76

TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training
Page 2: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training
Page 3: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

TRAINING ONPALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION

SEPTEMBER 10-17, 2012

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow

Page 4: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

SOUVENIR COMMITTEESOUVENIR COMMITTEE

Dr. Rupendra Babu

Dr. C.M. Nautiyal

Mr. Madhukar Arvind

Dr. Nilay Govind

Brought out by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (2012)

Page 5: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

  

Contents

From the Desk of Director, BSIP and Coordinator, Training

Programme

1

Programme 2

The Speakers

[Profiles and Abstracts]

4

The Participants

[Profiles]

37

About Lucknow 51

About BSIP 54

Committees 56

Page 6: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

6

Page 7: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 1

From the Desk of the Director, BSIP and Coordinator, Training Programme

Palynology is an important branch of Palaeobiology, concerned with the study of organic walled microfossils found in the sedimentary rocks. Palynological study of the total particulate organic matter in the sediments has developed as an important field of research (as palynofacies study) for reconstruction of depositional environment and

evaluation of hydrocarbon source rock potential. With the development of sequence stratigraphy in sedimentary geology, palynology and palynofacies have emerged as important components in integrated multidisciplinary studies. Significance of palynomorphs has been amply demonstrated for characterizing various sequence components, correlation of terrestrial and marine deposits and relative sea-level fluctuations. A vast amount of palynological data has been generated from the petroliferous sedimentary basins of India during the past five decades. However, it is only during the last two and half decades that significant development with regard to the application aspects of palynomorphs and palynofacies have taken place due to the increasing emphasis on hydrocarbon exploration in different on-shore and off-shore sedimentary basins. Frontier fields of these applications are in the dating and correlation of sediments through identification of global bio-events (FAD and LAD), high-resolution integrated biostratigraphy for finer zonations, recognition of T/R cycles, reconstruction of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate, identification of sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, characterization of system tract components, deciphering relative sea-level changes, and better understanding of hydrocarbon source potential facies. Palynology has, therefore, proven its application in all the commercially producing sedimentary basins of India— Cambay, Mumbai Offshore, Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery and Assam. Based on the identification of globally recognized dinoflagellate cyst Bio-horizons, a fine stratigraphic resolution of 0.5 to 1 Ma has been achieved in some of these basins. Analyses of terrestrial palynomorphs and dinoflagellate cysts have helped to develop palaeoenvironmental models useful in basinal studies. Palynofossils have been extremely valuable in providing age support. These have been proved particularly useful where sedimentary formations are devoid of / poor in microforaminifera and calcareous nannoplankton. These multifaceted approaches facilitated emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial Palynology’ as a potentially viable tool in solving geologic problems and hydrocarbon exploration. The fast growing energy requirement in the oil and natural gas sector and the gap between indigenous production and likely demand require constant striving to enhance hydrocarbon production in our country. With further expansion of exploration operations in the oil industry, demand for Applied Palynology is bound to increase manifold in the coming future. However, it is said that western countries may likely face a serious shortage of Industrial palynologists in the coming decade and urgently need active support from industry and academic institutions to work in closer alliance. In the present global scenario of integrative and productive research, expectation from scientists have immensely increased especially in terms of utility of the outcome of research for the benefit and development of the society This Training Programme is aimed at educating/ training young researchers in generating geo-scientific data related to the palynological and organic facies aspects and their application in exploration of liquid, solid and gaseous fossil fuels. The structure of the programme includes thematic lecture series by eminent subject experts. Practical demonstrations of preparation techniques and microscopic observations, under the guidance of institutes’ scientists are planned. We have organised a one day visit to interact with experts at KDMIPE &, ONGC. I am happy that many outstation young students have shown keen interest and I am sure that this programme will motivate all of them to pursue their career in related fields of fossil fuel exploration.

Naresh C. Mehrotra

Page 8: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

6

Page 9: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 2

PROGRAMME

Date (Day) Time Programme details Foundation Day Lecture— BSIP Role in Palaeobotanical Studies in India vis-à-vis Hydrocarbon Exploration Speaker: Sri Kuldeep Chandra

12:15-13:30 hrs

Lunch break Inaugural Function: Training Programme Chair Person- Prof. S.N. Bhalla, Chairman, Research Advisory Council, BSIP

14:30-15:30 hrs

Tea break

10.09.2012 (Monday)

16:00-17:30 hrs Visits to different Laboratories/ Library/ Museum/ Herbarium Lecture— Synergy between Organic Geochemistry and Palynology towards enhancing effectiveness of Petroleum Exploration by Sri Kuldeep Chandra (Dehradun)

10:00-11:00 hrs

Tea break Lecture— Palynological Techniques and its applications in Hydrocarbon Exploration by Dr. M. Shanmukhappa (ONGC, Dehradun)

11:30-12:30 hrs

Lunch break 14:00-15:00 hrs Lecture— Calcareous Nannofossil and its application in

Hydrocarbon Exploration by Dr. R.K. Saxena (ONGC, Dehradun) Lecture— Nannofossils: The Size Matters and a Matter of Size by Dr. (Mrs.) Jyotsana Rai (BSIP, Lucknow)

15:00-16:00 hrs

Tea break

11.09.2012 (Tuesday)

16:30-17:45 hrs Microscopic observation – Nannoplankton Dr. Jyotsana Rai (BSIP, Lucknow)

Lecture— Introduction to Dinoflagellates: Cyst Morphology and Terminology by Dr. N.C. Mehrotra (Director, BSIP)

10:00-11:00 hrs

Tea break Lecture— High Impact Palynology in Hydrocarbon Exploration in commercially producing basins of India with recent achievements of BSIP by Dr. N.C. Mehrotra (Director, BSIP)

11:30-12:30 hrs

Lunch break 14:00-15:00 hrs Lecture— Application of Palynology in Coal

Exploration: Case study from an Indian Gondwana Coalfield by Dr. Ratan Kar (BSIP, Lucknow) Lecture— Stromatolites: An evidence of Early Life and their Stratigraphic Potential by Dr. Mukund Sharma (BSIP, Lucknow)

15:00-16:00 hrs

Tea break

12.09.2012 (Wednesday)

16:30-17:45 hrs Microscopic observation – Dinoflagellate cysts Dr. Samir Sarkar (BSIP, Lucknow) Microscopic observation – Precambrian microbiota Dr. Rupendra Babu (BSIP, Lucknow)

Page 10: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 3

Date (Day) Time Programme details Lecture— Geochemical Characterization of Hydrocarbon Crudes: Its application in Exploration by Dr. U.K. Bhui (PDPU, Ghandhinagar)

10:00-11:00 hrs

Tea break Lecture— Use of Scanning Electron Microscope studies in Palynology by Dr. Madhav Kumar (BSIP, Lucknow)

11:30-12:30 hrs

Lunch break 14:00-15:00 hrs Lecture— An Introduction to Gondwana Palynology in

India by Dr. (Mrs.) Neerja Jha (BSIP, Lucknow) Lecture— Palaeopalynology and its Applications with special reference to Tertiary Spore-pollen and Dinoflagellate Cysts by Dr. M.R. Rao (BSIP, Lucknow)

15:00-16:00 hrs

Tea break

13.09.2012 (Thursday)

16:30-17:45 hrs Maceration Processes & Microscopic observation – Spores-pollen

Dr. Madhav Kumar & Dr. (Mrs.) Pauline Sabina K.Lecture— History of Palaeontology, Advances in Microfossil studies, Biochronostratigraphy, Resolution Achieved application in Hydrocarbon Exploration by Dr. D.S.N. Raju

10:00-11:00 hrs

Tea break Lecture— Geochemistry and Palynology in unconventional Gas Resources and Exploration by Dr. Baleshwar Kumar (NGRI, Hyderabad)

11:30-12:30 hrs

Lunch break 14:00-15:00 hrs Lecture— Sedimentary Organic Matter: A Proxy Data

for deciphering Sedimentary Environment by Dr. Madhav Kumar (BSIP, Lucknow) Lecture— Fundamentals of Organic Petrology by Dr. A.K. Singh (RGIPT, Rae Bareli)

15:00-16:00 hrs

Tea break

14.09.2012 (Friday)

16:30-17:45 hrs Microscopic observation – Coal Macerals Dr. B.D. Singh (BSIP, Lucknow)

Lecture— Geological Facets of Coal Bed Methane by Dr. A.K. Varma (ISM, Dhanbad)

10:00-11:00 hrs

Tea break Lecture— Exploring Frontiers by Dr. U.C. Pradhan (ONGC, Dehradun)

11:30-12:30 hrs

Lunch break Valedictory Session Chief Guest – Dr. D.N. Singh, ONGC Dehradun

15.09.2012 (Saturday)

14:30-17:00 hrs

Feedback & Distribution of Certificates 16.09.2012 (Sunday)

06:00 hrs Departure to Dehradun (only for outstation trainees)

09:00-13:00 hrs Visit to Keshava Dev Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, ONGC

17.09.2012 (Monday)

14:30 hrs Departure to Lucknow

Page 11: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

THE SPEAKERS • [ Profiles and Abstracts ]

USE

R

[Type your address] [Type your phone number]

[Type your e-mail address]

Page 12: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

2

Page 13: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 4

DR. ALOK KUMAR SINGH Department of Geology Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroluem Technology Ratapur Chowk, Rae Bareli- 229316, U.P., India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Alok Kumar Singh obtained Master’s degree in Geology with specialization in sedimentology and was awarded Ph.D. in Geology with specialization in Coal Geology and coal petrology from the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, topic of Ph.D. Thesis being “Organic Petrology and Evolution of Paleogene Coal Deposits of Northeastern Himalaya, India. (Awarded in December 1997). He was involved in Teaching & Research (Postdoctoral) -1998 to 2004; Industrial Research- June, 2004 – June, 2010 (R & D, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur). He was awarded as Young Scientist By Indian Science Congress Association and received Khar Award for best paper by Indian Institute of Mineral Engineer’s. Dr. A. K. Singh has various professional activities as Member, International Committee for Coal & Organic Petrology; Executive Council Member of Coal Petrological Society of India; Life member of Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, Indian Institute of Mineral Engineers, Life member of Geosciences Foundation. He has numerous academic honors viz. Junior Research Fellowship (Oil Natural Gas Commission); Junior Research Fellowship (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun); Senior Research Fellowship and Research Associate including Senior Research Associate (Pool Officer and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi). Currently he is Faculty Member, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli since June 2010. His areas of research interest are the Coal Geology, Coal and Organic Petrology, Source Rock Characterization & Organic Maturation, Thermal History, Coal Utilization, Petroleum Geology. He is presently involved in carrying research activities in petrographic characterization and evolution of Mahanadi coals, Orissa and investigation of Damodar valley coals with reference to their hydrocarbon potential. Publication: 35 Research papers in the Journals of National and International Repute.

Page 14: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 5

FUNDAMENTALS OF COAL PETROLOGY

ALOK K. SINGH

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli-229316 [email protected], [email protected]

It is a well instituted concept that coal is heterogenous organic sedimentary rock constituted

dominantly of organic matter along with variable amounts of assorted minerals. The mineral matter occurs essentially as discrete mineral species having an extremely variable particle size and wide range of concentration. The organic constituents of coal are derived from the plant kingdom and subjected to intricate chemical and biochemical processes before their proper stratification and carbonization. These processes induce significant chemical and physical alterations in the original plant material and eventually transform them into a number of physically distinct entities, which can be identified and described at megascopic and microscopic scale. The organic constituents of coal at megascopic scale are called 'Lithotypes' Whereas the optically distinguishable entities are called 'maceral’. Scientists have described four different types of lithotypes in bituminous coals on the basis of their physical dissimilarities such as colour, luster, texture and type of stratification. These are vitrain, clarain, durain and fusian.

The macerals of coal are equivalent to mineral in rocks, even though the criteria for a natural

solid to be called mineral do not hold good for macerals. A particular maceral may differ in optical properties and chemical composition in coals of various ranks. Based on morphology and other optical properties, macerals of coal are broadly classified into three groups, viz. Vitrinite, Liptinite and Inertinite. Further these group macerals can be classified into different submacerals. International Committee for Coal Petrology (1971,75, 1994 and 1998) has suggested a scheme for maceral classification which is being followed for coal microscopy or coal petrology throughout the world. Apart from macerals, coals constitute variable quantity of inorganic matter called mineral matter. A wide spectrum of minerals is reported from coals but the most dominant minerals in coals are clays, carbonates, silica and various forms of sulphur (sulphide, sulphates and organic sulphur). In addition to the identifications of coal constituents as maceral and mineral matter, the constituents are also characterized and quantified as group macerals or maceral associations called ‘microlithotype’ and also as maceral-mineral associations called ‘corbominerite’. There are certain rules set by the I.C.C.P. (1971 &75) for this kind of characterization. Accordingly microlithotypes are identified on the basis of two conventions- the minimum band with 50 x 50 microns and the so -called 5% rule. The microlithotype may be monomaceral, bimaceral or trimaceral depending upon whether the macerals of one group, two groups or all the three groups are involved in the creation of a 50 micron band respectively.

The science of coal petrology (coal petrography), deals the study of megascopic and the

microscopic constituents of coal in qualitative and quantitative terms. Coal petrology is applied to the studies of the depositional environments of coals, correlation of coals for geological studies, and the investigation of coals for their industrial utilization. However, for any modern coal industry, the coal petrography has become the prime tool to characterize coals and decide about their utilization. Presently, it is more an applied science, which has become indispensable in solving the chemico-technological issues in context of use and quality control of coals in coking plants, briquetting plants and power stations. It is also playing very important role in evaluating a coals for beneficiation (coal preparation for downstream utilization). Recently, significance of coal petrology has been demonstrated in coalbed methane exploration and in potential CO2 sequestration into the coal seams. Besides, it plays an important role in all the oil exploration programs, especially for the optical characterization of the source rock and also for detecting their thermal maturation.

