Tracks and Outdoor Visitor Structures · PDF fileCOMMITTEE REPRESENTATION This Handbook has been prepared by the Tracks and Outdoor Visitor Structures Technical Committee P 8630. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

SN

Z HB

8630:2004

New Zealand Handbook

SNZ HB 8630:2004

Tracks and OutdoorVisitor Structures

SNZ HB 8630:2004

Preface for DOC Staff This handbook has been published by Standards New Zealand as a specification for DOC and other agencies responsible for the management of tracks and outdoor visitor structures. It has been prepared by Central Regional Office and incorporates DOC staff, user group and other stakeholder feedback and comment. Part 2 of this handbook (Tracks) replaces the Track Service Standards (approved December 1998) and is to be used as the Department’s service standards for tracks from now on. The name “track service standards” will continue to be used within the Department. Part 3 of this handbook (Structures) replaces the Department’s “Guidelines for the Design of Outdoor Visitor Structures”, issued in 1998. It is primarily aimed at engineers and is approved as the Department’s “standard operating procedure” for structure design. The copyright for the handbook is held by Standards New Zealand and it must not under any circumstances be copied and passed on to anyone outside of the Department. The Standard Operating Procedure number for this document is the number used for the 1998 Track Service Standards document: QD Code: VC/1200 Authorisation Signatory:

Julie Craig

Date: 20 Oct 2003

Acting Central Regional General Manager

COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIONCOMMITTEE REPRESENTATIONCOMMITTEE REPRESENTATIONCOMMITTEE REPRESENTATIONCOMMITTEE REPRESENTATIONThis Handbook has been prepared by the Tracks and Outdoor VisitorStructures Technical Committee P 8630.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe development of this Handbook has been funded by the Department ofConservation.

Standards New Zealand acknowledges the contribution of time and effort ofthe external peer review group which provided valuable input on severaloccasions before this Handbook was finalized. Special thanks are due to:

SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004

Auckland Regional CouncilChristchurch City CouncilCouncil of Outdoor Recreation

Associations of New ZealandEvans Douglas LimitedFederated Mountain Clubs of New

Zealand Inc.Fish and Game New ZealandFrame Group Limited

Leisure MattersLincoln UniversityNew Zealand Recreation

AssociationOutdoors AssemblyPublic Access New ZealandQueenstown Lakes District CouncilTe Araroa TrustWellington City Council

Standards New Zealand also wishes to acknowledge the guidance obtainedfrom US Federal Specifications and relevant publications of the AucklandRegional Council.

© Copyright© Copyright© Copyright© Copyright© CopyrightThe copyright of this document is the property of the Standards Council. Nopart of it may be reproduced by photocopying or by any other means withoutthe prior written permission of the Chief Executive of Standards New Zealandunless the circumstances are covered by Part III of the Copyright Act 1994.

Standards New Zealand will vigorously defend the copyright in this document.Every person who breaches Standards New Zealand’s copyright may beliable to a fine not exceeding $50,000 or to imprisonment for a term not toexceed three months. If there has been a flagrant breach of copyright,Standards New Zealand may also seek additional damages from the infringingparty, in addition to obtaining injunctive relief and an account of the profits.

Published by Standards New Zealand, the trading arm of theStandards Council, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020.Telephone: (04) 498 5990, Fax: (04) 498 5994.Website: www.standards.co.nz

AMENDMENTS

No Date of issue Description Entered by,and date

SNZ HB 8630:2004

New Zealand Handbook

Tracks and OutdoorVisitor Structures

3


CONTENTSCommittee representation ............................................................................. IFCAcknowledgements ........................................................................................ IFCCopyright ........................................................................................................ IFCRelated documents ........................................................................................... 5Foreword ........................................................................................................... 7Review of Handbook ......................................................................................... 8

11111 IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

1.11.11.11.11.1 Scope ................................................................................................... 91.21.21.21.21.2 Application ........................................................................................... 91.31.31.31.31.3 Definitions ............................................................................................ 9

1.41.41.41.41.4 Symbols ...............................................................................................131.51.51.51.51.5 Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 141.61.61.61.61.6 Interpreting this document .................................................................. 14

22222 TracksTracksTracksTracksTracks

2.12.12.12.12.1 Establishing the visitor/user group ..................................................... 152.22.22.22.22.2 Classification of Tracks ........................................................................ 162.32.32.32.32.3 Paths ...................................................................................................16

2.42.42.42.42.4 Short Walks ........................................................................................ 202.52.52.52.52.5 Walking Tracks ................................................................................... 252.62.62.62.62.6 Great Walks and Easy Tramping Tracks ...............................................31

2.72.72.72.72.7 Tramping Tracks ................................................................................. 372.82.82.82.82.8 Routes .................................................................................................41

33333 Design of Outdoor Visitor StructuresDesign of Outdoor Visitor StructuresDesign of Outdoor Visitor StructuresDesign of Outdoor Visitor StructuresDesign of Outdoor Visitor Structures3.13.13.13.13.1 Structure ............................................................................................ 583.23.23.23.23.2 Classification ...................................................................................... 58

3.33.33.33.33.3 Serviceability limit state ..................................................................... 583.43.43.43.43.4 Ultimate limit state ............................................................................. 593.53.53.53.53.5 Basic live load .................................................................................... 60

3.63.63.63.63.6 Ultimate limit state for barriers .......................................................... 623.73.73.73.73.7 Other loading ..................................................................................... 623.83.83.83.83.8 Provisions for snow and ice loads ...................................................... 63

3.93.93.93.93.9 Foundations ....................................................................................... 633.103.103.103.103.10 Material standards ............................................................................. 633.113.113.113.113.11 Durability ............................................................................................ 64

3.123.123.123.123.12 Environment classifications ................................................................ 643.133.133.133.133.13 Durability of building elements .......................................................... 643.143.143.143.143.14 Design for inspection and maintenance ............................................. 65

3.153.153.153.153.15 Building elements having a durability of 25 years .............................. 653.163.163.163.163.16 Cable elements ................................................................................... 683.173.173.173.173.17 Access and structures for people with disabilities ............................. 69

3.183.183.183.183.18 Structure geometry ............................................................................ 703.193.193.193.193.19 Provision of barriers ........................................................................... 723.203.203.203.203.20 Effective fall heights ........................................................................... 73

3.213.213.213.213.21 Barrier types ....................................................................................... 743.223.223.223.223.22 Barrier construction ............................................................................ 753.233.233.233.233.23 Signage .............................................................................................. 75 ➤

4


AppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendix

A Visitor/user groups and track requirements (Informative) ............................. 76B Track marker specifications (Normative) ......................................................... 79

TableTableTableTableTable

1 Identifier visitor/user group ............................................................................. 152 Track categories ...............................................................................................163 Naming of tracks ..............................................................................................164 Minimum track widths ..................................................................................... 335 Comparison of track specifications ................................................................. 446 Visitor group factor ......................................................................................... 597 Consequence of failure factor ......................................................................... 608 Basic live loads ............................................................................................... 609 Basic live loads for restricted load structures ..................................................6110 Basic live loads for barriers ............................................................................. 6211 Material specifications for cable structures .................................................... 6312 Timber components ........................................................................................ 6613 Protection of timber fixings ............................................................................. 6614 Protection of steel components ...................................................................... 6715 Protection of cable structure hardware ........................................................... 6816 Re-inspection by engineer every six years ...................................................... 6917 Minimum access widths .................................................................................. 7018 Maximum structure gradients ..........................................................................7119 Stairway classification .....................................................................................7120 Fall height calculations ................................................................................... 7321 Fall surface assessment .................................................................................. 7422 Barrier types for given effective fall height in relation to visitor group ........... 74A1 Visitor group and track requirements ............................................................. 76

FigureFigureFigureFigureFigure

1 Path – Wellington Botanic Gardens .................................................................. 172 Short Walk – Bridal Veil Falls, Waikato............................................................ 203 Track Surface – Mud below footwear .............................................................. 224 Walking Track – Orongorongo, Rimutaka Forest Park ..................................... 255 Track surface – Mud above footwear .............................................................. 276 Walking Track – Minor watercourse ................................................................ 287 Great Walk and Easy Tramping Track – Nearing Howden Hut,

Routeburn Track ...............................................................................................318 Steps ............................................................................................................... 329 Tramping Track – Mt Ellis Track, Mt Richmond Forest Park ............................. 3710 Route – Lyell Hut Route, Rakaia Valley.............................................................4111 Illustration of track categories ........................................................................ 5612 Bridge over Heaphy River ................................................................................ 5913 Relationships of H values for fall height calculations...................................... 73B1 Dimensions for standard markers ................................................................... 79B2 Dimensions for large markers ......................................................................... 80

5


RELATED DOCUMENTS

Reference is made in this document to the following:

NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS

NZS 3109:1997 Concrete construction

NZS 3602:2003 Timber and wood-based products for use in building

NZS 3604:1999 Timber framed buildings

NZS 3605:2001 Timber piles and poles for use in building

NZS 3640:2003 Chemical preservation of round and sawn timber

NZS 4121:2001 Design for access and mobility – Buildings and associated

facilities

NZS 4203:1992 General structural design and design loadings for buildings

NZS 4210:2001 Masonry construction – Materials and workmanship

NZS 8690:2003 Water safety signage

JOINT AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS

AS/NZS 2312: 2002 Guide to the protection of structural steel against atmospheric

corrosion by the use of protective coatings

AS/NZS 3750.15:1999 Paints for steel structures – Inorganic zinc silicate paint

AS/NZS 4360:1999 Risk management

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

AS 2319:2001 Rigging screws and turnbuckles

AS 2321:2001 Short-link chain for lifting purposes

AS 2741:2002 Shackles

AS 2841:1986 Galvanized steel wire strand

OTHER STANDARD

DIN 1480:1975 Turn buckles, forged (open types)

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Auckland City Council ‘Guidelines for the Design of Outdoor Visitor Structures’ clause

ACC D1, Access Routes, structures Geometry D1.7.1

Building Industry The New Zealand Building Code Handbook and Approved

Authority Documents

Department of Visitor Strategy 1996

Conservation

RR C 271B US Federal Specification (for Shackles)

FF C 450 US Federal Specification (for Rope Grips)

6


NEW ZEALAND LEGISLATION

Building Act 1991 and Building Regulations 1992

Chartered Professional Engineers of New Zealand Act 2002

Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992

Latest revisionsLatest revisionsLatest revisionsLatest revisionsLatest revisionsThe users of this Handbook should ensure that their copies of the above-mentioned New

Zealand Standards and referenced overseas Standards are the latest revisions or include

the latest amendments. Such amendments are listed in the annual Standards New Zealand

Catalogue, which is supplemented by lists contained in the monthly magazine StandardsUpdate, issued free of charge to committee and subscribing members of Standards New

Zealand.

7


FOREWORDThis document provides specifications for the design, construction, and maintenance of

tracks and outdoor visitor structures. It is aimed at encouraging consistent standards

for tracks and outdoor visitor structures New Zealand-wide. Application of these

specifications will ensure that tracks and outdoor visitor structures provide the right

level of service to meet track users’ recreation and safety needs, and will help protect

the facilities and the environment from damage.

Tracks enable visitors to access and experience natural areas and the design of a track

should enhance this experience. These specifications identify six predominant users of

tracks and these user groups define the six main categories of track. These specifications

and accompanying information will provide track users with clear and consistent

expectations of the level of service provided on tracks and outdoor visitor structures.

Following the adoption of these specifications, those responsible for the management

of tracks and outdoor visitor structures will need to address the following:

(a) The identification of distinct and current, predominant track user groups;

(b) The organization’s current track classifications;

(c) A gap analysis between the expectations of the organization’s predominant track

users and track classes currently provided. The results of this analysis should be

confirmed or adjusted by survey/consultation of track users and the organization’s

key stakeholders;

(d) The alignment of any existing track classification system with these specifications;

(e) Communicating the specifications to stakeholder organizations and the public; and

(f) Developing technical prescriptions covering track development and maintenance.

All existing tracks will need to be assessed in accordance with these specifications. If a

track does not meet these specifications, a number of options will need to be considered.

These options include:

(a) Determining whether a more appropriate visitor/user group should apply to the

track;

(b) Upgrading the track to meet the specifications; or

(c) Downgrading the track to better align with user needs.

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackgroundIn the 1970s the Department of Lands and Survey prepared a guide to the construction

and maintenance of tracks for the New Zealand Walkway Commission. In 1992 the

Department of Conservation (DOC) and the Hillary Commission reviewed the Walkway

Commission standards and published ‘A Track Classification for Walkways and other

Foot Tracks in New Zealand’. This guideline became the de-facto standard for tracks in

New Zealand and was adopted by many agencies as a standard for tracks.

In 1996, DOC published its ‘Visitor Strategy’ for the management of recreational

opportunities on the protected areas it manages. This strategy outlined the goals and

directions for the management of recreation facilities and services that are a key part of

most recreational opportunities. As part of the strategy, the department profiled seven

key visitor groups (or customers) and the level of service required to meet their recreation

needs. To ensure that the appropriate level of service is provided, DOC has developed

facility (track, hut, structure etc.) standards appropriate for each visitor group. The

8


department’s track standards (1998) were developed in consultation with interested

community and user groups, and the structure standards (1997) in consultation with the

engineering industry. DOC has subsequently used its standards to assess the condition

of its tracks and structures throughout the country.

In 2000, the Auckland Regional Council (ARC) produced a track standard for its regional

parks closely aligned to the DOC standards with the aim of providing consistent standards

for visitors in Auckland. In 2001, the Auckland City Council (ACC) also based its track

standards for its park and reserve areas on those of DOC. Both the ARC and ACC have

referred to the same user group profiles used by DOC. These profiles have helped each

agency define the distinct levels of service that it will provide. The ACC has an additional

track user group; those visitors who use tracks in urban park settings. This Handbook

incorporates the Department of Conservation, Auckland Regional Council and Auckland

City Council standards to provide comprehensive specifications for all agencies involved

in the management of tracks and outdoor visitor structures.

The visitor/user groups are described briefly in table 1 and more fully in Appendix A.

Review of HandbookReview of HandbookReview of HandbookReview of HandbookReview of Handbook

Suggestions for improvement of this Handbook will be welcomed. They should be sent to

the Chief Executive, Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020.

