Training Dvb

1

1 DVB-T/H, T-DMB

DVB-T Technology and

Overview on Mobile TV

© Copyright: Rohde&SchwarzTraining Center Munich

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |2

Walter FischerDipl.Ing.(FH)

Rohde&SchwarzTraining Center, Munich

[email protected]

Your Lecturer is:

2


Schedule: 1st Day

Block 1

BreakBlock 2

Lunch breakBlock 3

BreakBlock 4

9:00

10:3010:45

12:0013:15

14:4515:00

16:30(17:00)

Begin

End

Introduction, MPEG standards,MPEG-2 transport stream, PES

Function of a MPEG-2 decoder,PSI/SI, transport stream analysis

Overview video/audio encoding

Digital modulation basics


Schedule: 2nd Day

Block 1

BreakBlock 2

Lunch breakBlock 3

BreakBlock 4

9:00

10:3010:45

12:0013:15

14:4515:00

16:30(17:00)

Begin

End

COFDM

DVB-T standard, modulator,transmitter

DVB-H and T-DMB, interferencesSingle Frequency Networks

DVB-T measurements

3


MPEG and DVB

MPEG = Moving Pictures Expert GroupMPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, MPEG-21

DVB-S � satelliteDVB-C � cableDVB-T � terrestrialDVB-H � hand-heldDVB-IP � internetDVB-S2 � new satellite standard


MPEG-2

MPEG-2Transport StreamVideo EncodingAudio Encoding

The MPEG-2 transport stream is the base bandsignal for DVB-C, S and T.

4


MPEG Standard

MPEG = Moving Pictures Expert Group

MPEG-1 MPEG-2MPEG-4MPEG-7MPEG-21

�11


MPEG-1 Standard

ISO/IEC 11172-1 MPEG-1 SystemsISO/IEC 11172-2 MPEG-1 VideoISO/IEC 11172-3 MPEG-1 Audio (Layer I, II, III)

MPEG-1 Systems: PES Structure, Program Stream,Pack, …

Developed for CD data rates (1.44 Mbit/s)

5


MPEG-2 Standard

ISO/IEC 13818-1 MPEG-2 SystemsISO/IEC 13818-2 MPEG-2 VideoISO/IEC 13818-3 MPEG-2 Audio (Layer I, II, III)ISO/IEC 13818-6 DSM-CC (Data Broadcasting)ISO/IEC 13818-7 MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding

MPEG-2 Systems: Transport Stream, PSI, Sections

Developed for broadcast applications (SDTV&HDTV)

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |10

MPEG-4 Standard

ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 SystemsISO/IEC 14496-2 MPEG-4 Part 2 VideoISO/IEC 14496-3 MPEG-4 AAC AudioISO/IEC 14496-10 MPEG-4 Part 10 Advanced

Video Coding

MPEG-4 Systems: Objects, Sync Layer

Sync layer specifies how elementary streams arepacketized.

6

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |11

Video Signal

AD

AD

AD

Mat

rix

Y

Cb

Cr

Y

Cb

Cr

6.75 MHzChrominance

SamplingFrequency

LuminanceSamplingFrequency13.5 MHz

270 MBit/sITU-BT.R 601„CCIR601“

8/10 Bit

8/10 Bit

8/10 Bit

5.75 MHz

2.75 MHz

RGB

�12

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |12

Video Elementary Stream

270 MBit/s Digital Video (SDTV)to „CCIR601“ / ITU-R.BT 601

Compressionto MPEG-1or MPEG-2

Video Elementary Stream1 MBit/s MPEG-12.5 ... 7 (15) MBit/s MPEG-2

�12

7

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |13

Audio Signal

AD

15 to 20 kHz BW32/44.1/48 kHzSampling Freq.

16 bit

up to 768 kbit/s

AD


16 bit

up to 768 kbit/s

Right

Left

= approx.1.5 Mbit/s

�12

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |14

Audio Elementary Stream

= approx.1.5 Mbit/s

AD


16 bit

up to 768 kbit/s

AD


16 bit

up to 768 kbit/s

Right

Left

Compressionto MPEG-1 orMPEG-2 (orDolby Digital AC-3)

Audio Elementary Stream100 ... 400 kBit/s

�12

8

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |15

Elementary Streams (ES)

Video ES

Audio ES

Data ES

�13

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |16

Packetized Elementary Streams (PES)

Video PES

Audio PES

Data PES

var. lengthup to 64 kBytes

PES Packet

�13

9

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |17

Packetized Elementary Streams (PES)

Video PES

Audio PES

Data PES

var. lengthup to 64 kBytes

PES Packet

PES Header

�13

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |18

PES Packet

var. lengthup to 64 kBytesPES

Header

3 Byte Start Code Prefix 0x00 0x00 0x01

1 Byte Stream Type

2 Byte Length Indicator

Optional PES Header

PES Payload

�13,14,15

10

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |19

Program Stream

Video PES AudioPES V A V V

Multiplexed Video and Audio PES Packets

Application: MPEG-1 Video CDMPEG-2 SVCDMPEG-2 Video DVD

... ...

�16

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |20

MPEG PES and TS

184 Byte Payload

4 ByteTS Header

PayloadUnit StartIndicator = 1

PESHeader

PESHeader


Packetized Elementary Stream

Transport Stream

�16

11

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |21

MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet

4 ByteTS Header

188 Bytes

13 Bit Packet Identifier = PID1 Bit Transport Error Indicator

1 Byte Sync Byte = 47 hex

184 Byte Payload

�18

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |22

Sync Byte

4 ByteTS Header

188 Bytes



184 Byte Payload

�18

12

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |23

Transport Error Indicator

4 ByteTS Header

188 Bytes



184 Byte Payload

�18

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |24

Reed Solomon Error Protection

MPEG-2TS

RS RS

MPEG-2TS

Reed Solomon Coder RS(204,188) or RS(208/188)

1st Forward Error Correction (FEC) = Outer Coder

DVB /ATSCMod.

DVB /ATSCDemod.

TransmissionLink

�18,19

13

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |25

MPEG-2 TS Packet

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Bytes

MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet

�18,19

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |26

TS Packet with Reed Solomon FEC

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

16 ByteError Protection

188 Bytes

204 Byte

Reed SolomonError ProtectionRS(204,188) or RS(208,188)

8 errors per packetcan be repaired

RS Block Code

�18,19

14

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |27

TS Packet after RS Decoding

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Bytes

1 Bit Transport Error Indicator= 1 if more than 8 errors

Sync Byte 47hex

�18, 19

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |28

Packet Identifier (PID)

4 ByteTS Header

188 Bytes



184 Byte Payload

�17, 18

15

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |29

Transport Stream Multiplex

Video1

Audio1

Encoder

Program 1

Video2

Audio2

Encoder

Program 2

Video3

Audio3

Encoder

Program 3

MP

EG

-2M

ultip

lexe

r�17

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |30


MP

EG

-2M

ultip

lexe

r

PID=0x100

PID=0x200PID=0x300

PID=0x400

PID=0x500PID=0x600

PID = Packet Identifier

MPEG-2 TS

�17, 18

16

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |31

Synchronous and AsynchronousTransfer Mode

Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Ch. n Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Ch. n ...... ... ...

Ch. 3 Ch. 2 Ch. n Ch. 2 unused Ch. 8 Ch. n Ch. 7 ...... ... ...

Synchronous Transfer Mode (PDH, SDH, DAB)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM, MPEG-TS/DVB)

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |32

Transport Stream Packet

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte

TransportErrorIndicator

PayloadUnit StartIndicator

TransportPriority PID

TransportScramblingControl

AdaptationFieldControl

ContinuityCounter

HeaderOptionalAdaptationField

8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

�19, 39, 40

17

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |33

MPEG-2: Function of a Decoder

Transport streamsynchronization

Accessing a program

Descrambling, ifrequired

Programsynchronization

Decodingadditional data

Sync Byte0x47

Program SpecificInformation PAT, PMT

Conditional AccessTable CAT

Read-out of TS content

Packet IdentificationPID

Program Clock Ref.PCR, PTS, DTS

Service InformationSI

�21

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |34

Transport Stream Synchronization


Accessing a program




Sync Byte0x47







�21

18

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |35

Program Specific Information PSI


Accessing a program




Sync Byte0x47







�22

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |36

Program Association Table PATPayload of TS Packet

TS Header

PID = 0x00

pointer toPMT1

pointer toPMT2 pointer to

PMT3

pointer toPMT4

PID

1

PID

2

PID

3

PID

4 ...

1 PID entry per program

�22

19

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |37

Program Map Table PMTPayload of TS Packet

TS Header

PID fromPAT pointer to

video ES

pointer toaudio ES

PID

1

PID

2 ...

1 PID entry per elementary stream

�22

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |38

Accessing a Program


Accessing a program




Sync Byte0x47







�24

20

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |39

Accessing a Program

MPEG-2 TS

Video PID = 0x100

Audio PID = 0x200

�24

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |40

Descrambling / Conditional Access


Accessing a program




Sync Byte0x47







�25

21

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |41

Data Scrambling

...Ex

or

Exor

S S S S S

Data

Scrambled Data

Pseudo Random Sequence

?

�25

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |42

Conditional Access Table CAT

CAT(PMT)

ECMEntitlement Control Message

EMM EntitlementManagement Message

PID PID

„Keys codes“

„Allocation rights“

�25

22

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |43

DVB Common Interface

MPEG-2Decoder

TS TS

Common Interface (CI)= parallel TS Out/In

CAHardware Smart Card

Video

Audio

�25

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |44

Program Synchronization


Accessing a program




Sync Byte0x47







�26

23

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |45

Program Clock Reference PCR

Counter

MPEG-2Decoder

+

PCR42 Bit

Video

AudioPCR

MPEG-2 TS

MPEG-2Encoder

42 Bit

27 MHzSTC

+-

27 MHzSTC

NumericallyControlledOscillator

(NCO)

CopyLoad

Video

Audio

PCRevery~40 ms

Counter

�26

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |46

PCR inside TS Adaptation Field

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

PCR

�26, 27

24

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |47

Presentation Time Stamps PTS

Video PES

Audio PES

PTS of video PES

PTS of audio PES

video lip sync to audioPESheader

�28

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |48

Decoding Time Stamps DTS

Video PES

DTS of video PES

PESheader

�28

25

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |49

DVB Service Information


Accessing a program




Sync Byte0x47







�28

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |50

PSI/SI - TablesPAT Program Association TablePMT‘s Program Map TableCAT Conditional Access Table(NIT) Network Information TablePrivate Tables

NIT Network Information TableSDT Service Descriptor TableBAT Bouquet Association TableEIT Event Information TableRST Running Status TableTDT Time&Date TableTOT Time Offset TableST Stuffing Table

MPEG-2 PSIProgram Specific

Information

DVB SIService

Information

�30

26

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |51

MPEG-2 Sections

Payloadunit startindicator = 1

Transport Stream

1 Bytetable ID

Payload part of section

32 bitCRCcheck sum (only for longsections)

SpecialPID‘s

Maximum length of a section: 4096 Bytes

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |52

Sections, Private Sections, Tables

MPEG-2 Section

PrivateNon-Private-Defined in ISO/IEC13818-1-MPEG-2 ProgramSpecific Information (PSI tables)

-Not defined in ISO/IEC13818-1-Using MPEG-2 section structure-DVB Service Information (SI tables)-ISO/IEC13818-6 DSM-CC

Tables = 1 … N Sections of same type(max. 1024 Byte / 4096 Byte per section)

27

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |53

Sections & Tables

SECTION #0 CR

C

TID

SECTION #n CR

C

TID

…

SECTION #1 CR

C

TID

SECTION #2

CR

C

TID

SECTION #3 CR

C

TID

max. 4 kByteTa

ble

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |54

Service Information: NIT

Information aboutphysical network

Network provider nameTransmission parameter(RF, order of QAM ...)