Page 15: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 6

PROF. ATUL KUMAR VARMA Coal Geology and Organic Petrology Lab. , Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad- 826004 E-mail: [email protected]

• Professor in Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad • Teaching and Research Experience: More than 30 years • Awarded Ph.D. Degree from Silesian Technical University, Gliwice (Poland) in Applied Geology

(Coal Geology, Organic Petrology and Coal Conversion) under Polish Government Scholarship through Government of India.

• Awarded National Mineral Award in Coal and Lignite Exploration by Government of India. • Awarded Commonwealth Fellowship to carry out research works in U.K • Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Geological Society of India • Authored 84 papers including 10 papers in International Journals of repute (like Fuel, International

Journal of Coal Geology, Journal of Thermal Analysis etc.) • Three Books Edited • Member of several International Professional Bodies like TSOP (The Society for Organic

Petrology), ICCP (International Committee for Coal and Organic petrology), Member of SAAEG (South Asian Association of Economic Geologists).

• Countries travelled: USA, United Kingdom (Great Britain), Poland, Czech, Slovenia, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Thailand, Japan and Canada .

• Carrying out active research works in Coal Geology, Organic petrology, Coal Conversion, Coal Bed Methane, Shale gas, CO2 sequestration and source rock evaluation

• Participating in European Commission funded project on CO2 sequestration • Member, International Working Group on “Microscopy of Carbon Materials".

Page 16: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 7

GEOLOGICAL FACETS OF COAL BED METHANE

ATUL KUMAR VARMA

Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad- 826004 E-mail: [email protected]

Author discusses various geological parameters for coal bed methane (CBM) exploration. The

nanopores (micropores) are very significant for CBM as well as capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in coal seams reducing the release of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. The coal plays an important resource in the production of methane from coalbeds. The nanopores (micropores) are responsible for most of the porosity in coal whereas the cleats provide the principal source of permeability for fluid flow. Coal beds have several types of cleats viz. (a) face cleat (primary cleat) (b) butt cleat (secondary cleat) (c) tertiary cleat (d) master cleat (e) super cleat (f) micro-cleat Methane flow in coal bed indicates that methane in gaseous phase must diffuse through the nanopore structure of coal matrix until reaches a cleat followed by Darcy flow through the cleats to a well. Cleat attributes include size, spacing, connectivity, aperture, degree of mineral fill, and patterns of preferred orientation on local and regional scales (Mavor and Close,1991; Karacan and Okandan, 2000). The relation between gas flow behavior and coal seam structure is generally modeled as a dual porosity system of macropores (cleats) and surrounding system of micropores (nanopores).The diffusion is generally modeled applying Fick’s Law and the free flow is modeled using Darcy’s Law. It is also interpreted regarding nanopore development and evolution in coal which takes place in three distinct stages. Here, author also discusses about coal and its petrographic composition.

Page 17: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 8

DR. BALESHWAR KUMAR, B.E., Ph.D.

Chief Scientist and Head , Geochemical Exploration of Petroleum & Gas Adviser/Consultant, Carbon Management (Former) National Geophysical Research Institute , Hyderabad 500007 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Baleshwar Kumar obtained his B.E. degree in instrumentation with specialization in Industrial Instrumentation from University of Pune in 1969 and Ph.D in Geochemistry from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1986. He has over 40 years of Research and Development Experience at National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad and Bharathidasan University in Energy Security and Sustainability; Geochemical Exploration of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Unconventional Oil & Gas;Isotope Geology/ Geochemistry and its applications to Geohydrology, Geothermal Research, Hydrocarbon Exploration, Early Evolution of Life, Carbon Budget Changes, Event Stratigraphy and Palaeo-environmental Studies etc. He has obtained comprehensive training in Isotope Geology ( 977-1978) at Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany. Dr. Kumar has published more than 40 research papers in National and International journals and coordinated projects sponsored by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria; Department of Science and Technology (DST); Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC); Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB); Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH); Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC); Jubilant Oil and Gas Pvt. Ltd. etc. Dr. Kumar has established National Facility for Surface Geochemical and Microibial Prospecting of Hydrocarbons at NGRI with a grant of ~ Rs. 70 Million from OIDB, comprising of Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometers, Gas Chromatographs, GC- MS and Total Organic Analyzer etc. He led integrated geochemical surveys in frontier onland and offshore basins and NELP blocks of India covering an area of 0.6x106 Sq. Km. He also coordinated project on Geological CO2 Sequestration in basalt formations of Western India: A Pilot Study (sponsored by DST; Ministry of Power; National Thermal Power Corporation and Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA). He has convened & organized three International Symposium at NGRI (Carbon Capture and Storage and Hydrocarbon Exploration) and is a renowned scientist of National and International repute. Dr. Kumar has delivered invited talks at various National/International forums; G8 countries meetings at Norway on CCS; AAPG meetings in USA; Colorado School of Mines, Colorado, USA; University of Utah, Salt Lake, USA and AAAPG meeting in China etc. Dr. Kumar is fellow/member of several National/ International Associations. He has worked as visiting consultant for the project RES-OIL funded by Oil Industry Development Board with Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli. He is an International expert on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and has drafted a concept paper on CCS for UNEP. He is the Member/ Fellow of several National and International Scientific Societies and has represented India at several International forums including G8 countries meeting. Dr. Kumar has recently (June, 2011; April 2012) delivered invited talks on ‘India Initiatives towards Shale gas Exploration and Development’ and ‘Shale Oil & Gas: India’s Perspective’ at International Conferences in Beijing & Wuxi, China. He has also coordinated the technical organization of International Conference on ‘Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuel and Carbon Management’ held at Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Feb. 2011.The conference was organized in association with Colorado School of Mines, Golden,USA.

Page 18: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 9

GEOCHEMISTRY AND PALYNOLOGY IN UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION

BALESHWAR KUMAR

National Geophysical Research Institute , Hyderabad 500007

E-mail: [email protected]

The energy scenario in India and even in the world is mostly driven by conventional fuel, (coal,

oil & gas) which may last for ~ 200 years and therefore development of unconventional oil & gas fields have taken a major stride worldwide. While the developed economies, mostly USA and Europe are producing Unconventional shale gas & oil and coal bed methane on commercial scale, the emerging economies are still to explore and exploit. Gas is a cleaner fuel than oil and hence there is an urgent need for exploring and exploiting unconventional fossil fuels such as shale gas; coal bed methane; and gas hydrates.

India has taken initiatives towards research and development of unconventional gas. The

recoverable shale gas reserve estimates of India are around 60 tcf (EIA, 2011), but may be4-5 higher than these as EIA estimates is based on the available R&D data from conventionaloil and gas fields. The potential shale gas bearing basins of India are; Vindhyan, Gondwana, Cauvery, Krishna- Godavari, Bengal & Cambay etc. and these basins have shale horizons with Suitable maturity and TOC. Shale gas explorations have already been initiated in Cambay and Gondwana basins by Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation and Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). ONGC have joined hands with Schlumberger and have drilled a bore well upto the depth of 2000 meters in Damodar valley coalfield area of West Bengal and the results are quite encouraging. The prognostic resource potential of coal bed methane and hydrate gas are around 20 and 2000 TCF respectively. The commercial production of coal bed methane (CBM) has already been started in the country.

Status and outlook of India’s R& D program for unconventional gas resource exploration and

exploitation will be presented and discussed with special reference to shale gas and coal bed methane. The role of Geochemistry and Palynology in shale gas and CBM research and exploration will also be deliberated.

Page 19: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 10

DR. D.S.N.RAJU MSR Residency, 2nd Floor Pragati Marg, J.N. Road, Rajahmundry - 533103, A.P., India E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. D.S.N. Raju obtained his M.Tech degree in 1963, from IIT Kharagpur; Certificate of training, 1968 from UNESCO Center, Vienna, Austria; Certificate of Participation , 1971, in Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia and Ph.D., 1972, from State University of Utrecht (375 years old university), Netherlands in a record time. Since 1963, he worked in various capacities in Paleontology laboratories of ONGC at Dehradun, Baroda and Chennai. Worked as a scientific collaborator for IGCP Project-1 at Utrecht during 1975-1977. For sometime worked as an adviser and consultant to Energy and Geoscience Institute (EGI), University of Utah, USA in 2007 and again 2009. Presently working, with a few gaps, as consultant for ONGC at Dehradun and Rajahmundry. Some of the prestigious awards he has been conferred with are - National Mineral Award 1991; 1999- Award for Technocratic Excellence & Meritorious Achievements In The Field Of Petroleum Exploration By Technocrats Welfare Society , India; L. Rama Rao Birth Centernary Award 2000; Man of the year-2003 (American Biographical Institute); Outstanding contribution in the field of petroleum exploration 2008 (American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Association of Petroleum Geologists). He has published nearly 150 scientific papers including extended abstracts. Major contributions include:

• 1964-1968: Planktic foraminifera: results published from Austria and India. • 1969-1970: Basin Scale T/R cycle (Cambay Basin) • 1971-1972: Miogypsinidae: published as Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletin, Vol. 9, pp 1-148 • 1975: Recognition of pulsating evolution in larger foraminifera. • 1980-1987: Application of biostratigraphy in explorations, T/R cycles. • 1987-1994: Estimation of duration and magnitude of hiatuses in Indian basins. • 1995-1996: Reconstruction of sea-level changes. • 1996-2002: Application of foraminifera in recognition of 3rd, 4th, 5th order sequences/cycles. • 2002-2009: Standardization of Indian stages.

* Prepared several megacharts (Stratigraphy of India) * Prepared Oligo-Miocene larger foraminiferal zonation for ICS (International Commission on Stratigraphy) website.

Contributor and Principal Editor of 3books-1993, 2005 and 2009.

Page 20: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 11

HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY, ADVANCES IN MICROFOSSIL STUDIES,BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY, RESOLUTION ACHIEVED APPLICATION IN

HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION DSN RAJU

MSR Residency, 2nd Floor, Pragati Marg, J.N.Road, Rajahmundry-533103, A.P., India E-mail: [email protected]

Paleontology is one of the historical sciences along with archaeology, geology, biology, astronomy,

cosmology and history itself. Before 17th, Paleontology focuses on the macroscopic animal fossils preserved on the rocks based on the available information. The information of small fishes and marine shells on inland mountains were given by Xenophanes, Pythagora and Xanthus and large benthic foraminifera Nummulites (Herodotus). The Paleontology was used to understand the nature of mountains, climate, sea-level change, paleogeography: The 17th century: the first diagram illustrating the disposition of strata, and its unconformity of later beds on earlier inclined strata (Steno,1638-1687), The outstanding geological figure of the 17th century was undoubtedly carried out for advent of cryptic fauna (Micrograptia, 1665), foraminifera (Rotalia); sutures of ammonites (Hook 1965) under compound microscopes which named as micropaleontology and possible used in as a chronological index (extinction of species). After a centaury, a new branch named Palynology for the pollen and spores was introduced by Hyde and Williams in 1944.

They are monumental in integration of microfossil data with other branches of geology in

interpretation of plate tectonics and paleogeography. The birth of economic or commercial micropaleontology can be attributed to the advent of oil industry.

This signalled the present “Application phase of micropaleontology in Hydrocarbon exploration and production.’

The advent of sequence stratigraphy in 1977 demanded a major role by micropaleontologists.

Advances in the study of microfossils: The morphological nature of forms to molecular (ribosomal DNA sequences) micro-paleontology suggested by various workers (Srinivasan, 2007, Hayward et al 2003). Hydrocarbon reservoirs were first predicted based on the recovery of microfossils from well to well ( Gryzbowski, 1980). A detailed account on advances in the application of biostratigraphy to Petroleum Exploration and Production (Giwa et.al. 2006). The sub branches include: 1. Biostratigraphy, 2. Biostratigraphic events concept, 3. High resolution biostratigraphy, 4. Wellsite biostratigraphic support, 5. Biosteering, 6. Ecostratigraphic techniques, 7. Quantitative stratigraphy and 8. Biostratigraphic workstation. Studies on stable isotopes and trace elements in foraminifera as proxy of paleoclimate, paleobiology and paleooceanography are under progress in India. Resolution achieved in biochronostratigraphy through various tools/methods:

Microfossils palyed/ playing a major role in Dating of sediments, seismic origins and well log breaks,

Well to well, inter basinal and intercontinental correlations,Determination of paleoenvironments/ paleobathymetries, recognition and estimation of duration of hiatuses including submarine, eEstablishing biochronostratigraphic frame work,3rd, 4th, 5th/6th order stratigraphic cycles and relative sea level fluctuations and an independent scheme of foraminiferal sequence stratigraphy and to some extent dinoflagellates cysts sequence stratigraphy.

Geosteering is related to process of drilling a borehole; adjusting the borehole position( inclination

and azimuth angles) on the fly to reach one or more geological targets. Biosteering is combined data of paleontological related to the entombed microfossils in rocks in

horizontal wells and LWD (log whilst drilling) for steering decisions. Because of fossils allow determination of

Page 21: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 12

stratigraphic position (above or below target porosity). It is relatively inexpensive compared with having larger suits of logging tools in the hole to determine the stratigraphic position, Paleoceanography, Monsoon timings, Evolution of life, understanding orogenic and plate tectonics.

Biostratigraphy / Precise zone based on planktonic foraminifera, nannoplankton, spore-pollen,

acritarchs and dinoflagellates cysts from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic surface-subsurface strata.are most useful and actually applied day to day in HC exploration and major hiatus and sea level in KG basins. Cauvery and Rajasthan and also Terrtiary sediments in Kutch.

