Traffic managementforpolice

August 7, 2007August 7, 2007 11

The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy

Introduction To Traffic ManagementIntroduction To Traffic Management

August 10, 2007August 10, 2007

JICA Study TeamJICA Study Team

22August 7, 2007August 7, 2007


ContentsContents

1.1. Overview of traffic managementOverview of traffic management2.2. Data collection and identification of problemsData collection and identification of problems3.3. Data AnalysisData Analysis4.4. Formulation of solutionsFormulation of solutions5.5. Implementation of improvement measuresImplementation of improvement measures6.6. Operation and evaluationOperation and evaluation7.7. Traffic Accident and SafetyTraffic Accident and Safety8.8. SummarySummary



1. Overview of Traffic Management1. Overview of Traffic Management

What is traffic management?What is traffic management?

Rational for traffic management.Rational for traffic management.

Traffic management process.Traffic management process.



What is Traffic Management?What is Traffic Management?

A set of traffic A set of traffic EEngineering, ngineering, EEnforcement nforcement and and EEducational measures to make traffic ducational measures to make traffic more efficient and safer.more efficient and safer.

No acquisition of additional land.No acquisition of additional land.

Far less costly as compared with road Far less costly as compared with road construction or road widening.construction or road widening.

Can be implemented in a short time.Can be implemented in a short time.

Physical and operational measures.Physical and operational measures.



Objectives of Traffic ManagementObjectives of Traffic Management

General objectives:General objectives: Make traffic more efficient.Make traffic more efficient. Enhance traffic safetyEnhance traffic safety Reduce pollutant emissionReduce pollutant emission

Specific objectives:Specific objectives: Promote public transport usePromote public transport use Promote non-motorized transport (NMT)Promote non-motorized transport (NMT) Restrict use of private cars (traffic demand Restrict use of private cars (traffic demand

management)management)



Rationale for Traffic ManagementRationale for Traffic Management

Not enough roads to accommodate Not enough roads to accommodate growing traffic demand.growing traffic demand.

Cannot keep constructing new roads even Cannot keep constructing new roads even if fund is available.if fund is available.

New approach that relies on:New approach that relies on: Improvement of public transport;Improvement of public transport; Intensive management of travel demand; andIntensive management of travel demand; and Traffic management techniques to increase Traffic management techniques to increase

effective capacity of available road space.effective capacity of available road space.



Traffic Management ProcessTraffic Management ProcessIdentify traffic

problems

Collect data

Analyze data & formulate solution

Estimate cost of improvements

Implement measures

Monitor & fine-tune or adjust measures

Consult stakeholders

Secure efficient and safe flow of people and goods through the road network

Conduct information drive

Secure fund



2. Data Collection & Problem Identifications2. Data Collection & Problem Identifications

Identification of problem (traffic congestion) Identification of problem (traffic congestion) and its location.and its location.

Traffic survey.Traffic survey. Various traffic surveys were conducted in this Various traffic surveys were conducted in this

study.study.

Opinion and behavior survey.Opinion and behavior survey.



Traffic CongestionTraffic Congestion

Traffic congestion occurs when:Traffic congestion occurs when:

Demand>CapacityDemand>Capacity

Even small excess demand can cause heavy Even small excess demand can cause heavy congestion.congestion.

Heavy congestion in Bangkok, Thailand

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Bottleneck PointsBottleneck Points

A location where physical or effective A location where physical or effective capacity decreases and congestion starts.capacity decreases and congestion starts. Intersection / roundaboutIntersection / roundabout Narrowed road sectionNarrowed road section Roadside parkingRoadside parking Bus stopBus stop High side frictionHigh side friction

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Traffic SurveyTraffic Survey

Objectives: Obtain quantitative data that is Objectives: Obtain quantitative data that is required to identify traffic problem and required to identify traffic problem and formulate solutions.formulate solutions.