9


NEW ZEALAND HANDBOOK

TRACKS AND OUTDOOR VISITOR STRUCTURES

1 Introduction

1.11.11.11.11.1 ScopeScopeScopeScopeScopeThis document provides performance specifications for tracks and outdoor visitor structures

and provides a consistent framework for those responsible for the design, construction,

maintenance and/or management of tracks and outdoor visitor structures. Also covered

are the basic requirements for on-site or off-site information concerning tracks and their

current condition. Roadend/roadside facilities such as toilets and carparks, and backcountry

accommodation are not included within the scope of this Handbook.

The Handbook provides specifications for tracks suitable for use by cyclists/mountain-

bikers and walkers, but it does not include tracks that are designed and constructed

specifically for mountain-biking.

1.21.21.21.21.2 ApplicationApplicationApplicationApplicationApplicationThis Handbook shall apply to the tracks provided by the Central Government (Department

of Conservation), District and City Councils, some Regional Councils (e.g. Auckland and

Wellington), private track owners and voluntary groups. This Handbook shall apply to

tracks provided in areas such as the following:

(a) National, forest and regional parks;

(b) Local authority managed parks and reserves;

(c) Department of Conservation managed reserves and conservation areas;

(d) Historic places; and

(e) Walkways and easements across private land.

1.31.31.31.31.3 DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsFor the purposes of this Handbook, the definitions in the New Zealand Building Code

(NZBC) and the following shall apply.

ACCESSIBLE. Having features that permit use by people with disabilities.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE. A continuous route that can be negotiated unaided by a wheelchair

user from the street boundary or car park.

ACCESS STRUCTURE. A structure which provides access from one place to another

and on which it is not expected that persons will stop and congregate for viewing.

ACCESS WIDTH. The clear width of deck available to the user of a structure.

ANCILLARY BUILDING. Applies to a building or structure not intended for human habitation

and which may be exempted from some amenity provisions, but required to comply with

structural and safety-related aspects of the NZBC. Examples include a bridge, derrick,

fence, free standing outdoor fireplace, jetty, mast, path, platform, pylon, retaining wall,

tank, tunnel or dam.

BARRIER. A handrail that is positioned to prevent injury from falling.

BENCHING. Cutting into a slope to create a flat surface on which to walk.

10


BOARDWALK. A pedestrian bridge with an effective fall height of not more than 3.0 m,

and spans not greater than 2.5 m.

BRIDGED. Watercouse with a bridge or culvert built across it.

CABLEWAY. A bridge having a cage or harness, which runs on a cable, for transportation

of goods or persons.

CABLE STRUCTURE. A structure consisting of a suspension bridge, wire crossing or

cableway.

CHARTERED ENGINEER. An engineer who is registered under the Chartered Professional

Engineers of New Zealand Act 2002 and holds a current registration certificate.

CULVERT. Enclosed or open pipes, boards or drains across or under a track designed to

take water off or away from the surface of a track.

DEAD LOAD. The load due to the self-weight of the structure.

DECK. The walking surface of a structure.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY. Government department responsible for the

management of national parks and reserves and walkways, until it was replaced by the

Department of Conservation in 1987.

DESIGN ENGINEER. Design engineer means a structural engineer who on the basis of

experience and qualifications is competent to undertake the design of outdoor visitor

structures.

EASY TRAMPING TRACK. Track catering predominantly for less experienced trampers

(referred to by DOC as Back Country Comfort Seekers). For DOC, these tracks currently

are:

Whirinaki/Okahu (Whirinaki Forest Park), Te Puia (Kaweka Forest Park), Pouakai Circuit,

Queen Charlotte, Travers, Sabine/Speargrass, St James, Mt Somers, Lake Daniells,

Copland Valley/Welcome Flat, West Matukituki, Rees/Dart, Caples, Greenstone, South

Coast-Port Craig, Hollyford.

EFFECTIVE FALL HEIGHT (He). The fall height, Hf, plus the fall surface adjustment value.

A calculated value as determined by 3.20, taking into account fall height (Hf) and the fall

surface.

EVEN FOOTING. Where the foot can be placed flat somewhere on the track surface.

FALL HEIGHT. The fall height, Hf, is the greatest potential height from which a person

may fall from a structure, measured at no more than a distance Lf from the position on the

structure being assessed.

FOUNDATIONS. The part of the structure that transfers the load to the ground.

GALLERY/GANTRY. A pedestrian bridge constructed on a very steep, vertical or

overhanging surface. Types include the following:

(a) Cantilevered – supported from below.

(b) Suspended – suspended from above.

GRAB RAIL. A handrail that is provided for support on steps and stairs.

GREAT WALKS. The great walks are tracks managed by DOC and are: Milford, Routeburn,

Rakiura, Kepler, Abel Tasman Coast, Heaphy, Tongariro Northern Circuit and

Waikaremoana.

GUARDRAIL. A handrail that is positioned to stop access to hazardous areas.

11


LADDER. A structure with treads or rungs, and with or without stiles or handrails, greater

than 60o pitch.

LANDING. An access structure consisting of a level area used to provide access to a

stairway or ladder, or located at an intermediate level in a system of stairways, ramps or

ladders.

LIGHT MAINTENANCE VEHICLE. A vehicle or combination of vehicles having a gross

vehicle weight not exceeding 7.2 kN consisting of 3 axle loads of 2.4 kN each, spaced

1500 mm apart. Each axle load shall consist of two wheel loads of 1.2 kN each spaced at

500 mm centre to centre. Each wheel load shall be applied over a square not greater than

150 mm x 150 mm.Typical examples include a power carrier or a 4-wheel motorcycle

towing a trailer.

LIVE LOAD. The load imposed on the structure by users.

MAJOR WATERCOURSE. A stream or river that in normal flow is 0.5 m or deeper at the

point where the track has to cross it.

MARKER. The markings used to define the course or route of a track. Markers are usually

used where the route is not obviously created by the formation of the track on the ground,

e.g. where benching has been used or a hardened surface applied. In forested areas

markers are usually fixed to trees, while in open country (e.g. tussock or farmland), posts

or piles of rocks may be used to define the route. Types of markers include:

(a) Poles/posts;

(b) Cairns (piles of rocks);

(c) Plastic triangles (Department of Conservation standard);

(d) Permolate (venetian blind);

(e) Blaze (cut made in bark of tree) – not recommended.

MINOR WATERCOURSE. A stream or river that in normal flow is less than 0.5 m deep at

the point where the track has to cross it.

NEW ZEALAND WALKWAY COMMISSION. Body established under the Walkways Act

1975 to administer the management of walkways. The commission’s duties are now

undertaken by the New Zealand Conservation Authority.

OUTBUILDING. Defined in the NZ Building Code as applying to a building not intended

for human habitation and that is an accessory to the principal use of the associated

buildings. Examples are carports, garden sheds, toilets and garages.

OUTDOOR VISITOR STRUCTURES. Temporary or permanent structures not intended

for human habitation consisting of the following types:

(a) Viewing platforms;

(b) Pedestrian bridges, galleries/gantries and boardwalks;

(c) Ladders, stairways and ramps;

(d) Cableways.

Outdoor visitor structures are buildings not intended for human habitation as they are

always open to the elements (i.e. have no walls or roofs) and do not have any services or

equipment. Although exempted from some amenity provisions, they are required to comply

with structural and safety related aspects of the Building Code.

NOTE – Outdoor Visitor Structures shall be classified as Category IV as specified inNZS 4203.

12


PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE. An access structure for pedestrians. Light maintenance vehicles

may use the bridge provided the bridge has been designed to carry their load.

PREDOMINANT VISITOR GROUP/USER GROUP. Generally defined as the visitor/user

group with the highest numbers using the track, but will be the visitor/user group with the

lowest level of backcountry walking experience/skill if that group is present in significant

numbers.

RAISED. Track formation where hardfill is used to raise the track surface above the

surrounding ground.

RAMP. A sloping artificial structure to permit access, having no risers and a gradient

between 0o and 18o (1 in 3).

RECREATION OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM (ROS). A classification system that describes

the recreational opportunities and settings available on all land along a continuum of eight

categories from urban to wilderness.

RESTRICTED LOAD STRUCTURE. A structure designed to carry a restricted load,

normally expressed as a number of people. The load restriction is indicated by signs.

Restricted loads may be used for the design of cable structures only and for the assessment

of existing structures.

REVIEWING ENGINEER. The design engineer or a person nominated by the design

engineer who on the basis of experience and qualifications is competent to undertake the

construction review of outdoor visitor structures.

SAFE CROSSING. The place where a user can safely cross a stream, river or other

watercourse without assistance. The ability to make a safe crossing is determined by

assessing the:

(a) Likely experience of the majority of visitors attempting the crossing;

(b) Murkiness of the water;

(c) Depth of the water;

(d) Swiftness of the current;

(e) Nature of the bed (even, slippery or rocky, etc);

(f) Presence of obstacles/barriers (such as logs, steep river banks);

(g) Run-out.

SERIOUS HARM. Serious harm is defined using the relevant parts of the First Schedule

of the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. Serious harm for the purposes of this

document is:

(a) Any of the following conditions that amounts to or results in permanent loss of bodily

function, or temporary severe loss of bodily function: penetrating wound of eye, bone

fracture, laceration, crushing;

(b) Loss of consciousness from lack of oxygen;

(c) Loss of consciousness, (or acute illness requiring treatment by a registered medical

practitioner), from absorption, inhalation, or ingestion of any substance;

(d) Any harm that causes the person harmed to be hospitalized for a period of 48 hours

or more commencing within seven days of the harm’s occurrence.

13


SIGNIFICANT HAZARD. A situation where in a given year one or more visitors has a high

likelihood of dying or sustaining serious harm. Factors to be considered in assessing

whether, in the case of a fall from the track, the hazard is significant, and death or serious

harm could occur are:

(a) Height of fall;

(b) Secondary consequences of a fall (e.g. being swept away in a river);

(c) Width of track (e.g. a 2 m wide track will be less hazardous than a 0.3 m wide one);

(d) Track conditions (e.g. even, slippery or rough surface); or

(e) Presence of hidden hazards (e.g. proximity to undercut riverbank).

STAIRWAY. A structure with an artificial suspended stepped walking surface, and a gradient

between 18o and 47o.

STRUCTURE HEIGHT. The measurement from deck level to the ground at the position

being assessed.

SUSPENSION BRIDGE. A pedestrian bridge having cables as its primary structural

elements.

TRACK. An access way on the ground, with or without an overlaid surface. A track provides

a relatively clear or obvious path/route for the user to follow. Each track is designed and

maintained to meet the specific access/walking needs of a particular visitor/user group.

TRACK SURFACE WIDTH. In locations where the track surface is rough and uneven, the

width of walking surface within the track formation on which inexperienced trampers can

safely place their feet.

VIEWING PLATFORM. A structure built primarily to allow persons to stop and congregate

for viewing.

VISITOR GROUP/USER GROUP. Groups of visitors/users as defined in Appendix A. The

visitor/user group identifies the profile of the places each group visits, the nature of the

visit, the activities undertaken and the experience sought.

WALKING DISTANCE. The length of the track or section of track between two significant

places, expressed in metres or kilometres.

WALKING TIME. Is expressed in hours and minutes. It is based on the estimated time it

would take a person of average fitness from the predominant visitor group to walk between

the two points in normal weather conditions.

WINDFALL(S). Trees and branches blown over by the wind and blocking the track.

WIRE CROSSING. A pedestrian bridge having cables only for foot and hand holds.

1.41.41.41.41.4 SymbolsSymbolsSymbolsSymbolsSymbolsFor the purposes of this document, the symbols in NZS 4203 and the following apply:

Ar Area over which a restricted load is applied.

Cc Coefficient for building category.

Ce Coeffiecient for building exposure.

Cr Coefficient for roof slope.

He Effective fall height.

Hf Measured fall height.➤

14


Hfs Impact surface adjustment value.

Hs The structure height at the point of being assessed.

Kff Consequence of failure factor.

Kvg Visitor group factor.

Lf Distance from edge of structure to point from which Hf is measured.

Q Factored live load for the ultimate limit state.

Qb Basic live load for the ultimate limit state.

Ql Lateral load to be applied to a structure.

Qr The total design live load on a restricted load structure.

S Basic snow load.

Sg Open ground snow level.

ψa Area reduction factor.

ψs Short-term load factor.

ψu Live load combination factor for the ultimate load state.

1.51.51.51.51.5 AbbreviationsAbbreviationsAbbreviationsAbbreviationsAbbreviationsBCA Backcountry Adventurers

BCC Backcountry Comfort Seekers

DOC Department of Conservation

DV Day Visitors

NZBC New Zealand Building Code

ROS Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

RS Remoteness Seekers

SST Short Stop Travellers

UR Urban Residents

1.61.61.61.61.6 Interpreting this documentInterpreting this documentInterpreting this documentInterpreting this documentInterpreting this documentFor the purpose of this document, the word ‘shall’ refers to the practices that are mandatory

for compliance with this document. The words ‘should’ or ‘may’ refer to practices that are

advised or recommended.

Notes to tables form part of the requirements of this document whereas notes elsewhere

are for information and guidance only.

Clauses prefixed by ‘C’ and printed in italic type are intended as comments on the

corresponding clauses. They are not to be taken as the only or complete interpretation of

the corresponding clause nor should they be used for determining in any way the mandatory

requirements for compliance with this specification.

The appendix described as ‘normative’ contains requirements, whereas an ‘informative’

appendix provides additional details, background information and explanation related to

the contents.

15


2 Tracks

2.12.12.12.12.1 Establishing the Visitor/User GroupEstablishing the Visitor/User GroupEstablishing the Visitor/User GroupEstablishing the Visitor/User GroupEstablishing the Visitor/User GroupWhen planning for the development of new tracks and the upgrade and maintenance of

existing tracks, it is important to identify who the primary users (visitor group) are and

therefore the track classification that will be adhered to. Six ‘visitor groups’ or user groups

act as key drivers for the type of track to be developed as listed in table 1. DOC uses the

phrase ‘visitor group’ to broadly define the characteristics of the users of the facilities and

places it manages. Other agencies may wish to use these visitor group names, but some

may find it more helpful to use the user group numbers, or their own identifier, to distinguish

track users. Detailed information on visitor/user groups and corresponding track

requirements is given in Appendix A. A detailed comparison of track categories is given in

table 5.

