TRAFFIC ENGINEERING IP/GMPLS OVER WDM

SHARIFAH AZWA BINTI SHAAYA

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING IP/GMPLS OVER WDM

SHARIFAH AZWA BINTI SHAAYA

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MALAYSIA IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS

PROJECT SUPERVISOR : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsheila Fisal

APRIL, 2005

iii

To my parents and family

To my beloved fiancé

Thanks for being extremely supportive and understanding all this while.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like express my gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof

Dr Norsheila Fisal for all the guidance that has not only helps me in completing my

project but also in the development of my being.

Also, many thanks to Mrs. Norashidah Md Din, whom without her, I could

not have completed this project in time. Thank you for inviting me to the network

research group led by you in UNITEN which had pave a way for me in completing

my master project at more convenient way.

And last but not least, I want to thanks all my research collaborates: Siti

Fatimah Abdull Rahman, Husna Zainol Abidin, Zulkifli Ishak and Mr Zaini

Jamaludin. Many thanks for lending your hands when I am in need and to all the

suggestions and recommendations that have improved the output of this project.

May Allah the Almighty bless all of you.

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ABSTRACT

Internet has very much impacted our life and daily activities. With rapid

growth in the numbers of users especially from the industries as well as the

development in optical technology, the need of better network with guaranteed

quality of service is highly demanded. One potential solution is to adapt Internet with

GMPLS network over WDM and is currently widely researched. The GMPLS over

WDM network is seen as the most promising network in servicing the users with the

capability of providing high quality of service in terms of the information throughput

and transfer speed. The project investigates the performance of an IP with GMPLS

network over WDM with a constraint, i.e. the availability of lambda. This is

conducted using simulation. The simulation work is done using a powerful open

sourced network simulator, known as NS-2. A GMPLS WDM network was modeled

and a performance study based on the throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter and

lambda utilization of the network are presented in this thesis.

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ABSTRAK

Internet telah memberi impak yang besar kepada kehidupan dan aktiviti

seharian kita. Dengan perkembangan pesat dalam jumlah pengguna terutamanya

daripada industri serta perkembangan teknologi optik, keperluan kepada rangkaian

yang lebih baik dengan kualiti perkhidmatan yang dijamin adalah amat dikehedaki.

Satu penyelesaian yang mungkin adalah mengadaptasi Internet dengan rangkain

GMPLS melalui WDM sedang dikaji di seluruh dunia. Rangkaian GMPLS melalui

WDM ini dilihat sebagai rangkaian yang terbaik dalam memberi perkhidmatan

kepada pengguna dengan kemampuan untuk menyediakan kualiti perkhidmatan yang

tinggi dari segi celusan maklumat dan kelajuan pindah. Projek ini menyiasat prestasi

satu rangkaian IP dengan GMPLS melalui WDM dengan kekangan, iaitu

kebolehsediaan lambda. Projek ini akan dijalankan menggunakan simulasi. Kerja-

kerja simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi rangkaian sumber terbuka

yang berkuasa, dikenali sebagai NS-2. Satu rangkaian GMPLS WDM telah

dimodelkan dan kajian prestasi berasaskan kecelusan, kelengahan hujung-ke-hujung,

keketaran dan kegunaan lambda akan dibentangkan dalam tesis ini.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

ABSTRACT V

ABSTRAK VI

TABLE OF CONTENT VII

LIST OF TABLES X

LIST OF FIGURES XI

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS XII

LIST OF APPENDICES XIV

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview of Current Network 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Project Scope 4

1.5 Thesis Structure 4

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2 MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING 6

2.1 Overview 6

2.2 MPLS Components and Mechanisms 7

2.3 MPLS Routing 10 2.3.1 LSR Forwarding Component 11 2.3.2 LSR Control Component 13 2.3.3 Constraint Based Routing 15

2.4 Migration From MPLS to GMPLS 16

2.5 GMPLS Network Hierarchy 16

2.6 Wavelength Density Multiplexing 17

3 SIMULATION OF MPLS/GMPLS NETWORK 20

3.1 Overview 20

3.2 Simulation Tool 20

3.3 Internet Traffic Model 21

3.4 Network Topology 22

3.5 Network Simulation in NS-2 24

4 SIMULATION STUDIES AND ANALYSIS 26

4.1 Overview 26

4.2 Definitions of QoS 26

4.3 QoS Metrics 27

4.4 Simulation and Results 28

4.5 Performance Analysis 34 4.5.1 Throughput 35 4.5.2 Lambda (Bandwidth) Utilization 36 4.5.3 End-to-end Delay 38 4.5.4 Jitter 39

ix

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 41

5.1 Conclusion 41

5.2 Recommendation 42

REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX A 48 APPENDIX B 58

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Attributes of an LSP 9

2.2 Single Forwarding Algorithm 13

2.3 Forwarding in Conventional Network Layer Routing 13

4.1 End-to-end delay for each Traffic 38

4.2 Jitter for each Traffic 40

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Process Involved in Setting-up an LSP 8

2.2 Packet Forwarding in MPLS Domain Network 9

2.3 Separation of Control and Forwarding Components of

MPLS

11

2.4 MPLS Shim Header 12

2.5 Ingress LSR Functionality 14

2.6 Hierarchical GMPLS Network Domain 17

2.7 WDM Transmission System 18

3.1 GMPLS Network Model 23

3.2 GMPLS Network Model in NS-2 24

4.1 S0 Sends Information to D0 via Nodes 5-6-9 29

4.2 Traffic from S0 and S1 Share the same Route of 5-6-9 30

4.3 Setup Message to Setup the λLSP for S2 31

4.4 Reserve Message to Reserve the λLSP for S2 32

4.5 S3 Sends Information to D3 via Nodes 5-8-9 33

4.6 The Network Scenario when all Traffics are Flowing 34

4.7 Network Throughput 35

4.8 Lambda Utilization at Every Links 36

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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

