Translated History and Creativity

8/18/2019 Translated History and Creativity

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SPECIES, INDIVIDU, MASYARAKAT

Gianluca Bocchi (G. B.)

Era o!"rn !i Bara# #"lah $"r%uan& !"n&an '"alahan "i#"olo&i "riu* "iahan

in!i+i!u !ari %arin&an an& - ia ili', "iah'an i!"n#i#a in!i+i!u !ari i!"n#i#a 'ol"'#i.Di $u!aa Tiur, 'i#a l"$ih c"n!"run& un#u' "liha# an!an&an $ah/a 'i#a "ili'i '"!ua

i!"n#i#a 'ol"'#i !an in!i+i!u a#u, !"n&an i!"n#i#a in!i+i!u an& uncul !ari i!"n#i#a

'ol"'#i. S""r#i an& An!a liha#, hu$un&an an#ara in!i+i!u !an %arin&an $"nar0$"nar #"r$ali'.

S"hu$un&an !"n&an +ii Bara# o!"rn* %arin&an an& "un&'in'an in!i+i!u uncul

!an "$"!a'an '"a!a !irina "n!iri. 1ran& #"r"$u# a!alah "aca r" !i!"inii'an

"rco$aan !ari i#" an& - ia a!alah $a&ian, ""n#ara %arin&an, "n&hail'an in!i+i!u,

!aa# "ncaai $"r$a&ai #in&'a# 'ol"'i#a. Un#u' "i" anuia, in!i+i!u a!alah

unculna un!a"n#al, #"#ai unculna ini hana a!a "%auh $ah/a a!a %arin&an $"raa

an& 'i#a "ua a!alah $a&ian. A!a a'#or "n#in& lain* '"an"'ara&aan. 2i!u #i!a' $"raal

!ari !aar ol"'ul an& "iah'an hi!u !ari non0hi!u, #"#ai "$a&ai ro"r#i uncul

!ari '"an"'ara&aan 'iia. S"ua #in&'a# hi!u an& l"$ih #in&&i, '"a!aran, '"c"r!aan,

"rila'u h"/an 'ol"', "n&'onirai a'#a ini. 3i'a 'i#a "n&analii !ua i#",

""r#i &"no !an o#a', 'i#a "n"u'an $ah/a "r"'a an&a# %arin&an 4$"r$"!a4. M"lalui

S#u!i an& !irancan& un#u' "n&urai'an &"no, ialna, 'ai #"lah "n"u'an $ah/a

&"no a!alah in#"i !ari ro" "%arah !an "+olui ilaran #ahun $"rlan&un&.

G"no 'i#a "n&an!un& $ahan li$ah an& $"raal !ari $a'#"ri lain, "l""n $"raa

!"n&an $ana' h"/an !an #u$uhan lainna. K"'aaan &"no ini ia# $"raal !ari in#"ra'i

"ua '"ra&aan ini, !an hal an& aa $"rla'u '" o#a' 'i#a, "$a&ai #u!i Mac5"an67 #"lah

"nun%u''an (Mac5"an 789:). 3i'a &"no a!alah 'uri !ari hi"r0'"ra&aan !an hi"r0'ol"'i#a, !i #in&&i #in&'a#, an& aa $"rla'u un#u' o#a' anuia* i#" an&

'ol"' an& uncul !ari 'on#ra an#ara u$0i#" an& $"r$"!a. Sia# an& l"$ih "'#ri

"n%a!i, "$ua# 'onli' an#ara i#" an& $"r$"!a, "rila'u 'r"a#i l"$ih $aru uncul.

P"r"'#i ini "$an#u 'i#a un#u' "ahai $"#aa "n#in&na '"ra&aan !ala

"%arah "+olui anuia. Bah'an, "i" 'i#a %u&a #"lah "n&alai #"'nolo&i !an

P"r#u$uhan $u!aa 'ar"na #"lah $"rhail "n&ii lan"# ini, ""r#ahan'an '"a#uan

""n#ara "i", a!a aa# an& aa, !i+"rii'ai '" oulai an& $"r$"!a. Un#u'

"rin&'a, "i" anuia #"#a a#u, #ai, a!a aa# an& aa, i#u #"lah "nci#a'an

oran&0oran& an& $"r$"!a an& #"lah !ihail'an $u!aa $"r+ariai lan"# 'i#a. D"n&an 'a#a

lain, "i" anuia #"lah !ia/"#'an i!"n#i#ana "$a&ai "i", #"#ai "n&alai #"ru

$"raca "n&alaan. T"n#u, aih a!a $"$"raa i#"ri na#a #"n#an& i!"n#i#a anuia*

"n&aa "i" anuia "ili'i "$uah !ri+" in#"rnal an& 'ua#, "nari' i#u, "%auh

;:.::: #ahun an& lalu, un#u' "nin&&al'an "'oi#" #roi aal0uulna, un#u' "n&ii

/ilaah Si$"ria, u#ara lin&'aran Ar'#i', !i ha$i#a# an& #i!a' $ia l"$ih $"r$"!a< M"n&aa

"i" anuia, a!a #i#i' #"r#"n#u, "u#u'an un#u' "n&ha!ai lau# #"r$u'a, $"ran&'a#

!ari N"/ Guin"a !an In!on"ia un#u' "n&ii Au#ralia< Kai "i" a!alah /"$ an&

"ili'i '"an"'ara&a oulai an& $"r$"!a. S"ua ini a!alah 'r"a#i ro",

"un&'in'an "i" 'i#a un#u' $"r#ahan hi!u, "n%a&a '""i$an&an #a$il an#ara

'"ra&aan !an "ra#uan. K"an"'ara&aan uncul $u'an "$a&ai ar%inal, #"#ai "$a&ai

ara# u#la' "%arah anuia.


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Dala Narai Uni+"r", Bocchi !an C"ru#i (=::=) "noro#i !ua0con#oh0rini !i

a'ar #ra!ii 'i#a* Yunani !an In!ia. Di !ua #"a# #"r"$u#, In!o0Eroa !an $u!aa ra0In!o0

Eroa an& !iha!ai a#u aa lain un#u' #ahun, i $"r#"ur a#u lain !an "n%a!i

#"rin#"&rai a!a aa# an& aa. Un#u'0con#oh l", '"$u!aaan Yunani 'lai' #i!a'

#"ri'ir'an, #i!a' hana #ana r""r"ni un#u' $u!aa ra0In!o0Eroa !ari I$u D"/i N"oli#i'u Eroa, #ai %u&a #ana "n&acu M"oo#aia, Tiur T"n&ah, M"ir, !an In!ia

i#u0 !iri. In!ia a!a &iliranna $ah'an #"lah ""r#ahan'an a#ah #ulan& an#ara In!o0Eroa

u#ara !an "la#an Dra+i!ic. Ga$ar !iurai'an !ala Th" Narra#i+" Uni+"r" a!alah "ua#u

#"#ai in!ah* Yunani 'lai' a!alah "aca 'u!"#a !"#a# !iain'an ol"h oulai In!o0Eroa

"la/an !"/a #ra!iional. Man#an an& !ihail'an "ru$ahan "uncul'an ilaa# !an

ilu "n&"#ahuan !i Yunani !an $"n#u' In!ia iri#uali#a.

Eio!" oli#i' lainna an& !aa# !ia$il un#u' "n&&a$ar'an hal ini. S"%ara/an

!ari K"'aiaran Roa/i "nc"ri#a'an $a&aiana Roa !ian&&a $ar$ar ol"h oran& Yunani,

'ar"na K"'aiaran "$"ri "rho#"lan %auh l"$ih oulai !an in!i+i!u !ari Yunani

"la'u'an. Yunani oli, an& 'i#a an&&a "$a&ai i$ol '"$"$aan Bara#, $"nar0$"nar

an&a# "li#i. Di ii lain, Roa !i#an!ai !ari an&a# ulai !"n&an 'aai#a un#u' in#"&rai.

M"n&hora#i Roa "ili'i un#u' '"$u!aaan, $ahaa !an !"/a K"'aiaran u!ah !i'"nal.

2ari ini, 'i#a $ia "$an!in&'an K"'aiaran Roa/i '" A"ri'a S"ri'a#. A"ri'a

S"ri'a# uncul "$a&ai "n&alaan an& an&a# $"ra&a, !"n&an $"n#u' '"l"$a&aan an&

$"raal !ari n"&ara0n"&ara "n!iri #i&a $"la. K"#i'a "r"'a a!alah #i&a $"la 'oloni In&&ri

!i A"ri'a U#ara, ain&0ain& "ili'i "%arah "n!iri 'huuna, !an "'onoi "n!iri.

A"ri'a S"ri'a# !i!aar'an a!a '"ra&aan un!a"n#al, an& $"rlan&un& hari ini.

Maalah "n!aar, a'a, a!alah aalah "i#"olo&i %arin&an !an hu$un&anna !"n&an

in!i+i!uali#a. 2al ini %u&a $"rla'u a!a #in&'a# oli#i', ""r#i an& 'i#a a'an aai nan#i.P"ra#uran oli#i' !i Eroa !ari n"&ara $an&a, !i A"ri'a S"ri'a# n"&ara "!"ral, an& ""r#i

un#u' "n"#u%ui '"ra&aan ali un#u' $"rin#"ra'i "n&un#un&'an. Bah'an, #i!a' a!a

'"urnian !i Eroa $ai', 'ar"na C"ru#i !an Bocchi "nun%u''an Soli!ari#a a#au

Bar$ari"* 'ara'#"r 'on#i#uional "ua n"&ara Eroa a!alah lurali#a $ahaa, $u!aa !an

a&aa (Bocchi !an C"ru#i 7889). 2ana !i cara ini $ia '"ra&aan "n%a!i u$"r "'#ri

$an&a, a#au 'ol"'#i ini 'r"a#i+i#a.

Alono Mon#uori (A. M.)

Dala Soli!ari#a a#au Bar$ari" (7889), An!a "n%"la%ahi "%arah Eroa, !"n&an

"ii' o'u a!a "%arah "n!"'a#an '"a!a !unia !an '"a!a oran& lain an&

$"r#"n#an&an !"n&an '"ra&aan An!a "n&&a$ar'an. Bia'ah An!a "$"ri 'i#a l"$ih

$"rnuana &a$ar "%arah ini<

G. B.

Ini aa# "i'iran, "hin&&a $"r#"n#an&an !"n&an '"ra&aan, "cara '"#a# #"rhu$un&

!"n&an aa an& 'i#a "$u# 4o!"rni#a.4 2al ini "ain'an "ran 'on#ru'#i !an !"#ru'#i

"n#in& !ala "%arah 'i#a. Era o!"rn !iulai '"#i'a Eroa "n&alai "n!aar

P"n&alaan '"an"'ara&aan. Dala hal ini, 'i#a haru o'u a!a "ri#i/a 7>8=. Saai

#an&&al #"r"$u#, "r&"ra'an oulai anuia #"lah !iaora, ra&"n#ai !ala $ana' 'ouni#a an& $"r$"!a an& !i"uai'an !"n&an "'oi#" "#"a#, "$"ri'an nai' '"


3/27

$ahaa an& $"r$"!a, $u!aa an& $"r$"!a !an $"r$a&ai u#aa a!i "r#anian. 3"la, #"lah

#"r%a!i in#"ra'i an#ara !a"rah an& $"r$"!a !ari lan"#"$"lu 7>8= (Eroa !"n&an China,

ialna), #"#ai, a!a !aarna, lo'al '"cil aara'a# !iiolai.

Raa"lla Tri&ona (R. T.)Aa an& #"r%a!i a!a #ahun 7>8=< Aa'ah '""n%an&an $"ar an#ara 45aa4 !an

4N"/4 !unia "n&hilan&< Dan $a&aiana Eroa $"r"a'i aa0ol"h uaa an& "r"'a $ua#

un#u' "n&ha!ai '"ra&aan ini<

G. B.

S"ua aara'a# !i !unia, !an #"ru#aa Eroa, an& !i"n&aruhi ol"h

'"an"'ara&aan an& "r"'a #"ui !i !unia* l ora, auna, !an aara'a# !an $u!aa an&

$"r$"!a. Pa!a aa# an& aa, 'i#a haru in&a# $ah/a ini a!alah #ahun !i ana #i!a' hana

ha$a#an #"r"#rial %a#uh, #"#ai %u&a ha$a#an lan&i#. P"n"uan #"l"'o ulai

"n&un&'a'an "%ulah $"ar !an '"ra&aan o$"' !i lan&i# !ari !unia a$a! "r#"n&ahan

an& "rnah !i$aan&'an. ?a%ar "ra o!"rn !i/a'ili 'rii $a&i oran& Eroa, !iha!a'an

'ar"na "r"'a ol"h '"ra&aan "'#ri an& "r"'a #i!a' $ia 'on" !"n&an cara

#ra!iional. 3a!i, aa an& Eroa la'u'an< Nah, "r"'a ""rin#ah'an '"ra&aan an&

"r"'a #"ui "nuru# &ri! #"r#"n#u. Dala an!an&an aa o!"rni#a, 5alac" (7@7>)

an!an&an oni ilu $"raal !ala huu $u!aa an& aa an& "nci#a'an 'on"

Eroa n"&ara $an&a, un#u' "$a#ai '"ra&aan "rila'u 'ol"'#i. Pa!a aa# ini !ala

"%arah, Eroa !ihail'an '"ra&aan, !i'on#inui#a an& "r"'a #a'u#. Un#u' "$"ri'an

con#oh* "r"'a $"&i#u #a'u# !"n&an i!" #"n#an& $"rhin&&a Uni+"r", ""r#i #"ori ol"h ilu

Gior!ano Bruno (=:7>), = $ah/a "r"'a "$a'arna !i #ian&. I#u '"$"#ulan $ah/a n"&ara $an&a Sanol, an& uncul !"n&an "n&&a$un&an !ari Ca#ill" !an Ara&on a!a #ahun0

#ahun hana "$"lu 7>8=, !iulai !"n&an "$"rihan "#ni !an "n&uiran Muli !an

Yahu!i. P"n&uiran Muli l"$ih !i#ari' '"luar, $ah/a oran& Yahu!i an& l"$ih ra!i'al*

hana #i&a $ulan. Dan i#u #i!a' "ua. Sanol uncul !"n&an ro" hoo&"niai

lin&ui#i' !an "$uah '"i#i"/aan !ari $ahaa Ca#ilia, !i$"rih'an !ari !ial"', !"n&an

"nci#aan an& "r#aa #a#a $ahaa Ka#ilia. M"n&uran&i '"ra&aan !an +ali!ai lin&ui#i'

n"&ara "n%a!i #u%uan "n!aar !ala "r%alanan '" "n&a#ur !an ""rin#ah. In'uiii

!ici#a'an a!a #ahun0#ahun. I#u !i&una'an #"rha!a "'#" an& !ian&&a 4'air,4 #"rha!a

"r"uan, !an #"rha!a '"ra&aan $u!aa Eroa a!a uuna $ah'an l"$ih !ari

"la/an Yahu!i !an Muli. 3a!i aa an& #"r%a!i< Eroa "n&alai !ua 'rii* a#u !ala

'"ra&aan in#"rnal, !an lain a#a '"ra&aan "'#"rnal. Eroa uncul !ari 'rii ini,

"nci#a'an ilaa# Car#"ian i!" 4%"la !an $"r$"!a4, an& !i#"ria hana $"$"raa u!u#

an!an&. Pa!a ini $"$"raa "n!aa# !i#"ria, !unia haru !i$an&un '"$ali. Di ilu, ini

$"rar#i "nci#a'an "r$"!aan "n!aar an#ara ri"r !an "'un!"r 'uali#a. Dala oli#i',

"n&hail'an &a&aan $ah/a aara'a# naional "haruna #i!a' "n"ria o#ori#a an&

l"$ih #in&&i, a#au l"$ih r"n!ah. 1l"h 'ar"na i#u, n"&ara0n"&ara an& #i!a' !ian&&a "$a&ai

%arin&an, #"#ai #"ri'a# a!a ua#0ua#, an& $"r!aula# u#la', "n&"n!ali'an !a"rah !i

ana $ahaa, a&aa !an $u!aa "ua un#u' hoo&"n. Eroa n"&ara uncul "#"lah

"$"rihan "#ni !ari Sanol a!a #ahun 7>8=, !"n&an Roi Sol"il (Sun Kin&) !ari P"rancian& "n&uir Pro#"#an, '"u!ian R"+olui P"ranci, hin&&a aa# Uni So+i"# !an


4/27

"$"rihan !ari a$a! '"!ua uluh. Bah'an, A"ri'a S"ri'a# "rua'an 'au 'huu,

'ar"na #i!a' $ia uncul #ana $"r#"n#an&an "#ia o!"l $u!aa r"!u'ioni. A"ri'a

!i'an!un& !ari "$a&ai uni !unia i "! "uai !"n&an Pro#"#an !an An&lo0Saon nilai, an&,

Naun, $"lu $"rhail "n"&a''an. ?a'#a $ah/a Caliornia, M"'i'o !an T"a

!iau''an '" Uni a!a #ahun 7@>@, a!alah aa# an& "n!aar '"#i'a A"ri'a S"ri'a#ulai "nin&&al'an i!" alina "nola' '"$"ra&aan "n!u'un& '"a#uan. Th" 4E

luri$u unu4 %u&a "n%a!i 4E uno Plur". 4Dala 4rahaia4 "%arah o!"rni#a

'"$"ra&aan ini "$uran '" TKP, "$ahaa'an "ua r"ncana0r"ncana ali un#u'

hoo&"niai ""ra#u. Ini !iulai a!a A"ri'a S"ri'a# !"n&an &"lo$an& $"ar i&rai

B"lan!a, I#alia, Cina, !an "$a&aina a!a an& $"rlan%u# hin&&a hari ini. S"lan%u#na, n"&ara

$an&a Eroa, ""r#i P"ranci !an Sanol, ulai "n"rah. Ini "ua a'an !i$a/a '"

!ala o'u !"ini#i !i Eroa ol"h "no"na &lo$aliai !an ii&rai &lo$al. Saa# ini,

ialna, a!a aru oiolo&i, an& !i"r%uan&'an ol"h "nuli u#aa ""r#i "$a&ai

Tourain", B"c' !an Bauan, ; an& "na#a'an $ah/a aai aa# ini #"lah a!a oiolo&i

"ra#uan, #ai "'aran&, 'i#a haru $"r$icara !ari oiolo&i '"an"'ara&aan (Bauan 7888,

=:::, =::7, =::).