Table 1 – Identifier visitor/user group

User Group Visitor Group (Terms used by DOC)

1 Urban Residents (UR) – Not used by DOC

2 Short Stop Travellers (SST)

3 Day Visitors (DV)

4 Backcountry Comfort Seekers (BCC)

5 Backcountry Adventurers (BCA)

6 Remoteness Seekers (RS)

2.1.1 Predominant visitor/User groupThe predominant visitor/user group shall be identified for all tracks, in accordance with

table 1.

NOTE –

(1) To identify the correct category of track, the predominant track user group needs to beidentified. Like other types of outdoor facilities, tracks are used by a wide range ofdifferent visitors, but it is the predominant user group that determines the trackspecifications. The choice of predominant group is critical as it is important that theconditions of the track are appropriate for the majority of visitors or for a significantminority of a lesser experienced visitor group.

(2) The choice of the predominant visitor/user group is made by considering the relativenumbers of each group, taking account of the numbers (if any) of the least experiencedgroup. The most appropriate user group for any track, however, is ultimately identifiedthrough user, public and key stakeholder surveys, and long-term market research. Thecurrent condition of the site will also influence the choice of the visitor/user group.

(3) The predominant visitor/user groups apply to most tracks all year round. On sometracks, however, winter conditions make the track unsuitable for the predominant usergroup (eg: BCC or DV) and the track will be managed for BCA visitors during the winter.Examples include: Milford Track, Routeburn Track, Kepler Track, Rees/Dart Track,Travers/Sabine Track and the Tongariro Northern Circuit.

(4) Overnighters do not as a group determine the requirements for tracks. For the purposesof this document the track requirements for DV shall apply to tracks managed on sitesfor overnighters.

16


2.22.22.22.22.2 Classification of TracksClassification of TracksClassification of TracksClassification of TracksClassification of TracksTracks shall be classified into six main categories that cater for corresponding visitor

groups as set out in table 2.

Table 2 – Track categories

Track classification User Visitor group (used by DOC)group

Path 1 Urban Residents (UR) – not used

by DOC

Short Walk 2 Short Stop Travellers (SST)

Walking Track 3 Day Visitors (DV)

Tramping Track – Great Walk 4 Backcountry Comfort Seekers

– Easy Tramping Track (BCC)

Tramping Track 5 Backcountry Adventurers (BCA)

Route 6 Remoteness Seekers (RS)

2.2.1 Naming of Tracks

Tracks shall be named in accordance with table 3, for purposes of providing visitor

information.

Table 3 – Naming of Tracks

User Track classification Track name (to be used in visitorgroup information)

1 Path path

2 Short Walk walk

3 Walking Track walking track

4Great Walk name of track (eg Milford Track, St James

Easy Tramping Track Walkway)

5 Tramping Track track

6 Route route

NOTE – User group numbers and visitor group names should not be used on signs or invisitor information on tracks.

2.32.32.32.32.3 PathsPathsPathsPathsPaths

2.3.1 GeneralPaths shall be well formed and provide for easy walking suitable for all ages and most

fitness levels. Access shall be provided on a durable surface such as concrete, chip seal,

asphalt or compacted gravel. Many Paths shall cater for people with mobility difficulties or

limitations (see 2.3.8) and children in mountain buggies or prams.

NOTE – Some Paths may be suitable for cyclists/mountain-bikers as well as pedestrians(see 2.3.9). They are usually located in well-populated areas and close to public amenities,and designed to meet the expectations of people who want to enjoy a particular attraction orsite along or at the end of the Path, in comfort and without physical challenges (see figure 1).

17


Figure 1 – Path – Wellington Botanic Gardens

2.3.2 Track formation/Geometry

2.3.2.1 Formation/MarkingThe Path formation shall be well defined, so that users can easily find their way in either

direction in all weather and low light conditions. Markers will not usually be required. Any

track markers used (other than poles) shall follow the specifications set out in Appendix B.

The whole track may be benched or raised.

2.3.2.2 Maximum gradeThe maximum grade for a Path shall be 7o (1 in 8).

2.3.2.3 StepsSteps shall be constructed to enable safe and comfortable use. All steps shall have a

maximum riser height of 180 mm and a minimum tread length of 310 mm.

The maximum vertical rise between landings for all steps shall be 2.5 m. A landing is

defined as a break of at least 1 m in a run of steps.

2.3.3 Surface/Pavement

2.3.3.1 Walking surface widthPaths shall have a minimum track width of 1.2 m.

NOTE – The minimum width may be reduced for environmental or aesthetic reasons forshort sections provided there is a low risk to user safety. Such sections shall cover no morethan 5 % of the total length of each Path.

18


2.3.3.2 Track surfaceThe surface of a Path shall be well formed and even and shall be made of durable material,

such as concrete, chip seal or asphalt, or compacted gravel.

The track surface shall be such that it can be walked on comfortably without getting footwear

wet or muddy in both dry and wet weather. The surface shall allow users to walk without

having to constantly look down at where they place their feet.

The maximum height of any discontinuity on the walking surface for Paths shall be 5 mm.

2.3.4 Structures

2.3.4.1 BoardwalksBoardwalks shall be used over wet, swampy, sandy or muddy sections to achieve a stable

dry surface for visitor comfort and/or to protect the environment.

2.3.4.2 Minimum widthThe minimum width for new access structures shall be 1.2 m.

2.3.4.3 BridgesAll major and minor watercourses shall be bridged.

2.3.4.4 LaddersNo ladders shall be used on Paths.

2.3.4.5 Guardrails or barriersWhere a significant hazard exists, a barrier or guardrail shall be provided. Barriers and

guardrails shall extend for the full length of path along which the significant hazard exists.

C2.3.4.5

Existing guardrails or barriers will only be replaced at the end of their life if a significanthazard exists.

2.3.4.6 Viewing platformsViewing platforms may be provided in appropriate places along the path.

2.3.5 Furniture

2.3.5.1 Seats and picnic tables

Seats and picnic tables may be provided.

2.3.6 Vegetation

Vegetation shall be cleared from the total width of the Path formation and to a height of

2.5 m, giving visitors a clear passage and an unimpeded view of the surface.

Windfalls blocking the Path shall be cleared within 48 hours of notification.

All cut vegetation shall be removed from the path surface and disposed of out of sight of

path users.

19


2.3.7 Information for visitors

2.3.7.1 SignagePaths shall be clearly signposted with directional signs at entrances and at all junctions.

Where sprays or chemicals have been or are to be used on the track, temporary signs

shall be erected for an appropriate time as a warning to track users.

C2.3.7.1

An orientation/track information sign should be provided at path entrances where morethan one walking option exists.

2.3.7.2 Track conditionThe presence of any poor track condition shall be brought to the attention of visitors at

visitor information centres and/or at Path entrances.

2.3.7.3 Recommended footwear

Paths shall be suitable for all types of walking footwear.

2.3.8 Paths for people with mobility difficultiesPaths may be developed or maintained to a barrier-free standard for use by people with

mobility difficulties or limitations. For such Paths, the specifications in 2.3.1 to 2.3.7 above

shall apply, with the following variations.

2.3.8.1 Maximum grade

The maximum grade shall be 5o (1 in 11.4).

2.3.8.2 Steps

No steps shall be used.

2.3.8.3 Walking surface widthThe minimum width shall be 2.0 m over its entire length.

2.3.8.4 Structures/gatesNo stiles, turnstiles or kissing gates shall be used.

2.3.8.5 SignageThe path shall be clearly labelled as a path for people with mobility difficulties by use of

appropriate symbols and words at path entrances and at junctions with any tracks that are

not paths.

2.3.9 Paths for cyclists and pedestriansSome paths may be managed for both cyclists (including mountain-bikers) and pedestrians.

For such paths, the requirements in 2.3.1 to 2.3.7 above shall apply, with the following

variations.

2.3.9.1 StepsNo steps shall be used.

2.3.9.2 StructuresNo walk-over stiles shall be used.

20


2.3.9.3 Visibility on cornersVegetation clearance, especially on corners, shall be sufficient to allow good visibility (a

10 m minimum sight distance) for cyclists and walkers.

2.3.9.4 SignageThe path shall be clearly labelled as a path for pedestrians and cyclists by use of appropriate

symbols and words at path entrances and at junctions with any tracks on which cycles are

not permitted.

2.42.42.42.42.4 Short WalksShort WalksShort WalksShort WalksShort Walks

2.4.1 GeneralShort Walks shall be well formed and provide for up to one hour’s easy walking suitable

for most ages and fitness levels (See figure 2.)

NOTE – Some Short Walks may cater for people with mobility difficulties or limitations (see2.4.8) and children in mountain-buggies and prams. Some may be suitable for cyclists/mountain-bikers as well as pedestrians (see 2.4.9).

Figure 2 – Short Walk – Bridal Veil Falls Walk, Waikato

21



2.4.2.1 Formation/Marking

The track shall be well defined to allow inexperienced users to easily find their way in

either direction in all weather conditions. Markers will not usually be required. Any track

markers used (other than poles and cairns) shall follow the specifications set out in

Appendix B.

Part or all of the track may be benched or raised.

2.4.2.2 Maximum gradeThe maximum grade shall be 10o (1 in 5.7), not including steps.

NOTE – The maximum grade may increase up to (and including) 15o (1 in 3.7) over sectionsof track up to 50 m long, as long as these steeper sections provide firm footing in wetweather conditions. The length of track with grades between 10o (1 in 5.7) and 15o (1 in 3.7)shall not exceed 5 % of total track length.

C2.4.2.2

When building a new track, or realigning an existing one, the grade should not exceed10 o (1 in 5.7).

2.4.2.3 StepsThe maximum gradient for all steps shall be 37o (1 in 1.5). The maximum vertical rise

between landings for all steps shall be 2.5 m. A landing is defined as a break of at least

1 m in a run of steps. Steps shall have a grab rail installed on one side where the safety

of users is at risk.

The treads of all steps must have an even surface and must not be muddy or rough.

Where the gradient on existing flights of steps is greater than 37o (1 in 1.5) it shall be

reduced to 37o or less.

Steps shall be constructed in such a way as to enable comfortable use by children and

elderly people, with a maximum riser height of 190 mm and a minimum tread length of

250 mm.

C2.4.2.3

Each step in a run of steps should also have the same riser height and the same treadlength.


2.4.3.1 Walking surface widthThe minimum walking surface width for Short Walks shall be 0.75 m with a maximum of

2.0 m. Existing tracks wider than 2 m should be maintained only to a width of 2 m or less.

NOTE – The minimum width may be reduced (for environmental or aesthetic reasons) forshort sections of track provided there is minimal risk to visitor safety and that such sectionscover no more than 5 % of total track length.

22


2.4.3.2 Track surfaceThe track surface shall be well formed and even (wet areas drained) and suitable for

walking shoes (see figure 3). In dry weather the track surface shall be such that it can be

walked on comfortably without getting footwear wet or muddy, and without the users having

to constantly look down at where they place their feet.

Up to 10 % of the total length of the track may have short, wet or muddy sections, provided

that the mud or water will not go over the top of users’ walking shoes and that these

sections provide reasonably firm footing in wet weather conditions.

C2.4.3.2

Some track users are likely to be children under five with a shoe height of around50 mm. To ensure that wet or muddy sections of track are not excessively long, they

should constitute no more than 10 m in every 50 m.

Figure 3 – Track surface – Mud below footwear

A proportion of the total length of a Short Walk, Walking Track, Great Walk and Easy

Tramping Track may have wet/muddy sections such as this where the mud and

water does not go over the footwear. In this case, the mud is less than 50 mm deep

and will not go over a child’s footwear.

23


2.4.4 Structures

2.4.4.1 BoardwalksBoardwalks may be used over wet, swampy, sandy or muddy sections of the track to

achieve a mainly dry surface and/or protect the environment. Alternatives to boardwalks,

such as drainage of wet areas or raised, hardened sections of track, may also be used.

2.4.4.2 Width

The minimum width for new access structures shall be 1.2 m.

2.4.4.3 BridgesAll major or minor watercourses shall be bridged.

2.4.4.4 LaddersNo ladders shall be used on Short Walks.

2.4.4.5 Guardrails or barriersGuardrails or barriers shall be constructed where a significant hazard to inexperienced

visitors (including children) exists.

C2.4.4.5

Existing guardrails or barriers will only be replaced at the end of their life if a significanthazard exists.

2.4.4.6 Viewing platformsViewing platforms may be provided in appropriate places along the track.

2.4.5 Furniture

2.4.5.1 Seats and picnic tablesSeats and picnic tables may be provided in appropriate places along the track.

2.4.6 Vegetation

Vegetation shall be cleared from the total width of the track formation up to a maximum

width of 1 m on either side of the centre of the track, and to a height of 2.5 m, giving

visitors a clear passage and an unimpeded view of the surface. Significant tree limbs and

trunks may intrude into or above the track provided these do not obstruct users or place

them at risk.

Windfalls blocking the track shall be cleared within 48 hours of notification.

All cut vegetation shall be removed from the track surface and where practicable, out of

view of the track.

24



2.4.7.1 SignageShort Walks shall be clearly signposted with directional signs (which include both walking

times and distances) at all track entrances and track junctions. Significant points of interest

along or at the end the track shall be signposted.

At locations where there is a significant change from a Short Walk to other types of track,

signs shall be provided with appropriate symbols and words to describe the change.



C2.4.7.1

An orientation/track information sign should be provided at track entrances where morethan one walking option exists.

2.4.7.2 Track conditionThe presence of any poor track condition shall be brought to the attention of visitors at

visitor information centres and/or at track entrances.

2.4.7.3 Recommended footwearThe recommended footwear for Short Walks is walking shoes.

2.4.8 Short Walks for people with mobility difficultiesShort Walks may be developed or maintained to a barrier-free standard for use by people

with mobility difficulties or limitations. For such tracks, the requirements in 2.4.1 to 2.4.7


2.4.8.1 Maximum grade

The maximum grade shall be 5o (1 in 11.4).