NIT Network Information Table

28

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |55

NIT Example 1Table_ID

Network_ID

TableHeader/VersionManage-ment

NetworkDescriptorLoop

TransportStreamLoop

TerrestrialDeliveryDescriptor

Transport_stream_ID

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |56

NIT Example 1 (continued)



Transport_stream_ID

Transport_stream_ID

29

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |57

Service Information: SDT

Information aboutservices (= programs)in a transport stream

Service provider nameService names = program

names

SDT Service Descriptor Table

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |58

SDT

ServiceLoop

Table_ID

Transport_ID

Service_ID

Service_name

Service_ID

30

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |59

SDT

DescriptorsLoop

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |60

Service Information: BAT

Information aboutall services in different

physical channels

BAT Bouquet Association Table

31

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |61

Service Information: EIT

Electronical ProgramGuide

EPG

EIT Event Information Table

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |62

EIT

Service_ID

Transport_stream_ID

Event_ID

Start Time &Duration

32

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |63

Service Information: RST

actual running statusdelays, ...

controlling video recorders

RST Running Status Table

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |64

Service Information: TDT/TOT

actual time and date (UTC/GMT)and

local time offset

TDT/TOT Time and Date Table,

Time Offset Table

33

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |65

TDT

PID=0x14; Table_ID=0x70Repetition time: 25 ms … 30 s

Section_syntax_indicator = 0 � short Table, no CRC

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |66

TOT Example

34

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |67

Stuffing Table (ST)

Invalidation ofexisting sections

at aDelivery System

eg: at Cable Headends

ST Stuffing Table

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |68

Tables and Private Tables

0x720x0010…0x0014ST0x730x0015TOT0x700x0014TDT0x710x0013RST0x4E…0x6F0x0012EIT0x42, 0x460x0011SDT0x4A0x0011BAT0x40…0x410x0010NIT0x010x0001CAT0x020x0020…0x1FEEPMT0x000x0000PATTable IDPIDTable

Priv

ate

(DV

B)

35

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |69

Repetition Rates of PSI/SI Tables

0x720x730x700x710x4E…0x6F0x42, 0x460x4A0x40…0x410x010x020x00

Table ID [hex]

0x0010…0x00140x00150x00140x00130x00120x00110x00110x00100x00010x0020…0x1FEE0x0000

PID [hex]

-ST30TOT30TDT

RSTEITSDTBATNITCATPMTPAT

Table

-2210100.50.50.5

Max. Interval[sec.]

Min. Interval: 25 ms (single sections)

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |70

Further Private Sections / Tables

0x3A … 0x3Evia PMTDSM-CC

0x4Cvia PMTINT

0x4Bvia PMTUNT

0x74via PMTAIT

0x720x0010…0x0014ST

0x730x0015TOT

0x700x0014TDT

0x710x0013RST

0x4E…0x6F0x0012EIT

0x42, 0x460x0011SDT

0x4A0x0011BAT

0x40…0x410x0010NIT

0x010x0001CAT

0x020x0020…0x1FFEPMT

0x000x0000PAT

Table IDPIDTable

Dat

aB

road

cast

MP

EG

PS

ID

VB

Ser

ive

Info

rmat

ion

36

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |71

MPEG-2 Transport Stream Analysis

MPEG-2 Transport Stream Analysis

�123

DVMD

DVM

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |72

MPEG-2 Analyzer DVM100

37

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |73

MPEG-2 Analyzer DVM400

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |74

Block Diagr. of a MPEG-2 Meas. Decoder

�123

MPEG-2decoder

Digitalsignalprozessor

Microcontroller Display

Video

Audio

MPEG-2transportstream

Interfaces (printer, RS232, IEEE Bus)

38

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |75

TS_Sync_Loss - (1st priority)

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

TS_Sync_Loss is signalled if- the content of the sync bytes in a

sequence of 3 TS packets is not equalto 0x47.

�125, 126

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |76

Sync_byte_error - (1st priority)

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

Sync_Byte_Error is signalled if- the content of a sync byte in the

TS header is anything but 0x47.

�126

39

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |77

PAT_error - (1st priority)

PAT_Error is signalled if- PAT table index is not

equal to 0x00- PAT is encrypted- PAT is not transmitted

every 0.5 second

PATPID=0

Table ID =0Program

AssociationTable

PATPID=0

Table ID =0Program

AssociationTable

PMTPID=(...PAT)Table ID =2

ProgramMap

Table


ProgramMap

Table


ProgramMap

Table


ProgramMap

Table

Video ES

Audio ES

PID

PID

PID

PID

�127

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |78

PMT_error - (1st priority)

PMT_error is signalled if- PMT table ID is not 0x02- PMT is encrypted- Sections of PMT are not

transmitted every 0.5 seconds.

PATPID=0

Table ID =0Program

AssociationTable

PATPID=0

Table ID =0Program

AssociationTable


ProgramMapTable


ProgramMapTable


ProgramMapTable


ProgramMapTable

PID

PID

Video ES

Audio ES

PID

PID

�127, 128

40

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |79

PID_error - (1st priority)

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

PID_ERROR is signalled ifPID referenced in PMT is notpart of actual TS orrepetition time > 500 ms


ProgramMap

Table


ProgramMap

Table

Video ES

Audio ES

PID

PID

�128

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |80

Continuity_count_error- (1st priority)

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

Continuity_count_error is signalled if- the same packet has been transmitted more than

twice without discontinuity indicator- a packet is missing- wrong sequence of packets without disconituity indicatior

�129

41

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |81

Transport_error - (2nd priority)

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

Transport_ERROR is signalled if- transport_error_indicator bit is set in TS packet header

RS(108, 204) FEC ---> more than 8 errors in 1 TS packet

�130

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |82

CRC_error - (2nd priority)

CRC_ERROR is signalled if- table CRC (PAT, PMT, CAT, NIT ...) does not fit to table content

�131


Transport Stream

1 ByteTable ID

Payload Part of Table

32 BitCRCCheck Sum

SpecialPID‘s

42

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |83

PCR_error, PCR_accuracy_error- (2nd prio.)

PCR_error is signalled if- the difference of two consecutive PCR values

of a program is > 100ms and no discontinuityis indicated in the adaption field

- distance of two packets with PCR values ofa program is > 40ms

PCR_accuracy_error is signalled if- PCR tolerance (jitter) within a program is >+/- 500ns

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

PCR

�131, 132

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |84

PTS_error - (2nd priority)

PES Payload

PTS = Presentation Time Stamp

PESheader

PTS_error is signalled if- difference of two consecutive PTS values

is > 700ms

�132, 133

43

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |85

CAT_error - (2nd priority)

Value(binary)

Description

00 No encrypted data contained inthe packet

01, 10, 11 Defined by user

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

CAT_ERROR is signalled if- a packet contains encrypted data, but no CAT is found- a packet with CAT-PID (0x01) is found, but table index

is not 0x01

CATPID=1

Table ID =1Conditional

AccessTable

CATPID=1

Table ID =1Conditional

AccessTable

�134

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |86

SI_repetition_error - (3rd priority)

0x720x730x700x710x4E…0x6F0x42, 0x460x4A0x40…0x410x010x020x00

Table ID [hex]

0x0010…0x00140x00150x00140x00130x00120x00110x00110x00100x00010x0020…0x1FEE0x0000

PID [hex]

-ST30TOT30TDT

RSTEITSDTBATNITCATPMTPAT

Table

-2210100.50.50.5

Max. Interval[sec.]

�134, 135Min. Interval: 25 ms (single sections)

44

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |87

NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT_error- (3rd priority)

ServiceInformation PID [hex] Table_id [hex] Max.

interval [sec]NIT 0x0010 0x40, 0x41 10 )1

SDT 0x0011 0x42, 0x46 2 )2

BAT 0x0011 0x4A 10 )3

EIT 0x0012 0x4E to 0x4F,0x50 to 0x6F

2 )4

RST 0x0013 0x71 -TDT 0x0014 0x70 30TOT 0x0014 0x73 30

Stuffing Table 0x0010 to 0x0013 0x72 -

NIT_error, SDT_error, EIT_error, RST_error, TDT_errorare signalled if- a packet with PID NIT, SDT, EIT, RST, TDT or TOT contains

wrong table index- time difference between SI sections of NIT, SDT, EIT, TDT or

TOT is too long

�135

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |88

Unreferenced PID - (3rd priority)

Unreferenced PID error:TS packet with unknown PID----> not referenced in any PMT or CAT and TS packet not part of

a table (PAT, PMT, CAT, NIT, SDT, ...)

184 BytePayload

4 ByteHeader

188 Byte

SyncByte






ContinuityCounter


8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit

�136

45

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |89

Interface TS-ASI

Asynchronous serial transport stream interface270 MBit/sConnector BNC 75 OhmLevel 800 mV +/- 10%

�116

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |90

TS Parallel

Synchronous parallel transport stream interfacePin Signal Description Pin Signal Description

1 CLOCK A Clock for data word 14 CLOCK B Clock for dataword, inverted

2 GND Ground 15 GND Ground

3 DATA BIT 7 A (MSB) Data bit 7 (most significant bit) 16 DATA BIT 7 B (MSB) Data bit 7 inverted(most significantbit)

4 DATA BIT 6 A Data bit 6 17 DATA BIT 6 B Data bit 6 inverted






10 DATA BIT 0 A (LSB) Data bit 0 (least significant bit) 23 DATA BIT 0 B (LSB) Data bit 0 inverted(least significantbit)

11 DVALID A Data word valid 24 DVALID B Data word valid,inverted

12 PSYNC A Packet sync 25 PSYNC B Packet syncinverted

13 GND Ground

�116

LVDS=LowVoltageDifferentialSignaling

46

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |91

MPEG-2 Video and Audio Encoding

MPEG-2 Video Encoding

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |92

Development of Video Encoding

H.261 H.262 H.263 H.264ITU-T

MPEG-1Part 2

MPEG-2Part 2

MPEG-4Part 2

MPEG-4Part 10AVC

= = =

ISO/IEC

H.120JPEG

DCT

1985 1988 1991 1993 1995 2002

2003199819941992

Motion JPEG Video Production DVCPROHome Video MiniDV

ISO/IEC11172-2

ISO/IEC13818-2

ISO/IEC14496-2

ISO/IEC14496-10

Windows Media 9

47

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |93

MPEG-2 Video Encoding

Video Encoding

�7

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |94

Video Signal

AD

AD

AD

Mat

rix

Y

Cb

Cr

Y

Cb

Cr

6.75 MHzChrominance

SamplingFrequency

LuminanceSampling

Frequency13.5 MHz

270 MBit/sITU-BT.R 601„CCIR601“

8/10 Bit

8/10 Bit

8/10 Bit

5.75 MHz

2.75 MHz

RGB

�43

48

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |95

Video Elementary Stream

270 MBit/s Digital Video (SDTV)to „CCIR601“ / ITU-R.BT 601

Compressionto MPEG-1or MPEG-2

Video Elementary Stream1 MBit/s MPEG-12.5 ... 7 (15) MBit/s MPEG-2

�11

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |96

ITU-R.BT601 / „CCIR601“

Active videoBlanking

Y

Cb

Cr

�44

49

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |97

ITU-R.BT601 / „CCIR601“

SAV

SAV

EA

V

EA

V

Cb

CrY Y Cb Y . . . . . .