Type of survey:Type of survey: Intersection turning movement countIntersection turning movement count Intersection inventory surveyIntersection inventory survey Traffic signal operation surveyTraffic signal operation survey Traffic accident surveyTraffic accident survey Travel time surveyTravel time survey

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Intersection Turning Movement CountIntersection Turning Movement Count

Essential for intersection capacity analysis.Essential for intersection capacity analysis.

Counted in vehicle and converted to PCU Counted in vehicle and converted to PCU (Passenger Car Unit) for peak hour.(Passenger Car Unit) for peak hour.

Total Out

Total In

RT1 TH1

Total Out

RT2

TH2

Tota

l In

Total Out LT3 TH3

Total In

LT1

RT3

LT2RT4

TH4

Total In

RT4

Total Out

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Travel Time SurveyTravel Time Survey

To identify bottleneck and low speed section To identify bottleneck and low speed section along the survey route. along the survey route.

Test vehicle runs several times along survey Test vehicle runs several times along survey route and records time at waypoints.route and records time at waypoints.

Travel Time Survey

0

140

370

640

940

1140

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Distance (m)

Tim

e (s

ec)

Travel Time Survey (Speed)

0

140

370

640

940

1140

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

Distance (m)

Sp

eed

(km

/h)

Time-Distance Chart Travel Speed Chart

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3. Data Analysis3. Data Analysis

Intersection capacity analysis.Intersection capacity analysis.

Traffic flow simulation.Traffic flow simulation.

Traffic analysis software for PC.Traffic analysis software for PC.

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Intersection Capacity AnalysisIntersection Capacity Analysis

A procedure to analyze traffic operation at A procedure to analyze traffic operation at intersection.intersection.

Helpful to examine critical movements and Helpful to examine critical movements and overall intersection performance.overall intersection performance.

Applicable for both signalized and non-Applicable for both signalized and non-signalized intersection.signalized intersection.

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Intersection Capacity AnalysisIntersection Capacity Analysis

Input data:Input data: Directional traffic volumeDirectional traffic volume Lane width and movement assignmentLane width and movement assignment Signal timing (for operational analysis of Signal timing (for operational analysis of

signalized intersection only)signalized intersection only)

Analysis output:Analysis output: [Volume] / [Saturation Rate] for each movement [Volume] / [Saturation Rate] for each movement

and overall intersectionand overall intersection A set of critical movementsA set of critical movements

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Example of Intersection Capacity AnalysisExample of Intersection Capacity Analysis

1520

1985

124 1861

1730

31

747

1067

2198 0 1489

1536

0

47

2890

1683

1731

48

871

AMAM PMPM

Max N-S V/SMax N-S V/S 0.320.32 0.330.33

Max E-W V/SMax E-W V/S 0.400.40 0.490.49

Y ValueY Value 0.720.72 0.830.83

PM peak hour traffic volume Lane width & assignment

3.30m 6.60m

6.60m 3.30m

3.30m

5.00m

5.00m

3.30m

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Traffic Flow Simulation SoftwareTraffic Flow Simulation Software

A set of computer programs that constructs A set of computer programs that constructs virtual road network and simulates virtual road network and simulates movements of individual vehicle on it.movements of individual vehicle on it.

Performance of network under various road Performance of network under various road conditions and traffic demands can be conditions and traffic demands can be tested.tested.

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Input Data RequiredInput Data Required

Link, node and network configuration:Link, node and network configuration: Length, grade, lane assignment, connection, Length, grade, lane assignment, connection,

turn pocketturn pocket

Traffic control at intersection:Traffic control at intersection: Signalized and unsignalized, vehicle detectorSignalized and unsignalized, vehicle detector

Traffic volume and vehicle properties:Traffic volume and vehicle properties: Input volume, turning movement at intersection, Input volume, turning movement at intersection,

vehicle performance by type, etc.vehicle performance by type, etc.

