is represented as just the act
of meaning something. Searle (1975) set up the classification of illocutionary
speech acts assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations.
Furthermore, Searle (1983) classify illocutionary speech acts into five
kinds of speech, each of which has a communicative function. The fifth forms of
speech, including the following:
a. Assertive which forms a binding,it is said by speakers at the truth of the
proposition expressed. According to Searle in Leech (1993: 163), is
assertive speech that aims to explain the truth of the proposition expressed.
So follow an assertive illocutionary utterances made by speakers to explain
the truth of propositions.
b. Directives is speech that intended speakers to create the effect that the
hearer perform actions, such as ordering (ordering), rule (commanding),
begging (request), advising (advising) and recommended (recommending).
c. Expressive is a form of speech that serves to express or show the
psychological attitudes of speakers towards a situation, for example,
grateful (thanking), congratulations (congratulating), apology (pardoning),
blame (blaming), praising (Praising) , condolences (condoling).
27
d. Commisives the form of speech serves to express promise or offer such
promise (promising), swearing (vowing), and offered something (offering).
e. Declarations the form of speech utterances linking content with reality,
resigning, dismissing, naming), lifting (appointing) and punishing
(sentencing).
Perlocutionary act it is also mentioned as perlocutionary effect, as viewed
at the level of its psychological consequences, such as persuading, convincing,
scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize
something. (Austin, 1962) This is contrasted with locutionary and illocutionary
acts (which are other levels of description, rather than different types of speech
acts).
6. Assertive Illocutionary Act
According to Searle in Leech (1993: 163) assertive speech aims to explain
the truth of the proposition expressed. So, follow an assertive illocutionary
utterances made by speakers to explain the truth of propositions. Assertive speech
acts that make speakers bind to the truth of what he was saying. This assertive
speech act, also called representative. This assertive speech act contains facts.
Speech act is also related to the knowledge, data, has happened or did not happen,
with the aim that this speech act has a function as the delivery of information to
partners he talks. In terms of semantics, assertive illocutionary proportionate.
28
According to Searle (1993) the following functions are contained in an
assertive speech acts, including:
a. Saying/Stating
Saying is to express thoughts or hearts to others. Thus, the speech act
"say" is the act through a speech made to the hearer in order to express
one‟s mind.
b. Explaining
Explaining is a member knows the hearer about something that is not
known by the hearer, so that these things become clear. Thus, the meaning
of speech acts "explained" is the act of substitutions submitted by the
speaker to the hearer to explain about something that did not already
know.
c. Informing
It is uttering about something or the actual incident. Thus, speech acts
intended to "tell" is a speaker's speech acts done to the hearer to inform the
actual incident.
d. Asking
Asking is to obtain some testimony of others about something that has not
been learned. Thus, this case related to the aim to obtain information.
e. Convincing
Convincing is a person's attempt to believe and to make others believe
about what said. Thus, the speech act "convincing" is the speech act
through substitutions with the aim of trying to make other people believe
29
in what it conveys. The speech acts are spoken by the speaker to the hearer
for convincing something that is still doubtful.
f. Justifying
Justifying is to make sure that something is known or seen is correct, or
admitting the truth. So, speech act "justify" is a tangible action speech for
justifying an opinion, recognizing an action or reinforce opinions.
g. Doubting
Doubt is a doubt about something that is not axiomatic. Thus, the speech
act is intended to doubts about the ability and the promise of a person, the
less uncertain circumstances, or anything that is not axiomatic.
7. Comics in Translation
The word of comic comes from English "comic" which means everything
is funny and entertaining. The English term comics is used as a singular noun
when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances,
such as individual strips or comic books. Comics is a medium used to express
ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. It is also
one of communication tools providing education, both for children and adults
(Lubis in Rahayuningsih, 2005: 19). As communication tool, comics can also train
and improve the imagination of readers), because images can serve to help the
reader to imagine the information read.
Meanwhile, McCloud (1993: 9) also defines comics as follows, "comics is
symbols that juxtaposed sequences of panels of images (side by side) in a specific
order and aims to provide information and or achieve responses aesthetic of
30
readers". Comics said to have pictures and other symbols in particular because the
comic imitation must not contain words and images are consecutive for comics
chronological, although the comic story in itself should not chronological.
Meanwhile, according to Bonnef (1998), comics is an arrangement of
pictures and words that aim to provide information to be conveyed to the reader.
A comic always utilizes the space of two images with the layout. This is done in
order to form a picture of the story, which is written in the form and sign.
Comics is also included in the literature. The written language contained in
the comic (narration text) describes the dialogue on the pictures contained in the
comic. The language of comics is able to convey information effectively and
efficiently through pictures and text. The narration text in comics also aims to
deliver the communication between authors and readers.
In a comic, besides there is a narrative text of the authors at the beginning,
the comic also contains a dialog that contains a direct expression of characters in
the comics, the dialogues that contained in comics to help readers in
understanding the plot of story. Thus the dialogue between characters in the comic
becomes important in the plot of a comic. Therefore, the text in the comic is also
categorized as a series of dialogues. Dialogue is also called as speech event.
Speech acts is all performed through speech events.
The strategy to translate a comic depends on the readership of comic that
will be translated, if the title of the comic is commonly consumed by children, it
means the language usage in translating must be justified for children. If the
comics are consumed by teenagers to adults, the translator must choose the
31
appropriate language style seen from the target readers and the characteristic of
the author. In a comic, commonly there are several main characters, main
characters will show up dominantly in the plot of the comics, a good comics
translator should know every characteristic of the main character in the comic. It
is necessary to know the verbal language character of main actors, the language
style use of the main character in order to translate comics more natural with the
source language.
The unofficial translated manga or comics are usually tolerated by
publishers and official distributors because of their promotional value, since
scanlated manga and fansubs often effectively pilot commercial publication
(Zannetin, 2012). While these practices are carried out by comics fans amateur
translators who do not necessarily comply with prevailing professional norms for
comics and cartoon translation but it may not imply that the unofficial translated
comics is not good.
In translating the comic, the translator shall face the characteristics of the
language of comics and space limitations. Characteristic of comic that often uses
simple language, it needs sentences to be shortened, and it just has limited space.
They are several factors that must be considered. Translators are also required to
choose the proper translation techniques to result the best outcome in the target
language. In addition, translators also have to consider the language style used by
the author (Huu, 2003). Thus, in translating a comic translator is not only required
to transfer the message, but the translator should keep the characteristics of the
32
original comic, the style of the author, and the characters language style in the
comics.