Page 22: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 13

DR. JYOTSANA RAI Scientist E Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road Lucknow 226 007 Email: [email protected]

Obtained M.Sc. degree [1978] in Geology; Proficiency in French [1979], and Ph.D. [1988] on topic entitled “Calcareous Nannoplankton on Eocene of Kutch, Western India.” from Lucknow University Specialization: Calcareous Nannofossils, Organic Petrography She is associated with several Scientific Bodies and to name a few are - Member National Advisory Committee, The Ninth International Congress on Jurassic System to be held 06- 09 January 2014; Member, National working group IGCP- 506 Marine and Non –marine Jurassic: Global correlation and major geologic events (2005- 2009). Sponsoring Agency GSI, Kolkata; Co-ordinator International Conference on Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Basins in India, Pakistan and the Middle East (Feb. 20-21, 2008), Geology Department, University of Jammu, Jammu; Member International Nannoplankton Association

She is currently running a DST - Sponsored Project (No. SR/S4/ES-521/2010(G) ) as Project Investigator on Integrated nannofossil - ammonite biostratigraphy of Wagad Island, Kachchh Basin: Palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications

Stood First in order of merit in M.Sc.

International Deputation:

1. 9th International Nannoplankton Association Conference, Parma 8- 14 Sept.2002 and 6th International Symposium on the Jurassic System, Mondello, Sicily, 15- 19 Sept. 2002, ITALY.

2. Visited U.K. for three months (from 21th March to18th June 2008) for availing fellowship under INSA Exchange Programme to work with Drs. Jeremy Reupert Young & Susanne Fiest Burkhardt (Natural History Museum) and Dr. Paul Bown (University College London).Conducted researches concerning Juarssic nannofossils from classical western Indian sections and its comparison with European stratotypic Jurassic nanno - assemblages. The outcome may throw light on identification of substitute markers, species dispersal, provincialism, palaeobiogeography and integration of nannofossil with the ammonite zonation will permit and establish the nannofossil zonal indices in the mixed Tethyan province vis-a-vis European Mediterranean area during Jurassic time.

Page 23: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 14

NANNAOFOSSILS : THE SIZE MATTERS AND A MATTER OF SIZE

JYOTSANA RAI

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226007 Email: [email protected]

“If you are small you have room to grow, but if you have grown where do you go?”

The tiniest microplantons known to mankind are picoplanktons about which knowledge is

obscure. The minutest plankton group in hierarchy is nannoplantons (that passes the plankton mesh). Coccolithophores include all haptophyte algae possessing calcified scales (coccoliths) at some stage in their life cycle. They belong to division Haptophyta and class Prymnesiophyceae. Calcareous nannoplankton fossils form a significant part of the modern carbonate depositional system and have been important since the Late Mesozoic. Coccoliths are remarkable biomineral structures and are about 100times smaller than foraminifers. Their taxonomy is based on morphologic description of the micrometric calcareous liths or scales covering their cells and preserved in deep ocean sediments. These coccoliths constitute only the unit elements of the entire extra-cellular architecture of the organisms- the coccosphere. The need of optical combined with electron microscopes for morpho-taxonomic identificationis pre-requisite. Their morphological diversity is best known among any group of primary producers. Their morphological expressions are holococcoliths and heterococcoliths. Several coccolithophores display complex haplo-diploid life – cycles with the display of two or even three radically different coccoliths in the different stages. The coccolithophore became the important participants in the carbonate cycle of the Jurassic, but during Jurassic time span they were restricted to shelf and epeiric sea environments only. They spread into the open oceans in the Cretaceous and became the major factor in governing the carbonate cycle in the sea to the extent of became rock builders by producing chalk. With the advent of dissolution resistant forms e.g. Watznaueria barnesae, the coccolithophores migrated to the major site of carbonate deposition from shallow seas to deep ocean. The overall effect of coccolithophore evolution has been to move carbonate deposition to the deep sea, where coccolith oozes accumulate on ocean crust and will ultimately be subducted. Only a fraction of the carbon in the subducted carbonate is returned to the surface through volcanic activity. If this activity were to continue for several hundreds of millions of years the coccolithophores would remove much of the carbon from the surface of Earth to be emplaced in the mantle. And ultimately return the carbonate to the atmosphere as CO2 to participate in rock weathering process. It is possible that coccolithophore speciation changes could have influenced Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions to the early atmosphere and may have contributed to palaeotemperature fluctuations. They were first recorded by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1836 while examining Cretaceous chalk from the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. In 1858 Sir T. H. Huxley while working with North Atlantic sediments named these small structures as “coccoliths”. Both of them considered these platelets as inorganic. H. C. Sorby (1861) observed the curvature of these small discs and considered them organic. Bramlette & Matini (1964) described their biostratigraphic potential for the first time. Their tiny size, short stratigraphic and wide biogeographic ranges make them ideal for biostratigraphical correlation especially in marine Mesozoic - Cenozoic sediments. They are most important group for dating in Deep Sea Drilling Projects and Ocean Drilling Programmes. A pin head amount material, acid free preparation technique and need of a sophisticated high- power polarizing microscope are some of the requirements for the study of this group. In petroleum industry this is the favoured branch of micropaleontologists. They are in astronomical numbers in a small fraction of a deep sea core and here the size matters!

Page 24: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 15

SRI KULDEEP CHANDRA Former Executive Director R&D ONGC Limited House No.492, Street No.-8, Lane No.-8 Rajendra Nagar, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand Email: [email protected]

Sri Kuldeep Chandra obtained Master degree in Chemistry and and Proficiency Certificate In Petroleum Geochemistry, ASTEF France. Senior and Advance Management Certificate Courses of ASCI-Hyderabad, attended training and conferences and Kuwait related to geochemistry from the Different coutaries viz. France Netherlands, Russia Germany, U.K.,France Kuwait UK, USA and AbuDhabi and taringing contract for Petrobangla etc to Bangladesh and UN. Has published over 70 scientific and technical papers.

He has become Chairman Management Committee of Joint Ventures in Tapti, PY-3, and Pranhita Godavari basin; Member Research Councils of IIP, NIP, NGRI, BSIP & Wadia Institute of Himalyan Geology.

He has keen interest in various fields like petroleum geo-chemistry: Source-rocks evaluation, genetic correlations of oil, gas and formation waters, petroleum systems delineation, genetic modeling, isotope geochemistry and geochronology, surface geochemical prospecting, integration with basin studies and other geoscience data; ETROLEUM oil field CHEMISTRY related to Drilling Muds, oil-well cementing, corrosion, demulsification, dehydration, oil field additives and additives for pour point depression and water-shut off gels, scale removal and conformance control etc; 4.Upstream R8D Management.

His present affiliation is as President of AAAPG; Member of Council Indian Association of Applied Geochemists; Life Member of various scientific bodies-Geological Society of India, Association of Exploration Geophysics, Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Petroleum Geophysicists, Indian Union of Geophysics; Indian Society of Analytical Chemistry and

He has received several prestigious awards : National Mineral Award of Govt. of India; Dicennial Gold Medal of Indian Geophysical Union; Peter the great Gold Medal towards furthering upstream R & D, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences; Doon Ratna of Dehradun Nagrik Parishad, Millennium Award, Indian Society of Applied Geochemistry [ISAG]; Life Time Achievement Award from Indian Geological Congress, AAAPG, ISAG and SPG, He is winner of cash prize of Rs 1lakh and certificate By GEO-INDIA to ward outstanding contribution of Petroleum Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration( 2008).

He has several responsibilities in various capacities as Head Petroleum Source Rock Geochemistry Lab; Geochemistry Div. KDMIPE 1980-1982; Geoscience Research Group KDMIPE; Regional Geoscience Labs; G.M. Geoscience Labs KDMIPE; Director Instt. of Management Development; Head KDMIPE and Regional Director Northern Region; Executive.Director of R&D in ONGC.

He has Current Interests to petroleum industry as Consultancy in Petroleum Geochemistry, and Petroleum Exploration; Teaching in the area of Petroleum Geochemistry to students of Univ. Pet & Energy Studies (UPES) Planning and Organizing Petroleum Exploration Proficiency Course under the aegis of PETROTECH Society of India; Giving Full Semester Course to MBA Students at University of Petroleum and Energy Studies on Management of Technology; Evaluation of competencies of students of Final Year of B.Tech Applied Petroleum Engineering and Petroleum Engineering Upstream. At present He is An Advisor Research UPES, Editor, Indian Jourrnal of Petroleum Geology and Member Governing Council for Exploration in Frontier Basins of India (ONGC Limited)

Page 25: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 16

PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK POTENTIALS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS REVISITED

KULDEEP CHANDRA

Ex-Executive Director R&D ONGC Ltd. Email: [email protected]

All fine grained sedimentary rocks containing some organic matter are potential source

rocks of petroleum. The sedimentary rocks contain finely dispersed organic matter. It is present in the form of sorbed gases, dispersed bitumen extractable by lipid solvents and kerogen which can be isolated from rocks after dissolution of inorganic matrix by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids digestion under an inert atmosphere to preserve as far as possible its native characteristics. The dispersed organic matters along with the fine grained sediments are prime candidates to be considered as potential source rocks of petroleum.

The aim of all methods of source rock potential evaluation is to assess how good or bad is the

potential and whether the potential is dominantly for oil or dominantly for gas. All sedimented organic matter, depending upon its biogenic building blocks and early digenetic

transformations usually has hydrogen combined with carbon and minor amounts of oxygen and sulphur and nitrogen and traces of metals. The typing of kerogen would be controlled by its organic matter facies (petrological and palynological) and related magnitude of atomic H/C and O/C values.

So long there is abundant hydrogen it will source both oil and gas under various processes of

transformation of kerogen whether they are time temperature controlled or thermodynamically controlled spontaneous processes at various temperatures based on phase equilibria amongst kerogen, water, carbon dioxide plus methane and natural catalysts. The latter process involves series of hydrolytic oxidation and reduction reactions resulting in hydrogen deficient and hydrogen richer kerogen and carbon dioxide and incongruent melting of hydrogen richer kerogen to petroleum. The amount of liquid oil formed and relative permeability to it would effectively decide dominantly oil vs dominantly gas potential. In case the relative amount of oil formed is low enough to be not saturating the pore spaces and not expelled because f unfavourable relative permeability considerations, it will eventually be converted to gas through the oxidative reductive hydrolytic thermodynamic process into gas, dominantly methane. The temperature programmed pyrolysis of source rocks under inert atmosphere in an open system mimics natural process of generation of petroleum and is suitable for evaluation of total and remaining hydrocarbon generation potential.

A comprehensive potential evaluation thus is best based on various parameters viz. a. Total

concentration of organic matter (TOC), b. Concentration and composition of sorbed gases, c. Concentration and composition of lipid solvent extractable organic matter (EOM), d. Organic matter facies of dispersed organic matter employing coal petrographic and palynological methods and temperature controlled pyrolysis in open system under inert atmosphere; e. stage of maturation, f. clay content and nature of clay minerals.

The maturation process under kinetically controlled concept measures the extent of thermal

transformation of organic matter and under the thermodynamic concept measures the extent of incipient hydrolytic oxidation or depletion of hydrogen in kerogen. Both the concepts lead to measuring the effects of aromatization on the residual kerogen or bitumen in the dispersed organic matter.

The currently used parameters are Tmax of Rock-Eval temperature programmed pyrolysis in open

system, vitrinite reflectance, ratio of tri and tetra ring cycloparffins to tri and tera aromatic ring hydrocarbon ratios, the phenanthrene to alkylphenanthrene ratios still seem to be worthy of use. More research would be required to better appreciate the role of epimerization and isomerization processes as a measure of stage of

Page 26: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 17

maturation process under thermodynamically controlled incongruent melting process of kerogen. However, the thermodynamic concept is tending to make the concept of oil window irrelevant. Use of biomarker parameters on prograding aromatization of rings in hopens and steranes may be better parameters for maturation o over the epimerization and isomerization processes.

The thermodynamic concept also has greater bearing on changes in porosity and permeability of

combined inorganic and organic matrix and would demand more research in relation to source potential and ease of primary migration and potential of retaining the generated products.

The need for greater integration of geochemistry, coal petrography, palynology, and petrophysics

continues to exist. With the source rocks being taken as tight shale gas reservoirs, the integration is being taken forward to make first level evaluation of source rock potential through surface seismic surveys where seismic attributes are calibrated from petropysical well logs which in turn are calibrated with the geochemical attributes of source rocks.

Petroleum industry will continue to demand both geochemical coal petrographical and

palynological data for petroleum source rock potential evaluation for reducing risk in petroleum exploration and for maximizing value creation by obtaining better focus for areas where high quality petroleum systems may be present.

Page 27: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 18

DR. MADHAV KUMAR Scientist ‘E’ Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road Lucknow 226 007 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Madhav Kumar is Scientist ‘E’ at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow has over 31 years experience in Cenozoic Palynology. After passing M. Sc. (Botany) from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, he joined BSIP in the year 1981. He received Ph.D. degree from the University of Kanpur in 1986 for a thesis on ‘Palynostratigraphy of the Tertiary sediments of Northeast India’. He has done Palynostratigraphy and Palynofacies analysis of surface and subsurface Tertiary sediments of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and Early Cretaceous of Satpura and South Rewa basins of India. His main interest covers characterization of palynoflora of Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments and plant derived sedimentary organic matter, their taxonomy and determination of depositional environment. His current research includes high-resolution Palynostratigraphy and palynofacies analysis of Phanerozoic sedimentary basins of India. He has published 52 research papers in various international and national journals.