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Simulation OutputSimulation Output

Traffic data:Traffic data: Number of trips, traffic volume, delayNumber of trips, traffic volume, delay Congestion data (max and average queue)Congestion data (max and average queue)

Person data:Person data: Person-km, person-trips, delay/personPerson-km, person-trips, delay/person

Vehicle data:Vehicle data: Moving time, delay time, queue timeMoving time, delay time, queue time

Energy and environment:Energy and environment: Fuel consumption, pollutant emissionFuel consumption, pollutant emission

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Traffic Flow AnimationTraffic Flow Animation

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Application of Traffic Flow SimulationApplication of Traffic Flow Simulation

Can be used for comparison and evaluation Can be used for comparison and evaluation of various traffic improvement measures of various traffic improvement measures including:including: Intersection geometric improvementIntersection geometric improvement Signalization / Signal improvementSignalization / Signal improvement Fly-overFly-over Traffic regulation (lane control, turn prohibition, Traffic regulation (lane control, turn prohibition,

parking control, one-way, etc.)parking control, one-way, etc.) Public transport improvementPublic transport improvement HOV (high occupancy vehicle) laneHOV (high occupancy vehicle) lane

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Advantage of Using Simulation SoftwareAdvantage of Using Simulation Software

Several traffic management measures can Several traffic management measures can be tested and compared with minimal time be tested and compared with minimal time and cost.and cost.

Various measures of effectiveness (MoE) Various measures of effectiveness (MoE) can be obtained.can be obtained.

Visual presentation of road network and Visual presentation of road network and traffic operation available.traffic operation available.

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Traffic Analysis Software for PCTraffic Analysis Software for PC

Intersection / arterial streets / network Intersection / arterial streets / network operation analysis software.operation analysis software.

Many package software are available:Many package software are available:

Highway capacity softwareHighway capacity softwarePasser II/III/IVPasser II/III/IVSYNCHROSYNCHROSIMTRAFFICSIMTRAFFICaaSIDRAaaSIDRA

SIG/CINEMASIG/CINEMATRANSYT-TRANSYT-7F7FTSISTSIS

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4. Formulation of Solutions4. Formulation of Solutions

Traffic management instruments:Traffic management instruments: Intersection geometric improvementIntersection geometric improvement Traffic signalTraffic signal Transit signal priorityTransit signal priority Traffic sign & road markingTraffic sign & road marking Traffic demand managementTraffic demand management Parking managementParking management

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Traffic Management InstrumentsTraffic Management Instruments

Various technique is available and Various technique is available and applicable to regulate vehicle and applicable to regulate vehicle and pedestrian flows.pedestrian flows.Basic rules are:Basic rules are: Simplify traffic flow (reduce no. of movements)Simplify traffic flow (reduce no. of movements) Segregate road users in space and timeSegregate road users in space and time Increase capacity in order to accommodate Increase capacity in order to accommodate

more vehicles (supply side measure)more vehicles (supply side measure) Restrain traffic in order to reduce traffic volume Restrain traffic in order to reduce traffic volume

(demand side measure)(demand side measure)

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Traffic Engineering SolutionTraffic Engineering Solution

What is “traffic engineering?”What is “traffic engineering?” Traffic Engineering applies engineering Traffic Engineering applies engineering

principles to help solve transportation problems, principles to help solve transportation problems, and brings into play knowledge of psychology and brings into play knowledge of psychology and habits of users of the transportation and habits of users of the transportation systems, aside from technical foundations.systems, aside from technical foundations.

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Traffic Engineering MeasuresTraffic Engineering Measures

Traffic Engineering Measures

Advanced signal control

Signal timing review

Traffic sign / road marking

Road section

Intersection Geometry improvement

Turn restriction

Reversible lane

Traffic information system

Wide area Area traffic control system

Truck ban

One-way

Traffic sign / road marking

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Intersection Geometric ImprovementIntersection Geometric Improvement

Regulate vehicle and pedestrian Regulate vehicle and pedestrian movements at intersection by modifying movements at intersection by modifying intersection geometry.intersection geometry.