The translation of comic into another language is primarily their
translation into another visual culture, so that not only are different natural
language such as English, Japanese, Italian, or French involved, but also different
cultural traditions and different sets of conventions for comics. In other words, the
translation of comics does not only imply the interlinguistic (or intralinguistic)
replacement of verbal material. Comics published in other languages may also
undergo a number of changes which involve the interpretation of other sign
systems, not just „translation proper‟ between natural languages (Zanettine,
2014:13).
8. Translation Quality Assessment
A good translation has to transfer the message from source language to the
target language very well. The readers sometimes only read the translation
product without paying attention to the translation quality. Translation quality
assessment is very important for translation product. The translation product is not
always good. Sometimes there are many mistakes in the translation product when
it is compared to the original one. Assessment toward translation quality one of
the most important is the aspect of accuracy, the two others are acceptability and
readability.
a. Accuracy
Accuracy is one of the factors in determining the translation quality. It
becomes one of the most important aspects in translation. It deals with the
33
transfer of the content from source language into the target language. It
means that the message in source language should be conveyed to the
target language correctly and also easy to be understood by the readers.
The accuracy in the translation refers to the evaluation of outcome in
translation which appropriates with the original text. Shuttleworth and
Cowie (1997: 3) define accuracy as "a term used in translation evaluation
to refer to the outcome of translation which the entire message matches its
original". Suitability or accuracy of message delivered between the source
language and the target language into the core of accuracy.
However, Machali (2000: 110) adds that the accuracy can be seen from the
aspect of linguistic (grammatical structure), semantics and pragmatics.
Accuracy (accuracy) is not only seen from selecting word use properly but
also the grammatical, equivalence meaning, and pragmatics. In measuring
the accuracy of the message from the source language into the target
language Nagao, Tsuji and Nakamura in Nababan, 2004: 61, classified
them into four scales of assessment.
34
Table 3-II. Accuracy Rating in Nababan (2004)
Scale Definition Description
1
Accurate
The content of the source language is accurately
conveyed into the target language. The
translated sentenceis clear to the evaluator and
no rewriting is needed.
2
Less
Accurate
The content of the source language is accurately
conveyed into the target language. The
translated sentence can be clearly understood by
the evaluator, but there is still distortion in the
meaning (ambiguity or deletion that distracts the
meaning)
3
Inaccurate
The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences in the source text is not conveyed
accurately in the target text.
The translators also must have ability to provide accurate information
because the accuracy aspect also affects reader understanding toward the
information provided on the translated text.
b. Acceptability
Acceptability covers of the natural feeling text as an original of the target
reader. It deals with the target language system and It deals with the target
language system and culture. A translation also has to be acceptable for the
readers. In order to produce an acceptable translation which sounds
natural. A translator should apply appropriate techniques, use appropriate
expressions in the target language, and also adapt the culture with target
language. A translator is allowed to reconstruct, adapt or rewrite what is
stated in source text as long as the message is still the same.
35
c. Readability
A translation is produced to be read by the target reader. Readability deals
with how natural and easy a translation can be read by the target readers.
Nababan (1999:61) states that readability is important in translation
because translation cannot be separated from reading activity. Therefore, a
translator should consider this aspect in translating a text. Readability
influences the readers' understanding of the translated content.
There are four main factors that influence the readability of a text. The
first factor is the diction used in a text which is included the use of new
words, foreign words and ambiguous words. The second factor is related
to sentences which a translator produced. This factor includes the use of
foreign sentences, ambiguous sentences and incomplete sentences. The
length of the sentences and the complexity of the sentences. The next
factor is how the translator arranges the idea of their translation. The last
factor is the ability of both the translator and the reader (Nababan,1999:
64-78).
36
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The writer aims to analyze words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from the
one of main character utterances in the comics entitled “One Piece” by Elichiro
Oda, the English online version is published by mangapanda.com. The online
translated version of Indonesia is translated and published by samehadaku.web.id.
Since the comic story is still on going until today, the writer focuses on the unit
data analysis started from the story of new world arc until the story of conqueror
of Doflamingo pirate arc. The comics analyzed consist of 20 volumes or 180
chapters. The writer tries to analyze the translation techniques used by the online
comics translator, especially the translation of assertive speech act uttered by one
of main character called Roronoa Zoro.
Firstly the writer tries to take all of the dialogue in “One Piece” that is
included to assertive speech act uttered by Roronoa Zoro and its function
according to the theory of speech act by Searle from the source language text and
its translation. Next, the writer analyzes the translation techniques used by the
translator according to Molina and Albir, finally, the writer intends to identify
how accurate these translation outcome according to the theory of translation
accuracy by Nababan.
37
B. Research Findings
1. Zoro’s Assertive Illocutionary Act in One Piece Comics
In this study, the writer found that the text of translation has been
equivalent with the source-language text. In other words, the type of illocutionary
with its function of utterances in the target language has the same type and
functions speech with the source language, there is no change or significant
distortion related to the illocutionary type and function after the text has been
translated into the target language text.
Table 4-III. Classification of Assertive Illocutionary act of Roronoa Zoro
Utterances in One Piece Comics according to Searle (1979)
No Function Of Illocutionary Act Result Found Percentage
1 Saying/Stating 27 27.14%
2 Explaining 21 21.14%
3 Informing 18 18.14%
4 Asking 12 12.14%
5 Convincing 11 11.14%
6 Justifying 9 9.14%
7 Doubting 1 1.14%
Total 99 100%
Assertive illocutionary function of utterances of Zoro character in the
comic discussed one by one below. Assertive speech acts which bind to native
speakers the truth of what he was saying. There are 129 utterances were classified
into an assertive speech act. Speech assertive form a kind of utterances found
uttered by Zoro character in the comic of One Piece The functions contained in
38
utterances (1) Saying (2) Explaining, (3) Informing, (4) Asking (5) Convincing
(6) Justifying (7) Doubting.
a. Saying
Saying is to express thoughts or hearts to others. The speech act "saying"
is the follow-through utterances made by speakers for the hearer in order
to express the mind or his heart. Among 99 data of Zoro assertive speech
acts that included into the function of saying are 27 utterances. In this
following picture, it can be seen the utterance of Zoro which included into
assertive speech acts functions as saying.
Example I:
The context of utterance: in this figure, when Zoro met his friend Sanji
after 2 years time skip.
Figure 5-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
saying on the chapter (600/06).
SL: I want to go to the coast. I want to do some fishing.
TL: Aku ingin ke pantai. Aku ingin memancing.