Pro"' hoo&"niai uncul, !"n&an "ua ili'aina, "'i#ara/al 7@::0an,

!"n&an '""nan&an !"#"rini#i' an!an&an 5alac" !an a/al iliah "ialiai. Pa!a

#ahun 7@:9, Uni+"ri#a B"rlin a!alah "r#aa un#u' "n&a#ur !"ar#""n u. Uni+"ri#a

P"ranci !i $a/ah Naol"on 'a'u !i$a&i $"r!aar'an u$"'. Pa!a a'hir a$a! '"!"laan

$"la, Kan# "ruu'an #"ori #"n#an& aal0uul #a#a ura. Kan# a!alah "oran& ilu an&

%u&a "oran& ilu/an. 2al ini #i!a' !ian&&a an"h a!a aa# i#u. Dala !"laan $"la a$a!,

ara ilu/an %u&a ilu, '" #i#i' $ah/a a!a "ua#u !i"$u# 4ilaa# ala.4 Pa!a a$a!

$"ri'u#na, hal i#u un&'in #i!a' la&i. Ki#a ulai "liha# ahli 'iia, ii'a, na#urali "r#aa!an ahli $iolo&i "r#aa.

K"ra&aan $u!aa i#u !iuun '"!ala !"ar#""n uni+"ri#a. 3a!i, 'ai "ili'i

K"!a#an&an "ialiai !an +ii ala ""#a "$a&ai "!"rhana, hoo&"n !an i#"

!ir"ro!u'i. Saa #i!a' $"ri'ir i#u a!alah '"$"#ulan an& iliah "ialiai, +ii 5alac"an

!unia !an &a&aan n"&ara $an&a "ua uncul !i "rio!" an& aa. Ba#a n"&ara

!i!iri'an, $a!an oli#i' "n%a!i !iri r""r"nial !an '"/ar&an"&araan ulai !iliha# "$a&ai

"ran&'a# un#u' "n&"cualian. I!" o!"rn 'o#a ulai $"r'"$an& a!a aa# i#u, !i &"o"#ri

"n&"r#ian #"ri#orial. Kai i'ir 'o#a A"ri'a* &ri! l"$ar %alan !an %alan r"ncana

"$an&unan "r'o#aan un#u' N"/ Yor', an& "$a&i a#a "luruh Manha##an, #an&&al

'"$ali '" 7@7= San ?rancico #"lah "n"ra'an %arin&an ini "luruh na $u'i#, con#oh

"urna !ari iraionali#a !i+ii ini '"#i'a "nco$a un#u' u$%"' '"ra&aan ala un#u'

hoolo&"nia#ion. Aa an& l"$ih, San ?rancico a!alah 'o#a anoali, 'ar"na i#u #i!a'

!i!iri'an a#a !aar ro"' un#u' $aru u#oia, #ai $"runculan a!a aa# Gol! Ruh, a&a'

"$aran&an. Mo!"l Naa Vall" a!alah i&nii'an, 'ar"na i#u $"rar#i $ah/a Caliornia

aih "ili'i 'aai#a un#u' "n"ra Eroa ia%in"r, #"#ai #ana in&in "n#ah $a&aiana

"uai !"n&an an& Eroa ia%in"r an& aa. D"n&an "n&a$il unur0unur #"r#"n#u !ari

$u!aa $ahan !ari i ini i'#i Eroa !an #ana "r"'a un#u' #anah A"ri'a, i#u #"lah

"n&hail'an $"n#u' 'r"a#i $aru.


5/27

A. M.

. . . !an "$a&aina, i#o #"r#"n#u ulai run#uh i#o hoo&"ni#a !an '"urnian,

ialna, an& #"lah $"&i#u $"r$ahaa. Sun&&uh "nari' $ah/a 7@:: a!alah "'i#ar #an&&al

'"#i'a ?i&ur !ari %"niu oli#"r uncul !i !unia ui', !"n&an i#o ?i&ur !ari B""#ho+"n.

P"ru$ahan l"$ih lan%u# !ala $i!an& ini !i$a/a ol"h 'on" ha' ci#a. S""n#ara"$"luna, uii #"lah "nair'an 'or ui' an&a# $"$a, iro+iai !an ""r'aa

i#u, !"n&an '"!a#an&an ha' ci#a, 'or haru 'a'u !i#aa#i. Ra#a "/a'ili '""urnaan

u#la' !an 'in"r%a "n%a!i alinan i'in, 'ar"na #"r%a!i !ala 'on#"', "hin&&a

"na$ah'an unur 'on#in&"ni, in#"rr"#ai, !an #i!a' !ian&'a0an&'a. Ini #i!a' "rnah

$ia "n%a!i &"o"#ri "urna, ""r#i 'or ui'. . .

Ini an&a# "nari' un#u' !ica#a# $ah/a u!ah a#u a$a! "$"luna, #ahun 797:, ilu

Gia$a##i#a Vico, an& an&a# #"a# #in&&al !i Nal", #"lah !i'ri#i' "an&a# &"o"#ri

Car#"ian. Vico (78@@) a!alah $"nar0$"nar cu'u ?i&ur an& luar $iaa. Dia #"lah !i"$u#

"r#aa 'on#ru'#i+i $"nar, !an un&'in "rna#aan an& alin& #"r'"nal a!alah 4+"ru

iu ac#u, a#au4 an& $"nar a!alah aa !"n&an an& !i$ua#. 4D"n&an 'a#a lain, 'i#a

"$an&un "ahaan 'i#a #"n#an& !unia. Vico "n&a'u an&a# riha#in !"n&an 4"#o!"

"n"li#ian aan 'i#a,4 %u!ul alah a#u $u'una (Vico 788:). Dia "raa $ah/a Car#"ian,

"n!"'a#an &"o"#ri ini "ua $ai' !an $ai', #ai #"rlalu "r"$ral !an #ana #u$uh. I#u #i!a'

a'an ""ria'an 'i#a un#u' hi!u !i !unia !i ana 'i#a #i!a' $ia "lalu "n&a#a'an

4$iar'an a'u $"ri'ir #"n#an& i#u.4 Vico a!alah "n&acara, !an #i!a' !u!u' "n!irian !i

'a$inna ""r#i D"car#", !an '"#i'a ia "r&i '" ruah "n"u'an ruah an& "nuh

ana'0ana'. Kon#"' "$ua# "r$"!aan $"ar un#u' "n&alaan "r"'a, "ahaan, !an

rain& "n&"#ahuan.

D"n&an 'a#a lain, Vico riha#in #"n#an& "n&"#ahuan "$a&ai !i/u%u!'an, $u'ana$#ra', #"n#an& '"auan un#u' "r"on a!a aa# i#u, !an un#u' "r"on "cara

'r"a#i. Dia %u&a %uara ia%inai ui#i, $u'an hana "$a&ai #oi' un#u' !i"la%ari, #"#ai

"$a&ai cara un#u' "n&"#ahui, lan&un& $"rhu$un&an !"n&an &a&aan $ah/a an& $"nar

a!alah aa !"n&an an& !i$ua#. Dia "n&a'ui "ran 'on#ru'#i ia%inai !ala aa an&

'i#a "$u# "n&"#ahuan !an "ahaan 'i#a #"n#an& !unia. Vico !io'u'an "n#in&na

'""luruhan !an $ahaa ra&"n#ai Car#"ian. Dan ia "n&a'ui ili'ai oli#i' !ari cara

"r&in& "n&"#ahui, !an "liha# !i Bacon '"in&inan "'lii# un#u' "n!oinai ala. 3a!i

un#u' ini #i!a' $iaa, 4'on#ra0$u!aa4 "i'ir, "nuli !i ruahna !i Nal", !i'"lilin&i

ol"h '"luar&a, $"rhu$un&an !"n&an "n&alaan "hari0hari, "n!"'a#an &"o"#ri Car#"ian

#aa'na an&a# #i!a' "a!ai un#u' "nan&'a 'ol"'i#a '"hi!uan. S""r#i Gr"&or

Ba#"on a'an "n&a#a'an, $"r#ahun0#ahun '"u!ian, 4hi!u hana #i!a' ""r#i i#u4

(Ba#"on 789=, >;@).

G. B.

Di ini 'i#a "ili'i in#i !ari aan o!"rn* uaa &"o"#ri "n!oinai "%arah.

S"$uah 4raional4 ro"'0a#i !an #"a#0!i'"na'an a!a 'ol"'i#a !an a#ri'

'"ra&aan "%arah. Pro"' ini !ian&&a "$a&ai !oinai hoo&"niai !an "%arah "n%a!i

"aca 'a$in& hi#a 'ar"na i#u a!alah #"a# !i ana '"ra&aan !i"lihara. 2al ini

#"lah "n"$a$'an i'a an#i0"%arah ol"h o!"rni#a. Mo!"rni#a #"lah $"ruaha un#u' "u#u'an hu$un&an !"n&an "%arah, un#u' #"ru "n&hail'an a/al an& $aru, un#u'


6/27

"nci#a'an u#oia in#"rnal. Maara'a# A"ri'a "nuh uaa #"r"$u#, #ai r"+olui Ruia

!an "ua u#oia 'ouni, %u&a, !i!aar'an a!a &a&aan '"urnian !an hoo&"ni#a,

$"$a !ari "%arah. M"r"'a "ua $"rci#a0ci#a un#u' "n&hauan 'on#in%"ni, an& #a'

#"r!u&a, un#u' "n&hail'an ua#u ro" $aru !i ana "uana a'an raional, #ranaran,

hoo&"n !an !i ana "#ia oran& a'an !ia'ui "$a&ai ""&an& '"/ar&an"&araan!iurni'an. Un#u' alaan ini, 'on" "$"rihan "#ni !an "urnian $"&i#u #"ri'a# !"n&an

ro"' Eroa !an A"ri'a, !ala "ncarian "r"'a un#u' a/al an& $aru !an

'"#i!a'auan "r"'a un#u' "n!oinai '"'aaan !an $"r$a&ai lan"#.

Ini a!alah a'ar !ari !ua u!u# an!an& an& #"lah "$a/a 'onli' !i !unia aa# ini.

Di a#u ii, "%arah anuia an& 'r"a#i, 'ar"na 'ol"', !i ana '"a#uan !an

'"$"ra&aan #"ru uncul !i ii lain, uaa un#u' "n!iilin'an !an "n!oinai

"%arah ini. Ini #"lah "$"ri 'i#a 'on" un!a"n#ali" !ala o!"rni#a, uncul !ala

$"r$a&ai $"n#u' !ari Nai a#au S#alini #o#ali#ariani", a#au naionali". Dari a/al,

o!"rni#a #"lah "nun%u''an !irina "n%a!i ro" a$i+al"n, 'ar"na "nci#a'an

"n&uran&an ini '"ra&aan. N"&ara $an&a a!alah "n"uan $"ar, !"n&an cara an& aa

ilu "n&"#ahuan. Maalahna a!alah $ah/a ia "n&hail'an o"n 'rii, !"n&an

"no"na ""r#i ar&inaliai !an in#ol"rani. Ini #"lah %"la "an%an& "%arah Eroa. Dala

"rila'u 'i#a #"rha!a inori#a naional, !i aa#0aa# 'rii '"#i'a "r"'a hair !i#ol"rani,

"r"'a $ai' hoo&"n a#au !iuir. 2al ini #"r%a!i a!a #in&'a# an0Eroa '"#i'a !a#an& '"

a&aa. S"$uah inori#a ""r#i Yahu!i "a'in !iliha# "$a&ai aalah a#au ar%inal, a#au

$ah'an, "$a&ai "ua#u un#u' "n&hilan&'an.

Pro"' o!"rni#a #i!a' ""rhi#un&'an '"ra&aan lan"#, "%arah, !an ro"

&lo$aliai. Mari 'i#a "$"ri'an con#oh aa an& 'i#a a'u! !"n&an &lo$aliai* #"n#u

#i!a' $"rar#i $ah/a $u!aa I#alia haru "uai !"n&an $u!aa lain, #ai i#u, !"n&an $"rin#"ra'i !"n&an ruan& lain !an 'ali, "un&'in'an '"un&'inan0'"un&'inan $aru !an

%"ni $aru !ari $u!aa uncul, hi$ri!a an& #i!a' #"r'an!un& ""r#i !ala $ai' $u!aa

I#alia, a#au $u!aa lainna.

