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Transgenic strategies for improvement of drought
tolerance of cereals to reduce the consequences of water
limitations caused by climate change
János Györgyey, Gábor V. Horváth, Dénes DuditsInstitute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Buchanan, Gruissem, Jones: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants; chapter 22,and results of the Cell cycle and Stress Adaptation Group
N. Sreenivasulu et al. / Gene 388 (2007) 1–13
Umezawa et al 2006, 17:113-122
Strategies for the genetic engineering of drought tolerance.
Buchanan, Gruissem, Jones: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants; Fig 22.3
Series of responses to drought stress
ABA peak
Stoma closure
Reduced photosynthetic activity
Block of cell division, elongation
Activation of protective („stress”)
genes (DRE, ABRE elements) e.g. ALR
Accumulation of osmolytes
Long term adaptation
Fig.1 A schematic representation of cellular signal transductionPathways between stress signal perception and gene expression and the cis- and trans-elements involved in stress responsive gene expression. DREB1/CBF and DREB2 distinguish two different signal transduction pathways in response to cold and drought stresses, respectively. DRE: drought responsive element, ABRE: abscisic acid responsive binding element, MYBRS: MYB recognition site, MYCRS: MYC recognition site, bZIP: basic-domain leucine-zipperAgarwal et al. Plant Cell Rep (2006)25:1263–1274
Osmotic stress of wheat plantlets in hydroponics
Untreated PEG-treated:
0 day (10 daysold plantlets)
100 mOsm
200 mOsm
400 mOsm
2. days
4. days
7. days
9. days
11. days
14. days
Sampling
Rice chip – app. 16 000 unigene
- hybridised with PEG-treated / untreated Kobomugi root samples (day 9)- color flip repeat- app. 5300 spots gave measurable data in both case
>2x induction: more than 1100 spots >5x induction: 345 spots
>2x repression: more than 400 spots>5x repression: 77 spots
Relative transcript level of four selected genes exhibiting induction during osmotic stress
ADH
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 day 4 days 9 days
Kobomugi KoboPEG Plainsmann PlaPEG
ACC synthase
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 day 4 days 9 days
GST
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 day 4 days 9 days
Unknown
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 day 4 days 9 days
Q-PCR approved
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM FOR EXPOSURE OF WHEAT PLANTLETS TO LONG TERM DROUGHT STRESS IN EXPANDED PERLITE
„0 day” (16 day old plantlets)
1. week
Sampling
Normal irrigatio
n
2. week
3. week
4. week
Reduced irrigation (30%)
68.97
grain yield(% of control)
86.74
13.2stomata conductance
(mmol H2O m-2 s-1)16.2
59.814CO2 fixation
(cpmx10-5)87.4
37.4fructose accumulation
(nmol g-1)206.5
127.9
lipid peroxidation(MDA pmol cm-2
105.6
160.0
CuZn SOD(% of control)
98.0
11Increase in root weight
(g/plant)13
É. Sárvári É. Sárvári et al.et al.
Kobomugi Plainsmann
Growth rate of two genotypes under water limitation
(30% water supply)
Changes in weight of tissues of Kobomugi genotype
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Fw[g
]
Shoot Root
Kobomugi
Changes in weights of tissues of Plainsman genotype
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Fw
[g]
Shoot Root
Plainsman V
P5CS mRNA in shoots
Figure 5.genotypes. Four to fourteen-fold increase could be observed in treated samples (dark green) in all four cases compared to their controls (light green). Maximum level was reached on the third week in all four genotypes.