39
If it identified about the utterance, it is categorized into Assertive speech
act which functions as saying because in this context, Zoro just revealed
his mind that willing to go around the coast. Besides it also indicates that
he feels bored, so it does not imply another context, just saying what he
feels. This category of utterance included as “saying”.
b. Explaining
Explaining is to say to the hearer about something that is not known by
the hearer, so that these things become clear. Then if it refers to the
speech act "explaining" is the utterance revealed by the speaker to the
hearer, to explain about something that did not already know, with
something of interest became clear.
Example I:
The context of utterance : Zoro is talking to the enemies after he can
escape from the prison of the enemies.
Figure 6-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
explaining on the chapter (613/15).
SL: I heard the sounds of merry-making, so I thought I‟d come out and
play.
TL: Aku mendengar suara pesta baru dimulai jadi aku keluar.
40
When Zoro and his friends arrived in the castle, and it turns him and his
friend considered as the enemy. Firstly they were trap and caught to be
captive in the castle prison, but Zoro is one of the most powerful character
among his crew of pirate, so when he heard the sound of commotion
outside the prison while he is a sleep. He escapes easily and try to find out
what is happening outside the jail, he found his friends are in trouble. He
come along and help to beat the enemy. The utterances which function as
explaining assertive speech act found by the writer is 21 among 99
assertive speech acts.
c. Informing
Informing is to tell the hearer about something or the actual incident that
has not been known. This speech act is an intention from speakers for the
hearer to tell something or events actually the hearer does not know yet.
Among 99 data categorized into assertive speech act, there are 18 included
into informing function. In this following picture, it can be seen Zoro‟s
utterance which included into the data.
Example I:
The context of utterance: this situation when the crew are diving under
water to reach fishman island.
41
Figure 7-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
Informing on the chapter (603/08).
SL: There are some tasty-looking fish over here, too..
TL: Disana ada yang lezat juga.
Zoro is trying to inform his friends in the ship while on their way to
fishman island, his intention to make others to come to know about the
fish which may be able to eat. In this example it has not been discussed
about the translation technique used by the translator. But it seems from
the target language, the text is not translated literally, the translator uses
certain technique in this part.
d. Asking/Questioning
Asking for information/Questioning is to obtain information and answer
from someone else about something that has not been learned or
understood. So this speech act uttered by speakers with the aim to obtain
information about something that has not been learned yet.
42
Example I:
The context of utterance: Zoro is talking to his friend Sanji in the Shabody
archiplago island.
Figure 8-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
asking (601/4).
SL: What‟s all the ruckus over on that island, anyway?
TL: Ngomong-ngomong, dimana keributannya?
In this situation, Zoro is talking with his friend Sanji, while taking a
conversation. They feel the situation near to their place is very crowded.
Zoro asked his friend about the ruckus over on the island. This case is one
of example included into the data of assertive utterance which functions as
asking. From total 99 data of assertive utterances, there are 12 data found
included into asking uttered by Zoro.
e. Convincing
Convincing is an effort from the speaker to encourage someone to believe
what you want to reveal. So convincing is the speech act with the goal of
43
trying to make other people believe what we said. It is uttered by the
speaker to the hearer in order to make sure the hearer about something that
is still doubtful
Example I:
The context of utterance: Zoro is talking with his friend Sanji in the
fishman island. In this situation they are about to leave the island.
Figure 9-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
convincing on the chapter 653/04.
SL: That‟s a great idea. I‟d definitely like you to stay here, nosebleed-kun.
TL: Itu ide yang bagus, aku setuju kau harus tetap disini, anak mimisan.
Through this conversation, the researcher found the context included into
the utterance that tends to convince the hearer. Zoro and all of his friends
are about to leave from the Fishman Island. Sanji is one of the crew who
loves the place. So that Zoro is trying to convince him to stay there
togehter with the mermaid. From the 99 data of utterances, there are 11
data included into this function of utterance.
44
f. Justifying
Assertive speech act which intended to make sure the truth of something
heard or seen. Justifying is understood to ensure something known or seen
is true, or admitting the truth. It is also meant to ensure the truth of an
opinion, or admit an action, or to make solid an opinion.
Example I:
The context of utterance: Zoro is talking to his captain for what he has
done to the enemies.
Figure 10-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
justifying on the chapter 653/04.
SL: fifty thousand luffy, seriously? Leave some for us would you?
TL: Yah Luffy 50.000, kau ambil bagian terlalu banyak.
In this context, Zoro and his friends are doing battle in the fishman island
in this case, they face 100.000 enemies, such a huge amount of enemies
that ever faced in the battle. In the beginning, Zoro‟s captain, Luffy took
an action to defeat a half of the enemies. Zoro as the second strongest
member after his captain tries to justify that his captain is very good to
45
take down a half of enemies. He admits the power of his captain. From 99
data of assertive utterances. There are 9 data included into this function.
g. Doubting
Doubting is not really trusting about something that has been happened
and something that is still unrevealed. So the speech act of doubting is
intended to doubt about ability and promise of a person, and whatever not
axiomatic.
Example I:
The context of utterance: Zoro is talking all of his friend about his doubt.
Figure 11-III. Example of Zoro’s Assertive speech act which functions as
doubting on the chapter 653/04.
SL: I‟m grateful but I can‟t say I understand.. I hope we find out the truth
of this some day
TL: Aku sangat berterimakasih, tapi aku masih ragu.. aku harap kita bisa
mengetahui niat sejatinya suatu hari nanti.
In this utterance, Zoro is talking about something unrevealed. From the
words he said, he is still uncertain of the real truth about why the
shichibukai member helped to protect their ship for 2 years. Zoro is
46
someone who is rarely to doubt about something. Form 99 assertive
utterances data there is only a single utterance that included into doubting.
2. Translation Techniques of Zoro’s Assertive Speech Act Uttarances
The writer started to obtain the data of every Zoro‟s utterance that
categorized as assertive illocutionary act, according to the theory of Searle
assertive illocutionary act that can function as saying/stating, explaining,
informing, asking, convincing, justifying and doubting. According to those
indicators of function, writer read the whole chapter started from chapter 520
(after 2 years time skip) to the final battle story to conquered Doflamingo (chapter
799). After calculated it is about 180 chapters of One Piece comics that writer
identified as the data in this research, both English version and Indonesian as the
translated version. This following table is intended to describe the whole data
identified as assertive speech act utterances, further the writer completed the table
with the analysis of translation techniques used according to the theory of Molina
and Albir.
