Translation 1 Class 2

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English for Translation 12nd Class : March, 03, 2013

Yanuar Philip Wijaya

Universitas TerbukaKorea Selatan

[email protected]

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Module 1 Agriculture

English translation to Bahasa Indonesia

Source: Encyclopedia and Text Book

Learning Activity 1 (already discussed last week)

Learning Activity 2 (lets discuss now!)

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Task 1

AGRICULTURE

If you ask the average person what agriculture is, he will

probably reply, Why, it means farming, of course. He

will be partly right, for raising crops is a branch of

agriculture. So also are livestock raising, dairy farming,

fruit growing, chicken raising, and even fur farming.

Agriculture includes the raising of every kind of plant

and animal that is useful to man.

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EXERCISE 1

See Paragraph 2 10 on your module

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Task 2

With all its many branches, agriculture is the worlds most important

industry. It supplies the food we eat and many of the materials from

which we make our clothing. Modern agriculture also provides

business for many other industries. Farmers buy tractors, plows,

seeders, and many other kinds of equipment. They buy supplies

such as fertilizer, chemical sprays, and animal feed. The

manufacturers from whom they buy these things in turn buy raw

materials from other industries. Grocery stores and supermarkets,

restaurants, and lunch counters, and companies that can and freeze

food would have nothing to sell without agriculture. Railroads and

truck lines that carry farm products to market are among the otherindustries that depend directly or indirectly on agriculture.

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Task 3

TYPES OF FARMING

Farms are classified according to the type of farming

that is done and the kinds of crops and livestock that are

raised. They may be classified in several different ways,

such as general, specialized, intensive, and extensive

farms.

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Task 4

A farm may fall into more than one classification at the

same time. For example, it may be both extensive and

specialized.

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Task 5

General Farming

A farm where a variety of things are raised is called a

general farm. On such a farm there may be a herd of

dairy cows whose milk the farmer sells. There may also

be hogs, sheep, or poultry to provide extra income and

supply some of the familys needs. The farmer may raise

some of the hay and grain for feeding his animals. There

may be some cash crop such as tobacco, soybeans, or

vegetables. Cash crops, as the name indicates, areraised to be sold rather than for use on the farm.

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Task 6

Specialization

There are many factors that influence the types of crops

and livestock that a farmer raises. One of the most

important is climate, which includes temperature, length

of growing season, sunshine, and rainfall. Another is the

type of soil. A third is the amount of water available for

irrigation. Other factors are the terrain (whether the land

is level and easily cultivated or steep and rocky),

distance to markets, perishability of the product, anddemand for the product.

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Task 7

By concentrating on the particular crops or animals that

fit in best with his situation, the specialized farmer hopes

to use his land in the most efficient and profitable way.

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Task 8

For example, farmers in the semi-arid western plains of

the United States and Canada specialize in raising

wheat and other drought-resisting grains. The reason is

that these plants will survive there while moisture-loving

crops would fail. The land is generally level and the soilis free from large stones, so that it is practical to use

large machines for cultivation and harvesting. Farmers in

this region of vast natural grasslands could also raise

cattle if they wished, but grain pays them better.

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Task 9

West of plains there are vast mountainous regions where

the land is too steep and rocky to cultivate. However,

there are natural grasses that cattle and sheep can eat.

Mountain streams provide a water supply. Here ranching

takes the place of farming, for livestock can be raisedprofitably but plant crops cannot.

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Task 10

Many farmers in New England, New York State, and

Pennsylvania have found it profitable to specialize in

producing fresh milk for the towns and cities of the

northeastern states. The relatively cool summers and

heavy rainfall are almost ideal conditions for pastureland, hay, and other feed crops. And markets are within

easy trucking distance.

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Module 2 Agriculture

English translation to Bahasa Indonesia

Source: Newspaper and Article

Learning Activity 1 (lets discuss now!)

Learning Activity 2 (for homework)

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Task 1

WHAT ARE TRANSGENIC PLANTS?

A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which

have been artificially inserted instead of the plant

acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene

sequence (known as the transgenic) may come from

another unrelated plant, or from a completely different

species: transgenic Bt corn, for example, which

produces its own insectiside, contains a gene from a

bacterium.

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EXERCISE 1

See Paragraph 2 10 on your module

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Task 2

Plants containing transgenic are often called genetically

modified or GM crops, although in reality all crops have

been genetically modified from their original wild state by

domestication, selection, and controlled breeding over

long periods of time.

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Task 3

WHY MAKE TRANSGENIC CROP PLANTS?

A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of

genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and

productive as possible. Depending on where and for

what purpose the plant is grown, desirable genes may

provide features such as higher yield or improved

quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat,

cold, and drought.

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Task 4

Combining the best genes in one plant is a long and

difficult process, especially as traditional plant breeding

has been limited to artificially crossing plants within the

same species or with closely related species to bring

different genes together. For example, a gene for proteinin soybean could not be transferred to a completely

different crop such as corn using traditional techniques.

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Task 5

Transgenic technology enables plant breeders to bring

together in one plant useful genes from a wide range of

living sources, not just from within the crop species or

from closely related plants. This technology provides the

means for identifying and isolating genes controllingspecific characteristics in one kind of organism, and for

moving copies of those genes into another quite different

organism, which will then also have those

characteristics.

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Task 6

This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what

they have always done generate more useful and

productive crop varieties containing new combinations of

genes but it expands the possibilities beyond the

limitations imposed by traditional cross-pollination andselection techniques.

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Task 7

HOW DO YOU MAKE A TRANSGENIC PLANT?

Introduction to DNA

The underlying reason that transgenic plants can be constructed is

the universal presence of DNA (deoxyribonucleuic acid) in the cells

of all living organisms. This molecule stores the organisms geneticinformation and orchestrates the metabolic processes of life.

Genetic information is specified by the sequence of four chemical

bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) along the length of

the DNA molecule. Genes are discrete segments of DNA that

encode the information necessary for assembly of a specific protein.

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Task 8

The proteins then function as enzymes to catalyze

biochemical reactions, or as structural or storage units of

a cell, to contribute to expression of a plant trait. The

general sequence of events by which the information

encoded in DNA is expressed in the form of proteins viaan mRNA intermediary is shown in the diagram below.

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Task 10

The transcription and translation processes are

controlled by a complex set of regulatory mechanisms,

so that a particular protein is produced only when and

where it is needed. Even species that are very different

have similar mechanisms for converting the informationin DNA into proteins; thus, a DNA segment from bacteria

can be interpreted and translated into a functional

protein when inserted into a plant.

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FORMATIVE TEST 1

See Paragraph 11 and 12 on your module

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Task 11

Among the most important tools in the genetic engineers

tool kit are enzymes that perform specific functions on

DNA. The image at left (Voet, Donald 1995

Biochemistry) shows the structure of DNA as a double

helix with the phospate backbone in yellow-green andthe bases in white or teal green.

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Task 12

The blue and red figures represent the 3-D structure of a

restriction enzyme (EcoR1) which recognizes and cuts

the DNA at a specific region of the DNA. Other enzymes

known as lipases join the ends of two DNA fragments.

These and other enzymes enable the manipulation andamplification of DNA, essential components in joining the

DNA of two unrelated organisms.

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Please read Module 5 before the next class

Documents

Translation 1 Class 2