Page 28: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 19

SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER: A PROXY DATA FOR DECIPHERING SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

MADHAV KUMAR

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226007

E-mail: [email protected]

For the past three decades, studies on the sedimentary organic matter (acid resistant phytoclasts and zooclasts), its nature and depositional environments have been considered among the most multidisciplinary pursuit within the earth science. This discipline termed as ‘Palynofacies Analysis’ (sensu Combaz, 1964), has enabled palynologists to deduce detailed environmental interpretations, proven useful in fossil fuel exploration. Spore-pollen and marine phytoplankton compose only a small percentage, but plant-derived (structured and degraded phytoclasts) constitute a major part in the palynological slides. A proper appreciation of the discipline requires thorough understanding of the morphology of cellular details of various parts of the plant and its biodegradation processes involved during their pre-burial and burial stages. A thorough knowledge of morphology of spore-pollen, acritarchs, dinoflagellate cysts, microforaminiferal linings, algae, fungal hyphae and fruiting bodies and other microscopic zooclasts etc. is required while dealing the palynofacies analysis of a sedimentary horizon. Their careful observation and recognition of repeated occurrences of various palynological matter (palynomorph taxa and phytoclasts structured to various degree of biodegradation with mineral contents), their shape, size and evidence of microbial infections in various facies is key for successful palynofacies analysis of a strata of the sedimentary section. An improved knowledge for interpretation of the environmental controls that governs their ecology and production in the biosphere; and environmental and edaphic factors involved during their dispersal, sedimentation and diagenesis during burial in the geospheres. Palynofacies analysis in their stratigraphic context can help in the interpretation of the processes controlling the depositional set-ups provide a basis for deciphering their burial processes in various lithofacies. Identification of palynofacies in conjunction with conventional biostratigraphy can lead to an improved and more complete understanding of the stratigraphy of the vertical sequences.

Page 29: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 20

DR. M. SHANMUKHAPPA GM-Head Geology Group, KDMIPE, ONGC, 9 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248195 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. M. Shanmukhappa, General Manager is currently heading the Geology Group of KDMIPE. He has earned Master’s Degree in Geology from University of Mysore. He did his doctorate in Geology from M.S. University, Baroda. He joined ONGC in the year 1980. He has worked for interpreting palynological findings and integrated with the data of other geological laboratories and established biochronostratigraphy and depositional models in Cambay, Rajasthan, Krishna-Godavari, Kutch, Saurashtra, Mumbai, Assam & Assam-Arakan and Satpura basins. He has served the Corporation in various capacities for over thirty one years at different regions. He has been the Head of Geological Laboratories for last seventeen years. He has a vast experience in the studies of geological laboratories and applied the acquired knowledge to hydrocarbon exploration in general and to basin modeling in particular. He has gained advanced training experience in source rock potential evaluation in Moscow, USSR and also attended the Advanced Management training course at ASCI, Hyderabad and European countries viz., France, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany. He is a member of the Research Advisory Council of Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow and also editor of the Journal The Palaeobotanist. To his credit, he has many technical papers in reputed national and international journals.

Page 30: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 21

PALYNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN HYDROCARBON

EXPLORATION

M. SHANMUKHAPPA

KDMIPE, ONGC, 9 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248195 E-mail: [email protected]

There is a continued increase of global demand for hydrocarbon in the 21st century in

developing countries due to industrialisation and fast growing population. In view of this, continued efforts are made to evolve different R&D techniques involving geological, geophysical and geochemical data to suggest the possible source and locales of hydrocarbons. ONGC is the India’s best leading national E&P company which has carried out most of the exploration work in different sedimentary basins of India. The surface and subsurface palynological studies in pursuit of hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation in the ONGC’s premier institute KDMIPE are carried out in various Indian and foreign sedimentary basins. This lecture is aptly designed for young researchers to gain knowledge on palynological techniques and its application in hydrocarbon exploration.

Palynology is one of the techniques used as an integral tool in the search for oil and gas. The

multimicrofossil palynostratigraphic information of the Indian sedimentary basins has been generated by the palynologists of ONGC for the last three decades which greatly helped in oil industry. The development of industrial palynology and improved methods has been tremendous in the last 10 years in view of the practical synergistic approach to find more oil. A number of modern developments in palynology are utilised for precise dating of sediments, high resolution biostratigraphy for finer zonation, correlation paleogeography, paleoclimate, paleodepositional environments, sequence stratigraphy and source rock evaluation. Sequence stratigraphic analysis continues to be a dynamic area of study in the process of refining the geological modelling of the area related to the hydrocarbon exploration. The integrated approach of sedimentary process analysis, palynological marine index (PMI) analysis, log characters, seismic reflections, biostratigraphic studies and source rock studies led to petroleum system analysis and prioritisation of the exploratory efforts. Palynological study integrated with chemostratigraphy, add time stratigraphic value for identification of finer correlatable units in different depositional realms of the subsurface sediments. The integrated high resolution bio-chronostratigraphic studies in the east and west coast of India provided meaningful help in firming up the exploratory programmes. The high impact Palynology uses global bioevents of commonly utilised fossil groups spore-pollen, calcareous nannofossil, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, diatoms and silicoflagellates. Integrated palynological studies in the highly explored basins Assam-Arakan, Bengal, Mahanadi, Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery, Andaman Offshore, Cambay, Kutch-Saurashtra, Rajasthan and Mumbai Offshore have been carried out to achieve bio-chronostratigraphic framework. The efforts are also made to develop petroleum systems sequence stratigraphic model to understand the genetically linked strata. Case histories of palynological studies and integration with other data sets add immense value to understand geological history of the area. The knowledge of palynological applications is paramount for effective communication of thoughts and new ideas through focussed industry-academia approach aiming oil industry needs.

Page 31: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 22

DR. M R RAO Scientist - F Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road, Lucknow 226 007 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. M. R. Rao is Scientist – F at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. He has 34 years research experience in the field of Tertiary and Quaternary Palynology. His study particularly relates to the morphotaxonomy of spore-pollen, palynostratigraphy and palaeoecological interpretations of Cretaceous-Tertiary and Quaternary sediments of India. He has done palynplogical analyses of Palaeogene-Neogene sediments of Meghalaya, Assam, Kutch and Saurashtra (Gujarat), Kerala, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. He has successfully completed two DST sponsored projects entitled ‘Analysis of Palaeovegetation and Palaeoclimate of Hominin Bearing Quaternary Sediments of Central Narmada Valley, M.P.’ and ‘Monsoon intensification and Neogene-Quaternary Siwalik Biodiversity. Under the INSA Exchange of Scientists Programme, he visited Poland and China and attended conferences in Europe and Australia. He has published 37 research papers in various international and national journals.

Page 32: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 23

PALAEOPALYNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TERTIARY SPORE-POLLEN AND DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS

M R RAO

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226 007

E-mail: [email protected]

The term, Palaeopalynology, owes its derivation to the Greek verb Polynein-to spread, with the meaning the study of fossil pollen and spores. Spores and pollen grains are tiny bodies (30-200 µm in size) produced during the reproduction cycles of plants and possess a resistant wall, an attribute that helps these entities to be preserved in sediments. Almost uniformly distributed in air, spores and pollen settle down on the earth and ultimately reach the water bodies like pond, lake, river and seashore. In due course of time, these get preserved as fossils. The term palynology was suggested by Hyde and Williams (1944) to the study of dust. The science of Palynology deals with the spores and pollen and associated palyonodebris consisting of algal and fungal spores, diatoms, acritarchs, dinoflagellate cysts, Hystrichosphaerids, silicoflagellates, coccoliths, discoasters, radiolarian and chitinozoa. This branch of study assumed importance due to the exploratory activities for coal and oil as, these studies have proved to be immensely effective in handling various problems related with age determination of strata, correlation of marine and fresh-water deposits, determination of palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment, fine biostratigraphic zonation and indication of areas favourable for hydrocarbon generation. In this presentation, an attempt has been made to show how the Tertiary spore-pollen have been important in biostratigraphic and palaeoecological interpretations.

.

Page 33: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 24

DR. NARESH CHANDRA MEHROTRA Director Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road, Lucknow 226 007 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr Naresh Chandra Mehrotra, Ph.D. in Geology from Lucknow University took over as Director, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany on 1st March 2005. He has over Forty years of professional experience in research related to Fossil Fuel Exploration and palaeoclimate. He has several awards and honours to his credit. While in Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), he was honoured with several awards for his outstanding contributions to the development of Palynological work in hydrocarbon exploration. He has been awarded with prestigious Birbal Sahni Birth Centenary Award of Indian Science Congress Association conferred by Prime Minister of India (2007) for life time achievements in the development of Palaeobotany. Later in the same year he was awarded S.N. Bhalla Gold Medal by Palaeontological Society of India for outstanding life time contributions and then Geological Society of India's prestigious L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award for life time contributions in the field of Indian stratigraphy and Palaeontology. Dr Mehrotra has been associated with various academic and professional bodies. These include - President, Palaeobotanical Society, Lucknow; Member Council and Fellow, Geological Society of India, Bangalore; Member, Governing Body, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Ministry of Science & Technology; Member, Governing Council, National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research, Goa, Ministry of Earth Sciences and Chairman, Local Advisory Council, Regional Science Centre, Lucknow, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India. He has delivered several invited keynote addresses at National & International Conferences in India and abroad; Foundation Day lectures of CSIR Labs. and special invited talks in ONGC and several Universities. He is the Chief Editor of Palaeobotanist. Dr. Mehrotra has to his credit more than 60 research papers, published in National and International Journals and 3 Memoirs (48 and 61) of Geological Society of India & 2 volumes of Atlases on fossil dinoflagellate cysts published by ONGC as Special Publications.

Page 34: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 25

INTRODUCTION TO DINOFLAGELLATES: CYST MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY

N.C. MEHROTRA

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

The dinoflagellates are in today's environments an extremely diverse group of protists. The only dinoflagellates of importance to paleopalynogists are those which have a complex life cycle with a thin walled, motile, characteristically flagellate stage usually called the theca or thecate stage, and a nonmotile, thick-walled encysted stage, the cyst. Sporopolleninous cysts of dinoflagellates are common from Triassic rocks to present, mostly in marine environments, but also in sediments deposited in fresh and brackish water. Thecae of dinoflagellates of the order Peridiniales are divided into several series of more or less polygonal units, the plates. The lines of separation between plates and sutures, and the sum of the characteristics of the plates (i.e., their number, size, arrangement into series, shape, mutual contacts) constitute the tabulation. Certain aspects of the tabulation (number of plates in each series) may be abbreviated in a tabulation formula (or plate formula) using the form and symbols suggested by Kofoid. An unit area on the cyst corresponding to a thecal plate is a paraplate. Paraplates are delineated by parasutures (i.e., linear features which correspond in position to thecal sutures), or by nonparasutural features (e.g., intratabular processes or process groups) that are positioned in areas corresponding to the more central parts of the thecal plates. The sum of the characteristics of the paraplates constitutes the paratabulation formula. A paratabulation formula gives the number of evident paraplates in each series, but it does not include information on the morphological expression or on the size and mutual relationships of the evident paraplates.

Page 35: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 26

HIGHT IMPACT PALYNOLOGY IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN COMMERCIALLY PRODUCING BASINS OF INDIA WITH RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF

BSIP

NARESH C. MEHROTRA

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow – 226007, India E-mail: [email protected]

With the fast growing hydrocarbon exploration activities in India, a good amount of subsurface palynofossil data is continuously being generated from the various prospective sedimentary basins. Most of the exploration work was carried out by Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), India's National Oil Company. However, with the opening of exploration activities to private operators in the last decade, a lot of geoscientific information has been generated. Palynological studies related to hydrocarbon exploration have been mainly published by Mehrotra and associates in the last decade from ONGC and Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (BSIP). A comprehensive account of stratigraphic palynology in the commercially producing basins of India – Cambay, Mumbai Offshore, Cauvery, Krishna-Godavari (K-G) and Assam- Arakan has been given by Mehrotra et al. (2002). This has been quickly followed by publication of additional information on palynological biostratigraphy, source rock evaluation, palaeoenvironment and sequence biostratigraphy, particularly from the Western Offshore and K-G basins. It includes Atlas of dinoflagellate cysts from Mesozoic (Mehrotra & Aswal, 2003) and Tertiary (Mehrotra & Singh, 2003) of Krishna-Godavari Basin and significant palynological information from several exploratory wells in Mumbai Offshore (Mehrotra et al., 2002b and Kapoor & Swamy, 2007). Another major publication dealing mainly with stratigraphic ranges of significant palynofossils was published (Mehrotra et al., 2005). Recently Mehrotra et al. (2008) reviewed the available information on high resolution biochronostratigraphy of petroliferous basins based on dinoflagellate cysts and spore-pollen data. This presentation gives an updated account of palynostratigraphic, source rock evaluation and palaeoenvironmental information from several petroliferous basins, especially the Western Offshore and Krishna-Godavari (K-G), the two most prospective hydrocarbon bearing basins with special reference to application of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Hydrocarbon Exploration. Forty-three dinoflagellate biohorizons have been identified in the subsurface Tertiary sediments of Mumbai Offshore, facilitating a high resolution correlation of oil bearing horizons. Integrated palynostratigraphic data from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic has been compiled in a tabular form. Eighty-two dinoflgellate biohorizons have been identified and tied up with foraminiferal data. A very fine dinoflagellate based stratigraphic resolution has been achieved at most levels making it effective in geological modeling for hydrocarbon exploration research in both Western Offshore and Krishna-Godavari basins. In Cambay Basin, five dinoflagellate horizons have been identified with in Ypersian. In Cauvery Basin, dinoflagellate cysts have been found useful for precisely dating Cretaceous to Early Eocene sediments and are partly tied up with planktonic foraminifera. In Assam basin, seven biochronohorizons have been distinguished between Thanetian top to Priabonian. A recent research from BSIP showing first record of Type I matured, Liptinite organic matter facies from Late Neoproterozoic of Rajasthan is considered significant. This throws open an entirely new basin for hydrocarbon exploration from Neoproterozoic sediments in Rajasthan and other similar prospective basins in India. Another recent find of acritarchs and algae suggest a Cryogenian to Ediacaran age for the pre-Tertiary Sequence of Ganga Basin; this represents an extension of Marwar Super Group sediments. Organic matter maturation studies indicate possibility of hydrocarbons in Ganga Basin. This is a collaborative work of BSIP with ONGC. Limitations of present biostratigraphic studies and future areas of focus have been identified. The major petroliferous systems identified in Indian basins - Cambay, Western Offshore, K-G, Cauvery and Assam-Arakan have been briefly dealt with. Potential source rock facies have been identified and their distribution mapped in several promising areas for furthering exploration.