The writer also arranged the tabulated data of translation technique usage
to illustrate the usage frequency of every translation technique in this research. It
is created in order to know more clearly how often the translator uses those
techniques in translating every utterance of illocutionary assertive act. In the
following, it might inform the readers about the calculation of the tabulated data:
47
Table 5-III.Tabulated Data of Translation Techniques Usage
No Translation Technique Result Found Percentage
1 Adaptation - -
2 Amplification 1 1%
3 Borrowing 1 1%
4 Calque - -
5 Compensation 1 1%
6 Established equivalent 15 14%
7 Generalization 2 2%
8 LinguisticAmplification 2 2%
9 Linguistic compression 2 2%
10 Literal Translation 34 33%
11 Modulation 21 20%
12 Particularization 2 2%
13 Reduction 8 7%
14 Transposition 14 13%
15 Variation 2 2%
Total 105 100 %
From the data above we may obtain the complete data of translation
techniques that mostly used by the translator, it shows the translators tend to
translate more detail for the utterances that needs to transfer literally, beside
literary translation technique the other techniques that we also see from the data
that the translator tend to use modulation and transposition.Andit can be seen the
rest there are established equivalent technique, reduction more than 5%, and the
techniques that barely used by the translators it shows the usage only below 4%
such as: amplification, borrowing, compensation, generalization, linguistic
amplification, linguistic compression, particularization, and variation.
a. Amplification Technique
In this sub chapter the writer intends to explain briefly the data of
translation techniques used by the translator in translating the assertive
48
speech utterance. In this case, amplification technique is found used by the
online comic translator, although the usage is rarely found but it can
represent to describe further the part that included as the example of
amplification technique used by the translator in the following table.
Table 6-III. Table of Amplification Technique Usage
No
Chapter /
Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 779/11
You can
be happy
once this
‘cage’ is
gone.
Kalian baru
bisa senang
setelah
sangkar
burung
milik
doflamingo
ini lenyap.
Assertive
(Informing)
Amplification
The table above is the data of amplification technique usage, the
illocutionary assertive which functions as informing. Amplification is a
technique that adding more detail information that is not contained in the
source language text. The writer found there is more detail information
which is not contained in the source language „cage‟ which generally
means “sangkar” or “pagar” but in this part, the translator adds more
detail as “sangkar burung milik doflamingo” according to the context of
the story, this translation technique is accurate. And it does not affect the
speech act as assertive informing after being translated.
b. Borrowing Technique
According to the theory, Borrowing is the technique of taking a word or
phrase directly from the source language. There are two types of
49
borrowing pure and naturalized. From the tabulated data there is found the
borrowing technique used once by the translator, The example of this
technique usage can be seen from the following table.
Table 7-III. Table of Borrowing Technique Usage
The table shows that there is a usage of pure borrowing in the phrase of
new world, it is purely borrowed and translated to be new world in the
target language, instead of translating into “Dunia Baru”. Perhaps the
translator intends to keep the name of place is not changed in the target
language. This technique does not affect the function of speech act as
assertive in the target language. And it is acceptable although it still has no
problem if this phrase has been translated into “Dunia Baru” in the target
language.
c. Compensation
The explanation of compensation from the theory quite long and a little bit
confusing for some people. In the theory it is said compensation is a
technique of introducing elements of the source language text information
or stylistic effects found in other places in the text of the target language.
No
Chapter /
Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 639/18 I might use
him to
warm up
before
entering
new world.
Dia mungkin
cocok untuk
pemanasan
sebelum kita
memasuki new
world.
Assertive
(Saying)
Pure
Borrowing
50
This is because the information element is not placed in the same position in
the source language text.
This following table is the example of the data analysis found:
Table 8-III. Table of Compensation Usage
Some phrases in the source language cannot merely be translated into target
language, since they have different usage or linguistic element and meaning
between those two languages. A pair cannot be merely translated into
“sepasang” in this case a pair of scissors in the target language means only
“one” or “sebuah” never acceptable as a pair or sepasang because it will
change into plural in the target language, from the actual fact as the single
thing (singular). This technique also does not affect the function of speech
act in the target language.
d. Established Equivalent Technique
It is a technique to use the terms or expressions that have been prevalent in
the dictionary or target language as the equivalent of the source language
text. The writer found quite many results of established equivalent
techniques that are used, at least 15 samples or 14% from the entire data
No
Chapter /
Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function of
Speech Act
Translation
Technique
1 617/10 Guys you
go and
untie the
soldiers
with a
pair of
scisors!
Lepaskan
tali para
prajurit
dengan
sebuah
gunting!
Assertive
(Informing)
Compensation
51
which included into this technique. Then it will be shown some of them in
the table below :
Table 9-III. Table of Established Equivalent Technique Usage
We can identify from the data above how the established equivalent used
in translating many phrases, the translator can use this techniques on the
right part, it means those phrases that have been prevalent as the
equivalence phrase in the target language. If we use literal translation
techniques in translating these phrases, it will really influence the accuracy
of the actual meaning contained in the source language. From more than
10 samples found included as this technique, the entire part does not affect
the function of speech act.
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1
601/4 What‟s up? Ada apa? Assertive
(Asking)
Established
Equivalent
2 642/19 I don‟t
even want
to kill time
with you!
Aku tak
akan
menghabis-
kan banyak
waktu
denganmu.
Assertive (Explaining)
Established
equivalent
3 653/04 Bring it on!
I will digest
even poison
and razors.
Aku tidak
takut! Akan
ku cerna
racun pisau,
atau
apapun itu!
Assertive
(Saying)
Established
Equivalent.
4 686/17 It‟s because
you get on
my nerves.
Karena kau
membuatku
kesal.
Assertive (Explaining)
Established
Equivalent
52
The number (1) finding, the sentence “what‟s up” is the common
expression to just say “what happened” or “what‟s wrong” this expression
has been commonly known by all people using english language, so it is
not possible to translate the sentence by literal translation technique.
The number (2) finding, the verbal phrase kill time, this phrase or
expression is not usable as the same meaning in the target language. But
this phrase has established the equivalent meaning in the target language
as spending alot of time, or fulfilling the spare time.
The number (3) finding, this phrase also has been established the
equivalent meaning in the target language, so the key for the translator to
be able to translate such expression is by memorizing as many as possible
the expression that will not be able to translate literally. The number (4)
finding has the same characteristics with the previous one, we can find that
mostly, the translator could identify where it must use the prevalent
expression in the target language, not merely translating word for word.
e. Generalization Technique
According to the theory, generalization is a technique to translate specific
term to be more common term in the target language. Commonly, this
technique is chosen by the translator because the term is special available
on the source language and it does not exist in the target language culture.