Saa $"ri'ir $ah/a %alan '"luar !ari o!"rni#a a!alah "n&i'u#i iliah %a!/al

'ol"'i#a. Bah'an, %a!/al ini "nun%u''an $ah/a +ii !uali#i' o!"rn !i&an#i'an ol"h

a#u aa lain $"r!aar'an lurali" !an ola. Uni Eroa (UE), hari ini, a!alah in'arnai

!ari ro"' oli#i' an& $"r'"$an&, $"r!aar'an "n&a'uan '"ra&aan u#aa !ari iha'

'on#ra'#or. Dala Uni Eroa, in!i+i!u #i!a' la&i !ian&&a "$a&ai 4aa4 !"n&an oran& lain,

#"#ai "$a&ai 4$"r$"!a4 !ala ""rin#ahan &lo$al. A!a 4l"$ih in!i+i!uali#a,4 #"#ai !ala

4aara'a# #a'!ir.4 Saa Pa!a aa# an& aa $ah/a 'i#a "nci#a'an '"un&'inan un#u'

4a#rio#i" lan"#,4 'i#a "n"u'an $ah/a "#ia in!i+i!u a!alah $u!aa '"a!a '"a!a

!irina "n!iri, !an ol"h 'ar"na i#u, a!a in#i '"an"'ara&aan #i!a' a!a $u!aa #un&&al,

#"#ai ain&0ain& !an "#ia in!i+i!u. Ini a!alah a'ar !ari !ua u!u# an!an& an& #"lah

"$a/a 'onli' !i !unia aa# ini. Di a#u ii, "%arah anuia an& 'r"a#i, 'ar"na

'ol"', !i ana '"a#uan !an '"$"ra&aan #"ru uncul !i ii lain, uaa un#u'

"n!iilin'an !an "n!oinai "%arah ini. Ini #"lah "$"ri 'i#a 'on" un!a"n#ali"

!ala o!"rni#a, uncul !ala $"r$a&ai $"n#u' !ari Nai a#au S#alini #o#ali#ariani",

a#au naionali". Dari a/al, o!"rni#a #"lah "nun%u''an !irina "n%a!i ro"

a$i+al"n, 'ar"na "nci#a'an "n&uran&an ini '"ra&aan. N"&ara $an&a a!alah "n"uan $"ar, !"n&an cara an& aa ilu "n&"#ahuan. Maalahna a!alah $ah/a ia


7/27

"n&hail'an o"n 'rii, !"n&an "no"na ""r#i ar&inaliai !an in#ol"rani. Ini #"lah

%"la "an%an& "%arah Eroa. Dala "rila'u 'i#a #"rha!a inori#a naional, !i aa#0aa#

'rii '"#i'a "r"'a hair !i#ol"rani, "r"'a $ai' hoo&"n a#au !iuir. 2al ini #"r%a!i a!a

#in&'a# an0Eroa '"#i'a !a#an& '" a&aa. S"$uah inori#a ""r#i Yahu!i "a'in !iliha#

"$a&ai aalah a#au ar%inal, a#au $ah'an, "$a&ai "ua#u un#u' "n&hilan&'an.Pro"' o!"rni#a #i!a' ""rhi#un&'an '"ra&aan lan"#, "%arah, !an ro"

&lo$aliai. Mari 'i#a "$"ri'an con#oh aa an& 'i#a a'u! !"n&an &lo$aliai* #"n#u

#i!a' $"rar#i $ah/a $u!aa I#alia haru "uai !"n&an $u!aa lain, #ai i#u, !"n&an

$"rin#"ra'i !"n&an ruan& lain !an 'ali, "un&'in'an '"un&'inan0'"un&'inan $aru !an

%"ni $aru !ari $u!aa uncul, hi$ri!a an& #i!a' #"r'an!un& ""r#i !ala $ai' $u!aa

I#alia, a#au $u!aa lainna.

Saa $"ri'ir $ah/a %alan '"luar !ari o!"rni#a a!alah "n&i'u#i iliah %a!/al

'ol"'i#a. Bah'an, %a!/al ini "nun%u''an $ah/a +ii !uali#i' o!"rn !i&an#i'an ol"h

a#u aa lain $"r!aar'an lurali" !an ola. Uni Eroa (UE), hari ini, a!alah in'arnai

!ari ro"' oli#i' an& $"r'"$an&, $"r!aar'an "n&a'uan '"ra&aan u#aa !ari iha'

'on#ra'#or. Dala Uni Eroa, in!i+i!u #i!a' la&i !ian&&a "$a&ai 4aa4 !"n&an oran& lain,

#"#ai "$a&ai 4$"r$"!a4 !ala ""rin#ahan &lo$al. A!a 4l"$ih in!i+i!uali#a,4 #"#ai !ala

4aara'a# #a'!ir.4 Saa Pa!a aa# an& aa $ah/a 'i#a "nci#a'an '"un&'inan un#u'

4a#rio#i" lan"#,4 'i#a "n"u'an $ah/a "#ia in!i+i!u a!alah $u!aa '"a!a '"a!a

!irina "n!iri, !an ol"h 'ar"na i#u, a!a in#i '"an"'ara&aan #i!a' a!a $u!aa #un&&al,

#"#ai ain&0ain& !an "#ia in!i+i!u. Dari u!u# an!an& ini, ro" iliah 'ol"'i#a

!an ro" oli#i' a'an "nc"ari a#u aa lain.


8/27

PERANG DAN G51BA5ISASI* KASUS IRAK

A. M.

B"r$icara #"n#an& $u!aa !an '"ra&aan, 'i#a "a'in "liha# 'or"i ruan& !an

/a'#u !i lan"# %arin&an. Ki#a "liha# ini !ala "ran& %auh (aa $"ri'ir un#u' Ira' !anA&hani#an "$a&ai #"a# '"$ana'an oran& A"ri'a aih a'an $"r%uan& un#u'

"n"u'an a!a "#a), #"#ai %u&a 'rii "'onoi, !"n&an "ri#i/a !i n"&"ri0n"&"ri %auh

"ili'i !aa' hair "&"ra !i aar aha &lo$al, "r#a "$a&ai &rai'0#o"r ""r#i

Kor"a S"la#an Gan&na S#l", !"n&an l"$ih !ari = iliar #ailan YouTu$". Ki#a hi!u

!"n&an i#" "'onoi &lo$al an& an&a# alin& $"r&an#un& !an alin& $"rhu$un&an, an&a#

'ol"', !an an& $ah'an "'ono "n!iri "n!aa#i uli# un#u' "n&urai'an. Taa'na

'"c"n!"run&an alai un#u' in&in "n"!"rhana'an, un#u' "n"u'an olui un#u'

aalah, $ah'an %i'a, !"i'ian uncul uli#.

G. B.

Pa!a an!an&an "r#aa, 'i#a un&'in !i!oron& un#u' $"ri'ir, "$a&ai Morin

"nun%u''an, $ah/a "ri#i/a ini a!alah 4"aca '"lahiran,4 !ala ar#i $ah/a i#"

lan"# an& alin& $"rhu$un&an #"lah !a#an& "n%a!i a!a, !il"n&'ai !"n&an "ua

'ara'#"ri#i' !ari i#" an& 'ol"'. Ini $"rar#i $ah/a #"r'"cil "ri#i/a !ala "#ia

$a&ian !ari !unia un&'in "ili'i ""' !ia#"rou. Saa #i!a' a'an "rnah lua

$a&aiana, '"#i'a Tali$an #i$a !i Ka$ul a!a #ahun 788, "r"'a "la'u'an '"%aha#an an&

"n&"ri'an #"rha!a "r"uan !an #"rha!a '"ra&aan a!a uuna, #"#ai aara'a#

!unia #i!a' ""rha#i'an. Taa'na "ua#u an& an"h, #"r%a!i $"&i#u %auh !an #i!a'

""n&aruhi '"hi!uan "hari0hari 'i#a !"n&an cara aaun. Saa a!alah alah a#u !ari"!i'i# un#u' $"r"n!aa# $ah/a %i'a $"ncana ""r#i !i#ol"rani, $ah'an !i #"a# an&

#aa'na #"r"ncil, a'i$a#na $ia !ia#"rou. S"lan%u#na, A&hani#an $u'an #"a# an&

#"r"ncil. S"#"lah "ua, In!ia, Cina, M"!i#"rania, !an ar#"a' Eroa a!a !a#in& '"$ali '"

$"la'an& =.:: SM Ini a!alah #"a# !i ana, "$"lu !i #"a# lain, i#" $u!aa !an

"'onoi an& $"r$"!a !ari !unia 'uno !a#an& $"raa0aa. S"$a&ai Morin (7888)

"na#a'an, cara $"ri'ir 'i#a $"lu ia un#u' "$uah i#" lan"# an& alin&

$"rhu$un&an #"r"$u#. Ki#a !i&una'an un#u' "nalaran !ala i#ilah o!"rn !ari 4ua#4 !an

4in&&iran,4 !ari 4'i#a4 !an 4"r"'a.4

R. T.

2ari ini, a!alah #i!a' un&'in la&i un#u' $"ri'ir !ala hal ini, "n&in&a# ia# !ari

in#"ra'i 'i#a "hari0hari. S"$uah lo&i'a !i'o#oi a!alah aa "'ali #i!a' "a!ai un#u'

"n&ha!ai i#uai ini, 'ar"na "n&an&&a i!"n#i#a "$a&ai #a#i !an !i!"inii'an "'ali

!an un#u' "ua.

G. B.

Ki#a haru ulai !"n&an "ahaan $ah/a i!"n#i#a, aa'ah in!i+i!u a#au 'ol"'#i,

"n%a!i aa an& "r"'a !an, 'ar"na i#u, "r"'a an&a# $"r&an#un& a!a i!"n#i#a lainna.

2al ini "a'in #"r%a!i. Saa# ini, "$a&ai in!i+i!u, 'i#a "ua hi$ri!a. Bu'an hana 'ar"na'i#a a'an a'anan an& !a#an& !ari "luruh !unia, a#au 'ar"na 'i#a "a'ai a'aian an&


9/27

!i$ua# !i Cina a#au Tai/an, #ai 'ar"na i#" noolo&ical !an "n#al 'i#a #"r!iri !ari ui',

$u!aa, a&aa, !an iri#uali#a, a'#or0a'#or an& "$a&ian $"raal !ari ruan& lain !an 'ali.

2ana un#u' n&"lan#ur "%"na', "ra &lo$aliai #i!a' hana $"rar#i ""rlua "n&alaan

anuia !i ruan& an&'aa, #"#ai %u&a !ala /a'#u. P"r#i$an&'an !"n&an i!" "'aran&

'"luar0#an&&al '"a%uan lin"ar hari ini, 'i#a #ahu $ah/a $ah'an "ra!a$an #"r#ua an&a#"ili'i "ua#u un#u' "n&a%ar 'i#a. P"n"li#ian ol"h Maria Gi$u#a (78@8a, 78@8$) > !an,

'"u!ian, ol"h Rian" Eil"r (78@9) #"lah i&nii'an !ala "nun%u''an '"a!a 'i#a

$a&aiana N"oli#i' #i!a' $ia la&i !ian&&a "$a&ai aan '""aan, #"#ai "$a&ai "rio!"

"%arah an& !aa# "n&a%ar'an 'i#a "ua#u #"n#an& aalah !unia aa# ini.

3i'a, !i ii lain, ruan& "n&alaan anuia #"lah "l"$ar, hal ini #"r%a!i $u'an hana

a!a #in&'a# $u!aa, #"#ai %u&a a!a #in&'a# '"hi!uan in!i+i!ual. Salah a#u alaan $a&i

'"$"rhailan iri#uali#a Tiur a!alah '"auanna un#u' "nan#an& $ah/a 4&a&aan

!iri an& 'ua#,4 !"i "$uah 4+ii "'olo&i !iri.4 Saa $"ri'ir $ah/a '"hi!uan "hari0hari

!aa# "nun%u''an $a&aiana 'i#a 4!iri4 #i!a' "ili'i 'a'u $a#a, $a&aiana #i!a' a!a

la&i "n&halan& an#ara i!"n#i#a 'i#a !an oran& lain, #ai ruan& !i ana 'on#ainai !an

hi$ri!iai !aa# #"r%a!i. A'u in&in "n%a!i %"la $ah/a 'i#a #i!a' "nan&'al "ran "n#ral

!iri i'olo&i, hana "n"&a'an $ah/a u$"r !aa an& %auh l"$ih $ana' !an $"ra&a

!ari an& !ia'ini "$"luna. M"#aora an& !i a#ana $"r!iri !unia o!"rn "n%a!i %auh

l"$ih "!i'i# !i!"inii'an. 3u!ul $u'u 2"nri A#lan an& alin& "n#in& a!alah An#ara Kri#al

!an ro'o' (A#lan 7898). A#lan $"r"n!aa# $ah/a !unia ilu "n&"#ahuan 'lai' !i!aar'an

a!a "#aora 'a'u ""r#i 'ri#al, "!an&'an 'ol"'i#a $"ran!ar a!a "#aora an&

l"$ih cairan, ""r#i aa. 2al ini $"rla'u #i!a' hana un#u' i!"n#i#a in!i+i!u, #"#ai %u&a

oran&0oran& an& 'ol"'#i* aai "'aran& "r"'a #"lah !ian&&a "$a&ai 'ri#al, "uai

!"n&an hu'u uu. 2ari ini, i!"n#i#a ini %auh l"$ih iri !"n&an a/an, !i ana a!a ua#&ra+i#ai, #"#ai #ru'#ur #"#a #i!a' %"la, lui!a. Ini #i!a' $"rar#i $ah/a #i!a' un&'in un#u'

""r'"nal'an "ii'ai0"n"!"rhana'an hari ini, #ai 'i#a haru ""r'"nal'an

&a&aan 'on#"'#uali#a '" 'oa'a#a 'ai 'ol"'i#a. "n"!"rhanaan an& 'i#a $ua#

un#u' hi!u, haru #"r'ai# !"n&an /a'#u !an #u%uan an& 'i#a $ua# "r"'a. 2al ini %"la

$ah/a !unia aa# ini "/a%i$'an 'i#a #i!a' hana ""rhi#un&'an $"r$a&ai ro",

"no"na, '"'ua#an, '"c"n!"run&an !an "n"n#an& '"c"n!"run&an "$ali'na, #"#ai, !i

"#ia aa#, 'i#a !iha!a'an ol"h '"$u#uhan un#u' "$ua# "nilaian !an

""r#i$an&'an ana an& ro" haru !iu#aa'an. P"n!"'a#an in#"l"'#ual 'i#a

"n&haru'an 'i#a, "#ia 'ali, un#u' o'u a!a a"'0a"' #"r#"n#u !ari r"ali#a !"n&an

"n&or$an'an oran& lain, an&, $a&aianaun, #i!a' !aa# !ihilan&'an "olah0olah "r"'a

$a/ahan a#au #i!a' a!a r"'"nin&, naun, "$ali'na, !aa# ulih a!a '"u!ian hari.

Kol"' i'iran ulai "an!an& r"ali#a !"n&an cara ul#i!i"ni. S"!i'i# ""r#i #u!i

#"n#an& i'olo&i "r'"$an&an, an& "na#a'an $ah/a "oran& ana' "n%a!i a!ar o$"'

'"#i'a ia $ia $"r%alan !i "'i#arna, "aniulai, "liha#na !ari "r"'#i an& $"r$"!a.

3"la, #i!a' a!a o$%"' !aa# "rnah !iliha# ol"h "oran& in!i+i!u !ari "ua "r"'#i

un&'in, #"#ai "$an&unan o$%"' #"r%a!i "lalui ro" aniulai !an "r"'#i

$"r&"ra', an& 'i#a !iri'an $a&i 'i#a "$uah i!" an& 'ol"' !an ul#i !i"ni o$%"'.

Saa "n!u&a $ah/a hari ini 'i#a "rlu "la'u'an hal an& aa !"n&an 4o$%"'

lan"#,4 4o$%"' #anah4 a#au 4o$%"' "ra!a$an lan"#.4 2ana a#u "n!"'a#an, hana a#uu!u# an!an& #i!a' cu'u un#u' "liha# "ua a"' lan"# "no"na, #ai 'i#a haru #ahu


10/27

$a&aiana un#u' $"ralih an#ara $ana' $ahaa !an $ana' u!u# an!an&. K"#i'a 'i#a in&in

"ahai ro" lan"# !ala $"r#in!a', 'ai "ili'i $ana' #i#i' au' un#u'

"$an#u 'ai* oli#i', ilu "n&"#ahuan, #"#ai %u&a iri#uali#a, "r#a "ni, ui', !an

'"ahlian "aa'. E'ono, ialna, #"lah $in&un&, 'ar"na "r"'a $aru a%a ulai

"$ua# r"+ii "i#"olo&i !ari i!" "r"'a u$%"', #"ru liha# a$#ra', u$%"' raional, o"in& i'iran #"#ai #i!a' a!a #u$uh. Naun, "ii' in!i+i!u #"rira# !ala ro"

"'onoi a!alah "ua#u #"#ai ini. 1ran& #"r"$u# a!alah #u$uh, !a&in& !an iraionali#a.