Active videoBlanking

Y

Cb

Cr

SAV = Start of active videoEAV = End of active video

13.5 MHz sampling frequency

6.75 MHz sampling frequency

�44

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |98

4:4:4

Y Cb

Cr

Y Cb

Cr

Y Cb

Cr

Y Cb

Cr

Line n

Line n + 1

Column m + 1Column m

�68

50

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |99

4:2:2

YCb

CrY

YCb

CrY

Line n

Line n + 1


Y

Y

Column m + 2

�68

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |100

MPEG-2 Video Compression

Data Reduction

Redundancy reduction� no loss in information

Irrelevancy reduction� loss of information, non-reversible

�66

51

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |101

4:2:2

YCb

CrY

YCb

CrY

Line n

Line n + 1


Y

Y

Column m + 2

�68

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |102

4:2:0

Y

Cb

Cr

Y

Y Y

Line n

Line n + 1


Y

Y

Column m + 2

�68

52

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |103

SDTV - Video Input Signal

625lines

576visible lines

64 us

52 usactive line

V Blanking (8%)

HB

lank

ing

(19%

)Visible,activepicture

4:2:2

full(4:4:4) 1/2 chroma

4:2:0 (25%)

720x576 Pixel Y360x576 (288@4:2:0) Pixel Cb, Cr25 frames/s

270 Mbit/s>8 Bit not 10: 20%=216 Mbit/s-H Blanking ~8%-V Blanking ~19%=166 Mbit/s-4:2:0 25%=124.5 Mbit/s

4:2:2:414720 pixel Y414720 pixel chroma4:2:0414720 pixel Y207360 pixel chroma

�69

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |104

MPEG-2 Video CompressionSteps:

8 bit instead of 10 bitSuppression of H und V blanking interval4:2:0 instead of 4:2:2

Differential Puls Code Modulation withMotion Compensation

Discrete Cosine TransformQuantizationZig-Zag ScanningRun Lenght CodingVariable Lenght Coding (Huffman)

�66

53

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |105

Sampling and AD Conversion

0

255

timets

�70

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |106

Puls Code Modulation

0

255

timets

�70

54

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |107

Difference Puls Code Modulation (1)

0

255

timets

�71

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |108

Difference Puls Code Modulation (2)

0

255

timets

�71

55

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |109

Moving Pictures

Moving Parts and Fix Parts of Pictures

�72

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |110

Difference Pictures

II

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

P P P P

GOP

I = Intra Frame Coded PictureP = Predicted PictureGOP = Group of Pictures

�73

56

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |111

Difference Pictures with Motion Detection

II

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

P P P P

GOP

I = Intra Frame Coded PictureP = Predicted PictureGOP = Group of Pictures

= Motion Vector = Block

�73

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |112

Motion detection

Frame N-1,motion vectorforward

frame N,B-encodedmacro block

frame N+1,motion vectorbackward

Block matching window½ pixel accuracy @ MPEG-2

57

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |113

Difference Pictures

II

∆

∆

∆

B B P B

GOP

I = Intra Frame Coded PictureP = Predicted PictureB = Bidirectional Predicted PictureGOP = Group of Pictures

ForwardPrediction

BackwardPrediction

∆ ∆

∆

�73

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |114

Transmission Sequence

B-2

B-1

B1

B2

B4

B5

P3

P6

I10

I0

�75

58

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |115

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Irrelevancy Reductionusing DCT

�75

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |116

Discrete Cosine Transform

with coarse ... medium ... fine picture details

A picture ...

�75

59

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |117

The Human Eye ...

- Limited resolution- Higher luminance resultion than color resolution- Higher resolution for coarse picture details than fine details

�75

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |118

Fourier Transform, Discrete FT

;)()(

;)()(

2

2

dfefHth

dtethfH

tfj

tfj

∫

∫∞+

∞−

−

+∞

∞−

=

=

π

π

;1

);2sin()2cos(

1

0

2

1

0

1

0

1

0

/2

∑

∑∑∑−

=

−

−

=

−

=

−

=

=

+==

N

n

Nnkj

nk

N

kk

N

kk

N

k

Nnkjkn

eHN

h

Nnkhj

NnkhehH

π

π ππ

Fourier Transform

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

�48

60

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |119

Fourier Transform

Time Domain Frequency Domain

time

u(t)

f

Re(f)

f

Im(f)

FT

IFT

�48

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |120

Discrete Fourier TransformTime Domain Frequency Domain

time

u(t)

f

Re(f)

f

Im(f)N points

ts

TN points

fs = 1/ts

N points

∆f=fs/N

DFT

�51

61

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |121


cos(0)sin(x)cos(x)sin(2x)cos(2x)

;1

);2sin()2cos(

1

0

2

1

0

1

0

1

0

/2

∑

∑∑∑−

=

−

−

=

−

=

−

=

=

+==

N

n

Nnkj

nk

N

kk

N

kk

N

k

Nnkjkn

eHN

h

Nnkhj

NnkhehH

π

π ππ

�52

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |122

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

cos(0)cos(0.5x)cos(x)cos(1.5x)cos(2x)

);)

21(

cos(2

);)

21(

cos(

1

0

1

0

N

zkF

Nf

N

zkfF

N

kkz

N

zzk

+=

+=

∑

∑

−

=

−

=

π

π

�55

62

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |123

Time Domain: y(x)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x

y

�76

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |124

Time Domain: y(x) - Sampling

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x

y

�76

63

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |125

8-Point DCT

);)

21(

cos(2

);)

21(

cos(

1

0

1

0

N

zkF

Nf

N

zkfF

N

kkz

N

zzk

+=

+=

∑

∑

−

=

−

=

π

π

�76

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |126

DCT Coefficients

50

100

150

200

250

110

10

50

20 10 320 8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7n

�76

64

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |127

Inverse DCT

y(x)=110+10cos(0.5x)+50cos(x)+20cos(1.5x)+10cos(2x)+3cos(2.5x)+20cos(3x)+8cos(3.5x);

x

y

�78

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |128

Quantization

10

20

30

40

50

1 1 1 14

8

16

32

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7n

Q

�76

65

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |129

Quantization

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7y 231 126 98 51 82 107 117 149C 110 10 50 20 10 3 20 8Q 1 1 1 1 4 8 16 32Cq 110 10 50 20 3 0 1 0C‘ 110 10 50 20 12 0 16 0y‘ 226 130 94 51 87 101 119 150

�77

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |130

DCT Coefficients after Quantization

50

100

150

200

250

110

10

50

203 0 1 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7n

�77

66

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |131

IDCT with and without Quantization

y(x)=110+10cos(0.5x)+50cos(x)+20cos(1.5x)+10cos(2x)+3cos(2.5x)+20cos(3x)+8cos(3.5x);

y‘(x)=110+10cos(0.5x)+50cos(x)+20cos(1.5x)+12cos(2x)+0cos(2.5x)+16cos(3x)+8cos(3.5x);

y

y‘

�78

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |132

A Picture ...

�72

67

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |133

Split up in 8x8 Pixel Blocks

�72

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |134

4:2:0 Macro Block Structure @ MPEG-2

Y0Y0 Y1Y1

Y2Y2 Y3Y3

CbCb CrCr

68

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |135

8 x 8 DCT / IDCT

Time Domain Frequency Domain

8 x 8 pixel block 8 x 8 DCT coefficients

DCT

IDCT

�80

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |136

DCT Coefficients

DC coefficient Coefficient of highesthorizontal frequency

Coefficient of highestvertical frequency

Coefficient of highesth+v frequency

low high

low

high

�80

69

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |137

DCT Example

�72

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |138

Original Pixel Values in Time Domain

f(x,y)

�79

70

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |139

Subtraction of 128

55 70 92 111 116 108 94 83

70 81 94 103 101 87 70 58

16 81 42 56 62 62 57 52

34 36 38 39 37 33 29 26

67 63 57 52 50 50 51 53

46 40 33 28 32 42 55 64

46 32 10 -9 -16 -13 -3 5

24 10 -9 -23 -24 -13 5 18

�79

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |140

2-dimensional DCT

F(u, v) =2NC(u)C(v)

x= 0

N −1

∑ f (x,y)cos(2x +1)uπ

2Ny=0

N−1

∑ cos(2y +1)vπ

2N

C(u),C(v) =12

for u,v = 0

1 otherwise

�79

71

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |141

8x8 DCT as a C Algorithm

�79

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |142

DCTDC coefficient (higher precision)

F(v,u) = DCT(f(x,u);

�80

72

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |143

Quantization Table

8 16 19 22 26 27 29 3416 16 22 24 27 29 34 3719 22 26 27 29 34 34 3822 22 26 27 29 34 37 4022 26 27 29 32 35 40 4826 27 29 32 35 40 48 5826 27 29 34 38 46 56 6927 29 35 38 46 56 69 83

Q(v,u)

scale_factor = 2 ;

�81

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |144

DCT Coefficients after Quantization

QF(v,u) = F(v,u) / Q(v,u) / scale_factor ;

�81

73

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |145

Zig-Zag Scanning

�83

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |146

After Zig-Zag Scanning

173 6 0 0 -1 0 2 0

-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

QFS(v,u)

�83

74

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |147

Run Length Coding

173, 6, 2*0, -1, 1*0, 2, 1*0, -2, 6*0, -1, 13*0, -1, 34*0

RLC

173 6 0 0 -1 0 2 0

-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

�83

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |148

Variable Length Coding

Huffman code table

Codes of variable length

Codes of constant length

173, 6, 2*0, -1, 1*0, 2, 1*0, -2, 6*0, -1, 13*0, -1, 34*0

DCCoefficient

compare withMorse coding

�84

75

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |149

Quantiser Matrixes8 16 19 22 26 27 29 3416 16 22 24 27 29 34 3719 22 26 27 29 34 34 3822 22 26 27 29 34 37 4022 26 27 29 32 35 40 4826 27 29 32 35 40 48 5826 27 29 34 38 46 56 6927 29 35 38 46 56 69 83

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

Default Quantiser Matrix for intraframe coded Macro Blocks (I)

Default Quantiser Matrix for non-intraframe coded Macro Blocks (P, B)

�84

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |150

MPEG-2 Video Compression10 Bit � 8 Bitno H+V blanking interval4:2:2 or 4:2:0

DPCM with motion compensationI, P, B framesMacro blocks: Y=16x16, Cb=8x8, Cr=8x8 (4:2:0)Y=16x16, Cb=8x16, Cr=8x16 (4:2:2)½ pixel resol. motion compensation

DCT based on 8x8 blocksZig-zag scanningQuantization (Q matrix and scale factor)Run-length coding & Huffman coding

76

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |151

MPEG-2 Profiles and LevelsLevels

Profiles

Parameterlimits

Max.number ofpixels / sec

Max.bit rateMbit/s

1920x1080x 30

1920x1152x 25

1440x1080x 30 720x480x 30 352x240x 30

1440x1152x 25 720x576x 25 352x288x 25

80 (100 **)

60 (80 **)

15 (20 **)

4

high

high-1440

main

low

* * *

*

*

*

* *

*

MP@HL

MP@H14L

SP@ML

HP@HL

SSP@H14L

HP@H14L

MP@ML SNRP@ML

HP@ML

MP@LL SNRP@LL

* not yet defined** with high profile

simple

main

Main

+SN

Rscalability

spatialscalable

high

4:2:0,nobidirectionalprediction

4:2:0,no

scalability

SNR

scalable

Main

+resolutionscalability

totalfunctionality

(incl.4:2:2,etc)

Coding

tools,functionality

Distribution

Contribution(Studio tostudio)

