Training Room

7/25/2019 Training Room

1/32

BELTS

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts,

most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or

to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the

pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the

pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so

that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on

parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is

adapted to continuously carry a load between two points.

Power transmission

Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be axially

aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and pulleys. The demands

on a belt drive transmission system are large and this has led to many variations on the theme.

They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes,

albeit with less strength than gears or chains. However, improvements in belt engineering allow

use of belts in systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.

Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product of difference of

tension and belt velocity.


2/32


3/32

Pulley

Apulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change of

direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift

loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and

supporting shell is referred to as a "block."

A pulley is also called asheave ordrum and may have a groove between two flanges

around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or

chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.

Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical

advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives inorder to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another .


4/32

FASTENERS

A fasteneris a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.

Fasteners can also be used to close a container such as a bag, a box, or an envelope; or they may

involve keeping together the sides of an opening of flexible material, attaching a lid to a container,

etc. There are also special-purpose closing devices, e.g. abread clip. Fasteners used in these

manners are often temporary, in that they may be fastened and unfastened repeatedly.

Some types of woodworking joints make use of separate internal reinforcements, such

as dowels or biscuits, which in a sense can be considered fasteners within the scope of the joint

system, although on their own they are not general purpose fasteners.

Furniture supplied in flat-pack form often uses cam dowels locked by cam locks, also known

as conformat fasteners.

Items like a rope, string, wire (e.g. metal wire, possibly coated with plastic, or multiple parallel wires

kept together by a plastic strip coating), cable, chain, or plastic wrap may be used to mechanically

join objects; but are not generally categorized as fasteners because they have additional common

uses. Likewise, hinges and springs may join objects together, but are ordinarily not considered

fasteners because their primary purpose is to allow articulation rather than rigid affixment.

Other alternative methods of joining materialsinclude: crimping, welding, soldering, brazing, taping, gluing, cementing, or the use of other

adhesives. The use of force may also be used, such as with magnets, vacuum (like suction cups), or

even friction.

There are three major steel fasteners used in industries: stainless steel, carbon steel, and alloy

steel. The major grade used in stainless steel fasteners: 200 series, 300 series, and 400 series.


5/32

ALLEN KEY

A hex key orAllen key (also known by various other synonyms) is a tool of hexagonal cross-section

used to drive bolts and screws that have a hexagonal socket in the head (internal-wrenching

hexagon drive).


6/32

SPANNER

A wrench (also called a spanner) is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in

applying torque to turn objectsusually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and boltsor keep them from

turning.

In British English,spanneris the standard term. The most common shapes are calledopen-ended

spannerandring spanner. The termwrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening

devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for amonkey wrench - an adjustable

spanner.[1]

In American English,wrench is the standard term. The most common shapes are calledopen-end

wrench andbox-end wrench. In American English,spannerrefers to a specialized wrench with a

series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the holes or notches cut

into the object to be turned.) In American commerce, such a wrench may be called aspanner

wrenchto distinguish it from the British sense ofspanner.

Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and are

often drop-forged. They are frequentlychrome-plated to resist corrosion and ease cleaning.

Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenches in English, but

exceptions are the plumber wrench (pipe wrench in British English) and Mole wrench(sometimes

Mole grips in British English).


7/32

RIVET

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a

smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called thebuck-tail.

On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail isupset, orbucked(i.e.,

deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in

place. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called thefactory

headand the deformed end is called theshop heador buck-tail.

Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support tension loads

(loads parallel to the axis of the shaft); however, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads

(loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft). Bolts and screws are better suited for tension

applications.

Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building, such as copper nails and clinch bolts, work on

the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term rivetwas introduced and, where

they are remembered, are usually classified among nails and bolts respectively.


8/32

COUPLING

A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of

transmitting power. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation,

however there are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is

exceeded.

The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some

degree of misalignment or end movement or both. By careful selection, installation and maintenance

of couplings, substantial savings can be made in reduced maintenance costs and downtime.


9/32

BEARING

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion and reduces friction between moving

parts to only the desired motion. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for

free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it maypreventa

motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Many bearings

alsofacilitate the desired motion as much as possible, such as by minimizing friction. Bearings are

classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the

loads (forces) applied to the parts.

The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear a bearing being a machine element that allows

one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed

into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size,roughness and location of the surface.

Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most

sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise devices; their

manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.