Basic rulesBasic rules Make intersection size as small as possibleMake intersection size as small as possible Keep number of approaches four or lessKeep number of approaches four or less Make approach angle close to 90 degreeMake approach angle close to 90 degree Provide left turn lane if necessaryProvide left turn lane if necessary Provide refugee space for pedestrianProvide refugee space for pedestrian

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Example of Intersection Geometric ImprovementExample of Intersection Geometric Improvement

Before After

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Traffic Signal – Signal WarrantTraffic Signal – Signal Warrant

Signal warrant determines whether a traffic Signal warrant determines whether a traffic signal is required at a particular intersection signal is required at a particular intersection or not.or not.

Factors to be considered:Factors to be considered:Traffic volume

Left turn volume

Pedestrian volume

V/C ratio

Nearby facility

Traffic accident

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Traffic Signal – Basic ParameterTraffic Signal – Basic Parameter

Cycle (duration of 1 cycle, second)Cycle (duration of 1 cycle, second)

Split (ratio of green time against cycle, %)Split (ratio of green time against cycle, %)

Offset (time difference between 2 signals with Offset (time difference between 2 signals with same cycle, second or %)same cycle, second or %)

Green(split)

Red

Cycle

Offset

Intersection 2

Intersection 1

Distance

TimeVehicle movement

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Traffic Signal – Control ModeTraffic Signal – Control Mode

CategoryCategory ModeMode TechnologyTechnology CostCost O/MO/M

IsolatedIsolated Fixed timeFixed time SimpleSimple LowLow EasyEasy

Time-of-dayTime-of-day

ActuatedActuated

ArterialArterial CoordinatedCoordinated

Area Area ResponsiveResponsive

AdaptiveAdaptive SophisticatedSophisticated HighHigh DifficultDifficult

O/M: Operation and maintenance

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Traffic Signal - CoordinationTraffic Signal - Coordination

Signals along arterial street are coordinated to Signals along arterial street are coordinated to maximize throughput and minimize delaymaximize throughput and minimize delay

Distance

Tim

e

Shorter Travel Time

Tim

e

Uncoordinated Signals Coordinated Signals

Distance

Sig

nal

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Traffic Signal – Control ModeTraffic Signal – Control Mode

Signal

Clock Vehicle Detector

Fixed Time Time-of-day (TOD) Actuation

Coordinated Area Traffic Control

Traffic responsive/adaptive

Connection

Traffic Control Center

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Traffic Signal – Manual ControlTraffic Signal – Manual Control

Why manual control is not efficient?Why manual control is not efficient? Control based on wrong perceptionControl based on wrong perception

– Minimizing stops instead of total throughputMinimizing stops instead of total throughput Effective only for light trafficEffective only for light traffic

– Not effective for near- or over-saturated trafficNot effective for near- or over-saturated traffic Local optimization at bestLocal optimization at best

– Coordination not considered, not network-wide Coordination not considered, not network-wide optimizationoptimization

Fatigue and loss of attentionFatigue and loss of attention– Human natureHuman nature

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Traffic Signal – Long Cycle TimeTraffic Signal – Long Cycle Time

If cycle time is doubled, average delay is If cycle time is doubled, average delay is also doubled with same traffic volumealso doubled with same traffic volume

RED RED

GREEN GREEN

SIGNAL

ARRIVALTIME

SHORT CYCLE TIME

RED

GREEN

SIGNAL

ARRIVALTIME

LONG CYCLE TIME

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Platoon – Group of VehiclesPlatoon – Group of Vehicles

In manual control, operator tends to wait for In manual control, operator tends to wait for approaching vehicle - wrong practice!approaching vehicle - wrong practice!