Page 36: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 27

DR. NEERJA JHA Scientist - F Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow-226007 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. N. Jha is a renowned Palynologist. She obtained M. Sc degree with first division in Botany, 1978 and passed Proficiency in German Language 1980 from Lucknow University. She joined BSIP in Sept 1979 as Research Scholar, did her Ph. D. dissertation work and obtained Doctoral degree in Botany from Lucknow University in 1985. The area of research is on Palynology, Gondwana, Himalaya, Biostratigraphy, Palaeoclimate and Palaeophytogeography. She published more than 60 research papers in National and International journals, 13 popular articles/ reports and also supervised two BSRS students one completed and one pursuing Ph. D. She received Scientific Output Medal – 2008, conferred by BSIP and is Fellow of Geological Society of India, Palaeobotanical Society, Lucknow; Vice president and Founder Member, The Society of Earth Scientists, Lucknow. She visited: South Africa, Brazil and Thailand.

Page 37: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 28

AN INTRODUCTION TO GONDWANA PALYNOLOGY IN INDIA

NEERJA JHA

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226007 E-mail - [email protected]

Gondwana - an ancient supercontinent, existed during Upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous time, consists of South America, Africa including Malagasy, India including Sri Lanka, Australia and Antarctica. Palynology is the science that deals with the study of pollen and spores and other microfossils of organic origin. Pollen and spores are the reproductive units of plants. They are produced in enormous number and can withstand various physical and chemical factors due to the presence of a chemical known as sporopollenine in their exine (the outer cover), thus, retain their morphological characters. The study of fossil pollen and spores comes under the perview of Palaeopalynology.

The role of palaeopalynology in dating and correlation of coal seams and associated sediments is well known and is widely persued all over the world. The pollen and spores in the rocks of different geological time are quite different in their morphological and numerical characters and thus, presence of particular type of pollen and spores or their group (= palynoassemblage ) characterize the particular horizon. Dating of coal and associated sediments is performed by the quantitative and qualitative study of these pollen and spores. By comparing the palynoflora of one area with the other, the rock strata are correlated. Different Gondwana Formations of India consist of different palynoassemblages.

Talchir and Karharbari Formation is characterized by dominance of radial monosaccates viz. Parasaccites, Plicatipollenites, and trilete genus Callumispora. Barakar Formation shows dominance of nonstriate disaccates chiefly Scheuringipollenites. Barren Measures Formation shows dominance or abundance of striate disaccates chiefly Striatopodocarpites and Faunipollenites and enveloping monosaccate Densipollenites. Raniganj Formation is characterized by dominance of striate disaccates and appearance of some new forms viz. Lunatisporites, Falcisporites, Klausipollenites, Guttulapollenites, Densoisporites, Lundbladispora, Playfordiaspora which are stratigraphically significant. These striate disaccates which are the dominant component of palynoflora in Raniganj Formation show decline in percentage and gradually disappearance in Panchet Formation while taeniate pollen, cingulate, cavate spores consequently increase in percentage. Thus, pollen and spores in different formations of different geologic time are different in their frequency and morphological characters.

Page 38: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 29

DR. RAJESH KUMAR SAXENA Chief Palynologist KDMIPE, ONGC, 9 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248195 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Rajesh Kumar Saxena did his Master’s Degree and doctorate in Geology from University of Lucknow, Lucknow. He was Research fellow of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun and worked at Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow as Junior Scientific Assistant prior to joining ONGC. He is presently working at Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE), Dehradun and engaged in monitoring multimicrofossil data synthesis and integrated biostratigraphic interpretations for refinement of geological modeling on various sedimentary basins of India for hydrocarbon exploration. He has joined KDMIPE, ONGC, Dehradun in the year 1985 and has worked in Regional Laboratories of Sivasagar, Assam and Panvel, Navi Mumbai on different capacities for over twenty seven years. He has worked for nannofossil biostratigraphy in Krishna-Godavari, Kutch, Saurashtra, Mumbai, Assam & Assam-Arakan basins. He has a vast experience in the studies of geological laboratories and applied the acquired knowledge for hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. He has been taking lectures and coordinating visits of newly recruited ONGC graduate trainees and students / research scholars at KDMIPE to bread young explorationists in oil industry. He has completed specialised training in palynology under ONGC-UNDP programme in Australia. He has authored/co-authored and presented about 42 scientific papers in Indian and International conferences/journals. He is a Fellow of Geological Society of India (GSI), Bangalore and Paleontological Society of India (PSI), Lucknow, Life member of Association of Petroleum Geologists (APG) of India and Indian Geological Congress (IGC), Roorkee and member of International Nannoplankton Association (INA), UK/USA.

Page 39: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 30

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS AND ITS APPLICATION IN HYDROCARBON

EXPLORATION

RAJESH KUMAR SAXENA

KDMIPE, ONGC, 9 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248195 E-mail: [email protected]

The calcareous nannofossil studies have been proved to be one of the vital tool for interpretation on biostratigraphy, paleoecology and paleogeography world over. The application of nannofossil study is increased tremendously for hydrocarbon exploration in the last three decades in the Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE), Dehradun, a premier institute of India’s national best E&P Company Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC). The nannofossil studies are aimed for refinement of geological modeling of different sedimentary basins in view of its precise dating of sediments of shallow/deep /ultra deep waters. This lecture is designed for the young students and researchers attending training programme on Palynology in Fossil Fuel Exploration at Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany ,Lucknow to present in depth knowledge on nannofossils and its application in oil industry.

Nannofossils are calcareous skeletal tiniest fossils, range in size from 1 micron to 30 microns

covered under a single class Prymnesiophyceae and subclass prymnesiophycidae of unicellular, autotropic, marine golden-brown algae. They include heterococcoliths, holococcoliths and nannoliths in the fossil state and collectively known as calcareous nannofossils. Their great abundance and evolutionary structural diversification in the marine sediments enabled biostratigrapher to subdivide marine strata into fine biostratigraphic zones. The light microscope is most convenient for rapid nannofossil examination using oil immersion objective at x1000 magnification and comparisons of many samples utilizing nannofossil assemblages. Scanning electron microscope is used for delineation of detailed morphological studies for tracing phylogeny of nannofossils.The rapid evolution and wide geographic distribution make them ideal biostratigraphic indicators worldwide for the Late Triassic through Recent marine sediments and used for intercontinental correlations, permitting a high resolution biostratigraphic framework for Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. The distribution of calcareous nannofossils is controlled by the nature of the surface water mass and paleoceanographic changes. Oceanic anoxic events are of special interest in the generation of hydrocarbon source beds. Sample preparation is simple and rapid as the samples do not need any treatment with acids etc. Extreme care should be exercised in collecting the samples for drilled cores/ SWC/cuttings as well as from surface outcrops. Being barely few mirons in dimensions a large number of specimens can be economically recovered from a pinch of sediments for study and can be exchanged for comparison purposes. The dating of the sediments are also carried out on offshore drilling platforms itself to support drilling and coring operations due to speedy retrieval technique of nannofossils.

The calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic studies are effective for fine time slicing of the

sedimentary succession, their environment of deposition and sedimentation history in various sedimentary basins of India. The subdivision of the sedimentary sequences with the help of nannofossil bio-events are utilized to the precision of >1 Ma. Multimicrofossil study using nannofossils, dinoflagellate cysts, palynofossils, sedimentology, electrologs and integration with seismic for sequence stratigraphic analysis are carried out in Mumbai Offshore, Kerala Offshore, Kutch Offshore, Mahanadi, Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery and Andaman basins for refined petroleum system modelling and planning the future exploration strategies.

Page 40: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 31

DR. RATAN KAR Scientist - C Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road Lucknow 226 007 E-mail: [email protected]

Obtained Post graduate degree in Geology from Lucknow University. Qualified the CSIR-UGC NET JRF Exam.

Awarded Ph.D. in Geology on his work entitled “Palynostratigraphy of Gondwana sediments from Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, Surguja District, Madhya Pradesh, India”. He was also warded the ‘Dr. Pratul Chandra Bhandari Gold Medal’ for this.

Specialisation in Palynology: Has worked on a wide range of problems of varying ages and areas which involve the use of palynofossils for their resolution, such as Gondwana sediments (Permiam-Triassic), Deccan Intertrappean beds (Upper Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene) and Quaternary fluvio-glacial & lacustrine deposits of the Higher Himalayas and the Arctic Region.

He has awarded a number of sponsored projects, viz.:

DST sponsored Young Scientist Fast-Track Project on the Deccen intertrappeans – “Palynological, Biopetrological and Dispersed Organic Matter (DOM) study of Deccan Intertrappean sediments with reference to Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) transition”.

DST sponsored pilot project on Glaciology – “Palynology and sediment-geochemistry of Hamtah (Lahaul-Spiti) and Chaurabari (Kedarnath) glacier deposits: an investigation of high-altitude climate variability during Holocene”.

DST sponsored project under Climate Change Programme – “Analysis of climatic changes from glacial sites in India based on multi proxy data”.

CSIR Pool Officer Project on Chaurabari Glacier, Kedarnath – “Palynological studies around Chaurabari Glacier (Kedarnath) with reference to climatic changes and glacial fluctuations during Holocene”.

Under the Arctic Project entitled Multi-proxy geological studies in Svalbard area and surrounding Ocean: Implications to Quaternary Palaeoclimate and Pre-Quaternary Biostratigraph, he Visited Arctic three times and was Team Leader in 2011 (Summer Batch-III). He is also a Member, Terrestrial Working Group, International Arctic Science Committee. He has published 33 research papers in national and international Journals (19 in Impact Factor Journals).

Page 41: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 32

APPLICATION OF PALYNOLOGY IN COAL EXPLORATION: CASE STUDY FROM AN INDIAN GONDWANA COALFIELD

RATAN KAR

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226 007

E-mail: [email protected]

Gondwana Basins of India occur along several well defined rectilinear belts marking zones of structural weaknesses. These basins are intracratonic in nature and characterised by the presence of faults on both sides, known as the boundary faults. These linear depressions became ideal sites for the deposition of sediments. A characteristic feature of sedimentation in these depressions was the concomitant sinking of the basin floor, which resulted in the deposition of thick piles of sedimentary sequences. From the economic point of view, the Gondwana Basins are extremely significant as 99% of India’s coal reserves are present within these basins.

The initiation of sedimentation in Peninsular Gondwana Basins of India breaks a long gap of non-

deposition in this region, since Cambrian to Late Carboniferous/Early Permian. The sedimentation was initiated by the deposition of glacigene sediments of Talchir Formation on an uneven Precambrian basement. After the recession of glaciers, a prolonged sequence of continental fluvio-lacustrine sediments was deposited. The first phase of fluvial sedimentation is represented by the Karharbari Formation, comprising poorly sorted coarse-grained sediments, the tectonic set-up being too unstable for the accumulation of coal seams. Thereafter, conditions became stable and thick piles of coarse to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone, shale and coal-seams were deposited comprising the Barakar Formation (early Permian). The succeeding Barren Measures Formation are composed of coarse to medium-grained cross-bedded sandstone and iron-stone shales and are devoid of coals. Favourable conditions for coal formation reappeared again during the deposition of sediments of Raniganj Formation (late Permian). The post Raniganj sedimentation (Triassic) is characterised by the deposition of varied type of sediments in different Gondwana Basins, which are completely devoid of coal and comprise mainly of red shales and pebbly coarse to medium-grained sandstones.

The commercially viable coal seams occur mostly within the Barakar Formation and the

estimation of reserves is done by extensive mapping, followed by drilling operations. In this context, proper identification of the coal bearing horizons is extremely important for optimizing drilling operations and for the correct estimation of reserves. As lithological demarcation of the different formations is often difficult and deceptive, palynology has proved to be an effective tool for the resolution of coal bearing strata. Palynological assemblages have been of immense use in determining the age, lateral extension and correlation of the surface and sub-surface coal bearing horizons.

Page 42: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 33

DR. UMESH CHANDRA PRADHAN Dy. General Manager (Geology), Head Bid Monitoring Group Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Frontier Basin, Himalaya Building, IDT Premises, Kaulagarh Road Dehradun - 248195 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. U. Pradhan obtained 1st class with distinction in M. Sc. Tech. (Appl. Geology) from the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He has 29 years of experience in the premier National Oil Company, ONGC and has worked in various sedimentary basins of India including Western Offshore Basin, Assam and Assam Arakan Fold Belt, Jaisalmer and Frontier Basins. His experience and professional strengths are in various fields like Wellsite Geological Operations, Regional G & G interpretation, Basin analysis, Development Geology, work over planning, heading G & G team in interpretation, heading Team for Geological Field Trip in Tethyan Himalayas, organizing international conferences, coordinating and supervising. He has published a number of geo-scientific papers and reports. He is Dy. General Manager (Geology), Head Bid Monitoring Group, ONGC, Frontier Basin at present.