Salah a#u !raa#i !ala "n&aruh0"n&aruh a!a "n&"#ahuan !i aa 'i#a, $"raal

!ari un#i'an 5alac"an !an "i#"olo&i 'uan#i#a#i "lalui ilu anuia. Ki#a "rlu

"ahai $a&aiana #ra#"&i "n"!"rhanaan !ala o!"rni#a $"'"r%a un#u' "$uah !unia

an& #i!a' la&i a#u !i ana 'i#a "n"u'an !iri 'i#a "n!iri. Saa# ini, a'#or "'onoi !an

oli#i' "ua "ain'an "ran "n#in& !i #in&'a# &lo$al* %"la $ah/a 'i#a "rlu

"n"uai'an "r"'#i 'i#a un#u' 4aa an& !"'a#4 !an 4aa an& %auh.4 Di aa lalu,

i!"n#i#a !an in#"ra'i an& l"$ih in#"n 'ar"na '"!"'a#anna, 'ol"'#i an& !i"ra#u'an

ol"h '"!"'a#an aial "r"'a. S"'aran&, ini #i!a' la&i #"r%a!i. Bu'an hana 'ar"na 'i#a $ia

$"r'ouni'ai #"n#an& aa un "cara r"al#i" "lalui F"$, #"#ai %u&a 'ar"na in#"ra'i 'i#a

l"$ih $"$a !an $"r&"ra' !i ruan& an& %auh l"$ih 'ol"'. Cara 'i#a $"ri'ir "'aran&

"rlu un#u' "n&"$an&'an +ii "r"'#i un#u' "n&aa#i aa an& #"r%a!i !i lan"# ini.

Ki#a $u'anlah /a'#u an& "nca'u "&ala #"ori, 'i#a a!alah /a'#u un#u' "no"nolo&i

i#uai lan"#.


11/27

Pua# !an in&&iran, 2IRARKI DAN 2ETERARC2Y

G. B.

Mari 'i#a '"$ali '" Ira' "%"na'. M"n&aa Ira' #i!a' !i'"#ahui ol"h oran& A"ri'a<

M"n&aa a!a aih &a&aan lua $ah/a !unia oli#i' "ili'i ua# !an in&&iran, !anhana r"ali#a #"r!"'a# haru !i'"#ahui< M"n&aa "rlu "oran& /ar&a n"&ara A"ri'a un#u'

"n&"#ahui aa0aa #"n#an& Ira' a#au A&hani#an< Naun, Ira' !an A&hani#an 'ini #"lah

"n%a!i r"l"+an !"n&an '"hi!uan 'i#a "hari0hari. M"un&'in'an un!a"n#ali" Ila

#u$uh "$a&ai "no"na ar%inal, #"lah "nun%u''an $ah/a #i!a' a!a "no"na ar%inal.

S"a'in, aa an& %auh !"'a#, un#u' a'#a $ah/a hal i#u !aa# "ili'i 'on"'u"ni $a&i

'"hi!uan 'i#a "hari0hari.

A. M.

D"n&an ro" &lo$aliai, raa 'on" ""r#i ua# !an in&&iran #"lah $"ru$ah. Bia

aa !i'a#a'an !ari h"#"rarch !an hirar'i< Ini a!alah !ua 'on" "n#in& #ai "r"'a "rin&

!ialahahai, #"ru#aa h"#"rarch, "$uah i#ilah an& "ili'i "%arah an& "nari' !i

i$"rn"#i'a !an "'aran& #"ori 'ol"'i#a.

G. B.

Cara #"r$ai' un#u' ""r#i$an&'an aalah ini a!alah !"n&an '"$ali '"

"n#in&na 'on" "n!aar* 4. P"i'iran 'on#"'#ual4 Bah'an, h"#"rarch i#ilah

"nira#'an $ah/a hi"rar'i an& !i'on#"'#ualiai'an. D"n&an 'a#a lain, "r"'a #"ru a!a,

#"#ai "r"'a #i!a' "ili'i nilai a$olu#. M"r"'a ana !an #"r&an#un& a!a u%un&na, #u%uan

!an '"ra&aan iha'. D"n&an cara ini, !ari /a'#u '" /a'#u, aa an& !i '"ala alah a#uhirar'i !aa# "n%a!i $a/ahan !ala hi"rar'i lain.

I!" 'ol"'i#a #"lah "rin& !i'ri#i', "n&'lai $ah/a 4"nc"&ah "$ua# ilihan,4

'ar"na "n"a#'an "&ala "ua#u a!a $i!an& an& aa. Ini $"nar0$"nar #i!a' $"nar.

S"$"narna, i!" 'ol"'i#a "nin&'a#'an #an&&un& %a/a$ '"u#uan a#a lo'ai "l""n,

'ar"na "ua oran& haru "$ua# ilihan an& #"a# a!a /a'#u an& #"a#. D"n&an 'a#a

lain, "i'iran #ra!iional o!"rni#a !"n&an ala "'ani' "n&hilan&'an #an&&un& %a/a$

'i#a un#u' "$a&ian $"ar. Ini %u&a #"lah caca# aara'a# Bara# 'ai. S"$"raa "rin& 'i#a

"n"&a'an $ah/a ro" #"'nolo&i a'an "$a/a '"a%uan o#oa#i<

A. M.

S""r#i an& An!a 'a#a'an, 'ol"'i#a '"liru !i#u!uh "nc"&ah 'i#a !ari "$ua#

ilihan. 2al ini "nari', 'ar"na an&a# "nalaran ini a!alah !"on#rai "urna !ari

"i'iran !i'o#oi* $ai' - a#au. En#ah a!a ilihan $"nar, a#au "uana !ira#a'an,

4r"la#i+i" u#la'4 ""rin#ah, #i!a' a!a nilai0nilai, anar'i. Kai $"ra!a !ala $ah/a

4'"c"aan Car#"ian,4 $"&i#u $ai' !i%"la'an ol"h ilu Richar! B"rn#"in (78@;, =::),

!i ana $ai' a!a or!"r u#la', a#au a!a '"'acauan #o#al. Pa!a '"na#aanna, 'i#a "n&i'u#i

arah uair, !i 4%alan an& !i#"#a'an !ala $"r%alan4 9 (7879078;). Bai' !"#"rini#i',

a&ar u#la' ""r#i "in, !i a#u, cara an& $"nar, #"#ai %u&a #i!a' '"'acauan, '"aca'an

l"n&'a. 2ana uair $"r%alan $"raa !ala ro" "$"la%aran 'r"a#i !"n&an !irina

"n!iri !an !unia, !an "%arah an& "nc"rin'an ilihan, arah, !an "r#"uan !i "an%an&


12/27

%alan. 2al ini "n"$a$'an aa '" #i#i' lain an& laa' "'lorai, ai#u hu$un&an an&

$"r'"$an& an#ara "i'iran h"#"rarchical !an in!i+i!u.

G. B.

Bah'an, a!a an& cu'u '"$in&un&an "i#"olo&i, 'ar"na, !i a#u ii aa# ini 'ai"ili'i nilai #a' #"r&an#i'an !ari in!i+i!u, an& uncul $ai' #a' #"r!u&a !an !"n&an cara

an& #i!a' !aa# #"rhu$un& '" "#ia #"r#"n#u 'ol"'#i a#au aara'a#. Naun, a'#a $ah/a

in!i+i!u uncul !ala cara an& #a' #"r!u&a !an nonr"!"#"rin"! %u&a $"rar#i $ah/a i#u

a!alah "+olui un!a"n#al 'ol"'#i. Kai haru $"rha#i0ha#i, "'iun, #i!a' #"r&"lincir '"

!ala u!u# an!an& in!i+i!uali#i'. Salah a#u "n"uan alin& "nari' !ala #u!i

El!r"!&" a!alah #"ori hi"rar'i "+olui. B"r$"!a !"n&an ul#ra0Dar/ini#@ (Da/'in !an

Fillia Da/'in 789), Goul! !an El!r"!&" $"r"n!aa# $ah/a "+olui $"rlan&un& a!a

#in&'a# an& $"r$"!a, a!a #in&'a# or&ani" in!i+i!ual, "r#a &"n !an "i", !an !iu'ai

a!a #in&'a# #"r#"n#u.

Ar#i#i', "'olo&i, !an ro!u' oli#i' anuia "ua $"raal #i!a' !ari !oinai a#u

#in&'a# !i a#a an& lain, #ai !ari in#"ra'i !ari "ua #in&'a#an ini. M"n&uran&i a#u #in&'a#

'" an& lain #i!a' hana a'an r"!u'ioni", #ai $ia "n%a!i #o#ali#ariani". Aa

"i'iran #o#ali#"r 'a#a'an< Ia "n&a#a'an $ah/a an& "n#in& a!alah #in&'a# uni+"ral

'ol"'#i !an $u'an rincian in!i+i!u.

M"n&a$il un!a"n#ali" Ila* ini a!alah con#oh an& i&nii'an 'ar"na

"n"a#'an &a&aan !ari 'ouni#a oran& "rcaa '"!"an. ?un!a"n#ali Ila $"ro'u

hana a!a i!"n#i#a uni+"ral a&aa !an un!"r+alu" i!"n#i#a naional !an $u!aa.

Naionali", ""n#ara i#u, ""&an& "$ali'na. S""n#ara in#"rnaionali" Ila

"n"'an'an hana "$uah i!" a$#ra' '"anuiaan, naionali "liha# anuia hana !alarincianna. A'i$a#na, - ia "r""h'an hu$un&an an& '"$an&aan "ili'i a#u aa

lain, a'#a $ah/a unur0unur '"$an&aan "lalu aa !an $"ra&a. S"ua +ii ini, "$uah

in#"rnaionali" a$#ra', aa'ah a/a a#au a&aa, naionali" an& #"r$a#a,

"n&an!un& !i !alana ci'al $a'al i'a #o#ali#"r, 'ar"na "r"'a "$a#ai o#"ni 'r"a#i

!ari "i" anuia. 3a!i, "%arah 'i#a $"raal !ari in#"ra'i !an $ana' $o##o u, #o !o/n

""', "n#"&a ""' !an ""' !ari '"aca'an an&a# 'ol"'. Ra anuia "ili'i '"'aaan

!i !alana an& %auh l"$ih lua !aria!a o!"l #ra!iional a'an 'i#a liha#* in#"ra'i an#ara

in!i+i!u, '"loo', oulai, 'ol"'#i, n"&ara, $an&a, $u!aa #rannaional, !an "$a&aina.

3"la, ini "ua "ili'i "an oli#i'. 3i'a 'i#a $"ri'ir !ari ""rin#ah !an '"anuiaan

&lo$al, ini #i!a' $"rar#i $ah/a "r$"!aan $u!aa, $ai' in!i+i!u a#au 'ol"'#i, #"lah !ia#ai.

Maalah $u!aa !unia aa# ini #i!a' #"rl"#a' a!a #i!a' "$"!a'an, #"#ai !ala "n"ria

!an "n&hail'an hi$ri!a !an $u!aa lin#a !i$uahi, an&, a!a &iliranna, a'an "$"ri

a'an '"$ali '" i!"n#i#a "r"'a "n!iri.

A. M.

I!" #"ori hi"rar'i "nari'. 2al ini %u&a !aa# !i#"ra'an a!a #"ori 'r"a#i+i#a, 'ar"na

a!a "luruh ran&'aian #in&'a#, #u!i, !an acara un#u' 'r"a#i+i#a. Sa#u0a#una aalah a!alah

$ah/a iaa un "n&aa#i 'r"a#i+i#a !ari a#u u!u# an!an& #"r#"n#u, ialna, a#u

&"n"#i', $iaana in&in "n&uran&i 'r"a#i+i#a un#u' #in&'a# #un&&al, "n&'lai $ah/a aa un !i luar i#u #in&'a# #"r#"n#u hanalah "ih"no"nal. D"i'ian %u&a, iaa un "liha#


13/27

'r"a#i+i#a !ari u!u# an!an& 'o&ni#i "n"'an'an ini !"n&an "n&or$an'an "ua an&

lain, !an "#"runa. Maalah !"n&an o'u o!"rni#a a!a '""!"rhanaan an&a#

'"c"n!"run&an ini '" arah "n&uran&an, "nu%u "i'iran !i%uni !an r"!u'ioni,

"$a&ai E!&ar Morin (=::@) "n"$u#na, "$uah "i'iran an& "n&uran&i "&ala

"ua#u '" #in&'a# an& aa, an& 4$"nar4 a#u.

G. B.

Saa in&in o'u a!a a"' lain !ari &a&aan hirar'i 'r"a#i+i#a. A'u !i"$u#

"$"luna un#u' R"naianc" "$a&ai "rio!" an& an&a# 'r"a#i, ""r#i an& 'lai'

Yunani. Ini $u'an hana #ra!iionali" 'on"r+a#i, #ai cara "n&"lola un#u' "liha# l"$ih

%auh* 'i#a $"ralih '" aa lalu un#u' "liha# l"$ih $ana'. 1l"h 'ar"na i#u, 'i#a #i!a' haru

""r#i$an&'an 'r"a#i+i#a "$a&ai "$uah "no"na an& #"riolai, #"#ai haru

""rha#i'an i#u a!a #in&'a# an& $"r$"!a, !"n&an ""r#i$an&'an, ialna, aa

an& ua# anuia #"lah $"ri'ir !ala /a'#u lain. Ini "l"ah'an i!" #ra!iional

'"a%uan, !iana "i'iran #"r$aru a!alah an& #"r$ai' hana !"n&an cara ini !aa#

'r"a#i+i#a "n%a!i %arin&an $ana' ruan& !an /a'#u. Di A"ri'a S"ri'a#, #"lah a!a ina#

$aru !ala $u!aa ali A"ri'a, !an "liha# 'on#ri$ui "n#in& un#u' "%arah A"ri'a

o!"rn. D"i'ian %u&a, hio#"i Gi$u#a a#au Eil"r #"n#an& $u!aa N"oli#i' an& "n#in&

$a&i aa 'ini !an aa !"an aara'a# !an iri#uali#a (Gi$u#a 78@8 Eil"r 78@9).


14/27

?un!a"n#ali"

A. M.

Mari 'i#a '"$ali '" "r#anaan #o#ali#ariani", !an 'huuna hu$un&an an#ara

#o#ali#ariani" !an 'r"a#i+i#a. Taa'na a!a "aca 4hu$un&an #"r$ali',4 !iana#o#ali#ariani" a!alah hail !ari cara $"ri'ir !an $"r"rila'u an& '"$ali'an !ari

'r"a#i+i#a. B"ri'ir #o#ali#"r "n&hilan&'an 'r"a#i+i#a !an ""r&"c" an& #a' #"r!u&a,

'ar"na "n"'ananna a!a 'on#rol !an hoo&"ni#a. 2al ini uuna an&a# r"!u'ioni,

an& $"rar#i ia in&in "n"u'an %a/a$an "!"rhana un#u' "#ia aalah. Dala $"rl"$ihan

"'#ri !an an&a# "oional !ari "n"!"rhanaan !an r"!u'ioni" ilu, "rin& "ncari

"ua#u !an alin& "rin& !aria!a #i!a' ""oran& un#u' !ialah'an, "nci#a'an ?i&ur

'lai' !ari 4'a$in& hi#a.4 Dala "$uah "n"li#ian an& #"r'"nal '" !ala 'ara'#"ri#i'

in!i+i!u o#ori#"r, !ila'u'an ol"h A!orno, ?r"n'"l0Brun/ic', 5"+inon, !an Sanor! (78@=),

8 i#u "nun%u''an $a&aiana a#a "la%aran #"r"$u# "ili'i !oi an& 'ua# !ari

'onori" !an #i!a' #ol"ran #"rha!a a$i&ui#a. M"r"'a "nun%u''an r""r"ni !i#an!ai

$"ri'ir hi#a !an u#ih, !an un#u' "!"rhana l"$ih 'ol"', $ai' i'olo&i !an #in&'a#

oial. 2al ini "ni$ul'an i'a o#ori#"r #"rha!a '"ra&aan, 'r"a#i+i#a !an "ua

'oon"n '"#i!a'a#ian !an a$i&ui#a an& "n"r#ai unculna "ua#u an& $aru.

D"n&an cara ini, i#" #o#ali#"r $"ruaha un#u' "n&on#rol, "n!oinai, !an "a#i'an

a&ar !i"r#ahan'an !an, a'i$a#na, #i!a' $ia "n"ria "nailan "ua#u an& $aru.

