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ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 1
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
OBIS Optimising Bike sharing in European cities
www.obisproject.com
Vienna University of Technology Institute of Transportation
Research Center of Transport Planning and Traffic engineeringwww.ivv.tuwien.ac.at
Alberto Castro
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 2
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
Content
A. Bike sharinga. Definition
b. Evolution
c. Existing EU-projects
B. EU-Project OBIS
a. Partners
b. Objectives & outputs
C. Transferability studya. Key questions
b. Sample
c. Opening hours
d. Technology
e. Service throughout the year
f. Monthly demand
g. Bicycles per 10,000
h. Annual rents per bicycle
i. Obstacles
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 3
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
A. Bike sharing. Definition
Bicycle rental system which allows (without additional charge) to take a bicycle in one point and to return it in a different one, where the bicycle can be rented by another user.
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 4
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
A. Bike sharing. Evolution• 1st generation, 60s
– No registration & no fare
• 2nd generation, 90s– No registration but deposit
• 3rd generation, XXI century– Registration & fare– First scheme: Rennes,1998– First large scale scheme: Lyon, 2005– Biggest scheme: Paris, 2007 (>20,000
bikes)
Nowadays about 300 European cities are provided with bike sharing schemes (BSS)
2nd generation: Bycyclen, Copenhagen
Image: http://umebike.wordpress.com
1st generation: White bikes, Amsterdam Image: http://umebike.wordpress.com
3rd generation: Citybike Wien Image: Alberto Castro
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 5
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
A. Bike sharing. Existing EU-projects
Part of a Working Group• NICHES (2004-2007)New and Innovative Concepts for Helping European transport Sustainability
Own Working Group• SPICYCLES (2006-2009)Sustainable Planning & Innovation for biCYCLES
Own Project• OBIS (2008-2011)Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 6
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
B. OBIS project. Partners
Public authorities• City of Berlin (DE)• City of Barcelona (ES)
PT operators• DB Rent (DE)• Transport for London
(UK)
Private companies• Choice (DE)• Altran DSD (ES)• EFFIA (FR)• Car Sharing Italia (IT)• CDV (CZ)
Research centres• Vienna University
of Technology (AT)• Royal Institute of
Technology (SE)• CETE Lyon (FR)
15 Institutions from 9 countries
Associations• CTC (UK)• Pomeranian
Association „Common Europe“ (PL)
• Ökoinstitut Südtirol (IT)
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 7
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
B.OBIS project. Objectives & outputs
Objectives• Good practices• Success factors• Limits of market potential• Optimized strategies
Outputs • Work Package (WP) 2:
Collection of data (finished)– 10 Country reports– European transferability fact sheet
• WP 3: Identification of key attributes (in progress)
• WP 4: Practical cases. Evaluation and optimization of 9 BSS (in progress)
• WP 5: Manual and recommendations
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 8
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Key questions
• There is a wide variety of BSS models
• Might be successful to transfer a BSS from a city, like Barcelona, to another, like a small town in Sweden?– Different city-size– Different climate– …