Relative transcript levels of P5CS mRNAs in shoots of the four
Relative transcript levels of P5CS in shoots of CapelleDesprez genotype
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 weeks
rel.
tran
scrip
tlev
el
Relative transcript levels of P5CS in shoots of Öthalomgenotype
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 weeks
rel.
tran
scrip
tlev
el
Relative transcript levels of P5CS in shoot of Kobomugigenotype
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 weeks
rel.
tran
scri
ptle
vel
Relative transcript levels of P5CS in shoot of Plainsmangenotype
0
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 weeks
rel.
tran
scri
ptle
vel
Transcript level changes in wheat roots during drought adaptation measured on barley macroarray
Plainsmann(adapting, having good yield)
Kobomugi(fast responding „survivor”)
During 4 weeks
not changed
73 78
Change in 1-2 weeks
updown
6.12.7
1.31.6
Change in 3-4 weeks
updown
0.50.5
0.80.4
(percentage of 10 500 clones)
9% 11%
12%34%
19% 6%
6%29%
Functional classification of genes upregulated in one genotype only
Gene expression
Signal transd.
Transport
Cytosceleton and cell wall
Cell growth and division
Metabolism
Kobomugi
Plainsman
Stress and defense
Protein synthesis
Protein degradation
•putative cyclin-dependent kinase B1-1 •expansin EXPB2 •calmodulin-binding heat-shock protein •xyloglucan endotransglycosylase
•Xet3 protein •caffeic acid O-methyltransferase •putative cellulose synthase catalytic subunit •betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 16
Cluster analysis
KobomugiKobomugi PlainsmanPlainsman
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 1w 2w 3w 4w 0 1w 2w 3w 4w
Fold
-incr
ease
TPA: cysteineproteaseperoxiredoxin
MnSOD
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 1w 2w 3w 4w 0 1w 2w 3w 4w
Fold
-incr
ease
dehydrin4
germin-like protein
lipid transfer protein-like
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 1w 2w 3w 4w 0 1w 2w 3w 4w
Fold
-incr
ease
beta-expansin 2
putative endo-beta-1,3(4)-glucanase
putative cellulose synthase catalyticsubunitxyloglucan endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase
putative cellulose synthase
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 1w 2w 3w 4w 0 1w 2w 3w 4w
Fo
ld-i
ncr
ease
calmodulin-binding heat-shock protein
putative calcium-dependent protein kinase
calcium-dependent protein kinase
putative calmodulin-binding protein
calmodulin2
putative CDPK substrate protein
Kobomugi
Kobomugi
Kobomugi
Kobomugi
Plainsman
Plainsman
Plainsman
Plainsman18
Divergent drought adaptation strategies of the two genotypes are refelected in their transcript profiles.
Long term adaptation is dependent on moderate changes in the expression of large set of genes in a coordinated manner.
Transient gene activation is characteristic to Kobomugi, while genes of the more adaptive Plainsmann genoptype exhibit prolonged upregulation.
Based on the yield performance and photosynthetic activity, Kobomugi represents escaper strategy while Plainsmann cultivar is capable to maintain physiological functions in harmony with gene expression reprogramming.
Conclusions
Promoter elements in rice orthologue of ODA1 gene
No. of motif
Name of motif
Function
13 ABRE ABA-responsive binding site4 C-repeat
DREDrought response element
1 CE1 ABRE motif linked cis-element3 CGTCA Jasmonate response cis element3 GCN4 Endosperm specific expression14 HSE Heat shock response, HSF binding2 LTR Low temperature response2 TCA elem Salicilic acid response3 TGACG Jasmonate response cis element6 WUN Wound response1 As1 Root specific expression
Osmotic and Drought Adaptation induced clone
Protein function is not known, similar to LEA family and WSI18
Osmotic stress:
Kobomugi Plainsman Control PEG-treated Control PEG-treated
4 days 9 days 4 days 9 days 4 days 9 days 4 days 9 days 2,78 2,56 2,57 3,72 1,00 0,41 4,50 4,20
Drought stress:
Kobomugi Plainsman
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
4 w. control
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
4 w. control
1,62 1,60 16,52 10,05 2,48 0,58 0,63 1,53 4,10 0,72
Relative transcript levels in roots of Kobomugi during acute drought stress (desiccation)
Kobomugi_root_desicc.