G. B.

San&a# "nari' 'ar"na i#u un#u' "ahai $a&aiana $"n#u' #o#ali#ariani" an&

'i#a alai !i a$a! #"ra'hir #"lah, a!a !aarna, 'on#ra !"n&an ino+ai, $u'an 'ar"na alaanini!"n#al, #"#ai un#u' "r"'a an&a# ala. M"n&a$il Nai". Ini 'alah !ala P"ran&

Dunia K"!ua, a!alah "nin!a #"rha!a $an&a lain !an oran&0oran& Yahu!i, #"#ai %u&a

#"rha!a $an&a 3"ran "n!iri. Nai" a'an "n#ol"rir a!a ooii !ala aara'a#

"n!iri, "a'a #i!a' hana oran&0oran& Yahu!i un#u' $"r"i&rai, #"#ai %u&a "nian,

ilu/an !an in#"l"'#ual. Mari 'i#a $an!in&'an Eroa !an A"ri'a S"ri'a# "laa P"ran&

Dunia K"!ua. Pa!a aa# '"#i'a "r"'a "ili'i alin& "$u#uh'an iliah !an uaha

#"'nolo&i, 3"ran "n"ran& an&a# a'ar '"&ia#an "n"li#ian, "!an&'an A"ri'a "la'u'an

"$ali'na. A"ri'a "na$u# "ua oran& ilu/an an& #"lah !ianiaa !i Eroa,

"na/ar'an "r"'a un&'in 'on!ii '"r%a #"r$ai' un#u' "la'u'an ro"' "n"li#ian

"r"'a. K"#i'a uaa "ran& !i"rlu'an ino+ai !"#ru'#i, ""r#i $o a#o, a#au ino+ai

an& 'on#ru'#i, ""r#i 'ou#"r !an c$"rn"#ic, Nai "n"u'an !iri "r"'a '"hilan&an

$ah/a 'ola "n#in& !ari in!i+i!u an& 'r"a#i, "!an&'an A"ri'a a!alah $"ar

!iun#un&'an. S"%arah $"rulan& !"n&an run#uhna Uni So+i"#. Uni So+i"# "ncaai iliah

!an #"'nolo&i hail an& $a&u #"r#"n#u, ""r#i "$an&unan #aiun ruan& an&'aa, #"#ai

!"n&an "n&or$an'an oran& lain, ""r#i '"#i!a'auan un#u' "$ua# 'ou#"r an&

$"run&i. Ini !i'"$an&'an in!u#ri $"ra#, #"#ai #i!a' $ia "nci#a'an ilu "n&"#ahuan

au "$an#u in!i+i!u !ala '"hi!uan "hari0hari. D"n&an !"i'ian, aca0S#alini

Uni So+i"# #i!a' $ia "nahan "r$an!in&an !"n&an '"ra&aan !ala &aa hi!u Bara#.

Pa!a #i#i' ini, 'i#a "rlu $"r#ana a!a !iri "n!iri "r#anaan an& a&a' "n&&"liah'an !ari aa'ah a#au #i!a' aara'a# Bara# 'i#a, aa'ah A"ri'a a#au I#alia,


15/27

%u&a "n&an!un& !i !alana a"'0a"' #"r#"n#u an& $"ria# #o#ali#"r. Mialna, a!a

aalah aar an& c"n!"run& '" arah #an!ar!iai, "!an&'an "!ia "a'in "n&uul'an

o!"l !i"#u%ui. Dala hal ini, aara'a# 'i#a #aa'na #i!a' la&i un#u' "n&"'r"i'an

o#"ni "r"'a, ""n#ara, "cara in#"rnal, "r"'a "n&un&'a'an '"#"&an&an an#ara

hoo&"niai ini !an '"c"n!"run&an un#u' $"r$a&ai. Maalah0aalah ini $"raal !ari $"n#u' "i'iran an& #i!a' rui#, !an rii'o "n&oon&'an ro" 'r"a#i 'i#a !ari !ala.

Salah a#u #u&a oli#i' "haruna #i!a' hana "n&hora#i '"ra&aan "rila'u !an cara

hi!u, #ai un#u' "cara a'#i "rooi'anna. Un#u' a'#a $ah/a aara'a# 'i#a #"lah

$an&'i# !ari a$u #o#ali#ariani", 'i#a "rlu "na!ari oran&0'uan +ali!ai an& aih

$"r#ahan !an $ia "n"a#'an aara'a# 'i#a !ala $ahaa. Saa "n&acu, 'huuna,

!"n&an #o#ali#ariani" #"r'ai# !"n&an un!a"n#ali" Ila, !i ana +ali!ai !an "ran&an

#"rha!a '"ra&aan #"lah "ncaai aro'ial !an a#olo&i $"n#u' an& $"lu "rnah

#"rliha# "$"luna !ala "%arah anuia !an !i ana !oron&an un#u' &"noi!a $ah'an

$"r$ali' a!a !iri "r"'a "n!iri. Saa #"lah ""r'"nal'an 'a#"&ori 4&"noi!a !iri4 un#u'

"n%"la'an a'#a an& an&a# !raa#i !unia aa# ini, ""r#i "ran& !i Al%aair, !i ana

Ila un!a"n#ali "nun%u''an #i!a' "n&hora#i aaun un#u' ha'0ha' in!i+i!u.

Iul '"a#ian ini !ila'u'an "cara "'#r" !ala uaa $unuh !iri !an "rua'an

in!i'ai !ari '"na#aan $ah/a "n#ali#a #o#ali#"r, !"n&an "nin!a "&ala %"ni +ariai !an

lurali#a, $"ra'hir !"n&an "n&hilan&'an '"hi!uan i#u "n!iri.

A. M.

Un#u' alaan ini, "nuru# 'a#"&ori $"r&una ?ro, #o#ali#ariani" a!alah i'iran

n"crohilic, !ala ar#i $ah/a ia "nin&&i'an '"a#ian, !an an&a# $"rla/anan !ari

"i'iran 'r"a#i, an& "n&hora#i !an "nc"rin'an '"hi!uan (?ro 78, 78@;).Ga&aan 'r"a#i+i#a $aru $a&i 'i#a, #"ru#aa %i'a 'i#a !iin&a# i#o in!i+i!uali#i' $ah/a

aara'a# 'i#a "a'in "n!u'un&.

2al ini "n#in& un#u' ""r%"la $ah/a '"!ua o#ori#ariani" !an 'r"a#i+i#a

$iaana #"lah !i!"'a#i !ala "aca ""niali !ari %alan. Kai "n&u'ur 'r"a#i+i#a a#au

o#ori#ariani" a!a in!i+i!u !an 'i#a 'a#a'an !ia 'r"a#i, ia o#ori#"r. Dan An!a $ai' a#au

An!a #i!a'. Tai i#u "a'in "n#in&, aa i'ir, un#u' "n&a'ui $ah/a ""n#ara $"$"raa

oran& un&'in %"la an&a# $"r$a'a#, !an $ah'an l"$ih uu 'r"a#i, 'r"a#i+i#a a!alah

"ua#u an& 'i#a "ua au, un#u' #in&'a# an& l"$ih $"ar a#au l"$ih '"cil. Dan hal

an& aa $"rla'u un#u' o#ori#ariani". Ki#a $ia "liha# "ran 'on#"' !i ini. Ki#a $ia

"liha# $a&aiana $"n#u'0$"n#u' #"r#"n#u !ari or&aniai oial !aa# "rooi'an a#au

"n&ha$a# 'r"a#i+i#a, !an $a&aiana 'on!ii #"r#"n#u "rooi'an o#ori#ariani".

Si#uai ancaan !aa# "icu #an&&aan o#ori#"r !i hana #"n#an& iaa0"r"'a "icu aa

an& 'i#a "$u# r"on !arura#, '"#i'a 'i#a "raa 'i#a #i!a' una /a'#u un#u' "$ua#

'"u#uan, !an "&ala "ua#u "cara !ra#i !i'uran&i, !i'on#ra'* T"an a#au uuh<

M"la/an a#au< 2al ini "n"$a$'an hi#a !an u#ih, $ai' - a#au, 'i#a la/an "r"'a $"ri'ir

un#u' "n%ain '"lan&un&an hi!u (Mon#uori =::).

Ma'u! aa !i ini a!alah $ah/a 'i#a !aa# "n!i!i' un#u' 'r"a#i+i#a,

"nu$uh'an i'a 'r"a#i #"rha!a '"hi!uan !an r"on 'r"a#i un#u' #an#an&an. Ini

"n#in& un#u' aara'a# 'r"a#i un#u' "a#i'an anuia #i!a' "n&ha$i'an "$a&ian $"ar /a'#u "r"'a !"n&an #an&&a !arura# "r"'a !i, "olah0olah. Kar"na 'i#a #ahu r"on


16/27

ini !arura# anuia %u&a !i&una'an un#u' "aniulai oran&, "a'a "r"'a "n%a!i

hi#a !an u#ih, 'i#a la/an "r"'a $"ri'ir !an "n&hilan&'an ilihan '"#i'a ini $"nar0

$"nar #i!a' "rlu.

Manu+"r oli#i' 'lai' a!alah un#u' "nci#a'an uuh un#u' "n%a&a 4aa4

"lara $"la'an& "iin "r"'a.Di$u#uh'an uaa na#a un#u' "i'ir'an 4!"o'ra#iai 'r"a#i+i#a,4 !i ana 'i#a

$"r&""r !ari "liha# i#u "$a&ai 'uali#a an& uni' an& hana ro+ini %"niu un#u'

'aai#a anuia un#u' &"n"ra#i $"rar#iiai !ala '"hi!uan. Dala an!an&an $aru ini

'r"a#i+i#a, $u'an hana ro!u' an& 'r"a#i, #"#ai "luruh ro" an& "n&hail'an i#u.

Dan ili'ai oial !an oli#i' an& an&a# $"ar.

G. B.

P"n"uan 'i#a #"n#an& $a&aiana ala ""#a 'r"a#i !ala ia#na "na/ar'an

'i#a an!uan an& "nari' !i ini. P"n"uan ia# "n#in& !ari ala ""#a haru "n%a!i

#iulu $a&i aara'a# 'i#a, 'ar"na "$"ri#ahu 'i#a $a&aiana 'on!ii !aa# !ici#a'an

"hin&&a '"ra&aan an& !aa# "n%a!i ro!u'#i !an "n"$a$'an unculna

'"un&'inan $aru. 3an#un& aalah a!alah "ahai "n#in&na 'on" unculna

$"rain !i acara ini, %u&a !ari #i#i' iliah an!an&. Munculna $"run&i "$a&ai "aca

'oroi an#ara ala ""#a $"nar0$"nar !aa# !ir"!i'i, !i!oinai ol"h u%un& a'hir !an

ana hal0hal "r&i !"n&an cara #"r#"n#u 'ar"na "r"'a #"lah !ir"ncana'an ""r#i i#u !ari

a/al, !an ala ""#a urni aca', !i ana hal "lan%u#'an !ala $"nar0$"nar #i!a'

#"r'"n!ali !an cara aca'. Koroi ini 'i#a $"r$icara #"n#an& a'an ala ""#a !i ana

'i#a #i!a' $ia "r"!i'i hail an& #"a# !ari ro" 'r"a#i, #ai !i ana 'i#a #ahu $ah/a

ala ""#a ni'a# unculna $"n#u'0$"n#u' $aru, 'ar"na "ili'i ari#"'#ur $"&i#u 'aa!ala '"ra&aan !an in#"ra'i.

D"n&an 'a#a lain, "rlu a!a uaa #"r"ncana, an& "rua'an oli#i', "#"#i, ur$ani#ic

!an or&aniai, un#u' "$"n#u' 'on!ii #"r$ai' un#u' in!i+i!u an& 'r"a#i un#u' au' '"

!ala 'on#a' !"n&an a#u aa lain. Ini haru "n%a!i #u%uan oli#i' aan 'i#a. Siaa an&

#ahu $"raa $ana' i'iran an& #"r$uan& a#au "n%a!i "n&'ri#al 'ar"na "r"'a #i!a'

"ili'i ruan& a#au inuii"ni /a'#u "a!ai un#u' #in!a'an "r"'a un#u' "n%a!i

ro!u'#i, ""r#i an& #"r%a!i !i ala<

A. M.

Saa "n%a!i #"r#ari' !ala hal ini 4'oroi4 "no"na "laa #u!i aa !ari

or&aniai, !an, un#u' "la'u'an hal ini, aa "n&&una'an "#aora ui'. S"#"lah analo&i

ini, oii a$olu# "na#a'an $ah/a a!a 'or ui', an& haru $"nar0$"nar !ia#uhi,

""r#i, !ala hal a&aa, a!a "$acaan li#"ral !ari Al'i#a$ a#au Aluran. Dala %a,

"$ali'na, iro+iai #i!a' r"on ""n#ara #i!a' a!ana 'or ui', #ai un!a"n#al,

i#u !i %an#un& ui'. Suara '""luruhan $an! a!alah ro"r#i uncul an& !ihail'an !ari

in#"ra'i ara uii. Ki#a $ia "n&&a$ar'an ini "$a&ai ro"' an#ar0u$%"'#i. A'u ra&u0

ra&u un#u' "n"$u#na 4'oroi,4 Saa 'ira 'ar"na #"ru#aa !i A"ri'a S"ri'a#,

'oroi %an&'a "ili'i 'ono#ai n"&a#i. Saa i'ir aa an& $"nar0$"nar "nari' !i inia!alah $ah/a 'i#a $"rha!aan !"n&an ara!i&a an& an&a# $"r$"!a. 4Bai'4 %a, a#au


17/27

ui' l"$ih uu iro+iai, $ai' %u#ru 'ar"na i#u a!alah $aru !an "n&"%u#'an, !an #i!a'

!aa# !"n&an !"inii !ii'u#i a!a 'or. 2al ini ""rlu'an i'a an& an&a# $"r$"!a, an&

$"r$"!a !ari nilai0nilai, !an $"n#u' an& $"r$"!a !ari "n!i!i'an $a&i ara uii an&

$"ran&'u#an. Kar"na i#u a!alah un&'in un#u' $"la%ar un#u' $"riro+iai. I#u $ah'an

'au $ah/a "n!i!i'an %a 'ini #"lah "n%a!i in!u#ri an& "un&&uhna. A!a #"ori an&"ii', "n!"'a#an0"n!"'a#an, !an '"#"railan ""oran& !aa# $"la%ar. Ini %"la $u'an

'au an& An!a 4hana $"rain,4 hana "aca aca' $"rain ca#a#an, iro+iai %a

cara !i&a$ar'an !i Bara# '"#i'a "r#aa0#aa uncul, "$a&ai "aca nai, rii#i

$"r"&ah "$o!ohi 'acau "'i#ar. Ini a!alah !iilin an& an&a# "nun#u# un#u' $"rain

!i #in&'a# #"r#in&&i.

G. B.

Saa i n! "#aora 'or or'"#ra an&a# "nari'. Saa "rcaa $ah/a "$a#aan

$ana' or&aniai, #"rau' '"loo'0'"loo' oli#i' !an "ruahaan, a!alah $ah/a

"r"'a "n"'an'an 'or #"rlalu $ana', "r"n!ah'an a#au $ah'an "nco$a un#u'

"n&hilan&'an a"' iro+iai. P"ruahaan an&a# "rin& in&in ino+ai !an 'r"a#i+i#a,

#ai '"u!ian "$ua# '"alahan !"n&an ""r'"nal'an 'on!ii an& #"rlalu "i#,

an& #"lah !i#"n#u'an, a#au !ii'a# !"n&an #"n&&a# /a'#u "n"li#ian !i#a'!ir'an.

Eloisa Cianci (E. C.)

Apakah ada hal seperti ilmiah fundamentalisme?

G. B.Pa!a in#ina, iliah #ra!ii 'ai #i!a' un!a"n#ali. Ilu/an ino+a#i #ahu $ah/a

#ra!ii !an "ori an&a# "n#in& un#u' - na 'r"a#i+i#ana. Pi'ir'an Dar/in ia "n&"r#i

$"#ul $ah/a '"&ia#an "hari0hari ra'#i na "/a'ili "$uah $a&ian "n#in& !ala #"ori

"+olui. S"lan%u#na, !ala $"$"raa !"'a!" #"ra'hir, iliah #ra!ii 'ai #"lah "n"u'an

hal an& "nari' !ari %auh !i $"la'an& !ari "ra o!"rn !an l"$ih %auh !ari "rio!" 'lai'.