In order to give the clear meaning, the translator changed the term to be
more general in type or category. In this research, the translator found to
use generalization on the target language
53
There are a couple of data found in this following table:
Table 10-III. Table of Generalization Technique Usage
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 649/05 Blame it on
him will
you, stupid
starfish
Biar dia
mengira itu
pencuri,
ikan bodoh.
Assertive (Convincing)
Generalization
2 656/14 We can
BBQ him
with the
flame on the
island.
Kita bisa
memasak-
nya dengan
api di pulau
ini.
Assertive
(Explaining)
Generalization
The first data above, it is found the usage of generalization, the source
utterance using the term starfish as the specific species of fish, and the
target language using more general term as “ikan” which means as fish (in
general) rather than using the specific term “bintang laut”. After that, we
look at the second finding, there is found generalization technique used by
the translator in translating the term BBQ as the specific technique of
cooking, and it is translated to be “memasak” in the target language which
means “cooking” in general, cooking does not tell the specific technique or
way of cooking, even though the source language it is mentioned the
specific way of cooking by BBQ. Those generalization purely found in the
data, this proved that this technique is sometime necessary to use for more
communicative translation.
54
f. Linguistic Amplification Technique
The definition of linguistic amplification is the addition of linguistic
elements in the target language to justify with the rules of the target
language. The difference between this technique with the amplification (in
general), it can be seen from the addition of the translation whether the
addition is included as the linguistic element or it is not. If it is not
included as the linguistic element (the addition) it will be included as
amplification (in general) in this research finding, the writer found some
data which using this technique. For more detail it can be seen on this
following table :
Table 11-III. Table of Linguistic Amplification Technique Usage
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 777/13
You are
planning on
wiping out
the king!?
Jangan
bilang
kalau kau
juga ingin
mengincar
sang raja?!
Assertive
(Asking)
Linguistic
Amplification
2 616/07 This guest
just keep
coming,
don‟t they?
This is
lively
palace all
right!
Jadi ini
salah satu
kesibukan
istana, selalu
saja ada
tamu yang
berdatangan
satu demi
satu.
Assertive (Explaining)
Linguistic
Amplification
From the table above, the data no 1 shows how the the linguistic
amplification techniques are done by the translator. The source language :
55
SL: You are planning on wiping out the king!?
TL: Jangan bilang kalau kau juga ingin mengincar sang raja?!
The translator added the clause jangan bilang kalau although this part is
not available in the source text which means the translator has added some
more linguistic element here. However the message is completely
delivered without any significant distraction which means this part is
accurate translation
g. Linguistic Compression Technique
This technique synthesizes existing linguistic element, because it has been
understood. It reverses with the linguistic amplification. This technique is
used commonly in the dubbing text. It needs to be known between dubbing
text and comics have the same characteristic that it shows the utterance
from the actor. After analyzing the data, writer can find the usage of this
technique by the translator. This following table will show you how this
techniques found in the data.
56
Table 12-III. Table of Linguistic Compression Technique
Usage
No
Chapter /
Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 616/07 Crap, it is
terrible.
He is
flooding
the place
with sea
water.
Air
lautnya
masuk ke
dalam
istana.
Assertive
(Informing)
Linguistic
Compression.
Particularization
2
601/4 What‟s all
the ruckus
over on
that island
anyway?
Ngomong-
ngomong,
dimana
keributan-
nya?
Assertive
(Asking)
Linguistic
Compression
3 614/04 Let us
hear it.
Katakan-
lah.
Assertive (Informing)
Linguistic
Compression
This technique is the reverse version with the previous one, the data
number (1) show how the translator tried to drop some linguistic element.
The part it is terrible is not found to be translated. This element is drop by
the translator. But the translator also gives more detail information in this
part the word place is translated into istana. Istana is more specific than
place, place is used to position a general place, thus this term is more
particular than place. Particularization is chosen to be used in this part.
h. Literal Translation Technique
Literal translation technique is the translation of a word or phrase by way
of translating word for word. Literal translation is the same as formal
equivalence by Nida. If the context of conversation in the comics show the
57
actual meaning, without using idioms or the utterance is not influenced by
the situation. In this case, the translator has a tendency to use literal
translation. Many data found this technique usage by the translator, it can
be seen from the following table some of them.
Table 13-III. Table of Literal Translation Technique Usage
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 619/07 I will not
allow you to
die here.
Aku tak
akan
membiarkan
mu mati
disini.
Assertive
(Saying)
Literal
Translation
2 87/14 When you
realized you
were no
match for
me you
should have
runt.
Saat kau
menyadari
kau bukan
tandinganku
seharusnya
kau lari.
Assertive (Explaining)
Literal
Translation
3 605/03 They look
like jelly
fish.
Mereka
terlihat
seperti
ubur-ubur.
Assertive (Explaining)
Literal
Translation
4
603/08 I‟ve seen it
already.
Aku sudah
pernah
melihatnya.
Assertive (Explaining)
Literal
Translation
5 616/08 The
droplets are
turning into
arrow!
Tetesan air
berubah
jadi panah!
Assertive
(Informing) Literal
Translation
Although the writer found this technique usage for many results from the
data we found more than 34 results, but in the table it can be seen for brief
illustration, the writer only picks up some of the. As the definition
58
explained this technique translate the source language by the way of word
for word, the writer check the situation of conversation to make sure the
utterance context. So we can conclude whether the utterance is appropriate
to be translated literally. Mostly the translator seems to be good at using
this technique on the right part.
i. Modulation Technique
Modulation is a technique to change of viewpoint, focus or cognitive
category in the source language text, both at the level of lexical and
structural. In using modulation, the translator needs to pay attention
whether the way of changing the viewpoint or its cognitive category will
change the meaning of the source language text or not. Because
modulation technique will not influence the actual meaning, it must be
equivalent translation. In this research there are many occasions of
modulation technique that used by the translator. The writer will show
how the data of this technique usage below.
59
Table 14-III. Table of Modulation Technique Usage
No
Chapter /
Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1
601/4 Right, you
are getting
sliced up
later.
Baik, aku
akan
memotong-
mu nanti.
Assertive
(Saying)
Modulation
2 614/01 You are the
ones who
started this
fight, not
me! You are
as guilty as
I am!
Ini
pertarungan
yang kalian
mulai! Ya
kan! Kita
ini teman
bodoh!
Assertive (Explaining)
Modulation
3 617/10 Well, no
body is
going to
escape if
someone
doesn‟t hold
him off.
Jika orang
itu
mengejar
kalian tidak
seorang pun
bisa
selamat.
Assertive (Explaining)
Modulation
4 635/02 Fifty
thousand?
Luffy?