2.4.8.3 Surface widthThe minimum width shall be 1.2 m over its entire length.

2.4.8.2 Track surfaceTrack surface shall be well compacted, with no loose material.

2.4.8.5 Structures/GatesNo stiles, turnstiles or kissing gates shall be used.

2.4.8.6 Signage

The track shall be clearly labelled as one suitable for people with mobility difficulties by

use of appropriate symbols and words at track entrances and at junctions with other

tracks.

2.4.9 Short Walks for cyclists and pedestriansSome short walks may be managed for both cyclists (including mountain-bikers) and

pedestrians. For such tracks, the requirements in 2.4.1. to 2.4.7. shall apply, with the

following variations.

25



2.4.9.2 Passing baysWhere there is a long section of track at the minimum width of 0.75 m, passing bays shall

be developed in practical and appropriate places. These shall have a minimum width of

1 m and a minimum length of 3 m.

2.4.9.3 Track surfaceThe track surface shall be well compacted so that tyres do not unduly degrade the surface.

2.4.9.4 CulvertsOpen culverts (i.e. either wooden or natural drains going across the track, with no cover)

shall be no greater than 150 mm in width. Wooden culverts and water cutout boards shall

not protrude more than 30 mm above the surface of the track.

2.4.9.5 StructuresNo walk-over stiles shall be used.

2.4.9.6 Visibility on cornersVegetation clearance, especially on corners, shall be sufficient to allow good visibility

(e.g. a 10 m minimum sight distance) for cyclists and walkers.

2.4.9.7 SignageThe track shall be clearly labelled as one suitable for pedestrians and cyclists by use of

appropriate symbols and words at track entrances and at junctions with any tracks on

which cycles are not permitted.

2.52.52.52.52.5 Walking TracksWalking TracksWalking TracksWalking TracksWalking TracksWalking Tracks cater for those who want an extended walk that takes from a few minutes

to one full-day return. These tracks are usually reasonably easy day trips and are required

to be of a standard to enable use by relatively inexperienced visitors with a low level of

backcountry skill and wanting a low level of risk (see figure 4). Some may be suitable for

cyclists/mountain-bikers as well as pedestrians (see 2.5.8).

Figure 4 – Walking Track – Orongorongo, Rimutaka Forest Park

26


2.5.1 Track formation/GeometryThe track shall be well defined. Benching and raised formation may be used provided

any negative environmental impacts are minimized.

2.5.1.1 MarkingThe track shall be clearly marked where necessary, to allow inexperienced users to easily

find their way in either direction in all weather conditions. Track markers (other than poles)

shall comply with the specifications prescribed in Appendix B.

2.5.1.2 Maximum gradeThe maximum grade shall be 15o (1 in 3.7) not including steps. The grade may rise to 20o

(1 in 2.7) over sections of track up to 100 m long, as long as these steeper sections

provide reasonably firm footing in wet weather conditions. The length of track with grades

between 15o and 20o shall not exceed 10 % of total track length.

C2.5.1.2

When building a new track, or realigning an existing one, the grade should not exceed15 o, and where practicable, should be 10 o max.

2.5.1.3 StepsThe maximum gradient for all steps shall be 41o (1 in 1.2). The maximum vertical rise

between landings for all steps shall be 4 m. (A landing is defined as a break of at least

1 m in a run of steps.)

Flights of steps with a gradient between 37o (1 in 1.5) and 41o shall have an even, firm

tread surface (i.e. not muddy or rough).

Steps shall be constructed in such a way as to enable comfortable use by children and

elderly people, with a maximum riser height of 225 mm and a minimum tread length of

300 mm.

C2.5.1.3

Although the maximum gradient is 41o, new steps should be constructed with a maximumgradient of 37 o (i.e. a riser height of no more than 225 mm and a tread length of around300 mm) for greater comfort and safety of the predominant visitor group. Each step in

a run of steps should also have the same riser height and the same tread length.


2.5.2.1 Track surface width

The minimum walking surface width shall be 0.75 m. This may be reduced to 0.6 m where

the track grade is less than 5o (1 in 11.4) and there are no hazards from falling on both

sides of the track.

The minimum widths (0.75 m and 0.6 m) may be reduced (for environmental or aesthetic

reasons) for short sections of track provided there is a low risk to visitor safety and that

such sections cover no more than 5 % of the total track length.

The maximum track surface width shall be 2.0 m. It is recommended that existing tracks

wider than 2.0 m be maintained to a maximum reduced width of 2.0 m or less.

2.5.2.2 Track surface

The track surface shall be mostly well formed and even with wet areas drained. In dry

weather the track surface shall be such that it can be walked on comfortably in light

walking boots without getting footwear wet or muddy (see figure 5).

27


Up to 20 % of the total length of track may have:

(a) short wet or muddy sections (provided the water or mud will not go over the top of

track user’s boots); or

(b) uneven or rough sections where the track surface is broken by rock, roots, scree or

other obstacles. These sections must still provide reasonably firm footing in wet

weather conditions.

C2.5.2.2

Some track users are likely to be children under five with a shoe or boot height of

around 50 mm. To ensure that wet or muddy sections and/or rough and uneven sectionsof track are not excessively long, they should constitute no more than 20 m in every80 m.

Figure 5 – Track surface – Mud above footwear

A proportion of the total length of a Short Walk, Walking Track, Great Walk and Easy

Tramping Track may have wet/muddy sections such as this provided the mud and

water does not go over the top of the footwear. In this case, the mud is more than

50 mm deep and would go over the top of a younger child’s shoes. This surface would

be unacceptable on a Short Walk or Walking Track.

2.5.3 Structures

2.5.3.1 BoardwalksBoardwalks may be used over wet, swampy, sandy or muddy sections of the track to

achieve a mainly dry surface for visitor comfort and/or to protect the environment.

Alternatives to boardwalks, such as drainage or raised hardened sections of track, may

also be used.

28


2.5.3.2 WidthThe minimum width for new access structures shall be 0.75 m.

2.5.3.3 BridgesAll major watercourses shall be bridged.

All permanent minor watercourses wider than 1 m (in normal flow conditions) shall be

bridged. Where a minor watercourse is wider than 1 m at the point of crossing but is

easily crossed in normal flow conditions by the predominant visitor group (without water

going over the top of footwear) a bridge or culvert shall not be built. (See figure 6.)

C2.5.3.3

Existing bridges across minor watercourses that do not flow all year round and that donot require bridging according to 2.5.3.3 will not be replaced when they reach the endof their life.

Figure 6 – Walking Track – Minor watercourse

Where a water course is >1 m wide and is easily crossed in normal flow

without getting feet wet, a bridge or culvert will not be built.

2.5.3.4 LaddersNo ladders shall be used on Walking Tracks.

2.5.3.5 Guardrails or barriers

Guardrails or barriers shall be constructed where a significant hazard to the predominant

visitor group exists.

C2.5.3.5

Existing guardrails or barriers will only be replaced at the end of their life where a

significant hazard exists.

29


2.5.3.6 Viewing platformsViewing platforms may be provided in appropriate places along the track.

2.5.3.7 SheltersShelters may be provided in appropriate locations along walking tracks where:

(a) The total walking time from the start of the track without shelter exceeds three hours;

(b) There are significant numbers of users walking or using the whole length of the track;

and

(c) There is a significant level of exposure to adverse weather conditions on the most

distant parts of the track.

Where shelters are provided, toilets should also be provided at those locations that are or

may become popular stops for the consumption of food.

2.5.4 FurnitureSeats and picnic tables may be provided in appropriate places along the track.

2.5.5 Vegetation clearanceVegetation shall be cleared from the total width of the track formation up to a maximum

width of 1 m on either side of the centre of the track, and to a height of 2.5 m, giving

visitors a clear passage and an unimpeded view of the surface. Significant tree limbs and

trunks may intrude into or above the track provided these do not obstruct users or place

them at risk.

Windfalls blocking the track shall be cleared (or the track diverted) within 14 days of

notification.

All cut woody vegetation shall be removed from the track surface and, if practicable, out of

view of the track.

Where the track is an actively managed historic site, vegetation control may be managed

so as to protect the historic integrity of the track.


2.5.6.1 SignageWalking Tracks shall be clearly signposted with directional signs (which include both walking

times and distances) at all track entrances and track junctions. Significant points of interest

along or at the end the track shall be signposted.

At locations where there is a significant change from Walking Track to another standard of

track, signs shall be provided with appropriate symbols and words to describe the change.



C2.5.6.1

An orientation/track information sign should be provided at track entrances where morethan one walking option exists.

2.5.6.2 Track conditionVisitors shall be informed of the presence of any temporary poor track condition, such as

recent slips, or permanent track information, such as unbridged streams, at visitor

information centres and/or at track entrances.

30


2.5.6.3 Recommended footwearThe recommended footwear for Walking Tracks is light walking boots.

2.5.7 Historic walking tracksHistoric walking tracks include old railways, tramways, roads, trails used by Mäori, water

race tracks, graded horse tracks and other tracks that are of either high historic heritage

value and/or actively managed historic tracks. The heritage value of such tracks must be

taken into account in track upgrading and maintenance. The profile (e.g. width, cuts, fills,

drains, culverts, stonework and cobbles) and alignment (route, grade and curvature) of

these tracks may require a different maintenance regime and different repair solutions. In

general any deviation from the original track alignment and grade is to be avoided.

2.5.8 Walking tracks for cyclists/mountain-bikers and pedestriansSome walking tracks may be managed for both cyclists/mountain-bikers and pedestrians.

Cyclists and mountain-bikers using suitable walking tracks require a reasonable level of

fitness and some technical riding skills. For such tracks, the specifications in 2.5.1 to 2.5.7

above shall apply, with the following variations.

2.5.8.1 StepsNo more than 5 % of the total length of track shall consist of steps.


The minimum walking surface width shall be 0.75 m.

2.5.8.3 Passing bays

Where there is a long section of track at the minimum width of 0.75 m, passing bays shall

be developed in practical and appropriate places. These shall have a minimum width of

1 m and a minimum length of 3 m.


2.5.8.5 Culverts

Open culverts (i.e. either wooden or natural drains going across the track, with no cover)



2.5.8.6 StructuresWalk-over stiles should not be used.

2.5.8.7 Visibility on corners

Vegetation clearance, especially on corners, shall be sufficient to allow good visibility (a

10 m minimum sight distance) for cyclists/mountain-bikers and walkers.

2.5.8.8 SignageThe track shall be clearly labelled as one suitable for pedestrians and cyclists/mountain-

bikers by use of appropriate symbols and words at track entrances and at junctions with

any tracks on which cycles are not permitted.

31


2.62.62.62.62.6 Great Walks and Easy Tramping TracksGreat Walks and Easy Tramping TracksGreat Walks and Easy Tramping TracksGreat Walks and Easy Tramping TracksGreat Walks and Easy Tramping TracksThese tracks cater for less experienced trampers (DOC refers to them as Backcountry

Comfort Seekers) expecting a low risk experience in the backcountry (see figure 7).

The Great Walks and Easy Tramping Tracks will generally be multi-day tramping tracks.

Some Easy Tramping Tracks may be suitable for mountain-bikers as well as pedestrians

(see 2.6.8).

Figure 7 – Great Walk and Easy Tramping Track – Nearing Howden Hut,Routeburn Track

2.6.1 Track formation/GeometryThese tracks shall be well defined by the formation or by markers.

NOTE – Benching and raised formation may be used provided any negative environmentaleffects are minimized.

2.6.1.1 MarkingMarking of the track shall be through use of poles or markers. Track markers (other than

poles) shall follow the specifications set out in Appendix B.

32


2.6.1.2 Maximum gradeThere shall be no maximum grade.

2.6.1.3 StepsSteps may be used on these tracks (see figure 8). Existing flights of steps shall have a

gradient not exceeding 41o (1 in 1.2). The maximum vertical rise between landings for all

steps shall be 4 m. (A landing is defined as break of at least 1 m in a run of steps.)

Steps shall be constructed to enable reasonably comfortable use by the predominant

visitor group, with a maximum riser height of 200 mm and a minimum tread length of

250 mm.

C2.6.1.3

Although the maximum gradient is 41o, new steps should be constructed with a maximumgradient of 37 o (i.e. a riser height of no more than 200 mm and a tread length of around

250 mm) for greater ease of use and safety of the predominant visitor group. Each stepin a run of steps should also have the same riser height and the same tread length.

Figure 8 – Steps

Steps on Paths and Short Walks must not have a rough tread surface nor a vertical

rise between landings of more than 2.5 m. Steps on all tracks should have similar

riser heights as well as tread lengths (unlike those in figure 8) on a run of steps.

33




The minimum track surface width for tracks in particular environments shall be in

accordance with table 4.

Table 4 – Minimum track widths

Track environment Minimum width

Open forest 0.3 m

River flats 0.3 m

Tops 0.3 m

Flat terrain 0.3 m

Steep slopes 0.6 m

Where room for passing is required 0.6 m

The maximum width for these tracks is 1 m. Tracks with a surface width greater than 1 m

shall be maintained to a reduced width of 1 m or less.


Over 70 % of the total track length for Great Walks and over 50 % for Easy Tramping

Tracks, shall have wet areas drained and a surface that provides firm and even footing.

Up to 30 % of the total track length for Great Walks and up to 50 % for Easy Tramping

Tracks may have one or both of the following:

(a) Uneven, steep or rough sections where the track surface is broken by rocks, roots,

scree or other obstacles; or

(b) Deep, muddy or wet sections as long as the mud or water does not come over the

top of the boot.

These sections, where they are on steep slopes, must still provide reasonably firm footing

in wet weather conditions.

Great Walks and Easy Tramping Tracks do not have to be entirely even or without wet/

muddy sections. Less experienced trampers may find this undesirable as many are looking

for a degree of challenge, not a smooth, completely dry track for its whole length. Tracks

that are within the percentage requirements above shall not be upgraded to reduce the

percentage of wet/muddy and rough/uneven track surface.

C2.6.2.2

Some track users are likely to be children over ten and the height of their boots will be

around 100 mm. To ensure that muddy/uneven sections of track are not excessivelylong,they should constitute no more than:

(a) 400 m in every 1,000 m for Great Walks;

(b) 600 m in every 1,000 m for Easy Tramping Tracks.

34


2.6.3 Structures

2.6.3.1 BoardwalksNew boardwalks may be constructed and existing ones replaced at the end of their life

only if the boardwalk is essential to protect the environment or if there is no reasonable

alternative route through or around a wet, sandy or muddy section.

