TRANSFORMATIONS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY. SPAIN

Charles III died in 1788

His son Charles IV succedeed to the throne and one year after, the French Revolution started. Lacking qualities of leadership himself, Charles entrusted the government (1792) to Manuel de Godoy, a protégé of the queen, Maria Luisa of Parma.

Charles IV (1788-1808)

The Prime Minister, Manuel de Godoy

The Queen, Mª Luisa de Parma

•Fearing the revolutionary wawe might spread to Spain:

•The frontier between France and Spain was blocked •Enlightenment reforms were put to an end.

•After Louis XVI’s execution Spain declared war on France, but the French invaded the Basque Country and Navarre, and Spain was forced to sign the Treaty of Basilea (1795) . In this Treaty, Spain ceded his part of the island of Hispaniola to France in exchange for keeping Gipuzkoa

The treaty was negotiated by Manuel Godoy. Although Godoy was widely

criticized for the treaty, he received after its conclusion the title Prince of the Peace (Principe de la Paz) and the grandeeship of Spain.

In 1807, Manuel Godoy signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with Napoleon

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on 1807 in Fontainebleau between Charles IV of Spain and Napoleon I of France. The accord allowed the passage of the French troops by Spanish territory and proposed to invade Portugal , dividing it between France and Spain.

By this accord Napoleon wanted to ensure the Continental Blockade he had imposed on Britain in 1806 by capturing the Portuguese ports . Portugal, traditional ally of England, refused to accept it and Napoleon decided its invasion. French troops entered Spain under this pretext but it was soon clear that invading Spain was also part of the plan.

Ferdinand, heir to the throne, instigated a Mutiny that took place in the town of Aranjuez on 17−19

March, 1808 .

Godoy was highly unpopular because he was ambitious and had attained an enormous power-

The economic crisis : Spain lost its navy in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, damaging its trade with the American

colonies. This caused food shortages and damaged industrial production.

The uprising took place in Aranjuez, where the royal family and the government were staying on their way

south. The revolters made King Charles dismiss Godoy, and two days later the court forced the King himself to

abdicate in favor of Ferdinand VII, his son and rival.

THE MUTINY OF ARANJUEZ (March 1808)

Napoleon persuaded both, father and son to travel to Bayonne, where he persuaded them to abdicate and leave the throne of Spain to Napoleon’s brother, Joseph Bonaparte (5th May 1808)

2 May 1808: •The French invasion provoked an uprising in Madrid. •Goya depicted the cavalry charge against the rebels in the Puerta del Sol in his The Second of May

3 May 1808: The Third of May illustrates the French reprisals: before dawn the next day hundreds of Spaniards were rounded up and shot, at a number of locations around Madrid.

Soldados, mal aconsejado el populacho de

Madrid, se ha levantado y ha cometido

asesinatos; bien sé que los españoles que

merecen el nombre de tales han lamentado

tamaños desórdenes, y estoy muy distante

de confundir con ellos a unos miserables

(...).

Pero la sangre francesa vertida

clama venganza. Por tanto, mando lo

siguiente:

(...) Art. 2 Serán fusilados todos cuantos

durante la rebelión han sido presos con

armas.

(...) Art. 5 Toda villa o aldea donde sea

asesinado un francés será incendiada.

(...) Art. 7 Los autores de libelos

impresos o manuscritos que provoquen

a la sedición serán pasados por los

armas.

Dado en nuestro Cuartel General de

Madrid a 2 de Mayo de 1808.

P P

PROCLAMA DE

MURAT ANTE EL

LEVANTAMIENTO DEL

2 DE MAYO

The example of Madrid was

followed throughout Spain,

and the War of Independence

began (Peninsular War)

“El grito del palleret”. Joaquín Sorolla

Initial stage

Spanish troops won an important victory at the Battle of Bailén

(1808)

The Surrender at Bailén by José Casado del Alisal. Oil on canvas. Museo del Prado.

General Dupont surrended his army to the Spanish, an event that broke the myth of Napoleonic invincibility.

First stage, 1808. Invasion and Spanish resistance.

Second stage: after being defeated in Bailén, Napoleón brought 250.000 soldiers to Spain and, eventualy, took

control of most of the Peninsula, except Cádiz (1808-1812)

GUERRILLA WARFARE: It is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups attacked the enemy

by surprise, causing continuous trouble . Its tactics included ambushes, sabotage, raids, etc.

Spanish guerrilla resistance to the French invasion in 1808

Third stage: French retreat and the advance of British and Spanish armies (1812-1814)

In 1812 Napoleon was defeated in Russia. With the help of the British the French were defeated at

Arapiles (Salamanca) in 1812. French troops left Spain in 1813 and Napoleon

recognized Fernando VII as king of Spain and the Indies

Territories that were free from French

occupation organized themselves into

Juntas Provinciales, that were

coordinated by the Junta Suprema

Central

Different groups fought to promote their ideologies

THE AFRANCESADOS

gave their support to José

Bonaparte

THE ABSOLUTISTS demanded the

return of Fernando VII and opposed

political and social change

THE LIBERALS wanted the end of the ancient regime and a constitution

THE CORTES OF CADIZ

The Cortes of Cadiz was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain. The opening session was held on 24th September 1810, in the building now known as the “Real Teatro de las Cortes” . Its members represented the entire Spanish empire. The sessions took place in Cádiz during the French occupation . The Cortes of Cadiz were seen then, and by historians today, as a major step towards liberalism and democracy in the history of Spain.