10/32

NOMENCLATURE OF BEARINGS

Nomenclature

Example: CS6202XXPKWS

C Ball material:C=Ceramic (Si3N4)S=Stainless Steel (440C)No symbol = Chrome Steel

S Ring Material:No symbol = Chrome steelS=Stainless Steel (440C)S3=Stainless steel (SS303)C=Ceramic (Si3N4)CR=Ceramic (ZrO2)N=Nylon

P=PEEKB=Beryllium copper

6202 Size:Basic size (see bearing size list)

XX Closure:XX=Open (Standard bearing width, no seal)No symbol=Open (Narrow bearing width, no seal)TT=PTFE/F-GlassVT=Virgin PTFEVV= Non-contact rubber sealRS= Contact rubber sealZZ=Metal shield

PK Retainer material:

PK=PEEKPS=PPSVP1=Vespel SP1VP3=Vespel SP3TR=TorlonPT=PTFENY=NylonPH=PhenolicNo symbol=Metal

WS Lubrication:Dry film lubrication/Coating

WS=Tungsten DisulfideMO=Moly Disulfide

Grease

L1=SRI, General purpose

L2=Poly Rex EM, Electric Motor gradeL3=Krytox, High TemperatureL4=LVP Krytox, VacuumL5=Kluber NB52, High speed


11/32

BUSH

A bush is a mechanical fixing between two, possibly moving, parts, or a strengthened fixing point

where one mechanical assembly is attached to another.

In a car or other vehicles suspension, bushes are used to connect the various moving arms

and pivot points to the chassis and other parts of the suspension.


12/32

FILTER

Wall-flow diesel particulate filters usually remove 85% or more of the soot, and under certain

conditions can attain soot removal efficiencies approaching 100%. Some filters are single-use,

intended for disposal and replacement once full of accumulated ash. Others are designed to burn off

the accumulated particulate either passively through the use of a catalyst or by active means such

as a fuel burner which heats the filter to soot combustion temperatures. This is accomplished by

engine programming to run (when the filter is full) in a manner that elevates exhaust temperature In

conjunction with an extra fuel injector in the exhaust stream that injects fuel to react with a catalyst

element to burn off accumulated soot and convert it to ash where it is stored in the DPF filter, [3] or

through other methods. This is known as "filter regeneration". Cleaning is also required as part of

periodic maintenance, and it must be done carefully to avoid damaging the filter. Failure of fuel

injectors or turbochargers resulting in contamination of the filter with raw diesel or engine oil can also

necessitate cleaning.[4] The regeneration process occurs at road speeds higher than can generally

be attained on city streets; vehicles driven exclusively at low speeds in urban traffic can require

periodic trips at higher speeds to clean out the DPF.[5] If the driver ignores the warning light and waits

too long to operate the vehicle above 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), the DPF may not regenerate

properly, and continued operation past that point may spoil the DPF completely so it must be

replaced.[6] Some newer diesel engines, namely those installed in combination vehicles, can also

perform what is called a Parked Regeneration, where the engine increases RPM to around 1400

while parked, to increase the temperature of the exhaust.


13/32

PUMP

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical

action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move

the fluid:direct lift,displacement, andgravitypumps.[1]

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to

perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including

manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use

in medical applications to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from

wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel

injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In

the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing

medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile

prosthesis.

In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps have evolved,

and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.


14/32

STRAINER

A sieve, orsifter, is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for

characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven screen such as a

mesh or net.[1] The word "sift" derives from sieve. In cooking, a sifter is used to separate and break

up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them. A straineris aform of sieve used to separate solids from liquid.

Industrial strainer

Some of industrial strainers available are simplex basket strainer, duplex basket strainer, and Y

strainer. Simple basket strainer is used to protect valuable or sensitive equipment in systems that is

meant to be shut down temporarily. Some commonly used strainers are bell mouth strainers, foot

valve strainers, basket strainers etc.;[2]


15/32

REDUCTION GEAR BOX

A reduction gear box consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around

the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates to carry one gear,

called theplanet gear, around the other, called thesun gear. The planet and sun gears mesh so that

their pitch circles roll without slip. A point on the pitch circle of the planet gear traces

an epicycloid curve. In this simplified case, the sun gear is fixed and the planetary gear(s) roll around

the sun gear.

An epicyclic gear train can be assembled so the planet gear rolls on the inside of the pitch circle of a

fixed, outer gear ring, which is called anannular gear. In this case, the curve traced by a point on the

pitch circle of the planet is a hypocycloid.