�86

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |152

Video ES Structure

1 picture

1 slice1 macro block

1 blockVideo ES:SequenceGOPPictureSliceMacro BlockBlock

�88

77

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |153

SDTV & HDTV

SDTV4:3/16:9

576 or480activelines

625 or525lines

720 pixel

HDTV16:9

1080(720)activelines

1250 or1125lines

1920 (1280) pixel

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |154

HDTV

AD

AD

AD

Y

CB

CR

Y

CB

CR

8/10 Bit

8/10 Bit

8/10 Bit

30 MHz(x 2 @ 50/60p)

15 MHz(x 2 @ 50/60p)

15 MHz(x 2 @ 50/60p)

Blanking activevideo

Sync

0mV

+700mV

+350mV

-350mV

74.25 MHz (1125/60)72 MHz (1250/50)(x 2 @ 50/60p 1:1)

37.125 MHz (1125/60)36 MHz (1250/50)(x 2 @ 50/60p 1:1)

1.44 Gbit/s,1.485 Gbit/s

2.88 Gbit/s,2.97 Gbit/s(@ 50/60p)

Gross data rate

+300mV

-300mV

78

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |155

Picture Quality Analyzer DVQ

Detection of-Blocking-Freezing-Picture loss-Sound loss

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |156

MPEG-2 Audio Encoding

Audio Encoding

�91

79

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |157

MPEG-2: Audio Compression

AD

15 to 20 kHz BW32/44.1/48 kHzAudio samplingfrequency

16 bit

up to 768 kbit/s

AD

15 to 20 kHz BW32/44.1/48 kHzAudio samplingfrequency

16 bit

up to 768 kbit/s

Right

Left

1.5 Mbit/s

100 to 400 kbit/s

Compression

�92

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |158

Development of Audio Encoding

MPEG-1 AudioISO/IEC11172-3

MPEG-2 AudioISO/IEC13818-3

DolbyDigitalAudio AC-3

MPEG-2 AACISO/IEC13818-7

MPEG-4 AACISO/IEC14496-3

MASCAM

MUSICAM

ASPEC

19891988 1992 1994

1990

1997-MultichannelExtensions-Lowersamplingfrequencies

TransformCodingusing512 MDCT

Subbandcoding

1999

DCC=Digital Compact CassetteAAC=Advanced Audio CodingIRT=Institut für RundfunktechnikMDCT=Modified Discrete Cosine TransformMASCAM=Masking Pattern Adapted Subband Codingand MultiplexingMUSICAM=Masking Pattern Universal Subband IntegratedCoding and MultiplexingASPEC=Adaptive Perceptual Spectral Entropy CodingPASC=Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding

Layer III(„MP3“)

LayerI,II

FraunhoferGesellschaft

IRT

DCC „PASC“ Philips (=Layer I)

1024 MDCT

Fraunhofer,Dolby,Sony, AT&T

80

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |159

Audio Compression

Audio Compression

by using

Psycho Acoustic Modelof Human Ear(Perceptual Coding) =Irrelevancy Reduction

and

Redundancy Reduction

�95

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |160

Human Ear

outerear

middleear

innerear

auditorynerves

hammer

eustachiantubeeardrum

semicircularcanals

cochlea

�95

81

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |161

Technical Model of Human Ear (1)

eustachian tube

outerear

inner ear

auditorynerves

eardrum

middleear

receptorsfor high frequencies

receptors forlow frequencies

hammer

membrane

�95

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |162

Technical Model of Human Ear (2)

Filter

Outer ear= mechanical impedance transformer

Filter characteristicsof middle ear andeardrum(e.g. resonance at 3 kHz)

Frequency receptorsinside cochlea

high ........middle...............low frequencies

Auditory nervesignals,~100 mVpp,repetitionrate up to1 kHz dependingon audio amplitude

�96

82

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |163

Audibility Threshold

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 f [kHz]

20

40

60

L [dB]

�97

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |164

Frequency Masking

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 f [kHz]

20

40

60

L [dB] Masking tone (1kHz)

Masking threshold

�97

83

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |165

Frequency Masking

20

40

60

L [dB]

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 f [kHz]

�98

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |166

Temporal Masking

0 100 200 300 400 t [ms]

1020304050

L[dB]

Maskingtone

Postmasking

Premasking

�98

84

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |167

Quantization Noise

AD

LP

N bit resolution

Quantization noise: S/N[dB] = 6 N

Sinusoidal signal usingfull AD converter range

�98

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |168

Audio Encoding

Spectrumanalysis

Psycho-acousticmodel

Audio in

Compressedaudioout

Filteringprocess Subband

QuantizerDatacoding

Frequencysubbands

Irrelevancyreduction

Redundancyreduction

Time: fineFrequency: coarse

Time: coarseFrequency: fine

�99

85

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |169

Audio Subband Coding

BP

BP

BP

Q

Q

Q

Frequencysubbands

FFTPsychoacousticmodel

Audio in

Compressedaudioout

Example:MPEG layer I, II

Bandpassfilter

Quantizer

512 point FFT @MPEG Layer I,1024 points@ Layer II;every 24ms

�101

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |170

Digital Modulation Basics

Digital Modulation Basics

86

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |171

Vector Diagram of sin(x)

A

ϕ

t

u(t)

u(t) = A sin(2π t/T +ϕ );

T

Im

Re

f=1/T

Euler Formula: Ae = re cos(2πft) + j im sin(2πft);(2πft+ϕ)

A = vector length

ϕ

�150

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |172

Mixer (1)

us(t)umix(t)

umix(t)

carrier uif(t)

us(t)fs

fiffif

fs

2fif

low pass filter

carrier uif(t)

�152

87

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |173

Mixer (2)

LO RF

IF

�152

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |174

Amplitude Modulation

AMMod.

�153

88

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |175

AM with Carrier Suppression (Mixer)

�153

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |176

IQ Modulator

+

90

Mapperdata(t)

i(t)

q(t)

iqmod(t)

lo(t)

I

Q

�156

89

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |177

IQ Modulator / I Path only used

+

90

Mapperdata(t)

i(t)

q(t)

iqmod(t)

lo(t)

I

Q

I

Q

+/-1

0 0

�157

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |178

NRZ Code

11

0

1 1

0 0 0 0

Non-Return-to-Zero Code

Example: 1 MBit/s

90

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |179

NRZ Code

11

0

1 1

0 0 0 0

Non-Return-to-Zero Code

Example: 1 MBit/s

Rolloff-Filtering: BW ≥ 1/2us = 500 kHz

2us

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |180

NRZ Code

11

0

1 1

0 0 0 0

Example: 1 MBit/s

Rolloff-Filtering: BW ≥ 1/2us = 500 kHz

2us

LO600 MHz

600MHz

Bandwidth ?

91

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |181

NRZ Code

11

0

1 1

0 0 0 0

Example: 1 MBit/s

2us

LO600 MHz

600MHz

Bandwidth≥1 MHz

Symbol Rate = 1/Symbol Duration = 1 MSymbols/s;1 MSymbols/s � Bandwidth: ≥ 1 MHz

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |182

IQ Modulator / Q Path only used

+

90

Mapperdata(t)

i(t)

q(t)

iqmod(t)

lo(t)

I

Q

I

Q

+/-1

0

0

�157

92

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |183

IQ Modulator / I and Q used

+

90

Mapperdata(t)

i(t)

q(t)

iqmod(t)

lo(t)

I

Q

I

Q

+/-1

QPSK+/-1

�159

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |184

IQ Modulaton / Example for QPSK

data(t)

i(t)

q(t)

Constellation

time

0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1

-1 -1

-1 -1+1

+1 +1

+1 +1

-1

SymbolTime

Symbol Rate = 1 / Symbol Timeneeded Bandwidth = Symbol Rate

+

90

Mapperdata(t)

i(t)

q(t)

iqmod(t)

lo(t)

I

Q +/-1

+/-1

Bit 1 Bit 0 I Q0 0 +1 +10 1 -1 +11 0 -1 -11 1 +1 -1

Mapping Table

IQ

QPSK0001

10 11

+1

+1

ffLO

Spectrum

BW

�159

93

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |185

IQ Signal in Time Domain

data(t)

i(t)

q(t)

Constellation

time

0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1

-1 -1

-1 -1+1

+1 +1

+1 +1

-1

SymbolTime

iqmod(t)

�161

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |186

IQ Modulator

+

90

Mapperdata(t)

i(t)

q(t)

iqmod(t)

lo(t)

I

Q +/-1

0

0

I

Q

A

ϕ

t

u(t)

QPSK

I

Q

16QAM

�160

94

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |187

Constellation Diagram

QPSK = 4QAM2 Bit / Symbol

16QAM4 Bit / Symbol

64QAM6 Bit / Symbol

�160

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |188

Shannon‘s Law

);1(log2 NSBC +⋅=

Channel Capacity

);log(10][

;31

NSdBSNR

SNRBC

⋅=

⋅⋅≈

C[bit/s/Hz]

SNR[dB]Claude Elwood Shannon, USA 1948The Bell System Technical Journal„A Mathematical Theory of Communication“

S/N>>1:

C[bit/s]=Channel CapacityB[Hz]=Channel BandwidthS/N=Signal to Noise Ratio

95

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |189

Channel Capacity

Channelbandwidth

[Hz]

Trans-

mission

time [s]

S/N [dB]

Datavolume

„Nachrichtenquader“ [Prof. Küpfmüller]„Information cubicoid“

];[][][31][_ dBSNRstHzBbitvolumeData ⋅⋅≈

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |190

DVB-T

Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting –

DVB-T

96

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |191

DVB-T

Playout DVB-Tmod.MPEG-2

transportstream

RF

COFDM

RF

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |192

StandardsETS 300 744; Digital Video Broadcasting;Framing structure, channel coding andmodulation for digital Terrestrial television(DVB-T)

TR 101 190; Digital Video Broadcasting; Implementationguidelines for DVB terrestrialservices; Transmission aspects

TR 101 290; Digital Video Broadcasting;Measurement guidelines for DVB systems

www.etsi.org www.dvb.org

�259

97

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |193

DVB-T

Digital Video Broadcasting - TerrestrialDVB-T

Standard ETS 300 744 (1995)

Modulation: OFDM -Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex- multicarrier transmisson method- 2K/8K mode, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM- 2048 / 8192 subcarriers

�259, 260

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |194

DVB-T


transportstream

RF

COFDM

RF

�257

98

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |195

MPEG-2 Transport Stream


TransportStream

RF

COFDM

RF

�17

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |196


MPEG-2 Transport StreamISO/IEC 13818-1

MPEG-2TS packet

�17

99

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |197


4 ByteTS Header

188 Bytes



184 Byte Payload

�17

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |198

COFDM


transportstream

RF

COFDM

RF

Coded Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplex

�257

100

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |199

DVB-T Modulator & Transmitter (1)

FEC LPSymbolInter-leaver

FrameAdapt. IFFT

GuardInterv.Insert.

Pre-Corr.

FIRFilter

FEC HP(Option)

Dem

ux BitInter-leaver

Band-PassFilter

IF

RF

Map

per

PowerAmpl.

TS1

TS2

Pilots, TPS

C(oded) O(rthogonal) F(requency) D(ivision) M(ultiplex)

(2, 4, 6)

�257

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |200


Base-bandInterf.

SyncInvers.

EnergyDisp.

Reed-Solom.Enc.

Conv.Inter-leaver

Conv.Coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. Sync.

TS In

same as DVB-C

same as DVB-S

Code Rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/OuterCoder

FEC2/Inner Coder

Data Rate In

= Date Rate Out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code Rate)

CodedDataOut

�258

101

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |201

COFDM Modulation


FrameAdapt. IFFT

GuardInterv.Insert.

Pre-Corr.

FIRFilter

FEC HP(Option)

Dem

ux BitInter-leaver

Band-PassFilter

IF

RF

Map

per

PowerAmpl.