1ran& $"ri'ir r"l"'i D" San#illana !i 2al"# Mill "n&"nai "no"na a#ronoi (D"

San#illana !an +on D"ch"n! 78@;). San&a# "nari' un#u' !ica#a# $a&aiana "n"uan

!i%"la'an !i"rlu'an $ana' &"n"rai, !an "rin& uncul !"n&an #i!a' a!ana l"n&'a !ari

"#ia #ranii #"r#uli. Dala hal ini an& "ii', 'i#a $"r$icara #"n#an& "aca "'olo&i

i!", !ala ar#i $ah/a '"ca$ah ilu !ari hu$un&an 'ri#i !an u$ur !"n&an %aan !ahulu.

Ca'ra/ala "'olo&i ini #"ru ""rlua $"r'a# &lo$aliai !an, !"n&an !"i'ian, l"$ih lan%u#

""rlua o#"ni iliah, haru ilu "ilih un#u' "n&a!oi ara!i&a ""r#i i#u.

E. C.

Daa# i!" r"!un!ani #"rhu$un& '" "$uah i!" "'olo&i %u&a !i#"ra'an a!a $"n#u'

ro!u'i iliah "n&"#ahuan< Dan $a&aiana an!an&an aara'a# ilu "n&"#ahuan<

G. B.

Dala "n%a/a$ "r#anaan "r#aa An!a, aa a#i a'an "n&a#a'an a. S"a'in $ana' ilu an& !i"r'aa ol"h in#"ra'i !an hu$un&an, "a'in $"ar '"a%uan an&


18/27

!i$ua# ol"h iliah i'iran. D"n&an cara ini, $ah'an 'ouni'ai iliah #i!a' $ia la&i

!ian&&a "$a&ai a'"ori $"la'a $a&i ilu "n&"#ahuan, #"#ai "$a&ai "'olo&i ilu an&,

!"n&an !"i'ian, "n&hail'an $"n#u'0$"n#u' $aru !ari "n&"#ahuan, $ahaa "'r"i $aru,

'"$u#uhan $aru, an& "uana "$"ri a'an '"$ali '" ilu i#u "n!iri.

K"$ali '" "r#anaan !ari un!a"n#ali", "nari' un#u' !ica#a# $ah/a 'ai $ia $icara !ari iliah un!a"n#ali" "r#a un!a"n#ali" a&aa. 2al ini 'ar"na

'ara'#"ri#i' un!a"n#ali", aa un $"n#u'na, a!alah un#u' ""r#i$an&'an

'"$"naran an& !iili'i #i#i' "n!iri an!an& !an #i!a' a!a oran& lain. S"$ali'na, "'olo&i

i!" "n&an&&a '"$"naran !ala 'on#"', an& $"rar#i $ah/a #i!a' !aa# "n%a!i iliah

'"$"naran #ana '"$"naran oial.

Maalah lain an& $"rhu$un&an !"n&an hu$un&an, #"rl"a !ari '"ra&aan an#ar

in!i+i!u, $"raal !ari ain&0ain& in!i+i!u an& an&a# $"r$"!a "cara in#"rnal 'i#a

ain&0ain& "ili'i i!"n#i#a &an!a, ulai !ari #in&'a# n"urolo&i !"n&an ola i'ir

an& "rin& 'onli' !an $"rain& a#u aa lain. S"lain i#u, "#ia in!i+i!u #"r!iri !ari $u!aa

an& $"r$"!a, $ahaa an& $"r$"!a !an u!u# an!an& an& $"r$"!a. Dari li#"ra#ur an&

#"r"!ia !i ilu/an !an in!i+i!u 'r"a#i lainna, 'i#a !aa# "liha# $a&aiana "r"'a "rin&

in!i+i!u an& "cara hariah hi!u !i !ua !unia !"n&an a#u a#a, "r"'a "nco$a un#u'

"n&aa#i $aru, ""n#ara, !"n&an an& lain, "r"'a !"n&an #"&a #"ro'u a!a aa lalu.

K"ala "r"'a "n&ha!ai aa !"an !an 'a'i "r"'a "n&ha!ai aa lalu. 2ana

"i'ir'an Co"rnicu, N"/#on, Ein#"in, !an Dar/in "n!iri. M"r"'a "ua in!i+i!u an&

"n&un&'a'an $a&aiana '"#"&an&an an#ara ino+ai !an #ra!ii !aa# "n%a!i ro!u'#i.

S"#ia in!i+i!u #"r!iri !ari aa !"an !an aa lalu, "hin&&a 'onli' an#ara !ua #i#i'

an!an& "nci#a'an $"r$a&ai #"ori in#"i. 3"la, "#ia in!i+i!u "$a/a !ala !irina

"ua i!"n#i#a !ari ililah na* oran& #uana, "%arah ri$a!ina, lin&'un&an !i ana ia#"lah #in&&al, #ai !ia %u&a !iro"'i'an '" aa !"an.

K"ra&aan !ala in!i+i!u a!alah ala# an& h"$a# 'r"a#i+i#a $a&i aara'a#. 3a!i,

$a&i ua#u or&aniai un#u' "n%a!i 'r"a#i, ia haru #ahu cara "$ua# !alana #i!a'

hana 'on!ii un#u' "n&hora#i !an "nci#a'an cara #"r$ai' un#u' $"rin#"ra'i an#ara

"r$"!aan an& "n%a!i ciri $"r$a&ai in!i+i!u, #"#ai %u&a "r"'a an& a'an "un&'in'an

in!i+i!u un#u' $"rin#"ra'i !"n&an a#u lain !ala 'aai#a "r"'a "$a&ai $"$"raa

a'hlu', "ua $"r$"!a !an $"r#in&'a# !ala. 3i'a #i!a', a!a rii'o "r"'a "ua an&

!iliha# "$a&ai 'o#a' #"r#u#u.

Ini a'an "a'an /a'#u un#u' or&aniai 'ai un#u' "ulai in#"ra'i 'r"a#i

$"$"raa in!i+i!u. 2al ini #i!a' cu'u un#u' "n&hora#i '"ra&aan. S"#ia in!i+i!u haru

!iiin'an un#u' "n"u'an $"r$a&ai $ahaa !an r"&i#"r an& ia #"r!iri. 2al ini %u&a

!i"rlu'an un#u' oran& lain an& #"rli$a# !ala "ri r"'a ini "r#u'aran un#u'

"un&'in'an "n"uan ini $"rlan&un&. Dala hal ini, /a'#u "rua'an +aria$"l an&

an&a# "n#in&. 3i'a 'i#a "nco$a un#u' ""rin&'a# i#u, 'i#a "n&uran&i 'uali#a

in#"ra'i. Tai aara'a# 'i#a "nu%u '" arah an& $"rla/anan. Dala $"$"raa #ahun

#"ra'hir, #"lah "a'in !i!oron& ol"h "aca 4i#i' "rc"a#an.4 Ini a!alah "$uah

aara'a# an& #"lah "nco$a un#u' "o#on& ro" $"ri'ir, un#u' "nin&'a# "r"'a,

'ar"na o$"i !"n&an '"un#un&an %an&'a "n!"'. Ki#a haru $"ruaha un#u' "ulih'an

u!u# an!an& ana /a'#u "n%a!i +aria$"l #ra#"&i, an& !aa# !i'"n!ali'an, $ai' ""r"n!"' a#au ""ran%an& i#u.


19/27

E. C.

Ini a!alah aalah uu un#u' "n"li#ian, 'huuna !ala or&aniai. S""n#ara

'alan&an a'a!"ii an& !ala $"$"raa hal l"$ih l"'i$"l #"n#an& "n"li#ian, "n"li#i

"$"ri'an "r"'a l"$ih $ana' /a'#u, !ala $ini, !i ana !inai'a "n"li#ian $"r$"!a, "'"r%aan la$ora#oriu !ila'u'an un#u' %a!/al '"#a# '"#a#. Si#uai ini $iaana "ni$ul'an

'"#"&an&an !i "n"li#i, "rin& "n&u$ah i'iran #"r$u'a !an l"'i$ili#a "'"r%aan ini

"$u#uh'an "n%a!i '"'a'uan !an ch"a#i, #ana ""r#i$an&'an $ah/a ini

"n&a'i$a#'an "n&hauan !ari !inai'a an& $iaana "n"$a$'an unculna i!" an&

an&a# 'r"a#i. S"lan%u#na, %an&an lua $ah/a %"ni "n"li#ian an&a# !i'on!ii'an ol"h

'on" in#"r!iilin"r '"r%a aa #i. Ini !inai, an& $ia "ain'an ""' oi#i !ala

"n!u'un& #an#an&an an#ara '"ra&aan !an unculna i!"0i!" $aru, "rin& !ian&&a

"$a&ai aalah, 'ar"na #i#i'0#i#i' an& $"r$"!a an!an&an !an $ahaa an& ain&0ain&

"n"li#i "rlu "nan&ani un#u' "raih '"un#un&an !ari '"loo'. ?a'#or0a'#or an&

$"ro#"ni "n%a!i "n!u'un& unculna ino+ai '"u!ian !ian!an& "$a&ai n"&a#i.

A. M.

Ironina a!alah $ah/a !ala !unia an& "a'in 'ol"', 'i#a in&in ""rc"a#

hal0hal !an i olui n! "!"rhana. A!a '"c"n!"run&an 'ua# un#u' in&in "o#on& "lalui

'ol"'i#a !an "ili'i &i&i#an uara an& "n%"la'an "&ala "ua#u, a#au $u'u an&

"$"ri'an 'i#a !"n&an #u%uh lan&'ah u!ah. . . naa #oi' An!a, !ari "nurunan $"ra#

$a!an un#u' "nli&h#n"n# r"+olui. Ini "n&&an&&u 'ar"na "a'in oran& "ncari olui0

olui "!"rhana !an %u&a in#"rr"#ai "!"rhana !ari i!"0i!" an& 'ol"' #ai i#u

"n&'ha/a#ir'an 'ar"na aa an& 'i#a $u#uh'an "'aran& a!alah $"rla/anan, "$uah caraun#u' "ahai #an#an&an 'ol"'i#a, alin& '"#"r&an#un&an, !an '"#i!a'a#ian.

Aa an& 'i#a $u#uh'an "'aran& a!alah %u#ru '"auan un#u' $"r&ula# !"n&an

aalah an& 'ol"' !an i!"0i!" an& 'ol"'. Saa an&a# riha#in #"n#an& '"$u#uhan

ini un#u' #an&an aa i!"0i!". P"raaan uu a!alah $ah/a oran& #i!a' "ili'i /a'#u a#au

"n"r&i un#u' "n"$"ran& "lalui $u'u0$u'u an& uli# $"ar, !an, 'huuna !i A"ri'a

S"ri'a#, #"r#ari' a!a "ua#u an& ra'#i. 3an&an $"ri aa #"ori, #i!a' "$"ri aa i!"0i!"

$"ar. B"ri a'u "ua#u an& $ia aa &una'an. Tai "ua#u an& ra'#i "lalu uncul !ari

'"ran&'a #"ori#i, ""ran&'a# nilai0nilai !an aui. M"n&a$ai'an "r"'a $"nar0$"nar

"rua'an cara un#u' "n&a#a'an, 4'a#a'an a%a a!a'u aa an& haru !ila'u'an.4 A#au

l"$ih $uru', !an "ua#u an& $"rori"n#ai ra'#i a'an "nola', 4Saa hana in&in An!a

un#u' "$"ri#ahu aa aa an& haru !ila'u'an.4 Ki#a un&'in #i!a' $"ri'ir $ah/a ini

a!alah aa an& 'i#a in#a, #ai "#ia 'ali 'i#a hana in&in hal0hal ra'#i, 'i#a '"hilan&an

&a$aran $"ar, nilai0nilai, 'on#"', !an "la'u'an "ua#u an& oran& lain "$"ri#ahu

'i#a $a&aiana "la'u'anna $ah'an %i'a i#u #aa'na '"#a# un#u' '""n#in&an 'i#a "n!iri

. A!a ironi i#u. . .

M"!ia oul"r an&a# $"raalah '"#i'a !a#an& '" "n"!"rhanaan.

2ana "non#on cara $"ri#a "$aha aalah0aalah an& 'ol"', $a&aiana

'iah0'iah '"anuiaan #ru "ri#i/a oli#i' an& 'ol"' a#au "ni, an& hair #i!a'

"rnah "n!aa#'an !i"$u#'an, !i A"ri'a S"ri'a#, '"cuali i#u a!alah !i'ui #"n#an& $"raa $ana' il an& !i$ua# in&&u #"r#"n#u ini.


20/27

G. B.

Ya, !an $a&aiana !"n&an #al' ho/< In#"ra'i an#ara oran& !ia#ur !ari a/al ol"h

an&a# 'a'u aa#0$a#a, an& "$"ri 'i#a &a$ar hana #"r"o#i in!i+i!u. 4In!i+i!u

#"r"o#i4 $"rin#"ra'i !"n&an lainna 4in!i+i!u #"r"o#i.4 2ailna a!alah in#"ra'i an&"'on"nial l"$ih r"n!ah !aria!a aa an& a'an a!a !i an#ara 4oran& $"#on,4 ol"h !"inii

an& l"$ih 4'ol"',4 $"rin#"ra'i !"n&an lainna 4$"#on !an in!i+i!u an& 'ol"'.4 Ini

!a#an& "'i#ar 'ar"na +aria$"l /a'#u $"&i#u !i'or"i $ah/a "#ia oran& $"r'"/a%i$an

"nail'an !iri !"n&an cara an& alin& "!"rhana !an "ii"n, "n&&una'an, ialna,

"ran&'a# rooi !an &i&i#an uara. S"olah0olah hal i#u un&'in un#u' "$ua# $ahaa

an& %"la !an #i!a' a$i&u, '"#i'a, ol"h ala, i#u a!alah "$ali'na. Ma'na "#ia 'alia#

an& 'i#a 'a#a'an #"r&an#un& a!a 'on#"', a!a "n&&unaan 'i#a "$ua# i#u !an in#"ra'i

'i#a !"n&an oran& lain. A"' 'r"a#i $ahaa, ""r#i uii !an a#ra, uncul '"#i'a 'i#a

"n&&una'an 'a#a0'a#a a#au raa an&, !i a#u ii, $"nar0$"nar $aru, #ai, !i ii lain, #i!a'

$"&i#u ino+a#i un#u' "$ua# "r"'a !i"n&"r#i un#u' "$aca l"$ih a#au 'uran&

$"r"n!i!i'an . E"' "#"#i'a a#ra, !an #"ru#aa uii, $"raal !ari !oi an& $ai' '"$aruan

!an '"a'ra$an $"raa0aa.

Bahaa a!alah ala# halu, 'ar"na a$i&ui#a an& #i!a' !ir"!u'i, a!a '"na#aanna,

i#u a!alah ala# "n#in& un#u' 'ouni'ai !an $"r$a&i 'ol"'#i i!"0i!". Bahaa a!alah #"a#

!i ana "ua#u an& $aru an& #"r%a!i "an%an& /a'#u. Maalahna a!alah $ah/a 'i#a

"rin& "n&uran&i $ahaa !an 'ol"'i#a un#u' ri#ual 'onirai. P"ranci "ili'i

"'r"i an& $a&u, lan&u" !" $oi, $ahaa 'au, an& "rin& !i&una'an ol"h E!&ar Morin

un#u' "n&&a$ar'an $ahaa $iro'ra# ar#ai. Bahaa ini c"n!"run& !aarna %"la, !"n&an

#i!a' a!a ruan& un#u' "lu'0$"lu' a'na, un#u' '"lancaran, un#u' '"#i!a'%"laan "'r"i.S"$uah 'lai' ""r#i G"or&" 1r/"ll 78@> "n"'an'an 4$ahaa "$a&ai 'on#ru'i

'"'uaaan #o#ali#"r4 !an &a&aan "$an&un n"o0$ahaa an& "uana %"la, #i!a' a$i&u,

!i ana #i!a' a!a "n&"cualian !an !i ana a'na an& !i!"inii'an #"rl"a !ari

"n&&unaanna. Ini a!alah "n!"'a#an #hana#olo&ical $ahaa, "$"'uan !ala $"n#u'

"'ali !an un#u' "ua, "$ua# "%arah ri#ual "!"rhana 'onirai. S"'ali la&i, 'i#a liha#

uncul $"n#u' #o#ali#ariani" !an un!a"n#ali".