The combination of epicycle gear trains with a planet engaging both a sun gear and an annular gear

is called aplanetary gear train.[1][2] In this case, the annular gear is usually fixed and the sun gear is

driven.

Epicyclic gears get their name from their earliest application, which was the modeling of the

movements of the planets in the heavens. Believing the planets, as everything in the heavens, to be

perfect, they could only travel in perfect circles, but their motions as viewed from Earth could not be

reconciled with circular motion. At around 500 BCE, the Greeks invented the idea of epicycles, of

circles traveling on the circular orbits. With this theory Claudius Ptolemy in the Armagest in 148 CE

was able to predict planetary orbital paths.


16/32

MOTOR

A Motoris a device that creates motion. It usually refers to an engine of some kind. It may also

specifically refer to:

Electric motor, a machine that converts electricity into a mechanical motion

AC motor, an electric motor that is driven by alternating current

Synchronous motor, an alternating current motor distinguished by a rotor spinning withcoils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magneticfield which drives it

Induction motor, also called a squirrel-cage motor, a type of asynchronous alternatingcurrent motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means ofelectromagnetic induction

DC motor, an electric motor that runs on direct current electricity

Brushed DC electric motor, an internally commutated electric motor designed to be runfrom a direct current power source

Brushless DC motor, a synchronous electric motor which is powered by direct currentelectricity and has an electronically controlled commutation system, instead of amechanical commutation system based on brushes

Electrostatic motor, a type of electric motor based on the attraction and repulsion of electriccharge

Engines, which are very commonly called "motors"

Servo motor, an electric motor that operates a servo, commonly used in robotics

Starter motor, for starting an internal-combustion engine of a vehicle.

Stepper motor, a type of electric motor capable of rotating its output shaft in equally spacedfractions of a full rotation, known as steps

Internal fan-cooled electric motor, an electric motor that is self-cooled by a fan, typicallyused for motors with a high energy density


17/32


18/32

THERMODYNAMIC STEAM TRAP

A steam trap is a device used to discharge condensate and non condensable gases with a

negligible consumption or loss of live steam. Most steam traps are nothing more than

automatic valves. They open, close or modulate automatically. The three important functions of

steam traps are:

1. Discharge condensate as soon as it is formed.(Unless it is desirable to use the sensible heat

of the liquid condensate)

2. Have a negligible steam consumption.(i.e. being energy efficient)

3. Have the capability of discharging air and other non-condensable gases.

Basic operation

The simplest form of steam trap is a disc or short solid pipe nipple with a small hole drilled through it

installed at the lowest point of the equipment. Since steam condensate will collect at the lowest point

and live steam is about 1200 times greater in volume than this hot liquid, condensate is effectively

removed and steam is blocked. However, the vast majority of steam traps in current operation are of

the mechanical or thermostatically operated design.

Mechanical and thermostatic steam traps basically open when condensate and inert gases need to

be removed, and close when all the condensate is removed. The process repeats when new steam

is condensed again and ready to be drained.


19/32

VALVE

Avalve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidizedsolids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are

technically valves fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve,

fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. The word is derived from theLatinvalva, the moving part of a door, in turn from volvere, to turn, roll.

The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to obstruct fluid(gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed open by flow in the opposite direction. This is

called a check valve, as it prevents or "checks" the flow in one direction.

Valves have many uses, including controlling water for Irrigation, industrial uses for controlling

processes, residential uses such as on / off & pressure control to dish and clothes washers & taps

in the home. Even aerosols have a tiny valve built in. Valves are also used in the military &transport sectors.

Valves are found in virtually every industrial process, including water & sewage processing,

mining, power generation, processing of oil, gas & petroleum, food manufacturing, chemical &

plastic manufacturing and many other fields.

People in developed nations use valves in their daily lives, including plumbing valves, such as

taps for tap water, gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and

dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot water systems, and poppet valves in car engines.

In nature there are valves, for example one-way valves in veins controlling the blood circulation,& heart valves controlling the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintaining the

correct pumping action.