2.6.3.2 Width

The minimum width for new access structures shall be 0.6 m.

2.6.3.3 BridgesAll major watercourses shall be bridged.

All minor watercourses shall be bridged where:

(a) No reasonable alternative wet weather track exists;

(b) They cannot be safely crossed unassisted when in flood; and

(c) The frequency with which floods occur results in the watercourse acting as a barrier

or becoming a significant hazard to:

(i) over 5 % of the predominant visitor group (BCC) a year for Great Walks, or

(ii) over 10 % of the predominant visitor group (BCC) a year for Easy Tramping

Tracks.

C2.6.3.3

Existing bridges across minor watercourses will not be replaced when they reach theend of their life unless the above criteria apply.

2.6.3.4 LaddersLadders may be used on these tracks. On a Great Walk, ladders shall not exceed 2 m in

length.

2.6.3.5 Guardrails or barriers

Guardrails or barriers shall be constructed where a significant hazard to the predominant

visitor group exists and there is no reasonable alternative option such as:

(a) Widening the track; or

(b) Diverting the track; and

(c) Installing temporary warning signs until the hazard has been mitigated.

C2.6.3.5

Existing guardrails or barriers will be replaced at the end of their life only if a significant

hazard exists and there is no reasonable alternative option for reducing the risk tovisitor safety.

2.6.3.6 Viewing platformsViewing platforms shall not generally be provided on these tracks.

35


2.6.3.7 SheltersShelters may be provided in appropriate locations along these tracks where:

(a) The total walking time from the start of the track or between huts without shelter

exceeds four hours;

(b) There are significant numbers of visitors using the track; and

(c) There is a significant level of exposure to adverse weather conditions on the most

distant parts of the track.


may become popular stops for the consumption of food.

2.6.4 Furniture

Seats and picnic tables are not generally provided on these tracks.

2.6.5 VegetationVegetation shall be cleared from the total width of the track formation up to a maximum

width of 0.5 m on either side of the centre of the track to ensure that there is a clear

passage and clear view of the track walking surface, the way ahead and the next marker/

pole.

Windfalls blocking the track shall be cleared or the track diverted within 7 days of notification

during the peak season for Great Walks, or 14 days during the peak season for Easy

Tramping Tracks.

All cut woody vegetation shall be removed from the track surface and, where practicable,

out of view of the track.

Where the track is an actively managed historic site, vegetation control may be managed



2.6.6.1 Signage

Great Walks and Easy Tramping Tracks shall be clearly signposted with directional signs

(which include both walking times and distances) at all track entrances and track junctions.

Significant points of interest along the track shall be signposted.

At locations where there is a significant change from Great Walk or Easy Tramping Track

to another standard of track, appropriate symbols and words to describe the change shall

be used on the relevant sign.

Where sprays or chemicals have been or are to be used on the track temporary signs


Permanent hazard warning signs are only to be installed where there is no other practicable

option.

C2.6.6.1

An orientation/track information sign should be provided at track entrances where more

than one walking option exists.

36


2.6.6.2 Track conditionThe presence of any difficult track section, such as un-bridged streams, or temporary

poor track condition, such as recent slips, shall be brought to the attention of visitors at

visitor information centres, track entrances and/or huts.


Recommended footwear for these tracks is light walking boots or tramping boots.

2.6.7 Historic tramping tracksHistoric tramping tracks include old railways, tramways, roads, trails used by Mäori, water-







2.6.8 Easy tramping tracks for mountain-bikers and pedestriansSome Easy Tramping Tracks may be managed for both mountain-bikers and pedestrians.

Mountain-bikers using suitable easy tramping tracks require a good level of fitness and

some technical riding skills. For such tracks, the requirements given in 2.6.1 to 2.6.7 shall

apply, with the following variations.

2.6.8.1 StepsNo more than 10 % of the total length of track shall consist of steps.

2.6.8.2 Track surface widthThe minimum track surface width shall be 0.6 m.

2.6.8.3 Passing baysWhere there is a long section of track at the minimum width of 0.6 m, passing bays will be

developed in practical and appropriate places. These shall have a minimum width of 1 m

and a minimum length of 3 m.


2.6.8.5 CulvertsOpen culverts (i.e. either wooden or natural drains going across the track, with no cover)



2.6.8.6 Visibility on cornersVegetation clearance, especially on corners, shall be sufficient to allow good visibility (a

10 m minimum sight distance) for mountain-bikers and pedestrians.

2.6.8.7 Signage

The track shall be clearly labelled as one suitable for pedestrians and mountain-bikers by

use of appropriate symbols and words at track entrances and at junctions with any tracks

on which cycles are not permitted.

37


2.72.72.72.72.7 Tramping TracksTramping TracksTramping TracksTramping TracksTramping TracksThese tracks cater for Backcountry Adventurers, including trampers, hunters, anglers and

mountaineers. A few may be suitable for mountain-bikers as well as pedestrians (see

2.7.9). Tramping Tracks generally follow the lie of the land and are commonly not formed

(see figure 9).

Figure 9 – Tramping Track – Mt Ellis Track, Mt Richmond Forest Park

2.7.1 GeneralTramping Tracks shall be marked, and may traverse a wide range of terrain and cater for

backcountry visitors with generally moderate to high backcountry skills and experience.

Trips on these tracks vary in length from half-day to multi-day.


2.7.2.1 MarkingThe track shall be marked except where a formed track exists and can be easily followed.

Markers, poles or cairns must be clearly visible from one to the next, in either direction, in

all but the worst weather conditions. Track markers (other than cairns and poles) shall

follow the specifications set out in Appendix B.

Tracks across recent slips shall be marked.

2.7.2.2 Benching

In developing new tracks, or upgrading existing ones, benching is to be limited to where:

(a) Environmental or visitor impacts need to be mitigated, for example to provide an

alternative route to avoid severe erosion and deep gullies centred on the track on

steep slopes; or

(b) No practicable alternative option for redesigning or rerouting the track exists, for

example where a steep slip has taken out a section of track; and

(c) There is high enough use to warrant benching.

38


2.7.2.3 Maximum gradeThere is no maximum grade.

2.7.2.4 StepsSteps should generally not be used except where their use will prevent erosion or significant

visitor impacts.

Steps must not have a gradient that exceeds 45o (1 in 1). The maximum vertical rise

between landings for all steps is 8 m. (A landing is defined as break of at least 1 m in a run

of steps.)

New steps shall have a maximum riser height of 250 mm and a minimum tread length of

250 mm.


2.7.3.1 Walking surface widthThere is no minimum width on Tramping Tracks. Where surface material such as gravel

is used, the maximum surface width shall be 0.3 m.


The track surface shall generally be the natural surface and may include mud, water,

roots and embedded rocks.

Major obstacles such as windfalls are to be removed or the track diverted around them.

Generally minor obstacles such as rocks, tree roots and earth are not to be removed.

2.7.4 Structures

2.7.4.1 BoardwalksBoardwalks are not generally provided on Tramping Tracks. Instead where muddy, sandy

or swampy conditions exist tracks are to be drained, rerouted or raised. If there is no

alternative, new boardwalks may be constructed or existing ones replaced only where

they are necessary to mitigate significant environmental effects.

2.7.4.2 WidthThe minimum width for new access structures shall be 0.6 m.

2.7.4.3 Bridges

Watercourses shall be bridged where they cannot be safely crossed without the help of

others during times of normal water flow. Bridges may be 3-wire crossings.

Watercourses shall also be bridged where:

(a) No reasonable alternative wet weather track exists: and

(b) They cannot be safely crossed unassisted when in flood; and

(c) Floods occur with a frequency that means the watercourse is a barrier to progress or

becomes a significant hazard to over 25 % of the predominant visitor group (BCA) a

year; and

(d) There is no accommodation/shelter within 2 hours walking distance where visitors

can wait until the river/stream conditions improve.

C2.7.4.3

Existing bridges across any watercourse will not be replaced at the end of their lifeunless the above criteria are met.

39


2.7.4.4 LaddersLadders may be used where a significant hazard exists.

2.7.4.5 Guardrails, barriers, chains or handwiresGuardrails, barriers, chains or handwires may be used at locations where a significant

hazard to visitors exists but only where no other reasonable option such as re-routing the

track exists.

C2.7.4.5

Existing guardrails, barriers, chains or handwires are only to be replaced at the end oftheir life if a significant hazard exists.

2.7.4.6 Viewing platforms

Viewing platforms are generally not provided.

2.7.4.7 Shelters

Shelters may be provided in appropriate locations along these tracks where:

(a) The total walking time from the start of the track return (if on a day Tramping Track)

without shelter, or from the start of the track or between huts without shelter exceeds

four to five hours;

(b) There are significant numbers of relatively inexperienced visitors using the track; and

(c) There is exposure to adverse weather conditions on the most distant parts of the

track.


may become popular stops, provided the visitor numbers warrant it.

2.7.5 Furniture

Seats and picnic tables are generally not provided.

2.7.6 VegetationVegetation shall be cleared to ensure there is a clear passage and a clear view of track

markers, poles or cairns. Cut woody vegetation shall be cleared from the track surface.

Where a formed or benched track is required as in 2.7.2.2 or 2.7.4.1, vegetation shall be

cleared to ensure a clear view of the track surface and the way ahead.

Where the track is an actively managed historic site, vegetation control shall be managed



2.7.7.1 SignageDirection signs shall be placed at all track entrances and at junctions or crossing points

where there is a significant risk of getting lost. Direction signs are to show walking times,

and may show distances.

At locations where there is a change from Tramping Track to Route, appropriate symbols

and words to describe the change shall be used on the relevant sign.



40


2.7.7.2 Track conditionTrack condition information regarding, for example, unusual track conditions, shall be

made available at track entrances or through off-site means.

2.7.7.3 Recommended footwearThe footwear recommended for these tracks is tramping boots.

2.7.8 Historic tramping tracks

Historic tramping tracks include old railways, tramways, roads, trails used by Mäori, water


value and/or actively managed historic tracks. The heritage value of such tracks shall be





2.7.9 Tramping tracks for mountain-bikers and pedestrians

A few Tramping Tracks may be managed for both mountain-bikers and pedestrians. In

most cases these shall be tracks that were originally formed and benched. Mountain-

bikers using tramping tracks require a very good level of fitness and, in most cases,

advanced technical riding skills. For such tracks, the specifications in 2.7.1 to 2.7.8 above


2.7.9.1 Track surface widthThe minimum rideable surface width shall be 0.3 m.

2.7.9.2 Visibility on cornersVegetation clearance, especially on corners, shall be sufficient to allow good visibility for

mountain-bikers and pedestrians.

2.7.9.3 Signage

The track shall be clearly labelled as one suitable for pedestrians and mountain-bikers by

use of appropriate symbols and words at track entrances and at junctions with any tracks

on which mountain-bikes are not permitted.

41


2.82.82.82.82.8 RoutesRoutesRoutesRoutesRoutesRoutes are generally unformed and lightly cut and cater for experienced backcountry

users who have navigation and river-crossing skills (see figure 10).

Figure 10 – Route – Lyell Hut Route, Rakaia Valley


2.8.1.1 Maximum gradeThere is no maximum grade.

2.8.1.2 Marking

Marking on routes shall be by way of cairns, poles or markers and they shall be visible

from one to the next, in either direction, in all weather conditions except moderate to

heavy mist. Track markers (other than cairns and poles) shall follow the specifications set

out in Appendix B.

C2.8.1.2

Unmarked routes (generally defined by use and with no marking or vegetation clearance)are not considered to be routes covered by this Handbook.

2.8.1.3 StepsSteps shall not be used on routes.


2.8.2.1 Walking surface widthThere is no minimum walking surface width.


The track surface shall be natural (i.e. not formed) and may be rough.

42


2.8.3 Structures

2.8.3.1 BoardwalksBoardwalks shall not be provided on Routes.

2.8.3.2 WidthStructures have no prescribed width.

2.8.3.3 Bridges(a) Where a significant hazard exists, major watercourses shall be bridged.

(b) Bridges may be three-wire crossings.

(c) Minor watercourses shall not be bridged.

2.8.3.4 Ladders, handwires or chains

Ladders, handwires or chains may be used where a significant hazard exists.

2.8.3.5 Guardrails or barriersGuardrails or barriers shall not be used on Routes.

2.8.3.6 Viewing platformsViewing platforms are not provided on Routes.

2.8.3.7 SheltersShelters are not provided on Routes.

2.8.4 FurnitureSeats and picnic tables are not provided on Routes.

2.8.5 VegetationVegetation and windfalls shall be cleared to enable adequate vision of markers or the

route.


2.8.6.1 SignageDirection signs should be installed at junctions with Tramping Tracks, Easy Tramping

Tracks and Great Walks. Direction signs shall show walking times, and may show distances.

Where sprays or chemicals have been or are to be used on the Route, temporary signs


43


2.8.6.2 Track condition

Route condition information (e.g. about unbridged rivers) may be provided through off-

site means.

C2.8.6.2

Unmarked routes that are defined by significant use may be shown on maps and route

guides.


Recommended footwear for Routes is tramping boots.

2.8.7 Historic routesHistoric routes may include old railways, tramways, roads, trails used by Mäori, water







44

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45

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axim

um v

ertic

alis

2.5

mm

ust n

ot b

e m

uddy

mud

dy o

r rou

gh)

com

forta

ble

use

byris

e be

twee

n la

ndin

gsN

o st

eps

to b

e us

edor

roug

h- S

teps

mus

t be

the

pred

omin

ant

is 8

mon

pat

hs fo

r peo

ple

- Whe

re s

teps

hav

e a

cons

truct

ed to

ena

ble

visi

tor g

roup

, with

a- N

ew s

teps

sha

llw

ith m

obili

tygr

adie

nt g

reat

er th

anco

mfo

rtabl

e us

e by

max

imum

rise

r hei

ght

have

a m

axim

umdi

fficu

lties

.37

o (1 in

1.5

) it m

ust

child

ren

and

elde

rlyof

200

mm

and

aris

er h

eigh

t of

be re

duce

d to

37o

peop

le, w

ith a

min

imum

trea

d le

ngth

250

mm

and

aor

less

max

imum

rise

r hei

ght

of 2

50 m

m.

min

imum

trea

d le

ngth

- Ste

ps m

ust e

nabl

eof

225

mm

and

aof

250

mm

.co

mfo

rtabl

e us

e by

min

imum

trea

d le

ngth

child

ren

and

elde

rlyof

300

mm

.pe

ople

, with

am

axim

um ri

ser h

eigh

tof

190

mm

and

am

inim

um tr

ead

leng

thof

250

mm

- No

step

s to

be

used

on p

aths

for p

eopl

ew

ith m

obili

tydi

fficu

lties

.