Page 43: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 34

EXPLORING FRONTIERS

U C PRADHAN

DGM (G), Frontier Basin, ONGC, Dehradun E-mail: [email protected]

Ever increasing global energy demand, mounting impediments in finding resources and escalating cost & technology intensive exploration for hydrocarbons along with fluctuating markets and geopolitical uncertainties are only few of the reasons responsible for widening gap between demand and supply of oil and gas. With not so sufficient support from alternative sources of energy, eyes are naturally turned to exploring frontier areas. The storehouse of a lion’s share of India’s prognosticated hydrocarbon resources Frontier basins are poorly explored; represent logistically difficult and diverse tectonic set-ups with high risk & uncertain reward. Frontier basins under active exploration are in Himalayan foothills, Ganga Basin, Vindhyan Basin. Other significant onland frontier areas are Satpura Basin, South Rewa Basin, Punjab Plains, Jammu-Punchh belt, Trans Himalayan corridor, and Purnea, Rajmahal, Damodar, Satpura, South Rewa, and Pranhita-Godavari and sub trappean basins. Offshore frontiers include Bengal Fan, Indus Fan, Deep and Ultradeep areas of the east and west coasts. Ascertaining the quality and quantity of source rocks, reservoirs and effective regional seal and other elements of petroleum system pose a key geotechnical challenge. Complex geological setup and presence of basalts on surface and igneous dykes and sills in subsurface introduce serious challenges in seismic data acquisition and imaging. Special recording spread and source-receiver pattern for improved signal-noise ratio, multi component surveys, and wide angle seismic data with frequent user-processor interaction during processing yield better seismic API results. Non-seismic methods including electro-logging provide adequate support for better understanding the basins. Basin centered gas, biogenic gas, Coal Bed Methane Underground Coal Gasification, gas hydrates, tight gas, shale gas, heavy oil, gas to liquid are unconventional energy resources. Synergistic conceptualization in national perspective and committed involvement of oil companies, scientific institutions and universities will be of vital significance in unlocking Frontier resources.

Page 44: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 35

DR. UTTAM KUMAR BHUI Associate Professor School of Petroleum Technology Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Raisan, Gandhinagar, GUJARAT, PIN – 382 007 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

He obtained Masters Degree in Applied Geology and Ph.D. from Jadavpur University. Honoured with several awards, to name a few - Post Doctoral Research project under the scheme of SERCYS programme by the DST in 1999; Junior Research Fellowship and eligibility for Lecturer-ship by CSIR in 1993; Awarded for Junior Research Fellowship and eligibility for Lecturer-ship by UGC in 1992; University Medal for standing First in M. Sc. Examination in 1992; P. N. Bose Memorial Bronze Medal for standing First in M. Sc. Examination, 1992; Dr. Bhui is having expertise in Petrology. Dr. Bhui has both academic experience as well as industrial expertise. His expertise is in geological mapping and geochemical data (phase, bulk chemical and stable isotope) handling for magmatic rocks and associated economic mineral deposits particularly chromium, vanadium, nickel and platinum group of elements.

Dr. Bhui has working experience in various activities related to petroleum exploration and exploitation in ONGCL. At present he is doing research in the area of geochemical characterization of hydrocarbon crudes and their application in exploration and exploitation activities to meet the futuristic need of upstream petroleum sector.

Page 45: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 36

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROCARBON CRUDES: ITS APPLICATION

IN EXPLORATION

UTTAM KUMAR BHUI

School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]

We have good understanding of what oil and gas are made up of and how they occur but the precise processes and timing of oil generation, migration processes and pathways, their entrapment and accumulations for commercial deposits, all are important pre-requisite for understanding the sequential evolution of all the viable petroleum system of a basin. Thus we know how to find oil and gas but the precise details of petroleum generation, migration and their trapping mechanism are still debatable even for most of the producing basins and reservoirs.

The Organic Matter (OM or kerogen) in the sediments transform or cook step by step during burial with increase in temperature of which petroleum is by-product and some stay back in the source sedimentary rock as residual organic matter. Residual kerogen content in source rocks is insignificant (between fraction of 1% to few %) but its significance is much much greater than its content because it enables one to provide clues and to solve geochemical problems related to oil and gas genesis, oil-source rock correlation, migration pathways and many more. Crude oil, which is a byproduct of kerogen cooking, is a multicomponent mixture of hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes; aromatics: mono, di and polyaromatics) and non-hydrocarbon compounds (resins, asphaltenes, metal-porphyrin complexes and trace elements) and depends on the organic matter type i.e kerogen type(type I, II, III), which is based on the elemental carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the kerogen. Our knowledge about the geochemical significance of the molecular composition of hydrocarbon fluids and rock extracts has been growing exponentially and recent advances in geochemistry, especially in analytical techniques, have resulted in rapid progress on this front.

Shales, generally considered as the source rocks of many crude oils, are highly enriched in trace elements, PGE and Re, Os radioisotopes. Trace element abundances in crude oil, particularly Ni, Fe, V, Mo are often present at ppm level and many researchers have identified their existence as part of porphyrin structure. But no study had been undertaken yet towards the understanding of element fractionation during oil generation. Sufficient amount of these radioisotopes are present in hydrocarbon to use the 187Re-187Os radioisotope systematic for constraining the source as well as the timing of separation from the source of the migrated oil.

The knowledge regarding the geochemical fingerprinting and their significance of the molecular composition of the crude oils and rock-extracts has been growing considerably during the last two decades. Some compounds in oil lost structural features of parent organic matter, whereas some other molecules preserved these features. They are called “chemical fossils”, “molecular fossils” or “bio-markers”. The basic architecture of the biomarkers allows them to be undoubtedly related to parent compounds of the biosphere. Among the numerous molecular structures present in oils, rock extracts, biological markers from alkane and aromatic fractions have been playing a leading role in the present day analytical techniques and accordingly, a significant part of complementary data is ignored or unavailable. The most significant points to keep in mind are to consider the whole molecular fingerprint and to better assess the total biomarker potential in the field of hydrocarbon exploration. Biomarkers have a variety of applications in petroleum exploration: Source rock typing, oil-to oil and oil-to-source rock correlation, paleoenvironment of source rock deposition, maturities of oil and source rocks.

Page 46: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

6

Page 47: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

3

THE TRAINEES • [ Profiles ]

Page 48: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

4

Page 49: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 37

Name ANJANA VYAS E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09893009670 DOB 31/08/1986 Mailing Address Vyas Villa, Sanjeet Naka Road Near Petrol Pump,

Jain Colony Mandsour-458 001, MP Name of Organisation School of Studies in Geology Vikram University,

Ujjain

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain, 2008 [First Div]

Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Petrological evaluation of coals from parts of Bishrampur Coalfield Son Valley, Chhattisgarh.

Areas of research interests:

Worked as Geologist in Gujarat Mineral Research and Development Society, Gandhinagar with distinction of being appreciated for preparing geological map of limestone bearing (Tertiary Formation & fossiliferous) area in Kutch district. Participated in geological, geochemical and geophysical field studies and analytical testing programs. Lignite exploration programme is done in Lakhpat and Abdasa Taluka of Kutch district. Currently working on petrological, palynological and geochemical aspects of the Lower Gondwana coals from Lakhanpur Coalfield.

Name AARTI SONI E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 08987640408 DOB 20/06/1989 Mailing Address CCS (RQA), CIMFR (Digwadih Campus) P.O.-

FRI Dhanbad-828 108 Name of Organisation Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research,

Dhanbad Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain, 2010 [First Div]

M.Phil. in Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain, 2011 [First Div] Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Petrographical controls of coals and their blends for coke making

Areas of research interests:

Worked on geology and geochemistry of the Balgi underground coal mine of Korba Coalfield, Chhattisgarh and currently working as a Project Assistant (Level-II) at CIMFR (CSIR), Dhanbad. The research interest is in coal exploration, coal petrography, and mining geology.

Page 50: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 38

Name BABEESH. C Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09566143252 DOB 09/11/1989 Mailing Address Research Scholar, Dept. of Geology, Anna

University,Chennai-600025 Name of Organization Anna University

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Applied Geology, Anna University, 2012 [First Div]

Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, Anna University

Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Holocene monsoon variability inferred from paleo lake sediments, Ladakh Himalayas.

Areas of research interests:

The study of ancient lake deposits has been helped immeasurably by limnologists, sedimentologists, and geochemists, by making observations on active lakes, Pleistocene lakes and their Holocene residues. Paleoclimatic information may be contained in the nature of the basin itself as well as in the material that filled it. Every lake deposit is testimony to at least two important environmental changes, one initiating lacustrine deposition and the other terminating it. Climatic factors may be involved in either or both events. For instance, glacial lakes often form during a warming trend, and they can be recognized from the shape of the basins and the fact that many are dammed by moraines. Tectonic events unrelated to overall climatic change may lead to steepened hydraulic gradients and increased precipitation in the watershed and hence earlier filling of the basin. Filling and choking with sediment probably is the most common death of lakes, but lakes can also dry up. In that case, a clear record is usually left in the sediment in the form of an evaporitic terminal stage or by a lake level marker. Name BANDANA DIMRI E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9456531728 DOB 04/07/1988 Mailing Address Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

53 University Road, Lucknow-226007 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany,

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, H.N B Garhwal University Srinagar, 2010 [First Div]

Pursuing Ph.D. BSIP, Lucknow

Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Genesis of Mesoproterozoic chert facies of the Salkhan Limestone, Son Valley, Vindhyan Supergroup: microbial assemblage and Biostratigraphic implications.

Areas of research interests:

The research area of interest is the sedimentological and micropaleontological studies backed by a sound knowledge of the various geological processes in relation to the petroleum / fuel industry. Owing to my research understanding worked on dissertation thesis on the Quaternary deposits during post-graduation studies. An abstract has published earlier in 2011 entitled “Understanding of the Geological Evolution of Surat Depression and Development of Hydrocarbon Pools in Contigeous Area”. Presently, engaged in the palaeobiological investigations and sedimentological studies with special reference to genesis of siliceous chert in the Semri Group of rocks in the Son Valley area.

Page 51: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 39

Name BODHISATWA HAZRA E-mail Address [email protected]

[email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09832220796, 09932113129 DOB 21/08/1986 Mailing Address C/o Prof. A.K. Varma Department of Applied

Geology ISM, Dhanbad-826 004 Name of Organisation Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, University of Burdwan, 2010 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, I.S.M., Dhanbad Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Petrographic aspects of hydrocarbon generation.

Areas of research interests:

Worked as a Graduate Engineer Trainee (Geologist) in Jindal South West, Bengal Steel Limited with experience in logging, sampling, preparation of floor contours, isopac map, preparing advices and many other operations. Currently, working as JRF in the Department of Applied Geology, ISM, Dhanbad; Also interested in working on the sedimentology and petrographic aspects in hydrocarbon generation.

Name C. LALCHHANHIMA Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09862501745 DOB 12.07.1989 Mailing Address C. Lalchhanhima, Research Scholar, Dept. of

Geology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796 004, Mizoram.

Name of Organisation Dept. of Geology, Mizoram University, Aizawl

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Mizoram University, 2011 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, Mizoram University Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Palaeontological Study of Bhuban Formation (Surma Group) in Aizawl, Mizoram.

Areas of research interests:

The research interest includes micropaleontology of Bhuban succession (Lower-Middle Miocene) of Mizoram. Plans include exploring foraminifers and palynofossils of this succession exposed in Mizoram. Mega-invertebrate and vertebrate (mainly fishes) palaeontology have previously been studied from these successions. High resolution stratigraphy is limited due to long-age range of these fossils. Forams and palynofossils can be used as a proxy for working out high resolution stratigraphy and deciphering depositional environment.

Page 52: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 40

Name : CHANDAN JAISWAL Email Address : [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. : 09435718323 DOB : 18/01/1985 Mailing Address : 20/72, Bhelupura, Varanasi-221 010, U.P. Name of Organisation : Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

Academic Qualifications :

M.Sc. in Applied Geology, IIT Roorkee, 2007 [First Div] Areas of research interests:

The main interest is to carry out Biostratigraphy, sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, seismic interpretation, electro logging, reservoir modeling, etc. and work as Biostratigrapher with Shell technology, India, Bangalore. Presently, Working as geologist in A & AA Basin, ONGC, Jorhat, Assam. Name DARAMSOTHU SEETHARAM E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 8009908772; 9908550822 DOB 15-07-1987 Mailing Address Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

53-University Road, Lucknow 226 007 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Botany (Applied Palynology & Palaeophytology), Osmania University, Hyderabad [First Div, Distinction] Pursuing Ph.D., BSIP, Lucknow Title of Ph.D. Thesis: High resolution biostratigraphy and depositional environment of Tertiary lignites and associated sediments of Kutch Basin, Gujarat, India.

Areas of research interests:

My research interest is to carry out palynological investigation in Tertiary lignites and associated sediments exposed at Matanomadh (Matanomadh Lignite), Cambay Shale (Vastan Lignite Mine), Rajapardi Lignite and other newly excavated sections in Kutch Basin of Gujarat, India because of palynological studies on tertiary sediments of Kutch Basin by different workers have been focused at documenting palynofossils and their applications in palaeoenvironmental interpretations only. The explored data on spore-pollen morphotaxonomy will be most significant for the interpretation in high resolution biostratigraphy and depositional environment of the area and a part for his Ph. D. dissertation.

Page 53: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 41

Name HARINAM JOSHI E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09450274293 DOB 05-04-1985 Mailing Address A-1137 New Colony H.A.L. Township Lucknow

226016 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications :

M.Sc. in Botany, CSJMU, Kanpur, 2007 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Botany, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Palynology of Gondwana sediments in Chintalapudi sub basin and its palaeoenvironmental implication.