(a) Start of Green (b) Begining of Green (c) End of Green

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Platoon ProfilePlatoon Profile

Green time is wasted as it is not fully utilizedGreen time is wasted as it is not fully utilized

Efficiency decreases with longer cycleEfficiency decreases with longer cycle

Platoon Pattern

Green Time

Veh

icle

s/U

nit

Gre

en

Saturation flow level

Wasted Green Time

Cycle Length and Efficiency

100 120 140 160 180 200

Cycle Length (sec)

Veh

icle

s/U

nit

Gre

en

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Transit Signal PriorityTransit Signal Priority

Red signal is shortened or green signal is Red signal is shortened or green signal is lengthened to minimized delay of buslengthened to minimized delay of bus

Time

Distance

(a) Early Green (b) Green Extension

Red

BusMovement

BusMovement

Green

BUS DET

BUS DET

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Traffic Signs and Road MarkingsTraffic Signs and Road Markings

Effective tool to regulate trafficEffective tool to regulate traffic

Mongolian standards establishedMongolian standards established

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5. Implementation of Improvement Measures 5. Implementation of Improvement Measures

Cost estimate and fundingCost estimate and funding

Consultation with stakeholdersConsultation with stakeholders

Legislation and regulationLegislation and regulation

Public relationsPublic relations

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Cost Estimate and FundingCost Estimate and Funding

Realistic cost must be estimated using Realistic cost must be estimated using prevailing price of materials, cost of similar prevailing price of materials, cost of similar works and inquiry to potential suppliers / works and inquiry to potential suppliers / contractors.contractors.

Fund must be secured from annual budget, Fund must be secured from annual budget, special budget, or other sources.special budget, or other sources.

Long lead time must be considered for Long lead time must be considered for timely implementation. timely implementation.

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Consultation with StakeholderConsultation with Stakeholder

Share knowledge and experience and Share knowledge and experience and collaborate in formulating workable solutioncollaborate in formulating workable solution

Stakeholder Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia

Participants: Driver Participants: Driver (public, private), (public, private), passenger, pedestrian, passenger, pedestrian, resident, shop owner, resident, shop owner, other government other government agencies (national and agencies (national and local)local)

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Information & Education CampaignInformation & Education Campaign

Disseminate information to foster road Disseminate information to foster road user’s cooperationuser’s cooperation

Traffic rule campaign Traffic rule campaign in Hanoi, Vietnamin Hanoi, Vietnam

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6. Operation and Evaluation6. Operation and Evaluation

Guidance and enforcement.Guidance and enforcement.

Review and evaluation.Review and evaluation.

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Role of Traffic PoliceRole of Traffic Police

Enforcement of traffic rules.Enforcement of traffic rules.

Apprehension of violators.Apprehension of violators. Speeding,Speeding, Drunken drivingDrunken driving Red signal violationRed signal violation

Traffic guidance and control.Traffic guidance and control.

No left turn violationNo left turn violation One-way violationOne-way violation No parking violationNo parking violation

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Traffic Control by Traffic EnforcerTraffic Control by Traffic Enforcer

Get drivers and pedestrians to obey traffic rules Get drivers and pedestrians to obey traffic rules and regulations – main taskand regulations – main task

Human signal controller – secondary taskHuman signal controller – secondary task

Impromptu new traffic scheme not effectiveImpromptu new traffic scheme not effective

Traffic police at work

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Existing Enforcement SystemExisting Enforcement System

Offence is settled on the spot with payment Offence is settled on the spot with payment of fine in cash.of fine in cash.

Fine is the revenue for UB City.Fine is the revenue for UB City.

Total amount of fine: 500 mil. Tg. for 2006Total amount of fine: 500 mil. Tg. for 2006

More amount expected for 2007.More amount expected for 2007.

Suspension or revocation for severe Suspension or revocation for severe offence.offence.

Offence is not recorded.Offence is not recorded.

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Point System for Traffic OffencePoint System for Traffic Offence

Demerit point is given to driver who Demerit point is given to driver who committed traffic offence.committed traffic offence.Number of points depend on type of Number of points depend on type of offence.offence.Driving license is suspended or revoked if Driving license is suspended or revoked if demerit points reach the certain level.demerit points reach the certain level.Training or test is required for suspended or Training or test is required for suspended or revoked drivers.revoked drivers.No offence for certain period will reset or No offence for certain period will reset or reduce demerit points.reduce demerit points.