020
406080
100
120140160
180200
ODA1 P5CS UP79
0h
1h
3h
9h
Standard system for water limitation
Soil → sand:perlite=2:1
Control plants → 70-80%
soil water saturation
Moderately stressed
plants → 30-40% soil
water saturation
Watering → daily, weight
measurment
Relative transcript levels in shoots of Kobomugi after two weeks of moderate drought stress (limited water supply)
Kobomugi
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ODA1 P5CS UP79
40%
80%
Azsuka Bioryza H Sandora Marilla
- cv. Sandora- control (100%), stressed (20%) water capacity- 3-3 samples (at 8, 14, 18) - 22 k rice oligo-chip
Daily change in transcript profile during water limitation in roots of
rice
Info 1 Info 2
F-box domain, putative 11682.m04419
oxidoreductase, short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 11670.m04026
AT5g64600/MUB3_12 11686.m00842
jmjC domain, putative 11668.m04545
putative chelatase subunit 11669.m03601
Protein kinase domain, putative 11686.m00607
Similar to C-x8-C-x5-C-x3-H type Zinc finger protein, putative 11669.m01922
And 7 genes with unknown function
Genes induced during the day in rice roots under water limitation
Info 1 Info 2
Hpt domain, putative 11674.m04480
Af10-protein 11667.m05271
putative reductase 11669.m05442
O-methyltransferase, putative 11670.m00047
UDP-glucoronosyl and UDP-glucosyl transferase 11673.m03060
Similar to GMFP5 11676.m02628
profilin a 11676.m01466
hypothetical protein, (thylakoid membrane phosphoprotein 14 kda, chloroplast precursor, putative, expressed ) 11667.m05484
expressed protein, (putrescine-binding periplasmic protein, putative, expressed ) 11670.m05010
putative transport protein particle component 11669.m02901
pectate lyase precursor (ec 4.2.2.2) 11668.m01124
putative oxidase 11669.m03600
receptor-like protein kinase, putative 11674.m01711
Genes repressed during the day in rice roots under water limitation
Genetic engineering of theglyoxalase pathway in tobaccoleads to enhanced salinity tolerance
Singla-Pareek et al.
PNAS 100, 14672-14677(2003)
Wide range of substrate specificityHighly conserved structure (NADH or NADPH binding region, catalytic tetrad)Occurrence: from bacteria to Homo sapiens
polyol pathway
detoxification of reactive aldehydes
About the aldose reductase superfamily in general:
Effects of MsALR overproduction on tobacco plants:
•protection against lipid peroxidation under chemical and drought stresses (Oberschall et al. 2000)
•protection during drought and UV-B stresses (Hideg et al. 2003)
•transgenic plants showed higher tolerance to low temperature and cadmium stress (Hegedűs et al. 2004)
•increased tolerance to the effects of high temperature and high light intensity (Horváth and Hideg, unpublished)
Development of first shoots on AAR medium
Transgenic
plantletsin soil
Regeneration of the ALR transformants and growth of mature plants
Fertile ALR spikes
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
control4310-b
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120control4310-b
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
Ele
ctro
ntra
nspo
rt (
a. u
.)
Ele
ctro
ntra
nspo
rt (
a. u
.)
E. Hideg E. Hideg et al.et al.
J. PaukJ. Pauk et al.et al.
MsALR EXPRESSING TRANSGENIC WHEAT LINES WITH
IMPROVED DROUGHT TOLERANCE
CTR
AL
R A
CT
. (A
. U
.)
10
50
ALR ACTIVITY IN LEAF EXTRACTS
20
30
40
TR304 TR288
CTR
(% D
RO
UG
HT
ST
R./
UN
ST
R.)
90
110
HARVEST INDEX(% DROUGHT STR./UNSTR.)
95
100
105
TR304 TR288
CTR
85
125
95
105
115
TR304 TR288
THOUSAND KERNEL WEIGHT(% DROUGHT STR./UNSTR.)
(% D
RO
UG
HT
ST
R./
UN
ST
R.)
Thank you for your attention
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