Areas of research interests:

Iinterested in carrying research on palynology along with geology of Chintalapudi sub basin, one of the Gondwana sub-basins of Godavari Graben, Andhra Pradesh, India. The prospects of my studies are conducting researches in palynostratigraphy, fossil fuel exploration and deciphering environment of deposition including intra and interbasinal correlation. Palynology is an important tool for dating in absence of datable mineral to resolve discrepancies on age and correlation with equivalent sediments in other parts of the world. Name HEMLET GOGOI Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9864417941 DOB 19/09/1987 Mailing Address Dept of Applied geology Dibrugarh University Name of Organisation Dibrugarh University

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University, Assam, 2011 [First Div] Areas of research interests:

Research interest is biostratigraphy palynostratigraphy and palaeo environment of Lower Eocene Umlatodoh Limestone Member in Lumshnong area of Jaintia Hill, South Shilong, Meghalaya, NE India. This includes foraminifera, algae and palynological investigation with petrographical study geochemical analysis and also complementing with stable isotope study. Microfacies study is also an important part of the research. The present training will also be helpful and fruitful in understanding the application during synthesis of the acquired data.

Page 54: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 42

Name J.DEVARAJU E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. +91-9634469282 DOB 15-07-1968 Mailing Address C/o J.P.Rana, #24, Phase-II, Upsana Enclave, Panditwari,

Dehradun-248007 Name of Organisation University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehra Dun

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Mysore University, 1991 [First Div]

Post-M.Sc. Dip in Hydrogeology, Mysore University, 1992 [First Div]

Ph.D in Geology, Mysore University, 1997

Post-Doctoral Fellow in Geology, Roorkee University, 1999-2004

Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Petrology, Fluid inclusion studies and geochemistry of high grades rocks from Virajpet, South India.

Awarded Young Scientist project fellowship from DST 2004.

Areas of research interests: •

• Petrology, Geochemistry • Fluid Inclusion studies • Petroleum geology • Shale gas Geology

Name J. VIGNESH Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. +91 -9677304712 DOB 21-07-1990 Mailing Address C/o K.Nagammal,

89/19-1 Thirugnanam Nagar No:6, Dadagapatty, Salem -636 006, Tamilnadu.

Name of Organisation Periyar University Academic Qualifications M.sc. Applied Geology

M.Sc. in Geology, Periyar University [First Div] Areas of research interests:

Research interests include bringing out multidisciplinary data like sedimentology, geochemistry, petrology, mineralogy (micro-major elements ) including isotopic data like radiogenic (Sr, Nd), radioactive (radiocarbon, U,Th,Pb) and Stable(O,C,S) from the Ariyalur Cretaceous sediments of Cauveri Basin, south India to investigating provenance, environment of deposition, post-depositional changes, and weather index on the local, regional and global level. In future, chemostratigraphy is a powerful tool for resolving stratigraphic uncertain, analysis and prediction of reservoir characterisation of oil & gas provinces.

Page 55: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 43

Name KEERTHI. B. NAIR Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09940262035 DOB 28/04/85 Mailing Address Dept. of Geology, Anna university,Chennai-25 Name of Organisation Anna university,Chennai-25

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, University of Kerala, 2007 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, Anna University Title of Ph.D. Thesis: SW monsoon variations and Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of the Paruppakkara Kayal and Ashtamudi lake, Kerala.

Areas of research interests:

The research interest is to study palaeoclimatic impact on Quaternary sedimentation with their metamorphosis (interaction among the sediments); properties of bio-remains against their decomposition in geological time timescale including energy levels (of tides) of the ocean atmosphere, land surface system covering rates and natural climatic variability based on the mineralogy, petrology of rocks and grain sized. Additionally, I would like to deal with past climate to predict the future climate by using the past and present climate records from the lakes and catchment of rivers.

Name MAHESH. S Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9532656282 DOB 28-11-1977 Mailing Address 498-171/2, ‘SERV SNEH KUNJ’,

opp. Samthar Petrol Pump, 8 Faizabad Road, Lucknow – 226007

Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Mysore University, 2002 [First Div] Ph.D. in Permian Palynology, Mysore University, 2007 Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Palynological Studies of Wardha Valley Coalfields, Maharashtra State, India.

Areas of research interests:

• Coal petrography • Palaeozoic Palynology • Palynofacies studies

Page 56: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 44

Name MRIDUL GUPTA E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9044983899 DOB 08/10/1989 Mailing Address G-225 South city Post Ambedkar University lucknow-

226025 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute Of Palaeobotany.

Academic Qualifications M.Sc. in Geology, University of Lucknow, 2011 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D., Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow Title of Ph.D. Thesis: “Middle Jurassic Nannofossil Biostratigraphy From Jara Dome, Kachchh, Western India and its Palaeobiogeographic implications”. Areas of research interests:

Implication of nannofossil in biostratigraphy and its role in palaeogeographical as well as in sedimentological interpretation. Beside it, I hold interest in the research related to climatic changes .

Name NEHA AGGARWAL E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9453564837 DOB 25/08/1981 Mailing Address Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

53-University Road, Lucknow-226007 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Botany, Kurukshetra University, 2004 [First Div]

M.Phil. in Plant Tissue Culture, Kurukshetra University, 2007 [First Div]

Ph.D. in Gondwana Palynology, Lucknow University, 2011

Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Palynostratigraphy, Correlation and Palaeoenvironment of Gondwana Sediments in Godavari Graben, Andhra Pradesh.

Areas of research interests:

Working in Gondwana Palynology of Godavari Graben from the two coal seems viz. lower coal horizon called Barakar Formation and Upper Coal horizon called Raniganj Fm. The pollen and spore morphologies and their density of both coal seams are very distinct. On the basis of these palynomorphs the palynostratigraphy of any area can be interpreted and used as tool for dating of the coal, especially in the faulted areas where dating and correlation of coal seams is difficult due to the persistence of many small faults as in Godavari Graben. Palynology, a branch of science has become an imperative parameter in prospecting and economic utilization of fossil fuel (coal) as to determining nature and genetic age of coal and in solving the problem of stratigraphy and correlation. It provides exploration of a known seam in an unknown area across a fault.

Page 57: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 45

Name PANKAJ KUMAR SRIVASTAVA E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. +91-9758218896 DOB July 06, 1972 Mailing Address Dept. of Petroleum Engineering & Earth Sciences, Univ. of

Petroleum& Energy Studies, Dehradun

Name of Organisation University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, University of Allahabad, 1994 [First Div] M.Tech. in Applied Geology, IIT Kharagpur, 1997 [First Div] Ph.D. in Geology, IIT Kharagpur, 2007 Title of Ph.D. Thesis: An integrated Remote sensing, GIS and Geophysical Techniques in Hydrogeological modelling of hard rock terrain

Areas of research interests:

Micropaleontology, Hydrogeology & Thermal Remote sensing

Name POONAM KUMARI Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9470575523 DOB 22.02.1990 Mailing Address Poonam Kumari CCS (RQA), CIMFR (DC) P.O.

828108 Dhanbad Jharkhand Name of Organisation CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research,

Dhanbad(JH) Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Vinoba Bhave University Hazaribagh, 2011 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D., I.S.M. Dhanbad Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Petrographic conditions of Indian coals for combustion and gasification.

Areas of research interests:

The total demand for electricity in the country continues to rise and is outpacing increases in capacity.

The gas can be produced by heating coal in absence of air to provide a solid residue and gas. The gas can be used as a fuel and feedstock for further chemical processing. It has become essential to undertake remarkable petrographic study on coals from the various coal basins both Gondwana and Tertiary of India and their blends suitable for thermal plants and gasification. With such information geological and petrographic investigations of various Indian coal samples for the combustion and gasification is proposed to evaluate quality of coal cores.

Page 58: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 46

Name PRIYANKA MONGA E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 8960859020 DOB 18-12-1986 Mailing Address Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

53, Univ. Road, Lucknow-226 007 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 2009 [First Div]

B.Ed., Panjab University, Chandigarh, 2009 [First Div]

M.Phil. in Ecophysiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 2011-12

Pursuing Ph.D. in Botany, BSIP, Lucknow

Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Palynostratigraphy, Palynofacies and depositional environment of late Palaeocene, Early Eocene sediments of Cambay Basin, Gujrat.

Areas of research interests:

Working on Palynostratigraphical and Palynofacies analysis of Early Tertiary lignite bearing sequences of Bharuch and Bhavnagar districts, Saurastra Basin of Gujarat. The spores, pollen grains, dinoflagellates, microforaminiferal linings, fungal fruiting bodies and other palynomorphs preserved in these sequences will be used to delineate biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of this fossil bearing sequences. Their quantitative evaluation, palynozone identification, transition of different palynofloral and palynofacies groups in vertical horizons will define incursion of marine and fresh water sediments during the deposition of sediments. The visualization of palynofacies constituents in simple light and fluorescence microscopes will provide better palaeoenviromental interpretations of various lithotypes. Name R. VIJAYARAJ Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09894572965 DOB 10/05/1982 Mailing Address Department of Geology Name of Organisation Anna University

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Applied Geology, University of Madras, 2006 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, Anna University Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Quaternary Geomorphology and Palaeoclimate changes of Two Lakes (Berijam and Kookal Lake), Tamil Nadu.

Areas of research interests:

Quaternary geology Paleoclimatalogy Geochemistry Sedimentalogy Remote sensing and Geographical Information System. Natural Resource management

Page 59: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 47

Name RESHMI CHATTERJEE E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9044027247 DOB 04/25/1988 Mailing Address Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

53 University Road, Lucknow-226 007 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Botany, Calcutta University, 2011 [First Div]

Pursuing Ph.D., BSIP, Lucknow Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Floral diversity, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Triassic sequence from the South Rewa and Satpura Gondwana basins

Areas of research interests:

Keenly interested in the subject of Palaeobotany and Palynology. Broad research interests hovers on Morpho-taxonomy, Evolution, Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of terrestrial plant communities. At present a Birbal Sahni Research Scholar (BSRS) and initiated my studies on the Early Triassic vegetational scenario of Peninsular India from the South Rewa and Satpura Gondwana Basins. The study is focused on unraveling the Floral diversity, Evolution, Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology based on the studies of plant megafossils, megaspores and miospores. The Triassic Period is one of the least explored sequences but in terms of evolution the Triassic Period is significant because during the Permian Triassic transition the greatest mass extinction event occurred in the history of planet earth. After the Permian Period floral and faunal radiation were witnessed and some of the floral and faunal elements continued throughout the Mesozoic.

Name S. MOHAN Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. +91 -9790619523 DOB 05-04-1990 Mailing Address 54/3 Pandiya rajan street,

Varma complex, Salem -636 001, Tamilnadu.

Name of Organisation Periyar University Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Periyar University [First Div] Areas of research interests:

Particularly interested in the chemostratigrapgy, sedimentology, petroleum geology and Palyno-

assemblage from the Danian Marl sediments of Ariyalur area of the Tiruchirapalli, south India with their significance for local, regional and global level correlations. The above parameters are most valuable for the prediction of hydrocarbon reservoirs both in oil and gas.

Page 60: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 48

Name DR SANTOSH KUMAR PANDEY E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. +91 9450394201 DOB 24.08.1981 Mailing Address 3/39, Vivek Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow- 226 010 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Geology, Lucknow University, 2004 [First Div] Ph.D. in Geology, Lucknow University, 2011 Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Biozonation and Correlation of Neoproterozoic Bhander Group, Central India.

Areas of research interests:

Primary area of research is the Ediacaran to Cambrian transition and the emergence of the early life. In

particular, working on palaeobiological and biostratigraphical problems on the two Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India; the Vindhyan and Marwar. Some key interest are: Ediacaran Life; Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structure (MISS); Trace Fossil Analysis; Biostratigraphy; Inter and Intrabasinal Correlation

Name SHREYA MISHRA E-mail Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 9005205877 DOB 10/07/1989 Mailing Address H.No. 610/329 Keshave Nagar, Sitapur Road,

Lucknow. Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Botany, Lucknow University, 2011 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Botany, BSIP, Lucknow Title of Ph.D. thesis: Spore pollen biostratigraphy, Palaeoecology and environment of deposition of subsurface Early Palaeogene sequences from Barmer, Rajasthan.

Areas of research interests:

The research interest is Tertiary Palynology, mainly concerned with the study of pollen and spores from the subsurface Early Palaeogene sequences exposed in Barmer, Rajasthan. Pollen and spores are critical parts of the life cycles of higher and lower plants respectively. Pollen and spores rather than other parts of plant remains are best preserved in sediments and sedimentary rocks due to having resistant wall. Therefore, their presence and abundance in sediments can be used as a proxy indicator for composition of plant communities growing at and around a province. Palynological studies are also helpful in fossil fuel exploration, biostratigraphy, palaeoecological studies and in predicting the environment of deposition.

Page 61: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 49

Name SUSHEEL KUMAR Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 07607504943 DOB 15/03/1989 Mailing Address Room No.-102, Dr. C.P.R.Aiyer Hostel , B.H.U.

Varanasi-221005 Name of Organisation Banaras Hindu University

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Petroleum Geosciences, B.H.U., Varanasi, 2011 [First Div] Pursuing Ph.D. in Palaeontology (Geology), B.H.U., Varanasi Title of Ph.D. Thesis : Palaeoecology and Taphonomy of Late Cretaceous Bivalves of Bagh Beds, Central India

Areas of research interests:

Keen interest in tectonics and sedimentation and the sedimentary processes that lead to the generation of

hydrocarbons (making emphasis over facies and sedimentary environments analyses). Basically wish to work on Tertiary exposures in India having special reference to Hydrocarbon bearing horizons in different regions of the country including Tertiary rocks of Kutch (Onland and Offshore both), Tertiary Exposures of Cambay Basin, Tertiary rocks of Assam and Siwalik System in the Northern most part of the country. Besides, I also have my interest in unconventional petroleum systems including Underground Coal Gasification, Coal Bed Methane, Shale Gas, Oil Shales, Gas Hydrate etc.