Seriously?
Leave some
for us.
Yah luffy,
50.000? kau
ambil
bagian
terlalu
banyak.
Assertive (Justifying)
Modulation
5 649/05 You know
what!
heroes are
people, you
hand out
your booze
to, I want to
drink
booze!
Ok
dengarkan,
pahlawan
adalah orang
yang
memberikan
sakenya
pada orang
lain, tapi aku
tak mau
memberikan-
nya.
Assertive
(Explaining)
Modulation
60
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
6 687/07 You
shouldn‟t
get
distracted,
the enemy
is trying to
kill you.
Konsentrasi
mu jangan
teralihkan
begitu,
musuh akan
membunuh
mu.
Assertive (Informing)
Modulation
From the data number (1) shows the translator tries to change the view
point in the target language text. The other data shows the similar
technique by using modulation. Whereas, the view point which is changed
in the form of structural, the subject in the target language changed from
the source language (You) to be translated become aku (I). However this
change is only the viewpoint which produced the same message as the
source text. We could grasp what the author intended is the same with the
translated version. However the use of modulation techniques often leads
to inaccurate translation, these things can happen once a translator has a
view point which is not correct with the message in the original text.
j. Particularization Technique
Particularization is the technique of using terms that are more concrete and
specific. This technique contradicts the generalization techniques. The
writer found the translator using this technique several times, it is not
known how the reason for making the term more specific in the target
language. But we many suppose the significance of using this technique
after looking at the data found below.
61
Table 15-III. Table of Particularization Technique Usage
No
Chapter /
Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1
601/14 I took him
down.
Aku
memotong
-nya.
Assertive
(Informing)
Particularization
2 701/14
Some
hoodlums
are trying to
steal off
money,
from a blind
man.
Beberapa
preman
mencoba
mencuri
uang, dari
seorang
kakek tua
buta.
Assertive
(Informing)
Particularization
In the first finding, the writer found that the phrase “took him down” is
being translated as “memotongnya”, it can be understood from the
situation of the story in the comics that Zoro is slicing the enemy, so the
translator translated the phrase specifically to be “memotongnya”, as we
know the phrase “take someone down” means “mengalahkan”,
“merobohkan” or “menjatuhkan” the enemy, the action can be done by
many ways, one of them is by slicing the enemy, the translator chose more
specific action because he knew exactly the way zoro took the enemy
down. Another one, the term hoodlum is a bad people or a criminal in
general, and it is translated more specific into “preman”, the translator can
use the more specific term without changing the meaning of the utterance.
62
k. Reduction Technique
Reduction is a technique for components meaning information already
included in the target language. This technique is the opposite of
amplification.
Table 16-III. Table of Reduction Technique Usage
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function of
Speech Act
Translation
Technique
1
603/04 Well, what
are you
doing still
hanging
around here?
Apa yang
kau lakukan
disini?
Assertive
(Asking)
Reduction
2
603/08 There are
some tasty
looking fish
over here
too.
Disana ada
yang lezat
juga.
Assertive
(Informing)
Reduction
3 649/03 If we had
stayed on
the plaza we
would be
liked at like
heroes.
Jika kami
berlama-
lama disana
kita akan
dianggap
pahlawan.
Assertive (Explaining)
Reduction
From the table above, the data number (1) is a statement from Zoro which
translated by reduce technique, it can be seen where the translator seems drop
some phrases to be erased in the target language. The phrases “still hanging
around here” is not translated. But it does not change the message, because
the essential intended meaning has been translated correctly. The same
characteristic is found in the data number (2) and so on. The words tasty
looking fishes are not translated by the translator. This kind of translation
63
technique, according the theory from new mark, the translator tends to use
communicative method of translation.
l. Transposition Technique
This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are
translated. It is in a sense a shift of word class. Grammatical structures are
often different in different languages. This requires that the translator knows
that it is possible to replace a word category in the target language without
altering the meaning of the source text. In this research there are some cases
that the translator using this technique, it can be seen on the table below.
Table 17-III. Table of Transposition Technique Usage
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function of
Speech Act
Translation
Technique
1
603/16 I am
grateful but
I can‟t say
that I
understand.
Aku sangat
berterima-
kasih tapi aku
masih ragu.
Assertive (Doubting)
Transposition
2 656/06 He is not
just
durable, he
is strong
too.
Bukan hanya
bisa
bertahan dia
juga kuat.
Assertive (Justifying)
Transposition
3
600/6 I want to do
some
fishing.
Aku ingin
memancing
Assertive
(Saying)
Transposition
4 686/17 Pull out
those lower
lips and
make fun of him.
Tarik bibir
bawah kalian
lalu ejek dia.
Assertive (Convinving)
Transposition
5 777/19 Slicethat
bastard to
shreds!
Mencincang
si keparat
ini!
Assertive (Explaining)
Variation
64
Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another
without altering the meaning of the text. This technique introduces a change in
grammatical structure. After identifying the outcome of translation, the writer
found many cases of transposition, as the brief findings we can see on the table
some of them, the number (1) finding, we can find the transposition from the
single adjective word “grateful” in the source language text, translated into
verbal phrase “sangat berterimakasih” on the target language text, this
technique used by the translator. It is clearly that some words have different
linguistic element between the two languages.
A word grateful is not able to translate by the same single word adjective on
the target language text (Indonesia) because there is not the same element of
word that can replace the word grateful in the target text by the single
adjective. So the translator considered the equivalent meaning by choosing
transposition technique in this case.
The finding number (2) this finding is also almost the same matter as the first
finding, it is interesting to show because it always took a difficult act for the
translator without using transposition for the words that have different
linguistic element, like the first one, the word durable as single adjective word
of the source language text is translated into verbal phrase (bisa bertahan). The
number (3) finding, it has different transposition case, it even opposes with the
previous cases, in reverse the unit of clause from the source language text is
able to be translated by using a single word. Its word of “memancing” can
represent the clause of “do some fishing”. The next number (4) the verbal
65
phrase “make fun” can be translated using the single verb ejek. The last
number (5) the clause slice to shreds in source language text, it is translated
into “mencincang”it means the clause changed to be a single verb in the target
text. The writer found from this data even in transposition there are some
changes of part of speech, clause to be single word, in reverse single word to
be clause or phrase, most of them retain the meaning to be equivalent or
accurate.
m. Variation Technique
This technique is commonly faced to use by the translator on the dialogue of
drama. In this case in the comic, it may not many people try to learn whether
the translator also has tendency to use variation technique. Different linguistic
element among one language with the others can influence the linguistic
variation in translating the target language text. The differences may be placed
on textual tone, style, geographical dialect, and social dialect. In this case, the
translators who tend to use some dialects are not formal or prevalent to use in a
formal situation. In this analysis the writer found this technique also used but it
is rarely used. We see the finding on the table below.