46


ble

5 –

Co

mp

aris

on

of

Trac

k S

pec

ific

atio

ns

(co

nti

nu

ed)

Pat

hS

ho

rt W

alk

Wal

kin

g T

rack

Gre

at W

alk/

Eas

yTr

amp

ing

Tra

ckR

ou

teTr

amp

ing

Tra

ck

Trac

k ca

tego

ry1

(UR

)2

(SS

T)3

(DV

)4

(BC

C)

5 (B

CA

)6

(RS

)

Wal

king

sur

face

Min

imum

– 1

.2 m

Min

imum

– 0

.75

mM

inim

um –

0.7

5 m

- Min

imum

– 0

.3 m

in- N

o m

inim

um w

idth

No

min

imum

wid

thw

idth

Max

imum

– 2

.0 m

Max

imum

– 2

.0 m

open

fore

st, r

iver

- The

min

imum

wid

thfla

ts, t

ops

or fl

at- W

here

sur

face

may

be

redu

ced

(for

- Exi

stin

g tra

cks

wid

er- M

inim

um w

idth

may

terr

ain

mat

eria

l (eg

gra

vel)

isen

viro

nmen

tal o

rth

an 2

m s

houl

dbe

redu

ced

to 0

.6 m

- Min

imum

– 0

.6 m

used

, max

imum

aest

hetic

reas

ons)

for

gene

rally

be

whe

re th

e tra

ck g

rade

whe

re th

ere

are

stee

psu

rface

wid

th is

shor

t sec

tions

of p

ath

mai

ntai

ned

to a

is le

ss th

an 5

o (1 in

slop

es a

nd/o

r roo

m0.

3 m

.(c

over

ing

up to

5 %

of

redu

ced

wid

th o

f 2 m

11.4

) and

ther

e ar

efo

r pas

sing

isto

tal p

ath

leng

th)

or le

ss.

no h

azar

ds fr

omre

quire

d.pr

ovid

ed th

ere

are

- The

min

imum

wid

thfa

lling

on

both

sid

eslo

w ri

sks

to v

isito

rm

ay b

e re

duce

d (fo

r- T

he m

inim

um w

idth

s- W

alki

ng s

urfa

cesa

fety

.en

viro

nmen

tal o

r(0

.75

m a

nd 0

.6 m

)w

idth

, whe

re th

e tra

ckae

sthe

tic re

ason

s) fo

rm

ay b

e re

duce

d (fo

rsu

rface

is ro

ugh

and

- Min

imum

wid

th s

hall

shor

t sec

tions

of t

rack

envi

ronm

enta

l or

unev

en, i

s th

e w

idth

be 2

m o

ver t

he(c

over

ing

up to

5 %

of

aest

hetic

reas

ons)

for

of w

alki

ng s

urfa

cew

hole

leng

th fo

r pat

hsto

tal t

rack

leng

th)

shor

t sec

tions

of t

rack

with

in th

e tra

ckfo

r peo

ple

with

prov

ided

ther

e ar

e(c

over

ing

up to

5 %

of

form

atio

n on

whi

chm

obili

ty d

iffic

ultie

s.lo

w ri

sks

to v

isito

rto

tal t

rack

leng

th)

inex

perie

nced

safe

ty.

prov

ided

ther

e is

atra

mpe

rs c

an s

afel

y- M

inim

um w

idth

sha

lllo

w ri

sk to

vis

itor

plac

e th

eir f

eet.

be 1

.2 m

ove

r the

safe

ty.

who

le le

ngth

for

- Exi

stin

g tra

cks

with

- Max

imum

wid

th –

track

s fo

r peo

ple

with

a su

rface

wid

th1

m.

mob

ility

diff

icul

ties.

grea

ter t

han

2 m

shou

ld g

ener

ally

be

- Tra

cks

with

am

aint

aine

d to

asu

rface

wid

th g

reat

erre

duce

d w

idth

of

than

1 m

sha

ll be

2 m

or l

ess.

mai

ntai

ned

to a

redu

ced

wid

th o

f1

m o

r les

s.

47

SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004Tr

ack

surf

ace

- Wel

l for

med

and

- Wel

l for

med

and

- Mos

tly w

ell f

orm

ed- O

ver 7

0 %

of t

he to

tal

- Tra

ck s

urfa

ce w

illS

urfa

ce is

nat

ural

(ie

even

even

(wet

are

asan

d ev

en (w

et a

reas

track

leng

th (f

or G

reat

gene

rally

be

the

not f

orm

ed) a

nd m

ay- D

urab

le (e

.g.

drai

ned)

drai

ned)

Wal

ks),

and

over

50

% (f

orna

tura

l sur

face

and

be ro

ugh.

conc

rete

, chi

p se

al,

- Tra

ck s

urfa

ce th

at,

Eas

y Tr

ampi

ng T

rack

s)m

ay in

clud

e m

ud,

asph

alt o

r a s

urfa

cein

dry

wea

ther

, can

- Tra

ck s

urfa

ce th

at,

will

hav

e w

et a

reas

dra

ined

wat

er, r

oots

and

such

as

com

pact

edbe

wal

ked

onin

dry

wea

ther

, can

and

a su

rface

that

pro

vide

sem

bedd

ed ro

cks.

grav

el)

com

forta

bly

with

out

gene

rally

be

wal

ked

firm

and

eve

n fo

otin

g.–

Maj

or o

bsta

cles

- Can

be

wal

ked

onge

tting

foot

wea

r wet

on c

omfo

rtabl

y- U

p to

30

% o

f the

tota

lsu

ch a

s w

indf

alls

com

forta

bly

with

out

or m

uddy

. Can

be

with

out g

ettin

gtra

ck le

ngth

(for

Gre

atar

e to

be

rem

oved

getti

ng fo

otw

ear w

etw

alke

d on

with

out

foot

wea

r wet

or

Wal

ks) a

nd u

p to

50

% (f

oror

the

track

div

erte

dor

mud

dy in

bot

h dr

yus

ers

havi

ng to

mud

dyE

asy

Tram

ping

Tra

cks)

arou

nd th

em, b

utan

d w

et w

eath

er. C

anco

nsta

ntly

look

dow

n- U

p to

20

% o

f the

may

hav

e:ge

nera

lly ro

cks,

tree

be w

alke

d on

with

out

at w

here

they

put

tota

l tra

ck le

ngth

may

i) un

even

, ste

ep o

r rou

ghro

ots

and

earth

are

not

user

s ha

ving

toth

eir f

eet.

have

sho

rt, w

et o

rse

ctio

ns w

here

the

track

to b

e re

mov

ed.

cons

tant

ly lo

ok d

own

- Up

to 1

0 %

of t

otal

mud

dy s

ectio

nssu

rface

is b

roke

n by

rock

s,at

whe

re th

ey p

uttra

ck le

ngth

may

hav

e(p

rovi

ded

the

wat

er o

rro

ots,

scr

ee o

r oth

erth

eir f

eet.

shor

t, w

et o

r mud

dym

ud w

ill n

ot g

o ov

erob

stac

les;

and

/or

- Max

imum

hei

ght o

fse

ctio

ns, p

rovi

ded

the

the

top

of fo

otw

ear)

or

ii) d

eep,

mud

dy o

r wet

any

disc

ontin

uity

on

wat

er o

r mud

will

not

have

une

ven

or ro

ugh

sect

ions

as

long

as

the

the

surfa

ce s

hall

bego

ove

r the

top

ofse

ctio

ns w

here

the

mud

or w

ater

doe

s no

t5

mm

.vi

sito

r’s fo

otw

ear a

ndtra

ck s

urfa

ce is

com

e ov

er th

e to

p of

the

that

thes

e se

ctio

nsbr

oken

by

rock

, roo

tsbo

ot.

prov

ide

reas

onab

lyet

c. T

hese

sec

tions

Thes

e se

ctio

ns, w

here

they

firm

foot

ing

in w

etm

ust s

till p

rovi

dear

e on

ste

ep s

lope

s, m

ust

wea

ther

con

ditio

nsre

ason

ably

firm

still

pro

vide

reas

onab

ly fi

rm- S

ome

user

s ar

efo

otin

g in

wet

wea

ther

foot

ing

in w

et w

eath

erlik

ely

to b

e ch

ildre

nco

nditi

ons

cond

ition

sun

der f

ive

and

the

- Som

e us

ers

are

- Som

e us

ers

are

likel

y to

heig

ht o

f the

ir sh

oes

likel

y to

be

child

ren

be o

lder

chi

ldre

n ov

er te

nw

ill b

e ar

ound

50

mm

unde

r fiv

e an

d th

ean

d th

e he

ight

of t

heir

- The

leng

th o

f any

heig

ht o

f the

ir sh

oes

boot

s w

ill b

e ar

ound

wet

or m

uddy

sec

tion

will

be

arou

nd 5

0 m

m10

0 m

msh

ould

be

no m

ore

- The

leng

th o

f any

- The

leng

th o

f any

wet

or

than

10

m in

eve

ryw

et o

r mud

dy s

ectio

nm

uddy

sec

tion

shou

ld b

e50

msh

ould

be

no m

ore

no m

ore

than

400

m in

- Sur

face

is to

be

wel

lth

an 2

0 m

in e

very

ever

y 10

00 m

for G

reat

com

pact

ed, w

ith n

o80

m.

Wal

ks a

nd n

o m

ore

than

loos

e m

ater

ial,

on60

0 m

in e

very

100

0 m

track

s fo

r peo

ple

with

for E

asy

Tram

ping

Tra

cks

mob

ility

diff

icul

ties.

- Tra

cks

mee

ting

the

requ

irem

ents

for t

hepe

rcen

tage

that

can

be w

et/m

uddy

and

roug

hw

ill n

ot b

e up

grad

ed to

redu

ce th

e pe

rcen

tage

of

wet

/mud

dy a

nd ro

ugh

surfa

ce.

48


ble

5 –

Co

mp

aris

on

of

Trac

k S

pec

ific

atio

ns

(co

nti

nu

ed)

Pat

hS

ho

rt W

alk

Wal

kin

g T

rack

Gre

at W

alk/

Eas

yTr

amp

ing

Tra

ckR

ou

teTr

amp

ing

Tra

ck

Trac

k ca

tego

ry1

(UR

)2

(SS

T)3

(DV

)4

(BC

C)

5 (B

CA

)6

(RS

)

Rec

omm

ende

dA

ll ty

pes

of w

alki

ngW

alki

ng s

hoes

Ligh

t wal

king

boo

tsLi

ght w

alki

ng b

oots

or

Tram

ping

boo

tsTr

ampi

ng b

oots

foot

wea

rfo

otw

ear

tram

ping

boo

ts

Boa

rdw

alks

Sha

ll be

use

d ov

erM

ay b

e us

ed o

ver

May

be

used

ove

rN

ew b

oard

wal

ks m

ayG

ener

ally

not

Are

not

to b

ew

et, s

wam

py, s

andy

wet

, sw

ampy

, san

dyw

et, s

wam

py, s

andy

be c

onst

ruct

ed, a

ndpr

ovid

ed.

Inst

ead

prov

ided

.or

mud

dy s

ectio

ns to

or m

uddy

sec

tions

toor

mud

dy s

ectio

ns to

exis

ting

ones

whe

re m

uddy

or

achi

eve

a st

able

dry

achi

eve

a m

ainl

y dr

yac

hiev

e a

mai

nly

dry

repl

aced

at t

he e

nd o

fsw

ampy

con

ditio

nssu

rface

for v

isito

rsu

rface

and

/or p

rote

ctsu

rface

for v

isito

rth

eir l

ife o

nly

ifex

ist t

rack

s ar

e to

be

com

fort

and/

or to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

com

fort

and/

or to

esse

ntia

l to

prot

ect

drai

ned,

re-r

oute

d or

prot

ect t

heD

rain

age

of w

et a

reas

prot

ect t

heth

e en

viro

nmen

t or

rais

ed. I

f the

re is

no

envi

ronm

ent.

or ra

ised

har

dene

den

viro

nmen

t.if

ther

e is

no

alte

rnat

ive,

new

sect

ions

of t

rack

may

Dra

inag

e or

rais

edre

ason

able

boar

dwal

ks m

ay b

eal

so b

e us

ed a

sha

rden

ed s

ectio

ns o

fal

tern

ativ

e ro

ute

cons

truct

ed, o

ral

tern

ativ

es to

track

may

als

o be

thro

ugh

or a

roun

d a

exis

ting

ones

boar

dwal

ks.

used

as

alte

rnat

ives

wet

, san

dy o

rre

plac

ed, o

nly

whe

reto

boa

rdw

alks

.m

uddy

sec

tion.

they

are

nec

essa

ry to

miti

gate

sig

nific

ant

envi

ronm

enta

l effe

cts.

Min

imum

str

uctu

re1.

2 m

1.2

m0.

75 m

0.6

m0.

6 m

No

pres

crib

ed w

idth

.w

idth

Bri

dges

acr

oss

All

maj

orA

ll m

ajor

All

maj

orA

ll m

ajor

- Wat

erco

urse

s sh

all

- Maj

or w

ater

cour

ses

maj

or w

ater

cour

ses

wat

erco

urse

s sh

all b

ew

ater

cour

ses

shal

l be

wat

erco

urse

s sh

all b

ew

ater

cour

ses

shal

l be

be b

ridge

d w

here

shal

l be

brid

ged

brid

ged.

brid

ged.

brid

ged.

brid

ged.

they

can

not b

e sa

fely

whe

re a

sig

nific

ant

cros

sed

with

out t

heha

zard

exi

sts.

help

of o

ther

s du

ring

- Brid

ges

may

be

times

of n

orm

al w

ater

thre

e w

ire c

ross

ings

.flo

w.

- Brid

ges

may

be

thre

e w

ire c

ross

ings

.

