Training Course Why Fiber

8/14/2019 Training Course Why Fiber

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Why Fiber?

An Overview of Fiber

Featuresand

Applications


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Overview

Where Is It Used?

Why Fiber?


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Where Is Fiber Used?Tele Company Application


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Where Is Fiber Used?Tele Company Application


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Where Is Fiber Used?

Private Network

Application


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Why Fiber?

High Rates of Information

Low Loss

Immune to Interference

Small Size

Lightweight


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High Rates of InformationCopper vs. Fiber


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Small Size, Light Weight


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Loss

The decrease in power of a transmitted signalover an optical path

Measured in d8 or dB/km


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Immune to Interference


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Small Size

Voice Channels Comparison

COPPER

FIBER


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LightweightVoice Comparison


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Wavelength

Measured in nanometers (nm) or1/billionth of a meter

All wavelengths travel the same speed

in space: 300 million meters/second


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Reflection and Refraction


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Index of Refraction

n= CV

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n - Index of refraction

C= Velocity of light in free space

V= Velocity of light in a specific medium


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Index of Refraction

n - Index of refraction C= Velocity of light in free space

V= Velocity of light in a specific medium


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What Is The Index of Refraction?


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The Bending of Light


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Fiber Dimensions


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How Small Is a Micron

Fiber Measured in Microns


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Fiber Dimensions

1 micron = 1 millionth of a meter


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Typical Values


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Bandwidth

400 MHz - km - a 400 MHz signal can be

transmitted for 1 km

Lower frequencies can be transmitted longerdistances

Higher frequencies, shorter distances


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What is a Mode

b


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Multimode Step Index

K b M iti


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Multimode Step Index Fiber

K b M iti


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Multimode Graded Index

K b M iti


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Singlemode Step Index

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Dispersion

Spreading of a light as it travels down

an optical fiber

Limits bandwidth

Three types of dispersion1) Modal Dispersion2) Material Dispersion3) Waveguide Dispersion

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Types of Loss

Wavelength vs. Attenuation

AttenuationMicro Bends Imperfections in Fiber

Coupling Loss Splices Connectors Source to Fiber

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Wavelength vs. Attenuation

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Causes of Attenuation

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What Is Numerical Aperture?

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Calculating Numerical Aperture

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Fiber Cable Overview

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Types of Fiber

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Safety

Eye Hazards Laser Light (Invisible or Visible)

Class 1: Low Power Class 2: Visible Bright Beam Class 3:

Type A: Permanent Damage Possible Type 8: Eye wear Required

Objects and Chemicals Clipping Fibers

Hands to Eyes

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Why A Connector

Easy Access To Circuits

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Connector AnalysisSMADeveloping Company: AmphenolFirst connector style. Only multimode

available. Large installed base.Two types course confusion (905/906).

BiconicDeveloping Company: AT&TFirst U.S. single mode accepted.Large installed base.

STDeveloping Company: AT&TExcellent multimode connector,simple installation.Bayonet connection.

D4Developing Company: NEC2. 0 mm ferrule

FCDeveloping Company: NTTAn angled FC-APC gives excellentreturn loss performance.

SCDeveloping Company: NTTNewest, most advanced connector.Duplex style available.High densitySC11 requires tool.

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Connector Analysis

Insertion Loss Poor Poor Good Good Good Good

Return Loss N/A Poor Good Good Good Good

Push-Pull Design No No No No No Yes

Footprint Size Small Large Medium Medium Medium Small

2.5 mm Ferrule No No Yes No Yes Yes

Pull Proof No No Yes/No No Yes Yes

SMA Biconic ST D4 FC SC

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Critical Areas ofFiber Optic Connectors

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End Face Characteristics

Polish Radius

Apex Offset

Recess/Undercut

Epoxy

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Interface Geometry

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Polish Radius

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Apex Offset

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Apex Offset

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Fiber Recess/Undercut

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PFW In Optical ConnectorsNOTE:PWF is not a problem unless connectors are

intermated with other connectors.

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Fiber OpticPerformance Parameters

The two most common parameters are:

Insertion Loss

Return Loss

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Insertion Loss

Insertion loss is a measurement of the amount

of power that is lost in the transitionfrom one optical medium to another.

Affected by: Transverse MisalignmentEnd SeparationAngular Misalignment

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Return Loss

Affected by: End SeparationPolish QualityDebris

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Return Loss

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Transverse Misalignment

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End Separation

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Angular Misalignment

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Training Course Why Fiber