Table 18-III. Table of Variation Technique Usage
No
Chapter
/ Page
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Function
of Speech
Act
Translation
Technique
1 777/19 Fly through
the sky and
I will slice
that bastard
to shreds!
Terbang ke
langit lalu gue
cincang si
keparat itu!
Assertive (Explaining)
Variation
66
It can be seen from the example above translator from the start use the dialect
which is not familiar for everyone on the target language text. Since we should
know that the online comic translator is not only a single person, but they are a
team who has their own style in translating the comic. In certain case, we can
find the result of translated comic which using not universal dialect on the
target language like “gue”. If it refers to the meaning, it will not come to
different perception but the readers will feel strange with that dialect which is
not prevalent to use on this kind of text.
3. Evaluation of Translation Accuracy
Accuracy involves how much of the source language text messages
delivered into the target language text. In the analysis of accuracy, writer asked
for help toward some raters to assess the results of the translation by providing
value on questionnaire that has been provided. The value of each rater compared
to assess the accuracy of the translation, researchers used a scale of accuracy,
research data are divided into groups: accurate, less accurate and inaccurate.
67
Table 19-III. Table Evaluation of Translation Accuracy
Scale Description Results %
Accurate
The meaning of words, phrases, clauses or
sentences of speech in the source language
accurately transferred into the target language;
absolutely no distortion of meaning
82
82.8%
Less
Accurate
The meaning of words, phrases, clauses or
sentences of speech in the source language
accurately transferred into the target language;
absolutely no distortion of meaning
Most of the meaning of words, phrases,
clauses or sentences of speech in the source
language has been transferred accurately into
the target language. However,
there is still a distortion of meaning or
translation of double meaning (ambiguous) or
no meaning
13
13.1%
Inaccurate
The meaning of words, phrases, clauses or
sentences of speech in the source language
inaccurately transferred into the target
language or omitted (deleted)
4
4.1%
Total 99 100%
a. Accurate
There are 82 data (82.8%) classified into accurate translation. This
classification means that the meaning of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in
the source language text are accurately transferred into the target language;
absolutely no distortion of meaning. Here is an example of data that is included
on the accurate translation.
68
Figure 12-III. The example of the utterance classified into accurate
translation
SL: I might use him to warm up before entering the new world..!!!
TL: Dia mungkin cocok untuk pemanasan sebelum kita memasuki dunia
baru..!!
In this utterance the translator produced accurate translation by applying some
translation techniques at the same time. In the data above, the translator applied
the technique of transposition in translating this utterance, besides the
translator applied pure borrowing technique in translating the prhase “new
world”. By applying those techniques, the meaning or message is accurately
transfered into target language, there is no distortion eventhough the translator
does not translate by literal technique. The structure of sentence is shifted from
the source text, the subject “I” in the source text utterance is erased and
changed by “Dia” which used as subject in the target language.
b. Less Accurate
There are 13 data categorized into less accurate translation, only 13.1% from
total 99 data. There must be some factors that makes the translation become
69
less accurate. The researcher identified if the technique is not placed in the
right part, it will make the outcome less accurate. The reduction technique is
one of the technique which often lead the translation into less accurate. Here is
an example of data that is included on the less accurate translation.
Figure 13-III. The example of the utterance classified into less accurate
translation
SL: That‟s just how the dice roll, blame fate for abandoning your ship to the
gods of misfortune.
TL: itulah hasil dari membenci takdirmu, siapa yang menempatkanku pada
kapal malaikat kematian.
In this data of less accurate translation, firstly the writer found that the
translator also applied more than one technique of translation here. In the front
sentence, the first sentence “that‟s just how the dice roll” it is translated into
“itulah hasil dari membenci takdirmu”, the translator is trying to apply
compensation technique to transfer the message differently with the source
language, the word how the dice roll is at the same message with “takdir” but
at the same time, he is trying to apply amplification technique by adding the
word “membenci”. The addition word “membenci” turns the message into
70
different perception and add unnecessary message, there is a distortion that
makes the message less accurate. And the next sentence “blame fate for
abandoning your ship to the gods of misfortune” is translated into “siapa yang
menempatkanmu pada kapal kematian” on this sentence, the translator seems
to catch the message from his point of view, so it is included into the
modulation technique. But the message he considered to choose is not accurate
or less accurate. The accurate one it is translated more faithful like “salahkan
saja takdirmu yang menjadikan kapalmu ditangan dewa kesialan” the writer
tends to use the more faithful one because, the message will not be distorted
than it must be, the message will be well-transferred.
In this following table, the writer described the data of less accurate translation
outcome to give more understanding to the reader. The writer also added the
explanation and the alternative translation that might be possible to use for
better accuracy with the message intended by the author.
71
Table 20-III. Table of Less Accurate Translation Data
No
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Explanation
Alternative
1 That‟s just how
the dice roll,
blame fate for
abandoning your
ship to the gods
of misfortune.
Itulah hasil dari
membenci
takdirmu, siapa
yang
menempatkanku
pada kapal
malaikat kematian.
“membenci” turns
the message into
different
perception and
add unnecessary
message, there is a
distortion that
makes the
message less
accurate.
Itu adalah
takdir kalian,
salahkanlah
takdir yang
membiarkan
kapal kalian
pada dewa
pemberi
malapetaka.
2 What‟s all the
ruckus over on
that island
anyway?
Ngomong-
ngomong, dimana
keributannya?
The message
intended is a slight
different, between
what (SLt and
where (TL).
Ngomong-
ngomong, ada
apa ini
sebenarnya
penyebab
keributan di
pulau
.
3 Well, what are
you doing still
hanging around
here?
Apa yang kau
lakukan disini?
The message from
this sentence is
not fully
transferred into
the target
language. It can be
caused by the
reduction
technique.
Apa yang
sedang kau
lakukan masih
berkeliaran
disini.
4 There are some
tasty looking
fish over here
too.
Disana ada yang
lezat juga.
The object of the
sentence in the
target language is
not clear, Since
the word fish is
reduced.
Ada ikan yang
terlihat enak
disebalah sini
juga.
5 We are going
somewhere
cold? I thought
we were going
to the sea
bottom?
Kita akan ke
tempat dingin?
Apa kita akan ke
laut dalam?
.
The translator
seemed using
reduction
technique to omit
the clause I
thought, it makes
a bit less accurate.