49

SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004B

ridg

es a

cros

sA

ll m

inor

All

min

orA

ll pe

rman

ent m

inor

Min

or w

ater

cour

ses

Wat

erco

urse

s sh

all

Min

or w

ater

cour

ses

min

or w

ater

cour

ses

wat

erco

urse

s sh

all b

ew

ater

cour

ses

shal

l be

wat

erco

urse

s w

ider

shal

l be

brid

ged

also

be

brid

ged

shal

l not

be

brid

ged.

brid

ged.

brid

ged.

than

1m

(in

norm

alw

here

:w

here

:flo

w c

ondi

tions

) sha

ll(a

)no

reas

onab

le(a

)no

reas

onab

lebe

brid

ged.

How

ever

,al

tern

ativ

e w

etal

tern

ativ

e w

etw

here

a w

ater

cour

sew

eath

er tr

ack

wea

ther

trac

kis

wid

er th

an 1

m a

tex

ists

; and

exis

ts; a

ndth

e po

int w

here

the

(b)

they

can

not b

e(b

)th

ey c

anno

t be

track

has

to c

ross

it,

safe

ly c

ross

edsa

fely

cro

ssed

and

whe

re it

can

be

unas

sist

edun

assi

sted

easi

ly c

ross

ed (i

nw

hen

in fl

ood;

whe

n in

floo

d;no

rmal

flow

and

and

cond

ition

s) w

ithou

t(c

)th

e fre

quen

cy(c

)flo

ods

occu

rw

ater

goi

ng o

ver t

hew

ith w

hich

with

ato

p of

foot

wea

r, a

flood

s oc

cur

frequ

ency

that

brid

ge o

r cul

vert

shal

lre

sults

in th

em

eans

the

not b

e bu

ilt.

wat

erco

urse

wat

erco

urse

isac

ting

as a

a ba

rrie

r or

- Exi

stin

g br

idge

sba

rrie

r or

beco

mes

aac

ross

min

orbe

com

ing

asi

gnifi

cant

wat

erco

urse

s th

at d

osi

gnifi

cant

haza

rd to

ove

rno

t flo

w a

ll ye

ar ro

und

haza

rd to

ove

r25

% o

f the

and

that

do

not

5 %

(Gre

atpr

edom

inan

tre

quire

brid

ging

Wal

ks) o

r ove

rvi

sito

r gro

upac

cord

ing

to th

e10

% (E

asy

(BC

A) a

yea

r,cr

iteria

abo

ve, w

ill n

otTr

ampi

ngan

dbe

repl

aced

whe

nTr

ack)

of t

otal

(d)

ther

e is

no

they

reac

h th

e en

dB

CC

vis

itors

aac

com

mod

atio

nof

thei

r life

.ye

ar.

or s

helte

rw

ithin

two

- Exi

stin

g br

idge

sho

urs

wal

king

acro

ss m

inor

dist

ance

.w

ater

cour

ses

will

not

be re

plac

ed w

hen

Exi

stin

g br

idge

sth

ey re

ach

the

end

ofac

ross

any

thei

r life

unl

ess

the

wat

erco

urse

will

not

abov

e cr

iteria

are

be re

plac

ed a

t the

met

.en

d of

thei

r life

unle

ss th

e ab

ove

crite

ria a

re m

et.

Ladd

ers

No

ladd

ers

No

ladd

ers

No

ladd

ers

Ladd

ers

may

be

Ladd

ers

may

be

used

Ladd

ers

may

be

used

used

. O

n a

Gre

atw

here

a s

igni

fican

tw

here

a s

igni

fican

tW

alk,

ladd

ers

mus

tha

zard

exi

sts.

haza

rd e

xist

s.no

t exc

eed

2 m

inle

ngth

.

50


ble

5 –

Co

mp

aris

on

of

Trac

k S

pec

ific

atio

ns

(co

nti

nu

ed)

Pat

hS

ho

rt W

alk

Wal

kin

g T

rack

Gre

at W

alk/

Eas

yTr

amp

ing

Tra

ckR

ou

teTr

amp

ing

Tra

ck

Trac

k ca

tego

ry1

(UR

)2

(SS

T)3

(DV

)4

(BC

C)

5 (B

CA

)6

(RS

)

Gua

rdra

ils, b

arri

ers,

A b

arrie

r or g

uard

rail

Gua

rdra

ils o

r bar

riers

Gua

rdra

ils o

r bar

riers

Gua

rdra

ils o

r bar

riers

Gua

rdra

ils, b

arrie

rs,

Gua

rdra

ils a

ndch

ains

and

shal

l be

prov

ided

will

be

cons

truct

edsh

all b

e co

nstru

cted

will

be

cons

truct

edch

ains

or h

andw

ires

barr

iers

sha

ll no

t be

hand

wir

esw

here

a s

igni

fican

tw

here

a s

igni

fican

tw

here

a s

igni

fican

tw

here

a s

igni

fican

tm

ay b

e us

ed a

tus

ed o

n ro

utes

.ha

zard

exi

sts

and

haza

rd to

haza

rd to

the

haza

rd to

the

loca

tions

whe

re a

shal

l ext

end

for t

hein

expe

rienc

ed v

isito

rspr

edom

inan

t vis

itor

pred

omin

ant v

isito

rsi

gnifi

cant

haz

ard

toH

andw

ires

and

full

leng

th o

f pat

h(in

clud

ing

child

ren)

grou

p ex

ists

.gr

oup

exis

ts a

ndvi

sito

rs e

xist

s bu

t onl

ych

ains

may

be

used

alon

g w

hich

the

exis

ts.

ther

e is

no

whe

re n

o re

ason

able

whe

re a

sig

nific

ant

sign

ifica

nt h

azar

dE

xist

ing

guar

drai

lsre

ason

able

alte

rnat

ive

such

as

haza

rd e

xist

s.ex

ists

.E

xist

ing

guar

drai

lsan

d ba

rrie

rs w

ill o

nly

alte

rnat

ive

optio

nre

rout

ing

the

track

and

barr

iers

will

onl

ybe

repl

aced

at t

hesu

ch a

s w

iden

ing

orex

ists

.E

xist

ing

guar

drai

lsbe

repl

aced

at t

heen

d of

thei

r life

whe

redi

verti

ng th

e tra

ck o

ran

d ba

rrie

rs w

ill o

nly

end

of th

eir l

ife w

here

a si

gnifi

cant

haz

ard

inst

allin

g w

arni

ngE

xist

ing

guar

drai

ls,

be re

plac

ed a

t the

a si

gnifi

cant

haz

ard

exis

ts.

sign

s on

a te

mpo

rary

barr

iers

, cha

ins

oren

d of

thei

r life

whe

reex

ists

.ba

sis.

hand

wire

s ar

e on

ly to

a si

gnifi

cant

haz

ard

be re

plac

ed a

t the

exis

ts.

Exi

stin

g gu

ardr

ails

end

of th

eir l

ife if

aan

d ba

rrie

rs w

ill b

esi

gnifi

cant

haz

ard

repl

aced

at t

he e

ndex

ists

.of

thei

r life

onl

y if

asi

gnifi

cant

haz

ard

exis

ts a

nd th

ere

is n

ore

ason

able

opt

ion

for

redu

cing

the

risk

tovi

sito

r saf

ety.

View

ing

plat

form

sV

iew

ing

plat

form

sV

iew

ing

plat

form

sVi

ewin

g pl

atfo

rms

View

ing

plat

form

s ar

eV

iew

ing

plat

form

s ar

eVi

ewin

g pl

atfo

rms

are

may

be

prov

ided

inm

ay b

e pr

ovid

ed in

may

be

prov

ided

inno

t gen

eral

lyno

t gen

eral

lyno

t pro

vide

dap

prop

riate

pla

ces

appr

opria

te p

lace

sap

prop

riate

pla

ces

prov

ided

on

thes

epr

ovid

edal

ong

the

path

alon

g th

e tra

ckal

ong

the

track

track

s

51

SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004S

helte

rsS

helte

rs m

ay b

eS

helte

rs m

ay b

eS

helte

rs m

ay b

e pr

ovid

edS

helte

rs a

re n

otpr

ovid

ed in

prov

ided

inin

app

ropr

iate

loca

tions

prov

ided

.ap

prop

riate

loca

tions

appr

opria

te lo

catio

nsal

ong

the

track

whe

re:

alon

g th

e tra

ckal

ong

the

track

(a)

The

tota

l wal

king

tim

ew

here

:w

here

:fro

m th

e st

art o

f the

(a)

The

tota

l wal

king

(a)

The

tota

l wal

king

track

retu

rn (i

f on

a da

ytim

e fro

m th

e st

art

time

from

the

star

ttra

mpi

ng tr

ack)

with

out

of th

e tra

ckof

the

track

or

shel

ter,

or fr

om th

ew

ithou

t she

lter

betw

een

huts

star

t of t

he tr

ack

orex

ceed

s th

ree

with

out s

helte

rbe

twee

n hu

ts w

ithou

tho

urs;

and

exce

eds

four

shel

ter e

xcee

ds fo

ur to

(b)

Ther

e ar

eho

urs;

and

five

hour

s; a

ndsi

gnifi

cant

(b)

Ther

e ar

e(b

)Th

ere

are

sign

ifica

ntnu

mbe

rs o

f use

rssi

gnifi

cant

num

bers

of r

elat

ivel

yw

alki

ng o

r usi

ngnu

mbe

rs o

fin

expe

rienc

edth

e w

hole

trac

k;vi

sito

rs u

sing

visi

tors

usi

ngan

dth

e tra

ck; a

ndth

e tra

ck; a

nd(c

)Th

ere

is a

(c)

Ther

e is

a(c

)Th

ere

is e

xpos

ure

sign

ifica

nt le

vel

sign

ifica

nt le

vel

to a

dver

se w

eath

erof

exp

osur

e to

of e

xpos

ure

toco

nditi

ons

on th

ead

vers

e w

eath

erad

vers

e w

eath

erm

ost d

ista

nt p

arts

cond

ition

s on

the

cond

ition

s on

the

of th

e tra

ckm

ost d

ista

ntm

ost d

ista

nt- W

here

she

lters

are

parts

of t

he tr

ack

parts

of t

he tr

ack

prov

ided

, toi

lets

sho

uld

- Whe

re s

helte

rs a

re- W

here

she

lters

are

also

be

prov

ided

at t

hose

prov

ided

, toi

lets

prov

ided

, toi

lets

loca

tions

that

are

or m

aysh

ould

als

o be

shou

ld a

lso

bebe

com

e po

pula

r sto

ps,

prov

ided

at t

hose

prov

ided

at t

hose

prov

ided

the

visi

tor

loca

tions

that

are

or

loca

tions

that

are

or

num

bers

war

rant

it.

may

bec

ome

popu

lar

may

bec

ome

popu

lar

eatin

g st

ops.

eatin

g st

ops.

Stil

es, t

urns

tiles

On

path

s ca

terin

g fo

rO

n tra

cks

cate

ring

for

May

be

used

May

be

used

May

be

used

May

be

used

and

kiss

ing

gate

spe

ople

with

mob

ility

peop

le w

ith m

obili

tydi

fficu

lties

, no

stile

s,di

fficu

lties

, no

stile

s,tu

rnst

iles

or k

issi

ngtu

rnst

iles

or k

issi

ngga

tes

are

to b

e us

ed.

gate

s ar

e to

be

used

.

Sea

ts a

nd p

icni

cM

ay b

e pr

ovid

ed.

May

be

prov

ided

inM

ay b

e pr

ovid

ed in

Sea

ts a

nd p

icni

cS

eats

and

pic

nic

Sea

ts a

nd p

icni

cta

bles

appr

opria

te p

lace

sap

prop

riate

pla

ces

tabl

es a

re n

otta

bles

are

not

tabl

es a

re n

otal

ong

the

track

.al

ong

the

track

.ge

nera

lly p

rovi

ded.

gene

rally

pro

vide

d.pr

ovid

ed.

52


ble

5 –

Co

mp

aris

on

of

Trac

k S

pec

ific

atio

ns

(co

nti

nu

ed)

Pat

hS

ho

rt W

alk

Wal

kin

g T

rack

Gre

at W

alk/

Eas

yTr

amp

ing

Tra

ckR

ou

teTr

amp

ing

Tra

ck

Trac

k ca

tego

ry1

(UR

)2

(SS

T)3

(DV

)4

(BC

C)

5 (B

CA

)6

(RS

)

Vege

tatio

nVe

geta

tion

mus

t be

Vege

tatio

n m

ust b

eVe

geta

tion

mus

t be

Vege

tatio

n m

ust b

eVe

geta

tion

mus

t be

Vege

tatio

n an

dC

lear

ance

clea

red

from

the

tota

lcl

eare

d fro

m th

e to

tal

clea

red

from

the

tota

lcl

eare

d fro

m th

e to

tal

clea

red

to e

nsur

ew

indf

alls

are

to b

ew

idth

of t

he p

ath

wid

th o

f the

trac

kw

idth

of t

he tr

ack

wid

th o

f the

trac

kth

ere

is a

cle

arcl

eare

d to

ena

ble

form

atio

n, a

nd to

afo

rmat

ion

up to

afo

rmat

ion

up to

afo

rmat

ion

up to

apa

ssag

e an

d a

clea

rad

equa

te v

isio

n of

heig

ht o

f 2.5

m, g

ivin

gm

axim

um o

f 1 m

max

imum

of 1

mm

axim

um o

f 0.5

mvi

ew o

f tra

ck m

arke

rs,

mar

kers

or t

he ro

ute.

visi

tors

a c

lear

eith

er s

ide

of th

eei

ther

sid

e of

the

eith

er s

ide

of th

epo

les

or c

airn

s.pa

ssag

e an

d an

cent

re o

f the

trac

k,ce

ntre

of t

he tr

ack,

cent

re o

f the

trac

k,un

impe

ded

view

of

and

to a

hei

ght o

fan

d to

a h

eigh

t of

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ere

isW

here

a fo

rmed

or

the

surfa

ce.

2.5

m, g

ivin

g vi

sito

rs2.