3a!i, "r%uan&an na#a aan o!"rn #i!a', "$a&ai 2un#inon (788;, 788@) 77

"n&a#a'an, "r%uan&an an#ara $u!aa, "lain'an, "$uah 'onli' !ala $u!aa haru 'ai

'a#a'an, an#ara un!a"n#ali" !an 'r"a#i+i#a< Ini a!alah "r%uan&an an#ara "r"'a an&

"n&an&&a $ah/a /a'#u, "%arah, !an in#"rr"#ai $"ra!a !i a'ar '"anuiaan !an

iri#uali#a i#u "n!iri, !an "r"'a an& #i!a'.

Mari 'i#a '"$ali '" "r#anaan #oi'al an& a'ral !an r"li&iu. A!a a#u an!an&an,

an& "nca'u ilahi !an iri#ual, an& "rlu "%arah. A!a $ana' #"olo&i "+olui an&

"na#a'an $ah/a Allah "nci#a'an !unia 'ar"na, un#u' $"$"raa !"ra%a#, Ia !a#an&

"n%a!i !"n&an !unia. Ini $u'an hu$un&an a#"r !an $a/ahan, #"#ai l"$ih !ari '"i#raan.

Allah uncul !"n&an !unia, !an ini a!alah +ii iri#ual an& $"nar0$"nar "#u%u !"n&an

"$acaan $ana' a&aa "r#a an!an&an $ah/a ilu "$"ri'an 'oo. Naun, !ala

+ii un!a"n#ali i#u "n"&a'an $ah/a a!a '"$"naran an& a!a !ari "$"lu /a'#u ulai

!an anuia an& haru $"r#in!a' !ala "!oan an& an&a# '"#a#. Kon" '"i#raan !an


21/27

!oinai, ol"h 'ar"na i#u, an&a# r"l"+an 'ar"na, !ala a#u 'au, hu$un&an an#ara Allah

!an anuia a!alah '"i#raan, ""n#ara, !i ii lain, i#u a!alah !oinai.

Aa an& aa in&in #"'an'an a!alah $ah/a un!a"n#ali" a!alah alah a#u. V"ri

Ila, ol"h 'ar"na i#u, #i!a' $"r$"!a !ari $"r$a&ai $"n#u' Kri#"n, Bu!ha, a#au iliah

un!a"n#ali". Aa an& "$ua#na l"$ih &ana !ala Ila, "'iun, a!alah'"na#aan $ah/a !i "ra o!"rn #"lah "n%a!i #"riolai, aai $a#a #"r#"n#u, !ari aa lalu.

2ari ini, $a&aianaun, aalah #o#ali#ariani" haru !iha!ai a!a 'ala lan"# !an

'"hi!uan "hari0hari. P"n!i!i'an, oli#i', !an "#i'a arah 'ai, aa# ini, a!alah un#u'

"ahai $a&aiana i!"n#i#a 'i#a !i$an&un "#ia hari !"n&an cara %arin&an in#"ra'i. Th"

'aa %arin&an, "a'in i!"n#i#a 'i#a "n%a!i $aru, $"ra&a !an au "n%a!i 'r"a#i

!ala in#"ra'ina !"n&an i!"n#i#a lainna.

Dari ini, #i$ullah "n#in&na "r!"$a#an ilooi a!a &a&aan #"n#an& '"$"naran.

S"lalu, a!a $"nar0$"nar "/"nan&0/"nan& 'onli' an#ara +ii i#u, un#u' "n&&una'an (78@;,

=::) i#ilah B"rn#"in, a!alah #u%uan !an +ii lain an&, 'a#a'anlah, r"la#i. Un#u' $"$"raa

"n!u'un& #aa'na $ah/a '"$"naran i#u !i$"ri'an "'ali !an un#u' "ua !i a/al /a'#u

""n#ara, un#u' oran& lain, aa un $"r%alan !an, ol"h 'ar"na i#u, 'i#a !aa# "n&a#a'an aa

an& 'i#a u'ai. Pan!an&an an& !i'"u'a'an !i ini a!alah $ah/a '"$"naran a!alah an#ar0

u$%"'#i, !i$an&un "lalui !ialo& $"r'"lan%u#an an#ara a#a "la%aran, !i ana in#"rr"#ai

#i!a' hi#ori !i#"n#u'an, #"#ai "r"'a #i!a' "/"nan&0/"nan& $ai'. Su$%"'#i+i#a !an

o$%"'#i+i#a an#ar #i!a' "/"nan&0/"nan& a!a '"#"r$a#aan 'on#"'#ual !an hi#ori !an, !ari

u!u# an!an& ilooi, ini #"lah !ioro# ol"h Ga!a"r (789), 7= !an "%ulah "i'ir

ilaa# hari ini. Dala ran&'a un#u' $"r#"ur #o#ali#ariani" 'i#a haru lulu !i luar ini

"n!"'a#an ilooi urni !an cara ini "nair'an, '" #i#i' "n&in&a# "no"na "n#in&

!ari '"hi!uan 'i#a "hari0hari.

A. M.

Saa "nan& $ah/a An!a #"ru !a#an& '"$ali '" ini &a&aan ""rlua !iri.

S"'aran& !i A"ri'a S"ri'a# 'i#a "liha# $"n#u' an& an&a# "n&i# h"rin!i+i!uali

!ala $"r$a&ai $"n#u'0!i T"a Par#, !i Silicon Vall", !an $ah'an !ala $"$"raa $"n#u'

N"/ A&". Kara An Ran! an&a# oul"r !i A"ri'a S"ri'a#. Dia #i!a' #"rlalu #"r'"nal !i

Eroa, #ai !i A"ri'a S"ri'a# !ia an&a# $"r"n&aruh !ala. Bu'u0$u'una a!alah "n%ual

$"ar, !i a#a ana !"n&an Al'i#a$. Dia #"lah !i%ulu'i ilu !ari Par#ai R"u$li', !an Alan

Gr""nan, an#an K"#ua ?"!"ral R""r+" Boar!, "n&"nalna "cara ri$a!i !an "n&i'u#.

Bu'u Ran! A#la Shru&&"! (=:7>) !an Th" ?oun#ainh"a! (788>) a!alah "ua #"n#an&

'"'ua#an in!i+i!u #"rha!a au'an "uai aara'a#.

Dia a!alah "oran& ii&ran !ari Uni So+i"#, "hin&&a ia "$a/a $ah/a "nola'an

"n&i# '""uaian !ia'a l"$ih '" A"ri'a, !i ana ia "n"u'an #anah an& u$ur. Salah

a#u $u'una an& $"r%u!ul Th" K"$a%i'an K""&oian (78>). 3u!ul "rin&'a ilaa# !ala

$ana' cara. M"nari'na, $a&ina i#u $u'an hana 'on#rol n"&ara i#u aalah, #ai al#rui".

?ilooi na "na#u'an !ala $"n#u' in!i+i!uali" "'#ri, Soial Dar/ini",

"nola'an on#an !ari aa un "lain 4ria $ua#an "n!iri.4 N"&ara !i#ola', ""r#i uaa

un#u' "$an#u "aa anuia ""oran&. In!i+i!uali" $"ra'ar !ala $u!aa A"ri'a a!a '"na#aanna, i#u $"nar0$"nar #"n&ah un#u' i#u (Sla#"r 788:). K"#i'a, a!a #ahun 788,


22/27

aa "n"r$i#'an "$uah ar#i'"l "n&uul'an l"$ih 'on#"'#ual, an!an&an r"laional

'r"a#i+i#a, aa #"r'"%u# ol"h r"on. B"$"raa oran& $"ri'ir 'r"a#i+i#a a!alah '"#a#,

"''lui, "no"na in!i+i!u, !an &a&aan 'r"a#i+i#a oial a#au '"loo' hana "$uah

ooron. 5ainna $"nar0$"nar #"rin&&un&, "raa $ah/a aa "n"ran& in!i+i!u, !an

'ar"na i#u haru "n%a!i oiali a#au $ah'an 'ouni. Virul"ni r"on an&a# "nari'. Ini"na!a aalah !ala i!"n#i#a !iri !an i!"n#ii'ai.

T"#ai "n&in&a# 'on#"' $u!aa, aa haru $"nar0$"nar #i!a' #"r'"%u#. Pa!a #ahun

788, 3ohn Fan" aih a'#or alin& oul"r !i A"ri'a S"ri'a#, !ii'u#i ol"h Clin#

Ea#/oo! !an M"l Gi$on. Yan& "r#aa !ua oran& 'o$oi #un&&al, !an Gi$on a!alah

o#in& ao'ali#i' 'o$oi, $ia !i$ilan&. Pa!a #ahun =:7;, a'#or an& alin& oul"r a!alah

To 2an', "aca an&a# $"r$"!a !ari ?i&ur, !an l"$ih !ari "#"n&ah !ari a'#or A"ri'a

an& alin& oul"r a!alah "r"uan. Ini a!alah "ru$ahan !raa#i an& '"$ali ro"'0

l in!ah !ari 'o$oi i#olo&i A"ri'a hi"r0in!i+i!uali #un&&al. M"nari'na, 3ohn Fan"

aih alin& oul"r ?i&ur $a&i oran&0oran& l"$ih !ari 9:, !an un#u' 'on"r+a#i. Ini %u&a

"n%"la'an "n&aa 'an!i!a# oli#i' Mi## Ron" "$ua# ilihan an& an"h "ilih

Clin# Ea#/oo! un#u' $"r$icara !i 'on+"ni '"#i'a ia "ncalon'an !iri "$a&ai r"i!"n*

Ea#/oo! "/a'ili #"ra'hir !ari 'o$oi #un&&al, !an "n&i$au #"r#"n#u an& l"$ih #ua,

u#ih, la'i0la'i !"o&rai Par#ai R"u$li' an& $"r#u%uan.

T"#ai %i'a a#oi#i', i#" in!i+i!ual !i#u#u "u!ar, !i ana 'i#a a'an "r&i< A!a

$"$"raa !i'ui an&a# $"ranaa# uncul, !an ina# a!a Bu!!hi" !i A"ri'a a!alah

"ili'i $"$"raa 'on"'u"ni an& an&a# "n#in&. Bu'an hana 'ar"na ra'#i' iri#ual i#u

""r'"nal'an, o'u a!a '"a!aran, 'aih aan&, !an "$a&aina, #"#ai %u&a 'ar"na

ar%ana0ra'#ii ""r#i 3oanna Mac $"r!"$a# un#u' "n&"$an&an 'on" !iri, !"n&an"n&&a$ar a!a Bu!!hi" !an i#" #"ori (Mac 7887 ). Kai "liha# unculna !iri

an& l"$ih #"r$u'a, l"$ih r"laional, l"$ih $a&ian !ari %arin&an, l"$ih a!ar #"n#an& $a&aiana

'i#a alin& $"rhu$un&an !an alin& #"r&an#un&.

A"' "n#in& lainna !ari #ranii '" an& l"$ih #"r$u'a, an!an&an r"laional !iri

a!alah 'ar"na "nin&'a#na '"a!aran i'olo&i "r"uan (Gilli&an 78@= Sr"#na' =:77).

D"n&an cara an& aa $ah/a "ruahaan0"ruahaan arai #"lah "n&u%i o$a# hair

"cara "''lui a!a la'i0la'i, i'olo&i $"nar0$"nar #"lah "ua #"n#an& ria, !an $ah'an

!ala $u!aa an& an&a# in!i+i!uali#i, /ani#a uuna %auh l"$ih r"laional !aria!a

ria.

M"nin&'a#na ar#iiai "r"uan !i "ua #in&'a# aara'a# a!alah "$a/a

'"!"an "n!"'a#an an& l"$ih r"laional ini. Kara aa "n!iri a!a 'r"a#i+i#a, !an 'ri#i'

aa %"niu a#una a!alah $"nar0$"nar cara un#u' "au'i !i'ui ini !ari an& lain

"r"'#i0"n&'ri#ii $"n#"n& "i'iran in!i+i!uali !an $"r!"$a# #i!a' hana un#u'

"n#in&na "ahai ro" 'ola$ora#i, #ai r"0'o&nii !ari cara $ah'an "oran& in!i+i!u

$"'"r%a "n!iri "lalu "n%a!i $a&ian !ari %arin&an, an& a!a !ala ruan& !an /a'#u, "lalu

r"laional, "lalu $"r!ialo& !"n&an oran& lain, !"n&an "n#or, "n&aruh0"n&aruh, oran&

an& 'i#a cin#ai !an oran& an& 'i#a un&'in "$"nci, $ah'an %i'a hana !ala !ialo&

in#"rnal 'i#a "n!iri. Dari "r"'#i "i'iran 'ol"', i#u uaa un#u' "n"'an'an

"n#in&na 'on#"' !an 'on"'i, !aria!a "iahan !an iolai (!ala hal ini !ari %"niu#un&&al).


23/27

G. B.

Biar'an aa "$"ri#ahu An!a 'iah $u'u #"ra'hir S#"h"n 3a Goul!.

?inalcoll"c#ion na "ai !i"$u# I 2a+" 5an!"! (Goul! =::=). Ini a!alah 'alia# an& !i#uli

ol"h 'a'"' Goul! a!a '"!a#an&anna !ari 2un&aria !i Elli Ilan!, a!a 77 S"#"$"r,

78:7. Pa!a &iliranna, Goul! $"r"ncana un#u' '"$ali '" N"/ Yor' !ari Milan a!a 77S"#"$"r =::7, "$a&ai "n&hora#an '"a!a 'a'"'na. Naun, 'i#a "ua #ahu aa an&

#"r%a!i hari i#u !an Goul! haru $"rh"n#i !i 2alia, No+a Sco#ia, Kana!a, "ncaai N"/

Yor' hana $"$"raa hari '"u!ian. Ia an&a# #"r'"an ol"h '"$"#ulan !an "liha#

S"#"$"r !ua 77 "$a&ai !ua 'u#u$ "%arah ua# anuia. 2al ini "n"$a$'an !ia an&a#

"n#in& r"l"'i a!a i"#ri $ai' !an %aha# !ala "%arah. 3aha# i#u a!a !ala "%arah

anuia, #"r'ai# !"n&an '"rua'an, '"a#ian !an "n#roi. Yan& !i$u#uh'an a!alah alah a#u

#in!a'an '"#"rlaluan '"'"raan un#u' "n&hancur'an '"hi!uan ri$uan oran&, ""n#ara i#u

#"lah "n&a$il /a'#u an& laa un#u' "$an&un M"nara K"$ar. Ini a!alah lo&i'a

'"hi!uan !i$u#uh'an l"$ih !ari "'"%a un#u' "$ua#. Munculna "n&a$il /a'#u

an& laa in'u$ai, "rio!" an%an& "r'"$an&an !an "n&u%ian o!"l0o!"l $aru. Aa

ar#ina ini< 3i'a "nci#aan !an '"hancuran '""i$an&an a#u aa lain !ala "%arah

anuia, a'a #in!a'an in!i+i!u 'on#ru'i, unculna, $aru i&nii'ani haru nu"ri'

%auh l"$ih $"ar !ari #in!a'an0#in!a'an "rua'an, 'ar"na "%arah anuia #"ru !ala

"r%alanan. Su!u# an!an& ini "nun%u''an $ah/a unculna "$u#uh'an ul#ilii#a,

+ariai, !an uaha 'on#an in!i+i!u !an 'ol"'#i. S"#ia aa#, #in!a'an 'i#a "$"ri'an

'on#ri$ui un#u' "$an&un a'#i+i#a lan"# !an 'i#a $"r#an&&un& %a/a$ un#u' "uana.

S"#ia aa#, a!a "$uah !i i %ulah ni#" in#"ra'i !an ini "$"ri'an 'on#ri$ui an&

i&nii'an #"rha!a "r%uan&an an#ara hi!u !an a#i, %"la !i ii '"hi!uan.

