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Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism Background
• An intellectual movement founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a minister who was educated at Harvard. (He was a Harvard freshman at age 14!!!).
• Emerson’s first wife died at age 19. After her death, Emerson resigned his position as a minister and developed the Transcendentalist philosophy—not a new religion, but a new belief that placed importance on the individual.
Transcendentalist Beliefs
• Human senses are limited, and merely help us understand the physical world; deeper truths can only be reached through intuition (instinct).
• Observing nature helps us understand ourselves. Nature is proof that God exists.
• God, nature, and humanity are united in a shared universal soul (also called the Over-Soul).
Where did it come from?
• Transcendentalism began as a reform movement in the Unitarian church.
• It is not a religion—more accurately, it is a philosophy or form of spirituality.
• It centered around Boston and Concord, MA. in the mid-1800’s.
• Emerson first expressed his philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay Nature.
Basic Premise #1
An individual is the spiritual center of the universe, and in an individual can be found the clue to nature, history and, ultimately, the universe itself.
Basic Premise #2
The structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self. All knowledge, therefore, begins with self-knowledge.
Basic Premise #3
Transcendentalists accepted the concept of nature as a living mystery, full of signs.
More Basic Premises
Individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization. In other words, you can’t be happy until you know yourself and “become who you are.”
Transcendentalists desired to embrace the whole world—to know and become one with the world.