TS1

TS2

Pilots, TPS


(2, 4, 6)

�257, 235

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |202

Terrestrial Broadcast Channel

�237, 238

102

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |203

Multipath Reception

Multipath Reception:

- Fading- Intersymbol Interference

�Multicarrier transmission�Long symbols + guard interval

� COFDM

�237, 238

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |204

Fading

A(f)

f

�237, 238

103

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |205

Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Symboln+5

Symboln+2

Symboln+3

Symboln+4

Symboln

Symboln+1

Symboln+5

Symboln+2

Symboln+3

Symboln+4

Symboln

Symboln+1

∆t

∆t = Echo delay timeIntersymbol interference

+

=

Path1

Path2

Path1+2

�237, 238

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |206

COFDM

COFDM

Coded Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplex

FECDistribution ofdata stream overa lot of subcarriers

No crosstalk betweensubcarriers;no intercarrierinterference (ICI)

�239

104

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |207

COFDM

X

XMap

per

+

X

XMap

per

+

..... OFDM

symbolΣDatawithFECoverhead

�244

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |208

Multicarrier & Fading

A(f)

f

�244

105

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |209

Recktangular Puls

∆t

∆f

tf

A(f)

sin(x)/xFouriertransform

�240

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |210

OFDM Subcarriers

f

Channel bandwidth∆f

�241

106

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |211

OFDM Symbol

OFDMsymbolduration ∆t

�242

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |212

Orthongonality

∆f

Orthogonality condition: ∆f = 1/∆t

�243

107

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |213

Real OFDM Spectrum

�253

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |214

Real OFDM Modulator

�245

+ ofdm(t)

Re(f)

Im(f)

IFFT

90

im(t)

re(t)I

Q

108

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |215

Fourier Transform, Discrete FT

;)()(

;)()(

2

2

dfefHth

dtethfH

tfj

tfj

∫

∫∞+

∞−

−

+∞

∞−

=

=

π

π

;1

);2sin()2cos(

1

0

2

1

0

1

0

1

0

/2

∑

∑∑∑−

=

−

−

=

−

=

−

=

=

+==

N

n

Nnkj

nk

N

kk

N

kk

N

k

Nnkjkn

eHN

h

Nnkhj

NnkhehH

π

π ππ

Fourier Transform


�245, 47, 48

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |216

Fourier TransformTime Domain Frequency Domain

time

u(t)

f

Re(f)

f

Im(f)

FT

IFT

�48

109

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |217

Discrete Fourier TransformTime Domain Frequency Domain

time

u(t)

f

Re(f)

f

Im(f)N points

ts

TN points

fs = 1/ts

N points

∆f=fs/N

DFT

�51

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |218


cos(0)sin(x)cos(x)sin(2x)cos(2x)

;1

);2sin()2cos(

1

0

2

1

0

1

0

1

0

/2

∑

∑∑∑−

=

−

−

=

−

=

−

=

=

+==

N

n

Nnkj

nk

N

kk

N

kk

N

k

Nnkjkn

eHN

h

Nnkhj

NnkhehH

π

π ππ

�51

110

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |219

Practical Realization of FFT/DFT

FFT/DFT

IFFT/IDFT

Time domain Frequency domain

time

u(t)

N points

ts

T

0

f

Re(f)

f

Im(f)

N points

fs = 1/ts

N points

∆f=fs/N

re(t)

im(t)

Re(f)

Im(f)

�54

FFT = Fast Fourier Transform(fast algorithm, N=2x points)

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |220

IFFT and I/Q Mixer

�245

+ ofdm(t)

Re(f)

Im(f)

IFFT

90

im(t)

re(t)I

Q

111

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |221

OFDM(1)

Re(f)

Im(f)

re(t)

im(t)ofdm(t)

Frequencydomain

Timedomain

�245

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |222

OFDM(2)

Re(f)

Im(f)

re(t)

im(t)

ofdm(t)

Frequencydomain

Timedomain

�246

112

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |223

OFDM(3)

Re(f)

Im(f)

re(t)

im(t)

ofdm(t)

Frequencydomain

Timedomain

�246

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |224

OFDM(4)

Re(f)

Im(f)

re(t)

im(t)ofdm(t)

Frequencydomain

Timedomain

�248

113

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |225

OFDM(5)

Re(f)

Im(f)

re(t)

im(t)ofdm(t)

Frequencydomain

Timedomain

�249

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |226

OFDM Symbols with Guard Interval (1)

Symbol n Symbol n+1Guard interval

�249

114

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |227

OFDM Symbols with Guard Interval (2)

Symbol n+1Symbol nGuard interval

�251

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |228

Reception of Main and Echo Path

tdelayS1 S2G

1G2

Intersymbolinterference

FFTwindow

FFTwindow

FFTwindow

FFTwindow

FFTwindow

SymbolGuard interval

Path1

Path2

Sum

Auto correlation function

�251

115

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |229

Processing of Guard Interval

IFFT

MEM1

MEM2

Pointer

�250

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |230

COFDM

Coded Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplex

C = Forward Error CorrectionFDM = information distributed over thousandsof subcarriers (solving fading problems)

Orthogonal = no cross talk between carriers

long symbols (250 .... 1000 us) to avoidintersymbol interference

�255

116

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |231

COFDM

OFDM symbol

Gua

rdin

terv

al

Data + FEC

DVB-T: 3024 ... 36288 Bit/Symbol

DVB-T: 250 us ... 1 ms symbols

�255

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |232

DVB-T Standard

Implementation of COFDM inDigital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting

DVB-T

DVB-T details

�259

117

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |233



FrameAdapt. IFFT

GuardInterv.Insert.

Pre-Corr.

FIRFilter

FEC HP(Option)

Dem

ux BitInter-leaver

Band-PassFilter

IF

RF

Map

per

PowerAmpl.

TS1

TS2

Pilots, TPS


(2, 4, 6)

�257

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |234


Base-bandInterf.

SyncInvers.

EnergyDisp.

Reed-Solom.Enc.

Conv.Inter-leaver

Conv.Coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. Sync.

TS In

same as DVB-C

same as DVB-S

Code Rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/OuterCoder

FEC2/Inner Coder

Data Rate In

= Date Rate Out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code Rate)

CodedDataOut

�258

118

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |235

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

�266

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |236

Special Carrier in DVB-T

Continual orscatteredpilot

Continual orscatteredpilot

TPScarrier

TPScarrier

�264

119

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |237

Special Carrier in DVB-TContinual pilots- fixed position in spectrum- fixed postion in constellation diagram- used for automatic frequency control (AFC)Scattered pilots- var. position in spectrum- fixed position in constellation diagram- „sweeping“ over spectrum- used for channel estimation & correctionTPS carrier- fixed position in spectrum- BPSK modulation- transmission parameter signalling (TPS)- fast information channel from Tx to Rx

�261

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |238

Continual Pilots2K mode 8K mode

0 48 54 87 141 156 192 201 255 279 282 333

432 450 483 525 531 618 636 714 759 765 780

804 873 888 918 939 942 969 984 1050 1101

1107 1110 1137 1140 1146 1206 1269 1323

1377 1491 1683 1704

0 48 54 87 141 156 192 201 255 279 282 333

432 450 483 525 531 618 636 714 759 765 780

804 873 888 918 939 942 969 984 1050 1101

1107 1110 1137 1140 1146 1206 1269 1323

1377 1491 1683 1704 1752 1758 1791 1845

1860 1896 1905 1959 1983 1986 2037 2136

2154 2187 2229 2235 2322 2340 2418 2463

2469 2484 2508 2577 2592 2622 2643 2646

2673 2688 2754 2805 2811 2814 2841 2844

2850 2910 2973 3027 3081 3195 3387 3408

3456 3462 3495 3549 3564 3600 3609 3663

3687 3690 3741 3840 3858 3891 3933 3939

4026 4044 4122 4167 4173 4188 4212 4281

4296 4326 4347 4350 4377 4392 4458 4509

4515 4518 4545 4548 4554 4614 4677 4731

4785 4899 5091 5112 5160 5166 5199 5253

5268 5304 5313 5367 5391 5394 5445 5544

5562 5595 5637 5643 5730 5748 5826 5871

5877 5892 5916 5985 6000 6030 6051 6054

6081 6096 6162 6213 6219 6222 6249 6252

6258 6318 6381 6435 6489 6603 6795 6816

�265

120

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |239

Scattered Pilots

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

= Scattered Pilot = Payload Carrier

�262

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |240

TPS Carrier

2k mode 8K mode

34 50 209 346 413 569 595 688 790

901 1073 1219 1262 1286 1469

1594 1687

34 50 209 346 413 569 595 688 790 901 1073 1219 1262

1286 1469 1594 1687 1738 1754 1913 2050 2117 2273 2299

2392 2494 2605 2777 2923 2966 2990 3173 3298 3391 3442

3458 3617 3754 3821 3977 4003 4096 4198 4309 4481 4627

4670 4694 4877 5002 5095 5146 5162 5321 5458 5525 5681

5707 5800 5902 6013 6185 6331 6374 6398 6581 6706 6799

TPS = Transmission Parameter Signalling

�265

121

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |241

TPS Carrier

I

Q

DBPSK modulation

TPS = Transmission Parameter Signalling

�262

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |242

TPS Carrier: 68 Bit over 68 SymbolsBit number Format Purpose/Content

s0 Initializations1- s16 0011010111101110 or

1100101000010001Synchronization word

s17 - s22 010 111 Length indicators23, s24 Frame numbers25, s26 Constellation

00=QPSK/01=16QAM/10=64QAMs27, s28, s29 Hierarchy information

000=Non hierarchical,001=α=1, 010=α=2, 011=α=4

s30, s31, s32 Code rate, HP stream000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,011=5/6, 100=7/8

s33, s34, s35 Code rate, LP stream000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,011=5/6, 100=7/8

s36, s37 Guard interval00=1/32, 01=1/16, 10=1/8, 11=1/4

s38, s39 Transmission mode00=2K, 01=8K

s40 - s53 all set to "0" Reserved for future uses54 - s67 BCH code Error protection

�263

122

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |243

DVB-T Carrier

2K Mode 8K Mode2048 8192 carrier1705 6817 used carrier142/131 568/524 scattered pilots45 177 continual pilots17 68 TPS carrier1512 6048 payload carrier

1705 / 12 = 142 scattered pilots at 2K6817 / 12 = 568 scattered pilots at 8K

�266

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |244

Frame & Super-Frame

TPS carrier: 67 Bit over 68 symbols

68 symbols = 1 frame

4 frames = 1 super-frame

1 super-frame contains a integernumber of Reed-Solomon packets

�297

123

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |245

Hierarchical Modulation


FrameAdapt. IFFT

GuardInterv.Insert.

Pre-Corr.

FIRFilter

FEC HP(Option)

Dem

ux BitInter-leaver

Band-PassFilter

IF

RF

Map

per

PowerAmpl.

TS1

TS2

Pilots, TPS


(2, 4, 6)

�267

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |246

Hierarchical ModulationEmbedded QPSK in a 64 QAM

�267

124

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |247

Hierarchical Modulation

64QAM, α=1 64QAM, α=2 64QAM, α=4

16QAM, α=1 16QAM, α=2 16QAM, α=4

�268

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |248

DVB-T Spectrum

Center carrier3408 [852]

Channelbandwidth8/7/6 MHz

IFFT bandwidth

Signal bandwidth

IFFT bandwidth9.1429 MHz (64/7) @ 8MHz8.0000 MHz @ 7 MHz6.8571 MHz (48/7) @ 6 MHzSignal bandwidth7.61 MHz @ 8 MHz6.66 MHz @ 7 MHz5.71 MHz @ 6 MHz

Carrier spacing1.11 [4.46] kHz @ 8 MHz0.98 [3.91] kHz @ 7 MHz0.84 [3.35] kHz @ 6 MHz

Carrier # 0 Carrier # 6816[1704]

�272

125

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |249

DVB-T Datarates (8 MHz)

Modulation Code rate Guard 1/4 Guard 1/8 Guard 1/16 Guard 1/32Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s

QPSK 1/2 4.98 5.53 5.85 6.032/3 6.64 7.37 7.81 8.043/4 7.46 8.29 8.78 9.055/6 8.29 9.22 9.76 10.057/8 8.71 9.68 10.25 10.56

16-QAM 1/2 9.95 11.06 11.71 12.062/3 13.27 14.75 15.61 16.093/4 14.93 16.59 17.56 18.105/6 16.59 18.43 19.52 20.117/8 17.42 19.35 20.49 21.11

64-QAM 1/2 14.93 16.59 17.56 18.102/3 19.91 22.12 23.42 24.133/4 22.39 24.88 26.35 27.145/6 24.88 27.65 29.27 30.167/8 26.13 29.03 30.74 31.67

�273 - 276

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |250

DVB-T FEC

Forward Error Correction Block

(FEC)

Same as DVB-S FEC

�258

126

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |251

DVB-T Modulator (1)

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�278 - 280

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |252

Baseband Interface

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�176

127

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |253

Baseband Interface

184 bytepayload

4 byteheader

188 bytes

MPEG-2 transport stream packet

�176

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |254

Sync Inversion & Energy Dispersal

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�176

128

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |255


0 1 2 3 4 7 0 1 2

Syncbyte

MPEG-2TSpacket

0x47

0x47

0x47

0x47

0x47

0x47

0x47

0x47

0xB

8

0xB

8

�177

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |256


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

=1

=1&

1 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

enable/disablerandomizing MPEG-2 data in

randomizeddata out /transparent sync out

�178

129

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |257

Reed-Solomon Encoder

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�179

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |258


184 bytepayload

4 byteheader

188 bytes

MPEG-2 transport stream packet

�179

130

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |259


184 bytepayload

4 byteheader

16 byteRS FEC

188 byte

204 byte

�179

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |260


MPEG-2TS

RS RS

MPEG-2TS

DVBmod.