Dari ana uncul i!" $aru oli!ari#a !ala ra anuia. Ki#a "ua a'#or u#aa!ala unculna '"anuiaan. 3i'a anuia $"rlan&un& !an #"ru, "cara '""luruhan

'ol"'#i, un#u' "ncari nilai0nilai !an $u!aa $aru, a'a ini a!alah 'ar"na, a!a a#u /a'#u,

a!a %ulah #a' #"r$a#a in#"ra'i, ""r#i $ah/a an#ara 'i#a aa# ini, an#ara a'u !an 'au,

an#ara a'u !an "nuli aa lalu !an "'aran&, an#ara 'ai !an lin&'un&an 'i#a. Dan

in#"ra'i ini !aa# "$"ri'an 'on#ri$ui $"ar #"rha!a "r%uan&an an#ara hi!u !an a#i.

3"la, 'on#ri$ui ini a!alah a!a ii '"hi!uan. Mun&'in $"nar $ah/a '"a#ian $ia

"n&a#ai 'i#a a!a aa#0aa# #"r#"n#u, #ai hi!u "ili'i /a'#u !an "ili'i $"r$a&ai a!a

iina. 3a!i, ""r#i an& aa 'a#a'an "$"luna, ar&u"n ?ro aih "urna

r"l"+an, 'ar"na 'onli' an#ara !ua $u!aa $u'an hana an#ara hi!u !an a#i, !ian&&a

"$a&ai ar'"#i" a$#ra', #"#ai !iahai lo&i'a "$a&ai $"r$"!a !ari ala ""#a, ai#u

lo&i'a '"unculan !an lo&i'a !iin#"&rai.

A. M.

Dan an!an&an Tali$an hi!u a'hirna $unuh !iri un#u' "i" anuia.

G. B.

Ia nih. S"$uah "c#ion inalr" l a!a un!a"n#ali" haru "n"'an'an

'"c"n!"run&an $"r$ahaa "n&iolai anuia !ari a'ar alai "r"'a. Manuia !iahai

"$a&ai "ua#u an& !i#u#u !ala !irina "n!iri, r"!" !i!"inii'an !an #a#i, an& a!a!aarna #i!a' "ili'i aa lalu !i ala !an, a'i$a#na, #i!a' a!a aa !"an $ai'.


24/27

M"n&aa aa "n&a#a'an ini< Nah, "a'in ""oran& ""la%ari ala, "a'in 'i#a

"liha# $ah/a a'arna #"r$ua# !ari '"'acauan, 'on#in&"ni, !an $ana' ran&an&an, !an ini

%u&a $"rla'u a!a #in&'a# i'olo&i i'iran anuia "ili'i r"!un!ani !an $"r$a&ai, i#u

!ihail'an !ari &an&&uan !an "n&hail'an "rila'u an& $"r+ariai !an $"ra&a ""r#i i#u

uncul !ari $"&i#u $ana' '"un&'inan. ?un!a"n#ali" a&aa "n&a$ai'an "ua ini!an ia# anuia "n!"inii'an "$a&ai "lalu aa !"n&an !irina "n!iri. A'i$a#na, ia

"ili'i &a&aan #"n#an& Tuhan an& "cular !"n&an an& #a#i an& "ili'i !ari

anuia !an in#"ra'i an#ara anuia !an Tuhan.

Yan& alin& $"r$ahaa !an alin& ra!i'al !ari "ua a"'< T"r$uru' %"ni

un!a"n#ali" a!alah $ah/a an& #i!a' "ahai $ah/a $u!aa anuia a!alah ro"r#i

uncul an& $"raal !ari in#"ra'i 'on#an an#ara '"ra&aan* !i a#a "ua, an& $"ria#

"#ni !an a&aa. Ini "rua'an "ran&an lan&un& !an "n"n#u'an a!a 'r"a#i+i#a

anuia, !i ana ini !iahai "$a&ai unculna $u!aa an& $"raal !ari in#"ra'i an#ara

'"an"'ara&aan. Saan&na, "r#anaan Tali$an #"lah !ir""h'an, 'ar"na #"lah !ia%i'an

"$a&ai 'au '"#"r$"la'an&an, naun, !ala '"na#aanna, "r"'a #"lah "l"a'an alah

a#u "ran&an #"r$uru' !ala "%arah a!a '"ra&aan. M"r"'a #"lah "n&iolai "'

"r"uan !ilaran& ui', "ni, !an ilu "n&"#ahuan. M"r"'a #"lah "$"rla'u'an $a#a

a#a '"'aaan in#"ra'i an& a!a "ra!a$an anuia lain an& "rnah !ila'u'an. Dala hal

ini, un!a"n#ali" a!alah "rua' !iri "n!iri, 'ar"na ia "n&an!un& u$"r !aa an&

$"r$"!a !ari ia# anuia "$a&ai "ua#u an& haru !ihilan&'an.

A. M.

Ini a!alah aa# an& "n"n#u'an $a&i "r'"$an&an "%arah &lo$al #i!a'<

G. B.

Ya, 'ar"na un!a"n#ali" #hana#olo&ical ini #"rori, an& #"lah !ia$il a!a $"n#u'

$u!aa Ila, "n&'hiana#i Ila i#u "n!iri !ala ro", uncul alin& %"la !ala

"ran&an #"rha!a '"ra&aan, an& u!ah l"$ih !ulu #"rira# !ala Nai" !an S#alini".

K"!ua $"n#u' %u&a $u!aa !i!aar'an a!a "nurunan !an '"luuhan '"i#raan an#ara

'"!ua %"ni '"lain. D"n&an !"i'ian, !i S#alini", "'iun !ala $"n#u' an& $"r$"!a,

"n&&unaan "#aora ria !i#in&&i'an. S"ua ini #"lah aa# ini "n%a!i "'lii# !ala

un!a"n#ali" Ila. Saa $"rani "n&a#a'an $ah/a $"n#u' un!a"n#ali" $"r#"a#an

!"n&an '"#i!a'auan un#u' "ahai ia# "r+ai+"l 'on#ru'#i "n&alaan

anuia. 2al ini, ol"h 'ar"na i#u, "ran&an #"rha!a 'r"a#i+i#a "i" 'i#a un#u' "n&"ra

"n%a!i hana a#u ani"#ai. ?un!a"n#ali" ra!i'al #"r"$u# #i!a' !aa# !i#"n#an& ol"h

$u!aa "i'iran #un&&al, an& "lalu c"n!"run& '" arah an& aa, #"#ai !"n&an

""nuhna "n&har&ai '"'aaan "n&alaan anuia, "nci#a'an '"$i%a'an an&

"n&a$il "riu $"r$a&ai '"'aaan in!i+i!u !an "n&an&&a ha' "#ia /ar&a n"&ara

un#u' "n&un&'a'an %a!/al ri$a!ina "n!iri "lalui cara0cara an& ah !ari in#"ra'i

!"n&an /ar&a n"&ara lainna. Diha!a'an !"n&an arra ini !ari un!a"n#ali",

a#"riali", ain#i", !an "'onoi", 'i#a haru "nci#a'an 'on!ii an& #"a# $a&iunculna '"un&'inan $aru $a&i ua# anuia.


25/27

S"$"raa "rin& "n&alaan anuia #"r$iro'ra#iai, '"hilan&an o#"ni !"n&an

"$a&ian '" !ala 'o#a' an& #"riah "$"raa "rin& 'i#a $"ri'ir $ah/a 'i#a ain&0

ain&, $u!aa, !an i!"n#i#a ro"ional #"riah !ari oran& lain, %a!i 'ai "$ua# ri#ual

"iahan !i !"ar#""n 'ai, 'an#or0'an#or, !an $ah'an ruah 'i#a un#u' "$"!a'an

'i#a !ari oran& lain< S"$"raa "rin& !ala !unia in#"l"'#ual an& a!a "rlo$aan un#u' "n!aa#'an i!"< Saa "rcaa $ah/a 'on!ii anuia haru ""rhi#un&'an "n#in&na

"$an&un $"r$a&i ri#ual.

A. M.

Saa in&in "n"'an'an la&i alah a#u ciri in#i un!a"n#ali, i#" #o#ali#"r, $ai'

in!i+i!u a#au oial, !an i#ulah !"+aluai "r"uan !an "ran &"n!"r an&a# #"rolariai.

In!i+i!u o#ori#"r "ili'i an!an&an an& an&a# #"rolariai "ran &"n!"r, hi"r a'ulin

!an hi"r "inin, !an !i un!a"n#ali, aara'a# #o#ali#"r An!a "liha# $ah/a alah a#u

an& "r#aa, %i'a $u'an an& "r#aa hal an& #"r%a!i a!alah $ah/a "ran "r"uan

an&a# $"ar !i$a#ai !an #"rolariai. Ki#a haru "nca#a# $ah/a !i A"ri'a S"ri'a#, alah

a#u i#ur an& alin& "n&"%u#'an !ari aa an& !i"$u# "ran& $u!aa a!alah aa an&

$"$"raa oran& "n"ru'an "ran& #"rha!a "r"uan, $ah'an aai "$a#ai a'" '"

'on#ra"i. Saa "an& o#ii a!alah $ah/a r"on "'#r" ini !i"$a$'an '"a!aran

$ah/a "ran #ra!iional $"ru$ah, $ah/a la'i0la'i Pu#ih #i!a' !"n&an !"inii an&

$"r#an&&un& %a/a$ la&i, !an $ah/a !unia #aa' $"r$"!a. M"ili'i r"i!"n Blac'

"n&"%u#'an cu'u0$ah'an 1$aa "n&a'ui $ah/a ia #i!a' "rnah $"rhara un#u' "liha#

r"i!"n 2i#a !i na "uur hi!u0#ai r"i!"n "r"uan< Ini an&a# "nari' un#u'

"liha# $a&aiana oran&0oran& "nan&&ai "r"uan !ala "ran '""iinan, "ran

o#ori#a. Ini a!alah #" la'u un#u' "+olui anuia, !ala an!an&an aa.

R. T.

Aa an& An!a i'ir'an '"u!ian $ia "n%a!i i#o $aru !an "#aora $aru un#u'

"n&&a$ar'an ro" ini 'r"a#i+i#a !an $"r$a&i<

G. B.

P"r#aa0#aa, aa $"ri'ir $ah/a i#o lan"# ""r#i olahra&a, ui', !an $io'o

#i!a' $ol"h !ia$ai'an. M"r"'a haru !ian&&a "$a&ai ri#ual lan"# $"r!aar'an '"unculan

!an $"r$a&i. Saa in&in "n&&ari$a/ahi a"' oi#i !ari i#o, 'ar"na !"i#ii'ai an&

#"lah #"r%a!i* 'i#a "nin&&al'an uia i#u, !"n&an "la'u'an hal ini, #"lah "nin&&al'an 'i#a

#ana aa0aa un#u' "ahai, #ana "n"r&i. Un#u' alaan ini, #"lah "n%a!i "l""n

"n#in&, an& 'i#a "ili'i '"$u#uhan %i'a 'i#a "$an&un !"n&an cara an& 'ri#i, %i'a

An!a a'an i#o $aru an& $ia !i$a&i $"raa. Pro" 'on#ru'i ini uli# 'ar"na

"$u#uh'an 'i#a un#u' "n%a!i $ai' !i luar auun !i !ala i#" r""r"ni an& an&a#

a!a aa# an& aa. Morin (=::), ialna, $"r$icara #"n#an& alaan an& "n!ala $a&i

'"$"rhailan $io'o, "n&a#a'an $ah/a hal i#u "un&'in'an "non#on un#u'

"n"a#'an !irina "n!iri $ai' !i !ala !an !i luar narai a!a aa# an& aa. Ki#a #i!a'

!aa# $"r$icara #"n#an& hail !ari $io'o a#au a#ra, %i'a 'i#a #i!a' $"rar#iiai !iri a!a

#i#i' #"r#"n#u, an& "$ua# 'i#a lua %ara', "'iun ini a'an "lalu #"#a 'ar"na %ara'

#u%uan an& "l"'a# !ala arana #"'ni i#u "n!iri.


26/27

Ki#a #i!a' la&i uia !i ana i#o a!alah in'arnai !ari '"$"ra!aan 'i#a aan o!"rn

a&a' uia hi"r#roi un&i i#o. T"lah a!a ro" !"#holo&iin&, "rin& #"r%a!i #ana

a!ar. B"$"raa ro" !an i#o #"lah !i'ri#i' ol"h i#o lain an& $ah'an l"$ih 'ua# !an

$ah'an l"$ih "''lui 'i#a $ia "n&a#a'an, $ah'an l"$ih #ol"ran. Dari u!u# an!an& ini,

aa "rcaa $ah/a i#o %alan, "r%alanan, !ari uair, !ari $"rh"n#i !i "rian&an %alan,!an, !ala 'a#a0'a#a Mich"l S"rr" (788078@:, 788=, 7889), 7; !ari "n&"$ara, !ari

"n"$"ran&, %alan $"rca$an&, $ia hari ini "n%a!i, l"$ih "cara iliah, $a&ian !ari 'ain

i#o $aru a#au, l"$ih $ai' la&i, 'ain "#aora $aru, au "$u'a '"un&'inan0

'"un&'inan hi!u a&ar #i!a' run#uh !i $a/ah $"ra#. Saa# ini 'i#a "rlu "n"'an'an

"#aora !ari %alan !an "r%alanan. 3i'a 'i#a "n&an&&a $ah/a !i "an%an& %alan a!a #"ru

a'an &aru !an, ol"h 'ar"na ru#" !an #u%uan $ai' "ru$ahan, $"r'"$an& $ia', $"ru$ah

'"lan%u#an !an %i'a 'i#a $"ri'ir $ah/a un&'in a!a $ana' an&'a0an&'a $a&i 'i#a un#u'

"n&i!ola'an, a'a 'i#a %u&a a'an "na'i'an uul an& $aru 4i#o hoinia#ion,4

"$a&ai Morin (=::;) a'an "l"#a''anna.

CATATAN

7. Paul D. Mac5"an !ian&&a $a&ian $"ar !ari o#a' !ari u!u# an!an& '"#urunan

ilo&"n"#i' !an "ruu'an o!"l o#a' #riar#i#* al"oc"hal an& ('"#urunan !ari o#a'

r"#il), "oc"hal an& ('"#urunan !ari aalia 'uno ), !an 'or#"' (liha# Mac5"an

789:).

=. Gior!ano Bruno (7>@07::) a!alah "oran& ilu !an $iara/an Doini'a. Dia

!i#air'an '"$ali #"ori h"lio"n#ri Co"rnicu, !i"n&aruhi ol"h i!"0i!" !ari NicolHo

Cuano, "hin&&a "n&hilan&'an lin&'u $"r&"ra' !ari $in#an& #"#a, !aar !ari i#"

Ari#o#"lian, !an hio#"i $ah/a $in#an&0$in#an& an& #a' #"r$a#a %ulahna, "r"'a"n!iri #"r&an#un& a!a lan"# an& #a' #"r$a#a. M"n&"la$orai #"ori #"r"$u#, an&

"nara#'an &a&aan ala ""#a #ana $a#a, "n"$a$'an Bruno !i$a'ar !i #ian&

ancan& un#u' $i!6ah, "#"lah i!an& !"n&an #ahun $"rlan&un& In'uiii (liha# Bruno

=:7>).

;. &un# Bauan (78=) a!alah "oran& ilu !an oiolo& Polan!ia (liha# Bauan

7888, =::7, =::).

>. Mari%a Gi$u#a (78=70788>) a!alah "oran& ar'"olo& 5i#huania !an lin&ui#. Dia

""la%ari N"oli#i' !an aan P"run&&u $u!aa Eroa 'uno. Dia ""r'"nal'an

!irina 4Kur&an hio#"i,4 an& !i'o$inai'an #u!i $u!aa Kur&an !"n&an lin&ui#i'

un#u' "$"ri'an "n%"laan a#a aal0uul "ra!a$an Eroa (liha# Gi$u#a 78@8a,78@8$).

. Rian" Eil"r (78;7) a!alah "oran& A"ri'a an#roolo&, "%ara/an, !an "nuli "ai.

M"n&analii 4an!rocraci"4 (aara'a# an& !i!oinai la'i0la'i) !ari oran&0oran&

In!o0Eroa ($an&a Kur&a

Documents

Translated History and Creativity