The delegates that met in Cadiz in 1810 were mostly

liberals

THE CORTES OF CADIZ

LAWS were passed: • The press

freedom was established •Obsolete

institutions were abolished: the

guilds, the Inquisition and

manorialism

THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812

It established the principles of: - National sovereignty

- Equality before the law - Indirect universal male

suffrage - Constitutional monarchy

- Division of powers. This constitution was one of the most liberal of its time

Absolutism gave way to

a liberal political system

Homework: act. 5 pg 67

He was known as "Ferdinand the Desired" or the "Felon King".

During the war, Napoleon kept Ferdinand under guard in France for six years at the Chateau of Valençay.

When Ferdinand returned, soon found that , during the war, a domestic revolution had taken place. In his name Spain fought for its independence and in his name as well juntas had governed Spanish America. Spain was no longer an absolute monarchy. Instead he was now asked to rule under the liberal Constitution of 1812. Before being allowed to enter Spain, Ferdinand had to guarantee the liberals that he would govern on the basis of the Constitution. Soon, he would betray his own promise. He ordered its abolition and had the liberal leaders responsible for the Constitution arrested.

•THE ABSOLUTIST PERIOD (1814-1820) •Ferdinand VII

dissolved the Cortes, abolished its laws

and persecuted liberal thinkers.

•In 1820 his misrule provoked a revolt in

favor of the Constitution, which began with a mutiny of the troops under

Rafael del Riego and the king was made

prisoner

Allegory of Fernando VII’s return

“Ferdinand the Desired" or the "Felon King".

THE LIBERAL TRIENIUM (1820-1823) The Riego’s uprising

triumphed and reestablished the

Constitution and the achivements of the

Cortes de Cádiz. Fernando gained the support of the Holy Alliance that sent

troops to Spain: the 100.000 Sons of Saint Louis entered Spain and reestablished

absolutism

Fernando VII pledged allegiance to the Constitution, again in 182o

Execution of Riego in the Plaza de la Cebada

•THE OMINOUS DECADE ( 1823-1833) •Brutal repression of the liberals •Problem of succession: The king abolished the Salic Law (only male members of the royal family could inherit the throne) with the Pragmatic Sanction, so that his daughter Isabel could be the next queen. •Don Carlos, Ferdinand’s brother refused to accept this and looked for the support of absolutists. (Carlistas) •In 1833 a civil war will break out between absolutist (supporting Carlos) and liberals (supporting Isabel). Homework : pg 69 act 4-5-9

Carlos Mª Isidro

Spanish empire

•During the last years of the Ferninand’s reign most of the

Spanish colonies achieved independence.

•The process was led by the Creoles (criollos) descendants of Spanish colonists born in America. •Their reasons: •High taxes -No political representation •Loal bourgeoisie •They were influenced by the liberal ideas of the French and American revolutions •22

Independence took place in two stages: FIRST STAGE (1810-1814):

During the war, revolutionary Juntas were established in America and soon expressed

their desire for independence.

•SECOND STAGE (1815-1825): •Ferdinand VII refused to

give autonomy to the colonies.

•The colonies gained important military victories

against Spain, due to

Simón Bolivar José de San Martín

The leadership of

The help of Britain and the USA

http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/spanishamericanind/samovement.html

By 1825 Spain had lost all its American territories except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, and together with the Philippines in Asia these were the only remains of the Spanish Empire

Create your own map: “Spanish

American indepence 1808 –

1830”

You can only use 3 colours for

your key and two diagram- arrows.

REGENCY PERIOD Isabel was a child of three when her father died. The

government was exercised by a regent. There were two

regents: -Her mother Mª Cristina

(1833-1840) -General Espartero (1840-

1843)

REGENCY PERIOD

This was a period of the First Carlist war (1833-1839), caused by the succession

problem

Don Carlos’ supporters: absolutists

from the Basque

Country, Aragón and Catalonia

Isabel’s supporters:

mostly liberals

The Carlistas were finally defeated and the war ended in 1839 with the

“Embrace of Vergara”

The treaty was signed by Espartero for the Isabelines and Rafael Maroto for

the Carlists.

Text of Vergara Agreement

She was declared of age when she was 13 years old, and succeded to the throne. Her reign was characterized by: - Army involved in politics - Monarchy always in favour of the

moderates - Moderate and progressive parties

MODERATE PARTY

Higher middle class

DEMOCRATS Universal male

suffrage

THE UNION LIBERAL

Centrist party

PROGRESSIVE PARTY

Urban middle class

Both were liberals but tried to impose their own constitution when they came to power

In the last years of Isabel’s reign new parties emerged

REPUBLICANS Wanted to abolish the monarchy

1866: The Progressive Party, Unión Liberal, Democrats and

Republicans signed PACTO DE OSTENDE to depose Isabel and form a parliament through universal suffrage that would

devise a Constitution

Scandals, economical crisis, corruption, lovers… brought the queen into discredit. Finally, 1868 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION sent her to exile.

THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT: Progressive, democrat, radical and republican parties will rule the country in the middle of division.

They issued the Constitution of 1869, that declared Spain a monarchical regime although recognized fundamental rights: - Freedom of expression, press and association - Universal male suffrage - Nationl sovereignity and division of power

Isabella II of Spain in exile in Paris

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

"

In July 1869 General Serrano was elected regent, and Prim

became president of the council . Prim searched all the European courts of the time trying to find a monarch who was not opposed to being democratically elected. He is quoted for saying that "looking for a democratic monarch in Europe is like trying to find an atheist in heaven“. Amadeo of Savoy was the most fitting that consented and on the 6 November 1870 Amadeo, Duke of Aosta, was elected king of Spain

But General Prim, on leaving the Cortes on 28 December, was shot by unknown assassins and died two days later. Three days afterwards King Amadeo I swore the constitution.

Amadeo I in front of the coffin of General Prim (1870)" by Antonio Gisbert

Prim’s corpse

The trace on his neck skin reveals that he could have been strangled

Amadeo’s reign was brief due to the opposition of republicans, sectors of the army, Bourbon’s supporters and Carlists, who came into war again. With the dificulty of reigning without popular support, Amadeus abdicated from the Spanish throne on 11 February 1873. At ten o'clock that same night, Spain was proclaimed a republic, at which time Amadeo made an appearance before the Cortes, proclaiming the Spanish people ungovernable.

THE DEMOCRATIC MONARCHY

AmadeoI was the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy. He was the second son of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and was known for most of his life as the Duke of Aosta

THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1873-1874) REPUBLIC was proclaimed. A new constitution would try to organize Spain as a federal state, but republicans were divided and they had no time: eleven months and four presidents, a new Carlist war, another war in Cuba, cities that declared their independence (Cantonalismo)…

Pt. Figueras Pt. Pi y Margall

Salmerón Pt. Castelar

The crisis brought about the restoration of the monarchy in the

figure of Alfonso XII, queen Isabel’s son.

Homework: pg 77. act. 7

and 11

- Peninsula War

- - Fernando VII

- Isabel II

- Revolutionary period

Alfonso XII started to reign after the Pronunciamiento by General Martínez Campos, in 1875.

Alfonso XII died in 1885 before his legitimate son Alfonso was born. Queen María Cristina was regent until Alfonso XIII was sixteen (1885-1902), and succeeded to the throne

Monument to Alfonso XII, erected in 1922 in the Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid

THE RESTORATION. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM

It was based in two pillars:

THE CONSTITUTION OF 1876 -Conservative

- Declaration of rigths that could be restricted by the government.

- Shared sovereignty between the king and the parliament.

- Universal or limited suffrage, depending on the party in power

PACIFIC ALTERNATION of power between:

THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY led by Cánovas

del Castillo. -Census suffrage - Supported by

Catholic Church, big landowners and high

bourgeoisie

THE LIBERAL PARTY led by

Sagrasta: -Universal male

suffrage. - Less power to

the Church. - Social reforms - Supported by

small landowners and middle bourgeoisie

Elections were manipulated using autocratic methods

The Turno Pacifico excluded all other parties from the possibility of victory. This was achieved by electoral fraud: caciques in most constituencies would instruct their clients how to vote.

pucherazo (familiar) SM electoral fiddle (informal) dar pucherazo to rig an election, fiddle the votes (informal)

Electoral fraud or vote rigging

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=DbdaHluhlFSZXM&tbnid=I0DoRCLd6YEBWM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://hablandorepublica.blogspot.com/2013_01_01_archive.html&ei=BlaPU87rBeq00wX0x4HICQ&bvm=bv.68235269,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNF_dOaYcyXvIPfNAW-MUjZcPGrljA&ust=1401988945615409

INTERNAL PROBLEMS THE PARTIES THAT WERE EXCLUDED FROM THE POWER: republicans, the Carlist

Party that had been defeated in the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), and PSOE, founded in 1879.

THE WORKER’S MOVEMENT , gained strength after the Constitution of 1876 recognized the freedom of association. Anarchism (Catalonia and Andalusia)

Socialism (Madrid, asturias and the Basque Country)

REGIONALISM AND NATIONALISM -A reaction against the centralist policies of the Restoration.

-- Catalan nationalists demanded autonomy and that Catalan be decreed the official language of Catalonia.

- The Basque nationalists defended their fueros and traditions. - The Galician nationalists demanded a solution for their social and economic

problems

THE 1898 DISASTER

Dibujo satírico publicado en 1896 en el diario catalán La Campana de Gràcia, criticando la actitud de EE.UU hacia Cuba

The Maine entering Havana harbor. January 1898

ACTIVITiES: Page79: act. 6

FINAL TASK

Create your own timeline with the different periods and four events for each period