DVBdemod.

Transmissionlink

�179

131

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |261


184 bytepayload

4 byteheader

188 byte

1 bit transport error indicator

Sync byte 47hex

�179

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |262

Convolutional Interleaver

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�180

132

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |263


Burst error Singleerror

Burst Errors are a problem for Block Codes like Reed Solomon

More than 8 errors in one packet: Bit errors after RS !

�180

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |264


1 2 3 4 5 6

�180

133

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |265


12 34 5 6

�180

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |266


�180

134

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |267


1 2 3 4 5 6

12 34 5 6

De-interleaving

Burst error Singleerror

�180

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |268


M

2M

3M

(I-1)M

(I-2)M

M

2M

3M

(I-1)M

(I-2)M

8 bit 8 bit 8 bit

Ipaths

n= shifting register for 8 Bit n steps

Interleaver Deinterleaver

1 stepper byte

I=12; M=204/I=204/12=17

Max. delay = M(I-1)I=2244 Byte=11 TS packets

Sync path

Sync path

�180

135

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |269

Convolutional Coder

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�180

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |270

Convolutional Coder

+ + + +

+ + + +

rBit

rBit

rBit

Shift register

Exor

ττ τ τ τ τ

�180

136

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |271

Sample Encoder

+

+ +

in[ ]

out1[ ]

out2[ ]

o[ ]n[ ]

o[ ]n[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

�181

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |272

Sample Encoder (1)

++

++ ++

in[0]

out1[0]

out2[0]

o[0]n[0]

o[0]n[0]

[0]

[0]

[0]

[0] [0]

[0]

++

++ ++

in[1]

out1[1]

out2[1]

o[0]n[1]

o[0]n[0]

[0]

[0]

[1]

[1] [1]

[0]

++

++ ++

in[0]

out1[1]

out2[0]

o[1]n[0]

o[0]n[1]

[0]

[0]

[0]

[0] [1]

[1]

++

++ ++

in[1]

out1[0]

out2[1]

o[1]n[1]

o[0]n[1]

[0]

[0]

[1]

[1] [0]

[1]

�182, 183

137

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |273

Sample Encoder (2)

++

++ ++

in[0]

out1[1]

out2[1]

o[0]n[0]

o[1]n[0]

[1]

[1]

[0]

[0] [0]

[0]

++

++ ++

in[1]

out1[0]

out2[0]

o[0]n[1]

o[1]n[0]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1] [1]

[0]

++

++ ++

in[0]

out1[0]

out2[1]

o[1]n[0]

o[1]n[1]

[1]

[1]

[0]

[0] [1]

[1]

++

++ ++

in[1]

out1[1]

out2[0]

o[1]n[1]

o[1]n[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1] [0]

[1]

�182, 183

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |274

State Diagram

00

11

01 10

0/00

0/111/111/00

0/10

1/01 0/01

1/10

x/yyx = input datay = output data

(out1, out2)

LSB,MSB

internalstate ofshift register

�182, 183

138

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |275

Trellis Diagram

00

01

10

11

time

0/00 0/00 0/00

1/11 1/11

1/01

0/10

0/11

1/00

state ofshift reg.

t0 t1 t2 t3

�184

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |276

Puncturing

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�185

139

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |277

Convolutional Coder with Puncturing

++ ++ ++ ++

++ ++ ++ ++

rBit

rBit

rBit

Shift register

Exor

Punc

turin

g

out1

out2

rout>rBit

Convolutional coder

t t t t t t

code rate =1/2, ... 7/8

�185

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |278

PuncturingX1

Y1

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

1/2

2/3

3/4

5/6

7/8

X2

Y2

X2

Y2

X2

Y2

X3

Y3

X2

Y2

X3

Y3

X4

Y4

X5

Y5

X6

Y6

X7

Y7

X4

Y4

X5

Y5

X3

Y3

X3

Y3

X4

Y4

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

X1

Y1

Y2

X3

Y2

X3

Y2

X3

Y4

Y5

Y2

Y3

Y4

X5

Y6

X7

Y3

Y4

�185

140

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |279

DVB-T Modulator (1)

Base-bandinterf.

Syncinvers.

Energydisp.

Reed-Solom.enc.

Conv.inter-leaver

Conv.coder

Punc

turi

ng

Synchronization

Inv. sync.

TS in

same as DVB-C

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

FEC1/outercoder

FEC2/inner coder

Data rate in

= Date rate out[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]

x 204/188 x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)

Codeddataout

I

Q

same as DVB-S

�278 - 280

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |280

DVB-T Modulator (2)


FrameAdapt. IFFT

GuardInterv.Insert.

Pre-Corr.

FIRFilter

FEC HP(Option)

Dem

ux BitInter-leaver

Band-PassFilter

IF

RF

Map

per

PowerAmpl.

TS1

TS2

Pilots, TPS


(2, 4, 6)

�278 - 280

141

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |281

DVB-T Modulator (2)


FrameAdapt. IFFT

GuardInterv.Insert.

Pre-Corr.

FIRFilter

FEC HP(Option)

Dem

ux BitInter-leaver

Band-PassFilter

IF

RF

Map

per

PowerAmpl.

TS1

TS2

Pilots, TPS


(2, 4, 6)

�278 - 280

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |282

DVB-T Modulator: Technical Concept 1

IFFT

Mem1

Mem2

IQmod.

DA

IFRF RF

�278 - 280

142

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |283

DVB-T Modulator: Technical Concept 2

IFFT

Mem1

Mem2

IQmod.

DA

DA

RF

Direct modulation to RF

�278 - 280

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |284

DVB-T Test Transmitter

SFQ SFL

SFU

143

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |285

DVB-T Transmitter

NV8200 (UHF) - NW8200 (VHF)Medium Power, Air Cooled

200W … 2000W

NV7000 (UHF) - NW7000 (VHF)High Power, Liquid Cooled850W … 3.4kW … 10kW

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |286

DVB Transmitter

SV7002Low Power

12,5 - 25 - 55 - 120 - 210 - 310 - 420W

144

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |287

Power Amplifier 440 Wpeak / 55 Wavg

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |288

Power Amplifier

440 W RMS / 2 kW Peak

145

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |289

Combiner for 6 Amplifiers

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |290

DVB-T Receiver

IF

RF SAWfilter(BP)

LO

Lowpassfilter D

AFFT

De-

map

p er

FIR

Delay

90

NCO

Cha

nnel

corr

.

Cha

nnel

deco

der

Timesync.

Chan.estim.

Frequ.corr.

TPSdec.

TS

Clock

fs = 4* 32/7 MHz(if2 = fs/4)

FFT Window

Scatt.pilots

Cont.pilots

TPScarr.

Analog frontend

�281-284

146

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |291

DVB-T Receiver: Channel Decoder

Sync.inv.rem.

Viterbidec.

Energydisp.rem.

Reed-Solom.dec.

Conv.de-inter-leaver

FECdata infromdemapper

Code rate1/2...(3/4)...7/8

TSout

Base-bandinterf.

from TPS carrier decoding

Symb./bit de-inter-leaver

�284

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |292

DVB-T Receiver

SAWTunerDVB-T

demod.

LP

MPEG-2

decoderA/D

Mikro-prozessor

I2C bus

Video

Audio

MPEG-2 TS

Keyboard /remotecontrol

�285

147

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |293

DVB � DVB-H

DVB � DVB-H

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |294

Digital Video Broadcasting: DVB

Playout DVBmod.MPEG-2

TransportStream

RF

COFDM @ DVB-T (Terrestrial)64QAM/256QAM @ DVB-C (Cable)QPSK @ DVB-S (Satellite)

RF

148

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |295

DVB Data Rates

DVB-S: QPSK; net_data_rate= symbol_rate * 2 * 188/204 * code_rate

Example: symbol_rate = 27.5 MS/s;code_rate = ¾; net_data_rate = 38.01 MBit/s;

DVB-C: 64/256QAM; net_data_rate = symbol_rate * 6 (8) * 188/204Example: symbol_rate = 6.9 MS/s; 64QAM;net_data_rate = 38.15 MBit/s;

DVB-T: COFDM; net_data_rate= ~ 4 … 32 MBit/s;Example: portable: ~15 MBit/s;roof antenna: ~ 22 MBit/s;

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |296

DVB-T

QPSK16QAM

64QAM

149

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |297

DVB-H

UMTS/GSM/GPRS

Application

DV

B-(

T)H

Fron

tend

MP

ED

emux

End User TerminalUMTS/

GSM/GPRS

Up&Down Stream

Interactivity Channel

MP

EG

-2M

UX

IP/MPEG-2Encapsulator

Down Stream(~15 MBit/s, COFDM, 16QAM,8K, 4K, 2K carriers, 8/7/6/5 MHz channels,47…860 MHz, 1.5 GHz)

DV

B-(

T)H

Mod

./Tx

Video/AudioServices

Gateway DeliverySystem

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |298

Nokia 7700, Presented in Nov. 2003

150

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |299

Nokia 7700 (Prototype)

DVB-(T)HReceiver

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |300

What is DVB-H?DVB-H =„DVB for hand-held mobile terminals“DVB-T: OFDM in 2K and 8K modeNew: 4K mode with time interleavingNew: reserved TPS bits now usedNew: Time slicing / IP encapsulaton

in MPEG-2 transport streamNew: Reed-Solomon FEC on IPNew: new INT table (IP MAC Notification Table)

�Better RF performance in mobile environment�Lower power consumption for mobile terminals

151

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |301

DVB-H2K Mode∆f~4kHz, ts~250us2048 carriers1705 used carrierContinual pilotsScattered pilotsTPS carrier1512 data carrierIn-depth inter-leaving on/off

8K Mode∆f~1kHz, ts~1000us8192 carriers6817 used carrierContinual pilotsScattered pilotsTPS carrier6048 data carrier

TPS = 67(68) Transmission Parameter Signaling Bits�Fast Information Channel from Tx to Rx�2 reserved TPS Bits now in use

4K Mode∆f~2kHz, ts~500us4096 carriers3409 used carrierContinual pilotsScattered pilotsTPS carrier3024 data carrierIn-depth inter-leaving on/off

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |302

TPS Carrier: 67 Bit over 68 SymbolsBit number Format Purpose/Content

s0 Initializations1- s16 0011010111101110 or

1100101000010001Synchronization word

s17 - s22 010 111 Length indicators23, s24 Frame numbers25, s26 Constellation

00=QPSK/01=16QAM/10=64QAMs27, s28, s29 Hierarchy information

000=Non hierarchical,001=α=1, 010=α=2, 011=α=4

s30, s31, s32 Code rate, HP stream000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,011=5/6, 100=7/8

s33, s34, s35 Code rate, LP stream000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,011=5/6, 100=7/8

s36, s37 Guard interval00=1/32, 01=1/16, 10=1/8, 11=1/4

s38, s39 Transmission mode00=2K, 01=8K

s40 - s53 all set to "0" Reserved for future uses54 - s67 BCH code Error protection

152

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |303

67 TPS Bits

I SYNC LENGTH DATA RES. ERR. PROT.