CoS Class of Service

CR Constraint-based Routing

ER-LSP Explicit Route Label Switch Path

FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class

Gbps Gigabits per second

GMPLS Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching

i.e. That is

IP Internet Protocol

LDP Label Distribution Protocol

LER Label Edge Router

LIB Label Information Base

LSC Labda Switch Based

LSP Label Switch Path

LSR Label Switch Router

MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

PSC Packet Switch Based

QoS Quality of Service

RIP Routing Information Protocol

RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SONET Synchronous Optical network

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TE Traffic Engineering

xiii

TTL Time to Live

VPN Virtual Private Network

WDM Wavelength Density Multiplexing

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A GMPLS NETWORK SOURCE CODE IN NS-2 48

B CALCULATING END-TO-END DELAY AND

JITTER SOURCE CODE: A.CC & B.CC

58

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of Current Network

The current data network that enables us to communicate with our family and

friends is based on the Internet Protocol (IP) technology. This network that is known

as the Internet was initially meant for communication between researchers for the

development of their research work [27]. As such the Internet is specifically limited

in scope to provide the functions necessary to deliver packets from a source to a

destination over an interconnected system. There is no service guarantee in the

Internet. There are also no mechanisms to augment end-to-end data reliability, flow

control, sequencing or other services commonly found in host-to-host protocol [13].

IP, a connectionless protocol, forwards packets of data using best effort

method via the shortest path between the source and the destination. The shortest

path is determined using the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol [22].

However, since all packets will be routed on the shortest path, burst of traffic could

cause congestion in the path and gradually resulting in dropping of packets from the

network. With best effort protocol, IP thus has no guarantee over the packets it

serves, thus it has no quality of service (QoS).

2

On the other hand, the Service Provider backbone infrastructure provides

multiple services such as TDM leased lines, ATM, Frame Relay, Voice, video and

Internet service. ATM backbones are currently the most favored one due to their

reliability and versatility in offering multiple service types [27].

Current data networks typically have four network layers:

• IP, for carrying applications and services

• ATM, for traffic engineering and quality of service (QoS)

• SONET/SDH, for multiplexing and transport reliability

• WDM, to provide large capacity over fiber strands.

1.2 Problem Statement

From 2000 until 2005, the world has recorded an increase of 146.2 percent of

Internet users’ growth [16]. With this high increment across all continents, and more

service in demand such as video and voice transfer, a network that could provide

better and faster transmission as well as more reliable is highly required.

As stated before, with IP, congestion could occur at the shortest path. With

more users to be allocated along the shortest path at the same time, the higher the

probability of congestion to occur, hence more calls or packets will be dropped off

during transmission. Congestion occurs due to inefficient traffic resource allocation,

and this can be addressed by Traffic Engineering (TE) [9]. Therefore the need of a

protocol that could engineer the traffic is crucial in improving the quality of service

(QoS) of the network. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), a hybrid protocol

3

resulted from combining IP routing with ATM switching like facility seems to cater

to this need. With explicit routing, MPLS allows traffic to be offloaded from a

congested path and routed to underutilized path in order to reduce the congestion at

the shortest path.

However, as network grows bigger, so does the complexity and hierarchy of

the network. Thanks to development of optical technology, the speed of transmission

can significantly speed up. This also has encouraged the networking people to

implement the concept of MPLS to not only packet-based switching, but also to the

time-division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength (lambda) and physical (fiber) based

switching. Since MPLS lacks the ability to provide common control and traffic

engineering for other media, hence a more general protocol known as GMPLS is

provisioned.

1.3 Objective

GMPLS is a label switching protocol that extends common control and traffic

engineering to other media besides packet switch domain [14]. It promises to

provide more quality of service to a network. The main objective of this project is to

investigate the performance of the QoS parameters of a MPLS/GMPLS network with

an applied constraint. The proposed network should provide:

(i) Acceptable end-to-end delay and jitter

(ii) High packet throughput

(iii) Optimum bandwidth utilization

4

1.4 Project Scope

The scope of this project is to analyze the performance of a GMPLS network

with a constraint using a simulation tool. The constraint applied here is the

bandwidth or lambda requirement of a traffic and available bandwidth.

The analysis will be carried out to measure the performance of the GMPLS

network in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, lambda utilization and jitter. The

network however will be limited to only the lambda switching network domain.

Analysis of the network performance was carried out using simulation based

discrete event technique. The simulation tool used for this project is the Network

Simulator version 2 (NS-2) [26].

1.5 Thesis Structure

This report comprises of 6 chapters. The first chapter briefly overviews the

trend of current Internet, objectives and scope of this project. Chapter 2 describes the

basics of label switching that can be categorized into MPLS and GMPLS and

followed by a brief explanation on WDM.

The use of NS-2 in the simulation of MPLS/GMPLS network is discussed in

Chapter 3. This is then followed with Chapter 4 that looks into the simulation studies

and the analysis of the performance. The QoS parameters investigated for this

network model will also be presented and discussed here.

5

Finally, the findings and discussions from the previous chapter will be

concluded and some suggestions have been proposed in order to improve the

performance of GMPLS and the work of this project.

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