Different cities require
different models
Imag
e: A
lber
to C
astr
o
Imag
e: A
lber
to C
astr
o
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 9
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Key questions
For a given city…
1. What are the most convenient opening hours of a BSS?
2. What is the most convenient technology at the BSS station?
3. Which period of availability is the most convenient?
4. In which season will the BSS manage a peak of demand?
5. How long should be the rental period free of charge?
6. How many bicycles may be necessary?
7. How many yearly rents can be expected?
8. Which obstacles may arise when implementing a BSS?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 10
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. SampleBike sharing schemes (BSS) studied
(N=51)
20
23
8
BSS in large cities
BSS in medium cities
BSS in small cities
• 51 BSS were studied– 10 countries
• The BSS were sorted by city-size – Large cities: >500,000 inhabitants– Medium cities: 500,000-100,000 inhab.– Small cities: <100,000 inhabitans
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 11
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Opening hours
• The larger the city, the wider the opening hours of the BSS
• Reason: – Technology at the station
Opening hours(Large N=20, Medium N=23, Small N=8)
75% 61%38%
25% 39%63%
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
Larg
eci
ties
Med
ium
citie
s
Sm
all
citie
s
Sha
re o
f the
stu
died
BS
S
Limited
Round-the-clock
1. What are the most convenient opening hours of the BSS?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 12
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Technology
Way to unlock the bike(Large N=20, Medium N=22, Small N=8)
85% 74%38%
15%9%
38%
17% 25%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Largecities
Mediumcities
Smallcities
Sha
re o
f the
stu
died
BS
S
Person inchargeMechanicdeviceElectronicdevice
• The larger the city, the higher the technology at the BSS station
• Reasons: – High-tech BSS are costly
and smaller cities have limited budget
– Lower technology access is provided in smaller cities
2. What is the most convenient technology for the BSS station?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 13
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Service throughout the year
• The warmer the city, the wider the availability throughout the year
• Reason: – Low demand during
winter
Availability throughout the year(<11°C N=20, >11°C N=14)
45%93%
55%7%
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
<11°C >11°C
Average yearly temperature of the city
Sh
are
of
the
st
ud
ied
BS
S Limited
All theyearround
3. What is the most convenient period of availability?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 14
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Monthly demand
• Cold cities (<11°C)– Wide range of
demand– Peak in summer– Very low demand in
winter
• Warm cities (>11°C)– Relative constant
demand– High demand in spring
and autumn
4. In which season will the BSS manage a peak of demand?
Demand throughout the year (N=8)
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0
Janu
ary
Feb
ruar
y
Mar
ch
Apr
il
May
June
July
Aug
ust
Sep
tem
ber
Oct
ober
Nov
embe
r
Dec
embe
r
Month
Rel
ativ
e m
onth
ly r
ents
"Cold cities" <11°C
"Warm cities" >11°C
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 15
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Period free of charge
• The larger the city, the higher the share of BSS with 30 minutes free of charge
• The smaller the city, the higher the share of BSS with unlimited free rental
• Reason:– Rental periods without
charge encourage use
Rental period free of charge (Large N=20, Medium N=23, Small N=8)
45%
30%25%
39% 50%10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Largecities
Mediumcities
Smallcities
Sh
are
of
stu
died
BS
S other fares
unlimited free
60 minutes
30 minutes
0 minutes (nofree rent)
5. How long should be the rental period free of charge?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 16
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Bicycles per 10,000 inhab.
• Wide rage of values within each city-size
• Similar average in all city-sizes
(Large N=11, Medium N=9, Small N=4)
15.6 14.4 14.00
20
40
60
80
100
120
Largecities
Mediumcities
Smallcities
Bic
ycle
s p
er 1
0,00
0 in
hab
itan
t
MaxMinAverage
6. How many bicycles may be necessary?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 17
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Annual rents per bicycle
• Wide range of values within each city-size
• The larger the city, the higher the number of rents per bicycle
• Reasons:– High population density
High PT usage
(Large N=10, Medium N=9, Small N=4)
463 378235
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
Largecities
Mediumcities
Smallcities
An
nu
al r
ents
per
bic
ycle
MaxMinAverage
7. How many yearly rents can be expected?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 18
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Obstacles
Obstacles Background Consequence SolutionsHigh bicycle ownership
High cycling modal shareEmpty stations
Bad imageTraditional bike rental
offer new servicesBSS do not offer daily or
weekly registration
Low bicycle ownershipReduction of bicycles in
servicePoor system image
High maintenance costs
Uneconomical BSSLow demandAttractive and
complementary offersIncrease the number of
bicycles & stationsLarge citiesHigh demand
CompetitionTourist citiesTraditional bike
rental
VandalismLow cycling modal share
Specification of durable bicycles
8. Which obstacles may arise when implementing the BSS?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 19
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Obstacles
Obstacles Background Consequence Solutions
Reduction of bicycles in service
Poor system imageHigh maintenance costs
TopographyUnavailability of bicycles or parking spaces at docking
stations. Irregular demand Poor system image
Inexpensive maintenance
Reliable fundingLack of public space for docking stations
Bad planningConflict with residents and
businesses adjacentStudy of space
availability
RedistributionAvoid elevated
areas for stations
Closing of the BSSBad financial
planningInsufficient funding
High ratio rents/bicycle
BreakdownsSpecification of durable bicycles
8. Which obstacles might arise when implementing the BSS?
ECOMM Graz 2010 Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson 20
Transferability of bike sharingImplementing a new way of transport in European cities
Thank you very much for your attention
Alberto Castro
The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.