67 TPS bits

Length

Cell ID DVB-H

Initializing

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |304

Time Slicing IP Encapsulation

TS continuing

MPE Sections (DSM-CC type 0x3E, max 4096 Byte per section)

Burst n Burst n + 1Delta t

Section header contains section length anddelta t to begin of next burst (4 Byte of MAC address)

153

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |305

Multiprotocol Encapsulation

Data stream

H UDP packet

H IP packet

H DSM-CC section

MPEG-2 TS

DST port

DST IPSRC IP

DST MAC

CRC checksum

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |306

Power Consumption

typical figures

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

2003 2004 2005 2006

Pow

erco

nsum

ptio

n[W

]

Normal DVB-TDemodulator

Target ( < 0,1 W)for mobile applications

154

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |307

ETSI EN 301 192 Datagram Sections

table_id =0x3E 8 Bitsection_syntax_indicator 1 private_indicator=1 1reserved =11 2section_length 12datagram_section_body()CRC 32 Bit

ISO/IEC 13818-6 & ETSI EN 301 192

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |308

DVB-H MPE Sectiondatagram_section_body(){

MAC_address_6 8 BitMAC_address_5 8reserved 2payload_scrambling_control 2address_scrambling_control 2LLC_SNAP_FLAG 1current_next_indicator 1section_number 8last_section_number 8MAC_address_4 8MAC_address_3 8MAC_address_2 8MAC_address_1 8 BitIP_data()

}

LSB

MSB

6B

yte

MA

CA

ddre

ss

MAC =Media Access Control

Rea

ltim

epa

ra-

met

erschanged

and replaced@DVB-H

155

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |309

Datagram Section

datagram_body(){

MAC_address_6 8 BitMAC_address_5 8reserved 2payload_scrambling_control 2address_scrambling_control 2LLC_SNAP_FLAG 1current_next_indicator 1section_number 8last_section_number 8real_time parameters() 42 BitIP_data()

}


DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |310

Real Time Parameters

real_time_parameters(){delta_t 12 Bittable_boundary 1frame_boundary 1address 18

}

delta_t = time to begin of next time slice in 10 ms steps

table_boundary: ‘1‘ indicates last section within a time slice frameframe_boundary: ‘1‘ indicates end of time slice frame

address = current address of 1st byte in payload part within MPE orMPE-FEC data block; set to 0x3FFFF (all bits set) if no MPE-FEC used

156

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |311

MPE Datagrams with FEC

IP DatagramsReed-

SolomonFEC

MPE DSM-CCSections(table ID = 0x3E)

MPE-FECDSM-CCSections(table ID = 0x78)

191 columns 64 columns

nrows

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |312

ETSI EN 301 192 MPE-FEC Section

table_id =0x78 8 Bitsection_syntax_indicator 1 private_indicator=1 1reserved =11 2section_length 12MPE_FEC_section_body()CRC 32 Bit

table_id = 0x78 => MPE-FEC

157

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |313

MPE-FEC SectionMPE_FEC_section_body(){

MAC_address_6 8 BitMAC_address_5 8reserved 2payload_scrambling_control 2address_scrambling_control 2LLC_SNAP_FLAG 1current_next_indicator 1section_number 8last_section_number 8MAC_address_4 8MAC_address_3 8MAC_address_2 8MAC_address_1 8 Bitdatagram_body1()

}

LSB

MSB

6B

yte

MA

CA

ddre

ss


Rea

ltim

epa

ra-

met

ers

changedand replaced@MPE-FEC/DVB-H

changedand replaced@DVB-H

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |314

MPE-FEC Section

MPE_FEC_section_body(){padding_columns 8 Bitreserved_for_future_use 8reserved 2reserved_for_future_use 5current_next_indicator 1section_number 8last_section_number 8real_time parameters() 42 BitRS_data()

}


RS =Reed-Solomon forward error correction Bytes

158

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |315

Real Time Parameters

real_time_parameters(){delta_t 12 Bittable_boundary 1frame_boundary 1address 18

}

delta_t = time to begin of next time slice in 10 ms steps

table_boundary: ‘1‘ indicates last section of table within a time slice frameframe_boundary: ‘1‘ indicates end of time slice frame

address = current address of 1st byte in payload part within MPE orMPE-FEC data block; set to 0x3FFFF (all bits set) if no MPE-FEC used

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |316

New SI Table: INT

0x3A … 0x3Evia PMTDSM-CC

0x4Cvia PMTINT

0x4Bvia PMTUNT

0x74via PMTAIT

0x720x0010…0x0014ST

0x730x0014TOT

0x700x0014TDT

0x710x0013RST

0x4E…0x6F0x0012EIT

0x42, 0x460x0011SDT

0x4A0x0011BAT

0x40…0x410x0010NIT

0x010x0001CAT

0x020x0020…0x1FEEPMT

0x000x0000PAT

Table IDPIDTable

Dat

aB

road

cast

MP

EG

PS

ID

VB

Ser

ive

Info

rmat

ion

159

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |317

IP/MAC Notification Table

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |318

T-DMB (South Korea)

T-DMB (South Korea)Terrestrial

DigitalMultimedia

Broadcasting

160

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |319

DAB

Playout DABmod.ETI RF

COFDM

RF

(E1,physical data rate = 2.048 MBit/s,G.703/G.704)

Gross data rate =2.4 MBit/s

Net data rate =1.2 … 1.73 MBit/s

ETI = Ensemble Transport Interface

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |320

A Comparison to T-DMB (Korea)

T-DMB

Terrestrial Digital MultimediaBroadcasting

Physical layer = DAB in data stream modeLogical layer = MPEG-2 transport streamVideo = MPEG-4 part 10 AVC = H.264

Audio = MPEG-4 part 3 AAC

161

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |321

DAB

FEC 1

FEC 2

FEC n

SC1

SC2

SCn…

ETI

DAB Modulator

OFD

M

SC = subchannel(up to 64)

RF

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |322

DAB: Forward Error Correction

Scrambling Convolutionalcoding

Timeinterleaving


Timeinterleaving


Timeinterleaving

OFD

M

SC1

SC2

SCn…

SC = subchannel (up to 64)

162

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |323

DAB: π/4-shift-DQPSK

I

Q

I

Q

I

Q

Symbol i, i+2,i+4,…

Symbol i+1 i+3,i+5,…

π/4-shift D4PSK

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |324

DAB Transmission Modes

123

31

62

246

Guardinterv.[us]

48 ms76 Symbols

500Small SFN

7682L-Band(<1.5GHz)

IV

24 ms152 Symbols

125Satellite1928L-Band(<3 GHz)

III

24 ms76 Symbols

250Single Tx

3844L-Band(<1.5GHz)

II

96 ms76 Symbols

1000SFN15361Band IIIVHF

I

Framedurat.

Symbol durat.[us]

Usedfor

No. ofOFDM carriers

Carrierspacing[kHz]

Frequ.Range

Mode

DAB OFDM bandwidth: 1.536 MHz

163

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |325

DAB Data Structure

DAB Data Signal

Fast InformationChannel FIC

Multiplex ConfigurationInformationMCI

Fast InformationData Channel

Main ServiceChannel MSC

up to 64 sub channels

Audio Data

streammode

streammode

packet mode

1.2 ... 1.7 Mbit/s net data rate

2.4 Mbit/s gross data rate (with FEC)

96 kBit/s

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |326

DAB Stream Mode & Packet Mode


Audio Data

streammode

streammode

packet mode

unequalFEC

equalFEC

MPEG-1/2Layer II T-DMB

164

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |327

DAB in Data Stream Mode

InputInterface

DelayComp. FEC Different.

Mapper

Freq.Inter-leaver

FrameGen. IFFT

Guardintervalinsertion

Pre-correctionFIR

IQ mod.IF/RF Up.

ETI

GPS

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |328

DVB-C Modulator

Basebandinterface

Syncinv. &energydispers.

Outercoder,Reed-

Solomon

Convol.inter-leaver

Byte tom-tuple

converter

Differ.encoder

QAMmod.

IF/RFupconv.

&ampl.

Clock

tocable

IFI

Q

MPEG-2TS

RS(204, 188)

�206

165

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |329


Video1

Audio1

Encoder

Program 1

Video2

Audio2

Encoder

Program 2

Video3

Audio3

Encoder

Program 3

MP

EG

-2M

ultip

lexe

r�17

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |330

MPEG PES and TS

184 Byte Payload

4 ByteTS Header


PESHeader

PESHeader



Transport Stream

�16

166

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |331

MPEG-4: AVC and AAC and Systems

MPEG-2PES

MPEG-4SL

MPEG-4Part 10H.264AVC

MPEG-2PES

MPEG-4SL

MPEG-4Part 3BSACAAC

Video

Audio

MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496part 1, 3, 10

SL=Sync Layer

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |332

T-DMBInputInterface

DelayComp. FEC Different.

Mapper

Freq.Inter-leaver

FrameGen. IFFT

Guardintervalinsertion

Pre-correctionFIR

IQ mod.IF/RF Up.

ETI

Outercoder,Reed-

Solomon

Convol.inter-leaver

RS(204, 188)

Program 1

Program 2

Program 3

MPE

G-2

Mul

tiple

xer

PESHeader


Transport Stream

MPEG-2PES

MPEG-4SL


MPEG-2PES

MPEG-4SL

MPEG-4Part 3BSACAAC

Video

Audio

MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496part 1, 3, 10

MST (Main Stream Data)FIC

SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 … SCnHeaderETI

Data StreamMode

167

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |333

T-DMB: DAB in Data Stream Mode


Audio Data

streammode

streammode

packet mode

unequalFEC

equalFEC

MPEG-1/2Layer II T-DMB

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |334

T-DMB Baseband

RS(204,188)

Conv.inter-leaver

MPEG-2PES

MPEG-4SL


MPEG-2PES

MPEG-4SL

MPEG-4Part 3BSACAAC

Video

Audio MP

EG

-2M

ultip

lexe

r

Sectiongenerator

MPEG-4 part 1object descriptor

stream

MPEG-2PSI

(PAT, PMT)

Like DVBouter coder

MPEG-2 ISO/IEC 13818-1MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496

part 1, 3, 10

ToDABdatastreammode

PES = packetized elementary streamSL = synchronization layerPSI = program specific information

168

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |335

Interferences on a DVB-T Link

Interferences

on a

DVB-T Link

�286

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |336


DVB-Tmodulator& transmitter

Crest factor limitationIntermodulationNoiseIQ errorsInterferer

Echos (multipath reception)InterfererNoise (AWGN)Doppler shift

�286 - 288

169

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |337

Crest Factor

Cf = 20 * log(upeak/Urms);

CfOFDM = 10 * log(2 * N);

Theoretical crest factor of DVB-T: 36...41 dB

Practical values: approx. 15 dB (no clipping)approx. 11...12 dB (clipping inside power Tx)

�286 - 288

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |338

Non-Linearity, Clipping, Crest Factor

S/N

Shoulder Attenuation

�286 - 288

170

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |339


DVB-Tmodulator& transmitter

Crest factor limitationIntermodulationNoiseIQ errorsInterferer

Echos (multipath reception)InterfererNoise (AWGN)Doppler shift

�289

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |340

Gaussian Channel

Direct viewno echos

�290

171

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |341

Rice Channel

Direct viewand multiple echos

�290

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |342

Rayleigh Channel

No direct viewonly multiple echos

�290

172

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |343

Doppler Shift

V

�291

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |344

Doppler Shift and Multiple Echo

V

�292

173

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |345

Bit Error Rates @ Fall of the Cliff

DVB-Tfrontend

Viterbidecoder

RSdecoder

MPEG-2decoder

fromantenna

MPEG-2transport stream

BERdependingon code rate

BER<2E-4 BER<1E-11 (QEF) = 1 error/hour

�293

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |346

C/N @ Fall of the Cliff

Typ of modulation Code rate Gaussian channel Rice channel Rayleigh channel[dB] [dB] [dB]