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7. Traffic Accidents and Safety7. Traffic Accidents and Safety

High accident rate compared with number of High accident rate compared with number of vehicles.vehicles.High rate of pedestrian accidents.High rate of pedestrian accidents.Accident prone locations:Accident prone locations: Intersection, roundabout, high traffic volumeIntersection, roundabout, high traffic volume

Accident prone locations

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Number of AccidentsNumber of Accidents

　 Accidents

Year Nation UB City UB Share

2000 5,991 5,074 84.7%

2001 5,212 4,394 84.3%

2002 5,553 4,358 78.5%

2003 5,296 3,892 73.5%

2004 4,803 3,557 74.1%

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Accident TypeAccident Type

　　Fatality (person)

　Injured (person)

　Property Damage

(mil. Tg.)

Year NationUB

City

Share NationUB

City

Share NationUB

City

Share

2000 338 14141.7

%1,616 940

58.2%

483.2 215.644.6

%

2001 335 9729.0

%1,812 1,078

59.5%

289.7 127.644.0

%

2002 327 12237.3

%1,636 818

50.0%

658.3 384.458.4

%

2003 391 14537.1

%1,224 692

56.5%

729.9 424.458.1

%

2004 385 10226.5

%2,312 1,119

48.4%

354.3 127.436.0

%

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Accident TypeAccident Type

Type Number Share

Car - car 11,864 55.7%

Car - pedestrian 8,477 39.8%

Immovable facilities 376 1.8%

Overturn 335 1.6%

Fallen passenger 104 0.5%

Car - bicycle 81 0.4%

Car - animal 0 0.0%

Others 68 0.3%

Total 21,305 　

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Traffic Safety Education - PolicyTraffic Safety Education - Policy

Understanding of importance of educationUnderstanding of importance of education

Curriculum suitable for recipient and local Curriculum suitable for recipient and local conditionsconditions

Understanding of traffic rule and mannerUnderstanding of traffic rule and manner

Participatory approach and hand-on trainingParticipatory approach and hand-on training

Evaluation of effect of safety educationEvaluation of effect of safety education

Review of curriculum to cope with changing needs Review of curriculum to cope with changing needs of societyof society

Consideration of privacyConsideration of privacy

Coordination with other organizationsCoordination with other organizations

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Safety Education – Target GroupSafety Education – Target Group

Different curriculum for each target groupDifferent curriculum for each target group Small childrenSmall children Elementary, junior high, high school studentsElementary, junior high, high school students AdultsAdults Elderly personsElderly persons

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Education MenuEducation Menu

Text bookText book

Traffic safety parkTraffic safety park

Campaign and paradeCampaign and parade

TV programsTV programs

Training for Traffic PoliceTraining for Traffic Police

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Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation

Essential for sustainability.Essential for sustainability.

IndicatorsIndicators Comparison of “before” and “after” data (traffic Comparison of “before” and “after” data (traffic

volume, travel time, delay, etc.)volume, travel time, delay, etc.) Number and severity of accidentsNumber and severity of accidents Number of traffic offencesNumber of traffic offences Pedestrian environment (space, waiting time Pedestrian environment (space, waiting time

and path to cross intersection)and path to cross intersection) ComplaintsComplaints

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8. Summary8. Summary

Effectiveness and limitations of traffic Effectiveness and limitations of traffic management measures must be properly management measures must be properly understood (no almighty solution).understood (no almighty solution).

Scientific approach must be taken (think Scientific approach must be taken (think before you tinker). before you tinker).

Concerted and sustained efforts by all Concerted and sustained efforts by all parties concerned is required (never ending parties concerned is required (never ending task but do your best).task but do your best).

August 7, 2007August 7, 2007 6060


…….END.END

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Traffic managementforpolice