20/32

FLOAT TRAP

Asteam trap is a device used to discharge condensate and non condensable gases with a

negligible consumption or loss of live steam. Most steam traps are nothing more than automaticvalves. They open, close or modulate automatically. The three important functions of steam traps

are:

1. Discharge condensate as soon as it is formed.(Unless it is desirable to use the sensible heat of

the liquid condensate)

2. Have a negligible steam consumption.(i.e. being energy efficient)

3. Have the capability of discharging air and other non-condensable gases.

4. The simplest form of steam trap is a disc or short solid pipe nipple with a small holedrilled through it installed at the lowest point of the equipment. Since steam condensate

will collect at the lowest point and live steam is about 1200 times greater in volume than

this hot liquid, condensate is effectively removed and steam is blocked. However, thevast majority of steam traps in current operation are of the mechanical or thermostatically

operated design.

5. Mechanical and thermostatic steam traps basically open when condensate and inert gasesneed to be removed, and close when all the condensate is removed. The process repeats

when new steam is condensed again and ready to be drained.

6. Steam traps work best when sized specifically for the application they are used on.

Generally it is better to oversize, as they will still discharge condensate when present andclose or obstruct for live steam. However an over sized steam trap may wear quickly,

waste energy (use steam), and if drastically over sized can cause process issues.


21/32

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known asair cylinders) are mechanical devices which use the

power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion.[1]:85

Like hydraulic cylinders, something forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The piston

is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to be moved. [1]:85 Engineers sometimes prefer to use pneumatics because they are quieter, cleaner, and do not

require large amounts of space for fluid storage.

Because the operating fluid is a gas, leakage from a pneumatic cylinder will not drip out and

contaminate the surroundings, making pneumatics more desirable where cleanliness is a

requirement. For example, in the mechanical puppets of the Disney Tiki Room, pneumatics areused to prevent fluid from dripping onto people below the puppets.


22/32

PU CONNECTORS

An electrical connectoris an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as

an interface using a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks

(female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for

assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. [1]An

adapter can be used to effectively bring together dissimilar connectors.

There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors. Connectors may join two lengths of

flexible copper wire or cable, or connect a wire or cable to an electrical terminal.

In computing, an electrical connector can also be known as a physical interface (compare physical

layer in OSI modelof networking). Cable glands, known ascable connectors in the US, connect

wires to devices mechanically rather than electrically and are distinct from quick-disconnects

performing the latter.


23/32

PRESSURE GUAGE

Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments

used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges orvacuum gauges.

A manometer ' is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure, although the term

is often used nowadays to mean any pressure measuring instrument.

A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuumwhich is further divided into two

subcategories, high and low vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The applicable pressure

range of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums have an overlap. Hence, by combining

several different types of gauge, it is possible to measure system pressure continuously from

10 mbar down to 1011 mbar.


24/32

ACTUATOR

An actuatoris a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.

It is operated by a source of energy, typically electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure,

or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into motion. An actuator is the mechanism by

which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed

mechanical or electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a

human, or any other input.

Circular to linear conversion

Motors are mostly used when circular motions are needed, but can also be used for linear

applications by transforming circular to linear motion with a lead screw or similar mechanism. On the

other hand, some actuators are intrinsically linear, such as piezoelectric actuators. Conversion

between circular and linear motion is commonly made via a few simple types of mechanism

including:

Screw: Screw jack, ball screw and roller screw actuators all operate on the principle of

the simple machine known as the screw. By rotating the actuators nut, the screw shaft moves in

a line. By moving the screw shaft, the nut rotates.

Wheel and axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive, rigid chain and rigid

belt actuators operate on the principle of the wheel and axle. By rotating a wheel/axle

(e.g. drum, gear, pulley or shaft) a linear member (e.g. cable, rack, chain or belt) moves. By

moving the linear member, the wheel/axle rotates.


25/32

SPANNER

A wrench (also called a spanner) is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in

applying torque to turn objectsusually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and boltsor keep them from

turning.

In British English,spanneris the standard term. The most common shapes are calledopen-ended

spannerandring spanner. The termwrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening

devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench - an adjustable

spanner.[1]

In American English,wrench is the standard term. The most common shapes are calledopen-end

wrench andbox-end wrench. In American English,spannerrefers to a specialized wrench with a

series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the holes or notches cut

into the object to be turned.) In American commerce, such a wrench may be called aspanner

wrench to distinguish it from the British sense ofspanner.

Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and are

often drop-forged. They are frequently chrome-plated to resist corrosion and ease cleaning.

Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenches in English, but

exceptions are the plumber wrench (pipe wrench in British English) andMole wrench (sometimes

Mole grips in British English).