Kita akan ke
tempat dingin?
Ku pikir kita
akan pergi ke
laut dalam?
72
No
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Explanation
Alternative
6 Oh don‟t you
go acting like I
slice them all
up because I
wanted to.
Jangan membuat
ini terdengar
seperti aku
senang
memotong orang-
orang ini.
The change of
view point
makes a little bit
distortion in
meaning.
Jangan
membuat ini
terdengar
seperti aku
menebas
mereka sesuai
keinginanku
.
7 Blame it on
him will you,
stupid starfish
Biar dia mengira
itu pencuri, ikan
bodoh.
It is
generalization
technique but it
makes a
different
illustration than
it must be.
Biar dia
mengira itu
pencuri,
bintang laut
bodoh.
8 Though no
amount of
training can
make me
withstand the
cold.
Walaupun jumlah
latihan tak akan
cukup untuk
dapat membuatku
tahan
kedinginannya!
There is a little
bit distortion
here.
Jumlah latihan
sebanyak
apapun tak
akan
membuatku
tahan dingin
c. Inaccurate
Among the entire data, there are only 4 (4.1%) data which included on
inaccurate translation outcome. It means that the meaning of utterance from the
source language is inaccurately transferred into the target language. Some
original messages are distorted and deleted. In the following picture is the
example of the data.
73
Figure 14-III. The example of the utterance classified into less accurate
translation
SL: You know what! Heroes are people you hand out your booze to!! I want
to drink booze!
TL: Kau tahu pahlawan adalah orang-orang yang menginginkan minum-
minuman yang kau berikan, dan aku ingin minum minuman itu.
The translator seems unable to translate accurately in this part, it can be seen
from translating this sentence “You know what! Heroes are people you hand
out your booze to!!” into the target language “Kau tahu pahlawan adalah
orang-orang yang menginginkan minum-minuman yang kau berikan”. The
utterance in the source language which uttered by Zoro, he intends to tell his
friends that he does not want to be considered as “heroes” because heroes are
people who let his drink to be drunk by other people too. Zoro will not allow
his drink to be shared with others. So that he does not want to be considered
as a hero. But the target language in the comics, it means the heroes are other
people, heroes want to obtain drink from Zoro too. Zoro does not want to give
it to them (to the heroes). It looks like the heroes are the third person who will
take the drink in this target language. The message is very different with the
source language. So this translation outcome is considered as inaccurate one.
74
In this following table, the writer described the data of inaccurate translation
outcome to give more understanding to the reader. The writer also added the
explanation and the alternative translation that might be possible to use for
better accuracy with the message intended by the author.
Table 21-III. Table of Inaccurate Translation Data
No
SL
Utterances
TL
Utterances
Explanation
Alternative
1 If he could
not do this
much, we’d
have to get a
new captain.
Jika dia tidak
bisa
melakukannya,
aku saja yang
jadi kapten.
The part that has
been bold, it‟s
considered to be
inaccurate one. The
distortion is too far.
Because the
translator used his
own point of view.
Jika dia tidak bisa
melakukannya,
kita harus mecari
penggantinya.
2
You know
what!
heroes are
people, you
hand out
your booze
to, I want to
drink booze
Kau tahu
pahlawan
adalah orang-
orang yang
menginginkan
minum-
minuman yang
kau berikan,
dan aku ingin
minum minuman
itu.
In this part there is
a word that is not
accurately
translated which
influence the whole
message to be
inaccurate. The
word hand out
translated into
menginginkannya
Kau tahu!
Pahlawan itu
adalah orang
yang memberikan
sakenya pada
orang lain, tapi
aku tak mau
memberikannya.
3 It didn‟t
work out so
it can‟t be
helped.
Aku tak mau
susah jadi aku
tak mau
membantu.
The subject in the
target language is
not right and also
the message is not
right.
Itu tidak berhasil,
jadi tak dapat
tertolong.
4 I‟d love it if
they slipped
in the snow,
hit their
heads and
died.
Aku lebih suka
mereka
setengah
terkubur dalam
salju, lalu
memukul
kepala mereka
sampai mati.
Almost the entire
message is not
accurately
transferred. The
part that has been
bold it is too far
distorted with the
original message.
Aku harap mereka
terpleset hingga
kepalanya
terbentur sampai
mati.
75
75
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
As the writer proposed in the theoretical framework and research findings,
the writer only focuses on identifying every translation techniques used by the
online comics translator. Besides, the writer intended to describe the outcome of
the translation resulted after using the technique on the utterances whether it was
accurate translation seen from the intended meaning.
From the data analysis, the writer concluded that the translator could apply
the techniques, almost every technique which introduced by Molina and Albir is
found to be used by the translator in translating the assertive utterances. Literal
translation technique is found the most frequently used, followed by established,
modulation, transposition, reduction, generalization, etc.
The result of the analysis shows that there are seven functions of assertive
utterances saying (27 cases), explaining (21 cases), informing (18 cases), asking
(12 cases), convincing (11 cases), justifying (9 cases), and doubting (1 case)
Whereas, the most frequent technique which applied to translate the utterances
are literal (34 cases), modulation (17 cases), established equivalent (15 cases),
transposition (14 cases), reduction (8 cases), generalization (2 cases), linguistic
amplification (2 cases), linguistic compression (2 cases), particularization (2
cases), variation (2 cases), amplification (1 case), borrowing (1 case), and
compensation (1 case).
76
At this final point, the analysis of quality shows that the level of accuracy
is high. It is due to the fact that there are only few data considered to be less
accurate and inaccurate. The level of accuracy which is over than 80% from the
total data implies that generally the translation is good. The translator seems to
use more communicative method for overall, it can be seen from the data which
shows non-literal techniques are most frequent techniques used.
B. Suggestion
Translating a comic is not an easy job. In translating a comic, the translator
should have a good knowledge of the situation on the comic story, because the
translator cannot always translate the dialogue on the comic by word for word.
Furthermore, the writer suggests the readers to enrich the knowledge about all of
the translation techniques and how they are used on the right part to result good
outcome translation even on the smallest unit of text. The translator also hopes
medium of comics could have more part in translation study. Moreover the
students majoring on English Literature will be able to obtain the special subject
of comics translation study separated from literary translation subject.
Finally, the writer hopes this research can be useful for the future
improvement of the translations students to find a better understanding in using
translation technique and illocutionary act.
77
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APPENDICES
www.mangapanda.com
One of the biggest site of reading online comics, there are thousands directories
of comics from A-Z in English.
www.komikid.com
This site is one of most favourite site of reading comics online in Indonesian.