QPSK 1/2 3.1 3.6 5.42/3 4.9 5.7 8.43/4 5.9 6.8 10.75/6 6.9 8.0 13.17/8 7.7 8.7 16.3

16-QAM 1/2 8.8 9.6 11.22/3 11.1 11.6 14.23/4 12.5 13.0 16.75/6 13.5 14.4 19.37/8 13.9 15.0 22.8

64-QAM 1/2 14.4 14.7 16.02/3 16.5 17.1 19.33/4 18.0 18.6 21.75/6 19.3 20.0 25.37/8 20.1 21.0 27.9

�294

174

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |347

S/N LimitsTyp of modulation Code rate Gaussian channel Rice channel Rayleigh channel

[dB] [dB] [dB]QPSK 1/2 3.1 3.6 5.4

2/3 4.9 5.7 8.43/4 5.9 6.8 10.75/6 6.9 8.0 13.17/8 7.7 8.7 16.3

16-QAM 1/2 8.8 9.6 11.22/3 11.1 11.6 14.23/4 12.5 13.0 16.75/6 13.5 14.4 19.37/8 13.9 15.0 22.8

64-QAM 1/2 14.4 14.7 16.02/3 16.5 17.1 19.33/4 18.0 18.6 21.75/6 19.3 20.0 25.37/8 20.1 21.0 27.9

Minimum S/N on receiver inputS = Signal level, N = Noise level

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |348

Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (7MHz)Noise:Boltzmann const.: -228.6 dBW/K/Hz10lg(6.6E6Hz): +68.2 dB10lg(273K+20C): +24.7 dBNoise Figure: +7 dB

-----------------------128.7 dBW = -98.7 dBm

0 dBm@50 Ohm = 107 dBuV0 dBm@75 Ohm = 108.8 dBuV

�Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (75 Ohm):-98.7 dBm + 108.8 dBuV = +10.1 dBuV

175

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |349

Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (8MHz)Noise:Boltzmann const.: -228.6 dBW/K/Hz10lg(7.6E6MHz): +68.8 dB10lg(273K+20C): +24.7 dBNoise Figure: +7 dB

-----------------------128.1 dBW = -98.1 dBm

0 dBm@50 Ohm = 107 dBuV0 dBm@75 Ohm = 108.8 dBuV

�Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (75 Ohm):-98.1 dBm + 108.8 dBuV = +10.7 dBuV

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |350

Minimum Receiver Input Voltage

Power of Noise @ Receiver Input: ~ +11 dBuV

Minimum S/N:Rice, 64QAM, CR=2/3: 17.1 dB�min. Input Voltage = 11 dBuV + 17.1 dB

= 28.1 dBuV � ~ 29 dBuV

Rice, 16QAM, CR=2/3: 11.6 dB�min. Input Voltage = 11 dBuV + 11.6 dB

= 22.6 dBuV � ~ 23 dBuV

176

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |351

Single Frequency Networks (SFN)

Single Frequency Networks

SFN

�294

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |352

SFN


TransportStream

RF

COFDM

RF

�294

177

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |353

SFN

Playout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

MPEG-2 TS

Tx3, RF1

�295

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |354

SFN: Frequency Synchronization

Contentplayout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

MPEG-2 TS

Tx3, RF1GPS

GPS:Globalpositioningsystem

1pps pulse

1pps pulse

�295

178

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |355

SFN: Frequency SynchronizationGPS

1pps = 1 pulse per second

: 107

10 MHzoszillator

1pps

10 MHzLPF

PLL

ProfessionalGPSreceiver

(250ns jitter)

(accuracy 10E-9)

�295

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |356

SFN Network Structure

Contentplayout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

Tx3, RF1

distance

OFDM guard interval !!!

�296

179

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |357

SFN & Guard Interval (8 MHz)

Guard intervals 8K, 2K and transmitter distance (8 MHz bandwidth):

Mode Symbol lengthus

Guard interval Guard intervalus

Transmitterdistancekm

2K 224 ¼ 56 16.82K 224 1/8 28 8.42K 224 1/16 14 4.22K 224 1/32 7 2.18K 896 ¼ 224 67.18K 896 1/8 112 33.68K 896 1/16 56 16.88K 896 1/32 28 8.4

�296

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |358

SFN & Guard Interval (7 MHz)

Guard intervals 8K, 2K and transmitter distance (7 MHz bandwidth):

Mode Symbol durationus

Guard interval Guard intervalus

Transm. distancekm

2K 256 1/4 64 19.22K 256 1/8 32 9.62K 256 1/16 16 4.82K 256 1/32 8 2.48K 1024 1/4 256 76.78K 1024 1/8 128 38.48K 1024 1/16 64 19.28K 1024 1/32 32 9.6

�296

180

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |359

Time Synchronization of SFN

Contentplayout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

MPEG-2 TS

Tx3, RF1

differentdelays !!!

�298, 299

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |360

Time Synchronization in SFN

OFDM symbol

Gua

rdin

terv

al

Data + FEC

DVB-T: 3024 ... 36288 Bit/Symbol

DVB-T: 250 us ... 1 ms symbols

same group ofbits in all modulators

�298

181

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |361

Time Synchronization of SFN

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

= Scattered Pilot = Payload Carrier

Scattered pilots on same position inall modulators !!!

�298, 262

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |362

Time Synchronization in SFNTPS carrier: 68 Bit over 68 symbols




same TPS information and RS packetsin each modulator at the same time ---> frame and super-frame synchronization

�298

182

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |363


Contentplayout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

MPEG-2 TS

Tx3, RF1GPS


1pps pulse

1pps pulse

�299

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |364


Contentplayout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

MPEG-2 TS

Tx3, RF1GPS


1pps pulse

1pps pulse

MIPinserter

MIP

�299

183

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |365

Mega-Frame




N super-frames = 1 mega-frame

N is adjusted that the mega-frame lengthis approx. half a second

�299

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |366

Mega-Frame



8K mode:1 mega-frame = 2 super-frames = 8 frames

2K mode:1 mega-frame = 8 super-frames = 32 frames

calculation: 1 frame @ 8K = approx. 68 ms8 frames = approx. 0.54 s

�300

184

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |367

Mega-Frame

Length of a mega-frame

Guard tmega (8 MHz) tmega (7 MHz) tmega (6 MHz)

1/32 0.502656 s 0.574464 s 0.670208 s1/16 0.517888 s 0.591872 s 0.690517 s1/8 0.548352 s 0.626688 s 0.731136 s1/4 0.609280 s 0.696320 s 0.812373 s

�300

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |368

Mega-Frame

Contentplayout

Tx1, RF1

Tx2, RF1Tx4, RF1

Tx5, RF1

MPEG-2 TS

Tx3, RF1GPS


1pps pulse

1pps pulse

MIPinserter

MIP

�300

185

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |369

Mega-Frame Synchronization

MFP#0 MFP#1 MFP#2 MIP MFP#0

1ppspulse

... ...

Synchronization time stamp

Megaframe

Pointer

GPS

MPEG-2 TS packet

�300

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |370

Mega-Frame Initializing Packet (MIP)

4 ByteTS Header

188 Bytes

13 Bit Packet Identifier = PID


184 Byte Payload

0x15

MIP content

�300

186

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |371

MIP Content

MIP content:

synchronization time stamppointermaximum delayOFDM modulation parameteroptional individual address informationfor transmitter remote control

�300

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |372

MIP

�301

187

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |373

DVB-C, -S, -T Measurements

DVB-TMeasurements

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |374

DVB-T Measuring Technology

DVB Test TransmitterSFQ forDVB-C,DVB-S,DVB-T,ATSC

MPEG-2 GeneratorDVG

Picture Quality AnalyzerDVQ

MPEG-2 MeasurementDecoder DVMD

Test ReceiverEFADVB-CDVB-TATSC

�303

188

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |375

Testing a Settop Box / IRD

DVB Test TransmitterSFQ forDVB-C,DVB-S,DVB-T,ATSC

MPEG-2 GeneratorDVG, DVRG

DUT

�303

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |376

DVB-T Receiver Test

189

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |377

Spectrum Analyzer Measurements

DVB-T spectrum with shoulders

S/N

�329

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |378


Center: center of channelSpan: 20 MHzRBW: 30 kHzVBW: 300 kHz (3...10 x RBW)RMS dectectorSlow sweep time: 2 sAVG off

Noise marker

�307

190

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |379


�308

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |380

Measurements on a DVB-T Signal

Picture Quality AnalyzerDVQ

MPEG-2 MeasurementDecoder DVMD

Test ReceiverEFADVB-CDVB-TATSC

RF

�305

191

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |381

Bit Error Ratio @ DVB-T

DVB-Tfrontend

Viterbidecoder

RSdecoder

MPEG-2decoder

fromantenna

MPEG-2transport stream

BERbeforeViterbi

BERbeforeReed-Solomon

BERafter Reed-Solomon

�306

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |382

Bit Error Rate Measurement

�306

192

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |383

DVB-T Constellation Analysis

Constellation Analysis

�310

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |384

DVB-T Test Receiver

RF/IFconv.tuner

SAWfilter

Mixer Antialias.LPF

DVB-Tdem.X

AD

DSP

Display

RF

IF1 IF2MPEG-2 TS

I Q

Noisegen.

�305

193

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |385

Constellation Analysis

�311

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |386

Constellation Analysis at DVB-T

on a DVB-T transmission link

Noise (AWGN)Phase Jitter

InterfererMultipath reception

Doppler effect

IQ error of modulator:IQ amplitude imbalance

IQ phase errorCarrier leakage

�310

194

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |387

Noise

Constellation points changes to „clouds“.Every subcarrier will be influenced.

�311

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |388

S/N and BER

�311

195

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |389

BER=f(S/N);

1E-1

1E-2

1E-3

1E-4

1E-5

1E-6

1E-7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 S/N[dB]

BER

�311

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |390

2-Dimensional Normal Distribution

X X

f(X ,X )

12

1 2

�311, 221

196

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |391

16QAM and Noise

�222

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |392

Phase Jitter

Streaky distortions.Every subcarrier will be influenced.

�312

197

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |393

Interferer

Interferers

affect

individual carriers or carrier ranges

like noise („clouds“) orsinusodial („circular constellation points“)

�312

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |394

Echos and Doppler

Multipath reception cause frequency-selective fading

Doppler cause a frequency shift

Echos and Doppler causes smears in the spectrum.

�313

198

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |395

OFDM Modulator with IQ Errors

+ ofdm(t)

Re(f)

Im(f)

IFFT

90

im(t)

re(t)I

Q

DC

DC

I gain

Q gain

Phase

�316-322

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |396

Carrier Leakage

Central carrier8K: no. 3408 cont. pilot

2K: no. 852 scatt. pilot / payload

�322

199

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |397

S/N caused by AI&PE

AI[%]PE[deg]

S/N[dB]

AIPE

�322

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |398

Modulation Error Ratio (MER)

Modulation Error Ratio is asum parameter for all effects at a

DVB-T transmission link.

�323

200

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |399

MER (Modulation Error Ratio)

I

Q

Ideal vector

Error vectorResultant vector

Ideal center

�323

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |400

MER over Subcarrier

�325

201

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |401

Modulation Error Ratio

averagedMERover allsubcarriers

MER[dB]

f

�325

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |402

Crest Factor Measurement

�327

202

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |403

Amplitude/Group Delay overSubcarrier

�327

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |404

Impulse Response

�328

203

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |405

DVB-T Test Receiver EFA

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |406

DVB-T Measurements

204

DVB-T/H, T-DMB1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |407

Thank you very much!

Documents

Training Dvb