Name VIKRAM PARTAP SINGH Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. +91-9541989640 DOB 17/11/1984 Mailing Address Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University

Road, Lucknow - 226007 Name of Organisation Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Academic Qualifications

M.Sc. in Applied Geology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 2011 [First Div] Ph.D., BSIP Lucknow Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Petrology and Geochemical characterization of lignite deposits of Saurashtra basin (Gujarat), India. Implication of economic potential and depositional history.

Areas of research interests:

Keen interest in doing research in Organic Petrology. Organic petrology is a potential method to obtain information on nature, composition, origin, maturation and mineral matter content of organic deposits for their assessment for various applications. Rank estimation and analyses of Maceral in organic deposits using reflectance light technique are the main parameters of petrology.

Page 62: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 50

Name VINEET KUMAR SRIVASTAVA Email Address [email protected] Phone/Mobile No. 09598752606 DOB 20/10/1990 Mailing Address 3/FF Kabir Colony, Front of Law College Canteen,

B.H.U. Campus, Varanasi – 221005 Name of Organisation Banaras Hindu University

Academic Qualifications Petroleum Geoscience

M.Sc. in Petroleum Geosciences, B.H.U., Varanasi, 2011 [First Div, Distinction] Pursuing Ph.D. in Geology, B.H.U., Varanasi. Title of Ph.D. Thesis: Integrated Sedimentological, Sequencial and Chemostratigraphy modeling of the Tertiary rocks of Kutch, Gujrat.

Areas of research interests:

Keen interested in tectonics, sedimentation and the sedimentary processes that lead to the generation of hydrocarbons (making emphasis over facies and sedimentary environments analyses). Basically, wish to work on Tertiary exposures in India having special reference to Hydrocarbon bearing horizons in different regions of the country including Tertiary rocks of Kutch (Onland and Offshore both), Tertiary Exposures of Cambay Basin, Tertiary rocks of Assam and Siwalik System in the Northern most part of the country. Besides, I also have my interest in unconventional petroleum systems including Underground Coal Gasification, Coal Bed Methane, Shale Gas, Oil Shales, Gas Hydrate etc.

Page 63: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

5

ABOUT LUCKNOW

Luck Now, that you are in Lucknow

Page 64: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

6

Page 65: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

51

Luck now, that you are in Lucknow

Lucknow has, for long, held a reputation of being a city of culture and etiquette. A hub of Awadhi culture, Lucknow is also known for its colorful and really generous Nawabs, stories about whom range from hilarious and cynical to those of astonishing generosity! But post-independence, Lucknow has also blossomed into a science city.

The Nawab dynasty started in 1722 with Burhan-ul-Malik. Lucknow derives its present name from its old name Lakshmanpur. During the Moughal period, Lucknow flourished as a center of arts. The kings of fine taste promoted art, dance and crafts to the best possible extent. Some of the paintings done during that period are still preserved in the Hussainabad Art Gallery on the bank of river Gomti. Lucknow is known as the place of origin and even now as the most reputed school of the exquisite dance form Kathak- a form that prospered in the courts of the Nawabs. The embroidery work, done manually, called chikan, is also known the world over. Mouth-watering delicacies are another attraction to the visitors.

Lucknow still boasts of the ruins of old grand Residency with all its shell-marks. The Residency fell to the Britishers after a fierce battle and the Nawab was ultimately captured in 1856. He could not escape to safety; there was no servant who'd help him put on his shoes, or so the story goes. This could be truth or a figment of imagination but what is recorded is that the same Nawab had also got a women's army ready to fight the Britishers! The memorial in the memory of historical Kakori case (1925) is there on Hardoi road and so are the old guns in the premises of Residency and La Martinier Boys College. The Less Lucky was the Tare Wali Kothi, an astronomical observatory that lost all its equipments to the turmoil in 1857. It now houses the State Bank of India. Some of the lost glory of Lucknow may be seen preserved in its museum adjacent to the zoo, while places like Charbagh have nothing left with semblance of any garden. The huge parks like Ambedkar Park, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Park and Lohia park have indeed added to the Charm of the city. Many road-crossings are marked by statues of historical and literary figures-some well known and some not so well known.

Page 66: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

52

Time has taken its toll and things have changed, for sure, to some extent. The once famous sweet Awadhi, immortalized by Goswami Tulsi Das, is gradually giving way to what may be best termed Hinglish- an effect of the dominating outsiders influx, natural to a capital. The Old-timers bemoan the loss of the old relaxed life style. Few can relate to the 'Do Baanke' of Bhagvati Charan Verma now, or to the 'Shatranj ke Khilari’ to whom loss of the king on their chessboard meant much more than the fall of king in the real life ! Things have changed indeed. You don't commonly see anymore those one-horse-carriages, ekkahs, on roads though there are some still around in the old city. If you go to see the architectural wonder Imambara, which houses the famous Bhool-Bhullaiah and a huge pillar-less hall, you are very likely to encounter some ekkah-walah ready to take you around. The city is dotted with numerous shopping arcades, including several multiplexes, all over the city. But you could still see those weekly haats in many places in the old as well as the new city. In addition to a Museum, and a Zoo, Lucknow has a crocodile-breeding farm (Kukrail), a planetarium, a Regional Science City and also several sport stadiums, one of which is named after the famous Olympian Hockey captain KD Singh Babu and another one after Guru Govind Singh. There are several auditoriums, including the Scientific Convention Center, Sangit Natak Akademi, Lalit Kala Kendra and Lal Baradari that keep the cultural and intellectual pulse beating.

But the post-independence change is most visible in the form of range and number of the scientific institutions built up over the past 60 years and of educational centers which have carved niche for themselves internationally. Lucknow boasts of 90 year old Lucknow University, Gautam Buddha Technical University, BR Ambedakar University (Central) and nearly a century old KG Medical University (now known as CSMMU). In addition, there are 2 deemed universities including one for Music, named after the legendary musicologist Bhatkhande. Add to these the Yunani and Ayurvedic Colleges and a number of private technical (engineering, medical, catering and management), universities and colleges, and lucknow emerges as an education center of great repute even before we mention the prestigious IIM-Lucknow. Lucknow truly takes the cake when it comes to counting the purely R & D institutions. In addition to BSIP (DST), it has four CSIR institutions of world repute including Central Drug Research Institute (established in 1951), which is housed in the historical picturesque Chhatter manzil on the banks of Gomti. Close to it is another CSIR institution Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (1965). The National Botanical Research Institute (under CSIR since 1953), for long known as Botanical Garden, is a leading institution for plant science research. Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, founded in 1959, is another jewel in city's crown. The Sanjay Gandhi PG Institute for Medical Sciences is an advanced center for medical care and research. The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Research and National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property are important research institutions of Lucknow. There are

Page 67: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

53

research institutions of the Public Works Department, Railways and Northern region office of the Geological Survey of India and DST's Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Center Housed in CDRI. Lucknow has a Meteorological Center too. Lucknow is also a strong center of science communication and popularization.

Lucknow has FM broadcast in addition to the MW and SW from Prasar Bharti. Apart from Doordarshan, there are many channel representatives (some with studios) here. AIR and DD have their training centers also. In addition to many small newspapers, Lucknow has a number of daily national newspapers like Danik Hindustan, Danik Jagran, Hindustan Times, Jansatta, Rashtriya Sahara, Swantra Bharat, the Indian Express, The Pioneer and The Times of India. Lucknow is truly a unique mix of the traditional and the modern. The Malls and the temples are found equally crowded. On Tuesday evenings few'd pass a Hanuman temple without paying their respect, bowing head or folding hands, even if it means taking hands off the handle of the moving two-wheeler! On Shivratri, the Mankameshwar temple is overcrowded. The grand church at Hazratganj, an impressive mosque near Imambara and many Gurudrawaras and several Jain temples, etc. present the traditional face of the city. The nearby Deva Sharif mela also draws many, irrespective of religion. Goodbye to times when people used to bury drinks under sand on the banks of Gomti for cooling, welcome refrigerators! But you'd still find thandaii (a drink made of milk, dry fruits, black pepper and sometimes post/bhang and some special ingredients) instead of cold drinks in many fridges! So that's lucknow for you. Do see that Lucknow too, welcome. But must SMILE because you are in Lucknow. We are sure you'd agree with the poet who wrote "Lucknow ham pe fida, ham fidaye Lucknow" i.e. Lucknow is in love with us and we with Lucknow. We wish you LUCK NOW! C M Nautiyal BSIP, Lucknow

Page 68: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training
Page 69: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

7

ABOUT Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

Page 70: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

8

Page 71: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 54

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (BSIP), Lucknow

An autonomous institution under the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India

Located on the University Road, Lucknow, the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany is a unique institution in the world, founded by late Prof. Birbal Sahni, FRS, and colleagues in 1946. It is exclusively devoted to Palaeobotany- the study of plant fossils and related disciplines. It’s a science dealing with evolution of life, especially

plant life, and the medium to understand these mysteries is the fossils representing life forms which can be billions of years old. The approach is inter-disciplinary, involving Botany, Geosciences, Physics, and Chemistry, etc. for academic purpose including applied aspects particularly hydrocarbons. Plant fossils are found as impressions, compressions, moulds/ casts or petrified forms etc. Life-forms in the fossils from Precambrian to the recent are studied at BSIP. Scattered fragments may have to be put together to reconstruct the whole plant. In addition, one also finds the minute pollen grains and spores which are typical of the vegetation they belong to, and survive for millions of years buried in sediments. They help in reconstructing the scenario of the vegetation of the bygone era and help in deducing the age of the sediments. The past vegetation-scenario helps us in figuring out the past climate changes. But it's important to tag these climate change events to a time scale. It's provided (upto about the past 40,000 years) by the radiocarbon dating laboratory, the only such national facility in the country. Dating and study of samples of archaeobotanical interest is critical to understand the evolution of culture and civilization. The studies led to interesting pieces of information such as use of henna, shikakai and aanvala during the Harappan period. Gondwana sequence vegetation (about 30 crore years ago to about 13 crore years ago) is of major interest because Indian coal formed from Gondwana and Tertiary vegetation. Scientists also study tree- rings to deduce palaeomonsoon/climate and palaeo earthquakes. The samples for all these studies are collected from all over the globe including polar regions which have been visited by various scientists of the Institute. Palynofossils, including pollen, spores, algae, acritarchs, dinoflagellates cysts and Vase shaped microfossils (VSM=Chitinozoa), etc occur on continents as well as in oceans, and offer clues to the age of the rocks, correlation with other rocks and also evaluation of the source rock for hydrocarbon potential. It helps in deciding about stopping or continuing the drilling which is an expensive process. Work is also done on the organic petrology to evaluate the quality of coal and its Coal Bed Methane potential. The museum of the Institute is a rich repository of fossils from all over the world. A special attraction is the foundation stone with 77 fossils embedded by Prof. Sahni which was laid by Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru in 1949. The Institute boasts of one of the richest collection of literature on the subject. It also has a herbarium for offering comparison between the past and present vegetation. There are excellent optical microscopes, scanning electron microscope and elemental

Page 72: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 55

analyser. Thin section-making facility, well equipped maceration, glass-shop and machine-shop and section-cutting labs, computer centre add to the infrastructural facilities. The Institute holds national and international conferences/workshops and publishes catalogues, atlases etc. on special occasions besides a Newsletter as well as an international research journal The Palaeobotanist' periodically. Scientists of international standing are honored through Medals and Commemoration and memorial lectures. At present Dr. N.C. Mehrotra, a well known palynofossil expert is Director of the Institute. Dr. S.N. Bhalla, is Chairman of the Research Advisory Council and Dr. Shailesh Nayak, Secretary, Ministry of Earth Science, New Delhi is Chairman of the Governing Council. Contact: www.bsip.res.in, [email protected] Phone: +91 - 0522 - 2740008, 2740011, 2740413, 2740399, Telefax: +91 - 0522 - 2740485, 2740098

Page 73: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training

Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ]

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 56

COMMITTEE

Course Co-ordinator Dr N C Mehrotra Planning & Co-ordination Dr. Madhav Kumar Dr Rupendra Babu Dr B D Singh Dr Amit K Ghosh Souvenir / Brochure / Booklet etc. Preparation Dr Rupendra Babu Dr C M Nautiyal Mr Madhukar Arvind Dr Nilay Govind Laboratory, Equipment & Computer Facilities Mr P S Katiyar Mr Chandra Pal Mr V P Singh Mrs Reeta Banerjee Mr Subodh Kumar Reception Management Dr Sadhan Basumatary Dr Suresh K Pillai

Transport & Accomodation Arrangement Dr C M Nautiyal Dr Amit K Ghosh Dr Suresh K Pillai Dr Veeru K Singh Mr Hari Lal Mr Gopal Singh Catering Arrangement Mrs Reeta Banerjee Mrs P Thomas Dr Firoz Quamar Mr R K Awasthi Photography Dr Neerja Jha Mr Digamber S Bisht Auditorium & Audio Visual Dr Rupendra Babu Mr Pawan Singh Katiyar Mr V P Singh Electrical Maintenance Mr Hari Lal Mr Ashok K Sharma

Page 74: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training
Page 75: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training
Page 76: TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION training-10-15,2012.pdf · TRAINING ON PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL ... emergence of ‘Applied Palynology’ or ‘Industrial ... Training