26/32

OIL SEALS

Oil seals

As valve guides wear, their ability to positively locate the valve to the valve seat decreases.As the valves lose their ability to seal the combustion chamber properly, the engine can loseperformance and start to burn oil, leaking from the top of the cylinder head into

the intake and exhaust manifolds. Modern engines are fitted with valve stem oil seals whichcan be replaced if oil leakage occurs. [3]


27/32

NON RETURN VALVE

A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve orone-way valve is a valve that normally

allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter

and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of

applications. Check valves are often part of common household items. Although they are available in

a wide range of sizes and costs, check valves generally are very small, simple, or inexpensive.

Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any external control;

accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies (external shells) of most check

valves are made of plastic or metal.

An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream

pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore

be specified for a specific cracking pressure.

Heart valves are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the heart ventricles, since the ventricles

act as pumps.


28/32

BUTTERFLY VALVE

A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing

mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick

shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs

as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned in the

center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the

valve. Rotating the actuatorturns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball

valve, the disc is always present within the flow, therefore apressure drop is always induced in the

flow, regardless of valve position.

A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves. In operation, the valve is fully

open or closed when the disc is rotated a quarter turn. The "butterfly" is a metal disc mounted on a

rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks off the passageway.

When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it allows an almost unrestricted

passage of the fluid. The valve may also be opened incrementally to throttle flow.

There are different kinds of butterfly valves, each adapted for different pressures and differentusage. The resilient butterfly valve, which uses the flexibility of rubber, has the lowest pressure

rating. The high performance butterfly valve, used in slightly higher-pressure systems, features a

slight offset in the way the disc is positioned, which increases the valves sealing ability and

decreases its tendency to wear.


29/32

NEEDLE VALVE

An Instrument Needle Valve uses a tapered pin to gradually open a space for fine control of flow.

The flow can be controlled and regulated with the use of a spindle. A needle valve has a relatively

small orifice with a long, tapered seat, and a needle-shaped plunger on the end of a screw, which

exactly fits the seat.

As the screw is turned and the plunger retracted, flow between the seat and the plunger is possible;

however, until the plunger is completely retracted the fluid flow is significantly impeded. Since it

takes many turns of the fine-threaded screw to retract the plunger, precise regulation of the flow rate

is possible.

The virtue of the needle valve is from the vernier effect of the ratio between the needles length and

its diameter, or the difference in diameter between needle and seat. A long travel axially (the control

input) makes for a very small and precise change radially (affecting the resultant flow).

Needle valves may also be used in vacuum systems, when a precise control of gas flow is required,

at low pressure,[1] such as when filling gas-filled vacuum tubes,gas lasers and similar devices.


30/32

GLOBE VALVE

A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline,

consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.[1]

Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of thebodybeing

separated by an internalbaffle. This has an opening that forms aseatonto which a

movableplug[2] can be screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. The plug is also called

adiscordisk.[3][4] In globe valves, the plug is connected to astem which is operated by screw action

using a handwheel in manual valves. Typically, automated globe valves use smooth stems rather

than threaded and are opened and closed by an actuator assembly.


31/32

BALL VALVE

A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through it.

The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of

the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the

valve, and flow is blocked. The handle or lever will be inline with the port position letting you "see"

the valves position. The ball valve, along with the butterfly valve and plug valve, are part of the

family ofquarter turn valves.

Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse. They

are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often preferred to globe

valves and gate valves for this purpose). They do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in

throttling applications but are sometimes used for this purpose.

Ball valves are used extensively in industrial applications because they are very versatile,

supporting pressures up to 1000 bar and temperatures up to 752F (500C) depending on the ball

valve design and material. Sizes typically range from 0.2 to 48 inches (0.5 cm to 121 cm). They areeasy to repair and operate.

The body of ball valves may be made of metal, plastic, or metal with a ceramic center. The ball is

often chrome plated to make it more durable.


32/32

FRL UNIT

FRL unit stands for filter regulator lubricator .generally it is used in various hydraulic andpneumatic system.before compress gas feed in to cylinder(hydraulic/pneumatic) it must passed

through FRL UNIT.

TO ensure freedom from dust particle moisture,abrasive materials to the system and to lubricate the

system.

Fluid is that deforms continuously on the application of shear stress, no matter how much

small is it. Fluid comprises both gases and liquid. The technique of using liquid for power

transmission is called as hydraulics while which uses gases for power transmission is called

Pneumatics.In most hydraulics system mineral oils will be used while in most pneumatic system

atmospheric air will be used.

Documents

Training Room