5 m

, giv

ing

visi

tors

a cl

ear p

assa

ge a

ndbe

nche

d tra

ck is

a cl

ear p

assa

ge a

nda

clea

r pas

sage

and

clea

r vie

w o

f the

trac

kre

quire

d ve

geta

tion

isW

indf

alls

blo

ckin

gan

uni

mpe

ded

view

an u

nim

pede

d vi

eww

alki

ng s

urfa

ce, t

heto

be

clea

red

toth

e pa

th a

re to

be

of th

e su

rface

.of

the

surfa

ce.

way

ahe

ad a

nd th

een

sure

a c

lear

vie

wcl

eare

d w

ithin

Sig

nific

ant t

ree

limbs

next

mar

ker/p

ole.

of th

e tra

ck s

urfa

ce48

hou

rs o

fW

indf

alls

blo

ckin

gan

d tru

nks

may

and

the

way

ahe

ad.

notif

icat

ion.

the

track

are

to b

ein

trude

into

or a

bove

Win

dfal

ls b

lock

ing

clea

red

with

inth

e tra

ck p

rovi

ded

the

track

are

to b

eW

here

the

track

is a

nA

ll cu

t veg

etat

ion

is48

hou

rs o

fth

ese

do n

ot o

bstru

ctcl

eare

d or

the

track

activ

ely

man

aged

to b

e re

mov

ed fr

omno

tific

atio

n.us

ers

or p

lace

them

dive

rted

with

in 7

day

shi

stor

ic s

ite,

the

path

sur

face

and

at ri

sk.

of n

otifi

catio

n du

ring

vege

tatio

n co

ntro

ldi

spos

ed o

f out

of

All

cut v

eget

atio

n is

the

peak

sea

son

may

be

man

aged

so

sigh

t of p

ath

user

s.to

be

rem

oved

from

Win

dfal

ls b

lock

ing

(Gre

at W

alks

) or

as to

pro

tect

the

the

track

sur

face

and

the

track

are

to b

e14

day

s du

ring

hist

oric

inte

grity

of t

hew

here

pra

ctic

able

,cl

eare

d (o

r the

trac

kth

e pe

ak s

easo

ntra

ck.

out o

f vie

w o

f the

dive

rted)

with

in(E

asy

Tram

ping

track

.14

day

s of

not

ifica

tion.

Trac

ks).

All

cut w

oody

veg

etat

ion

All

cut w

oody

veg

etat

ion

is to

be

rem

oved

from

is to

be

rem

oved

from

the

track

sur

face

and

the

track

sur

face

and

if pr

actic

able

, out

of

whe

re p

ract

icab

le, o

ut o

fvi

ew o

f the

trac

k.vi

ew o

f the

trac

k.

Whe

re th

e tra

ck is

an

Whe

re th

e tra

ck is

an

activ

ely

man

aged

his

toric

activ

ely

man

aged

his

toric

site

, veg

etat

ion

cont

rol

site

, veg

etat

ion

cont

rol

may

be

man

aged

so

may

be

man

aged

so

as to

pro

tect

the

as to

pro

tect

the

hist

oric

inte

grity

of

hist

oric

inte

grity

of

the

track

.th

e tra

ck.

53

SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004SNZ HB 8630:2004S

igna

geP

aths

sha

ll be

cle

arly

Trac

ks s

hall

beTr

acks

sha

ll be

Trac

ks s

hall

beD

irect

ion

sign

s ar

e to

Dire

ctio

n si

gns

shou

ldsi

gnpo

sted

with

clea

rly s

ignp

oste

dcl

early

sig

npos

ted

clea

rly s

ignp

oste

dbe

pla

ced

at a

ll tra

ckbe

inst

alle

d at

dire

ctio

nal s

igns

at

with

dire

ctio

nal s

igns

with

dire

ctio

nal s

igns

with

dire

ctio

nal s

igns

entra

nces

, and

at

junc

tions

with

entra

nces

and

at a

ll(th

at in

clud

e bo

th(th

at in

clud

e bo

th(th

at in

clud

e bo

thju

nctio

ns o

r cro

ssin

gTr

ampi

ng T

rack

s,ju

nctio

ns.

wal

king

tim

es a

ndw

alki

ng ti

mes

and

wal

king

tim

es a

ndpo

ints

whe

re th

ere

isE

asy

Tram

ping

dist

ance

s) a

t all

track

dist

ance

s) a

t all

track

dist

ance

s) a

t all

track

a si

gnifi

cant

risk

of

Trac

ks a

nd G

reat

An

orie

ntat

ion/

track

entra

nces

and

trac

ken

tranc

es a

nd tr

ack

entra

nces

and

trac

kge

tting

lost

.W

alks

.in

form

atio

n si

gnju

nctio

ns. S

igni

fican

tju

nctio

ns. S

igni

fican

tju

nctio

ns. S

igni

fican

tsh

ould

be

prov

ided

at

poin

ts o

f int

eres

tpo

ints

of i

nter

est

poin

ts o

f int

eres

tD

irect

ion

sign

s ar

e to

Dire

ctio

n si

gns

will

path

ent

ranc

es w

here

alon

g or

at t

he e

ndal

ong

or a

t the

end

of

alon

g th

e tra

ck w

illsh

ow w

alki

ng ti

mes

show

wal

king

tim

esm

ore

than

one

of th

e tra

ck w

ill b

eth

e tra

ck w

ill b

ebe

sig

npos

ted.

and

may

sho

wan

d m

ay s

how

wal

king

opt

ion

exis

ts.

sign

post

ed.

sign

post

ed.

dist

ance

s.di

stan

ces.

An

orie

ntat

ion/

track

Whe

re s

pray

s or

An

orie

ntat

ion/

track

An

orie

ntat

ion/

track

info

rmat

ion

sign

Whe

re s

pray

s or

Whe

re s

pray

s or

chem

ical

s ha

ve b

een

info

rmat

ion

sign

info

rmat

ion

sign

shou

ld b

e pr

ovid

edch

emic

als

have

bee

nch

emic

als

have

bee

nor

are

to b

e us

edsh

ould

be

prov

ided

shou

ld b

e pr

ovid

ed a

tat

trac

k en

tranc

esor

are

to b

e us

edor

are

to b

e us

edte

mpo

rary

sig

ns w

illat

trac

k en

tranc

estra

ck e

ntra

nces

whe

rew

here

mor

e th

an o

nete

mpo

rary

sig

ns w

illte

mpo

rary

sig

ns w

illbe

ere

cted

as

aw

here

mor

e th

an o

nem

ore

than

one

wal

king

opt

ion

exis

ts.

be e

rect

ed a

s a

be e

rect

ed a

s a

war

ning

to tr

ack

user

s.w

alki

ng o

ptio

n ex

ists

.w

alki

ng o

ptio

n ex

ists

.w

arni

ng to

trac

k us

ers.

war

ning

to tr

ack

user

s.W

here

spr

ays

orP

aths

cat

erin

g fo

rW

here

spr

ays

orW

here

spr

ays

orch

emic

als

have

bee

nA

t loc

atio

ns w

here

peop

le w

ith m

obili

tych

emic

als

have

bee

nch

emic

als

have

bee

nor

are

to b

e us

edth

ere

is a

sig

nific

ant

diffi

culti

es s

hall

beor

are

to b

e us

edor

are

to b

e us

edte

mpo

rary

sig

ns w

illch

ange

from

this

clea

rly la

belle

d as

tem

pora

ry s

igns

will

tem

pora

ry s

igns

will

be e

rect

ed a

s a

stan

dard

to a

noth

ersu

ch b

y us

e of

be e

rect

ed a

s a

be e

rect

ed a

s a

war

ning

to tr

ack

user

s.st

anda

rd o

f tra

ck,

appr

opria

te s

ymbo

lsw

arni

ng to

trac

k us

ers.

war

ning

to tr

ack

user

s.ap

prop

riate

sym

bols

and

wor

ds a

t pat

hA

t loc

atio

ns w

here

and

wor

ds to

des

crib

een

tranc

es a

nd a

tA

t loc

atio

ns w

here

At l

ocat

ions

whe

reth

ere

is a

sig

nific

ant

the

chan

ge w

ill b

eju

nctio

ns w

ith a

nyth

ere

is a

sig

nific

ant

ther

e is

a s

igni

fican

tch

ange

from

this

used

on

the

rele

vant

track

s th

at a

re n

otch

ange

from

Sho

rtch

ange

from

Wal

king

stan

dard

to a

noth

ersi

gn.

path

s.W

alk

to a

noth

erTr

ack

to a

noth

erst

anda

rd o

f tra

ck,

stan

dard

of t

rack

,st

anda

rd o

f tra

ck,

appr

opria

te s

ymbo

lssi

gns

will

be

prov

ided

sign

s w

ill b

e pr

ovid

edan

d w

ords

to d

escr

ibe

with

app

ropr

iate

with

app

ropr

iate

the

chan

ge w

ill b

esy

mbo

ls a

nd w

ords

tosy

mbo

ls a

nd w

ords

tous

ed o

n th

e re

leva

ntde

scrib

e th

e ch

ange

.de

scrib

e th

e ch

ange

.si

gn.

Trac

ks c

ater

ing

for

peop

le w

ith m

obili

tyP

erm

anen

t haz

ard

diffi

culti

es s

hall

bew

arni

ng s

igns

are

clea

rly la

belle

d as

only

to b

e in

stal

led

such

by

use

ofw

here

ther

e is

no

appr

opria

te s

ymbo

lsot

her p

ract

icab

lean

d w

ords

at t

rack

optio

n.en

tranc

es a

nd a

tju

nctio

ns w

ith o

ther

track

s.

54


ble

5 –

Co

mp

aris

on

of

Trac

k S

pec

ific

atio

ns

(co

nti

nu

ed)

Pat

hS

ho

rt W

alk

Wal

kin

g T

rack

Gre

at W

alk/

Eas

yTr

amp

ing

Tra

ckR

ou

teTr

amp

ing

Tra

ckTr

ack

cate

gory

1 (U

R)

2 (S

ST)

3 (D

V)

4 (B

CC

)5

(BC

A)

6 (R

S)

Trac

k co

nditi

onTh

e pr

esen

ce o

f any

The

pres

ence

of a

nyVi

sito

rs w

ill b

eTh

e pr

esen

ce o

f any

Trac

k co

nditi

onR

oute

con

ditio

nIn

form

atio

npo

or p

ath

cond

ition

ispo

or tr

ack

cond

ition

isin

form

ed o

f the

diffi

cult

track

sec

tion,

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g,in

form

atio

n (e

g ab

out

to b

e br

ough

t to

the

to b

e br

ough

t to

the

pres

ence

of a

nysu

ch a

s un

brid

ged

for e

xam

ple,

an

un-

unbr

idge

d riv

ers)

may

atte

ntio

n of

vis

itors

at

atte

ntio

n of

vis

itors

at

tem

pora

ry p

oor t

rack

stre

ams,

or t

empo

rary

brid

ged

stre

am o

rbe

pro

vide

d th

roug

hvi

sito

r inf

orm

atio

nvi

sito

r inf

orm

atio

nco

nditi

on, s

uch

aspo

or tr

ack

cond

ition

,st

eep,

uns

tabl

e sl

ips,

off-s

ite m

eans

.ce

ntre

s an

d/or

at p

ath

cent

res

and/

or a

tre

cent

slip

s, o

rsu

ch a

s re

cent

slip

s,is

to b

e m

ade

entra

nces

.tra

ck e

ntra

nces

.pe

rman

ent t

rack

will

be

brou

ght t

o th

eav

aila

ble

at tr

ack

Unm

arke

d ro

utes

info

rmat

ion,

suc

h as

atte

ntio

n of

vis

itors

at

entra

nces

or t

hrou

ghth

at a

re d

efin

ed b

yun

brid

ged

stre

ams,

visi

tor i

nfor

mat

ion

off-s

ite m

eans

.us

e, a

nd th

at g

etat

vis

itor i

nfor

mat

ion

cent

res,

trac

ksi

gnifi

cant

use

may

cent

res

and/

or a

ten

tranc

es, a

nd/o

rbe

sho

wn

on m

aps

track

ent

ranc

es.

huts

.an

d ro

ute

guid

es.

His

tori

c Tr

acks

His

toric

wal

king

His

toric

tram

ping

His

toric

tram

ping

His

toric

rout

estra

cks

incl

ude

old

track

s in

clud

e ol

dtra

cks

incl

ude

old

incl

ude

old

railw

ays,

railw

ays,

tram

way

s,ra

ilway

s, tr

amw

ays,

railw

ays,

tram

way

s,tra

mw

ays,

road

s,ro

ads,

trai

ls u

sed

byro

ads,

trai

ls u

sed

byro

ads,

trai

ls u

sed

bytra

ils u

sed

by Mäori,

Mäori, w

ater

race

Mäori, w

ater

race

Mäori, w

ater

race

wat

er ra

ce tr

acks

,tra

cks,

gra

ded

hors

etra

cks,

gra

ded

hors

etra

cks,

gra

ded

hors

egr

aded

hor

se tr

acks

track

s an

d ot

her

track

s an

d ot

her

track

s an

d ot

her

and

othe

r tra

cks

that

track

s th

at a

re o

ftra

cks

that

are

of

track

s th

at a

re o

far

e of

eith

er h

igh

eith

er h

igh

hist

oric

eith

er h

igh

hist

oric

eith

er h

igh

hist

oric

hist

oric

her

itage

val

uehe

ritag

e va

lue

and/

orhe

ritag

e va

lue

and/

orhe

ritag

e va

lue

and/

oran

d/or

act

ivel

yac

tivel

y m

anag

edac

tivel

y m

anag

edac

tivel

y m

anag

edm

anag

ed h

isto

richi

stor

ic tr

acks

.hi

stor

ic tr

acks

.hi

stor

ic tr

acks

.tra

cks.

The

herit

age

valu

e of

The

herit

age

valu

e of

The

herit

age

valu

e of

The

herit

age

valu

e of

such

trac

ks m

ust b

esu

ch tr

acks

mus

t be

such

trac

ks m

ust b

esu

ch tr

acks

mus

t be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt in

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt in

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt in

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt in

track

upg

radi

ng a

ndtra

ck u

pgra

ding

and

track

upg

radi

ng a

ndtra

ck u

pgra

ding

and

mai

nten

ance

.m

aint

enan

ce.

mai

nten

ance

.m

aint

enan

ce.

The

prof

ile a

ndTh

e pr

ofile

and

The

prof

ile a

ndTh

e pr

ofile

and

alig

nmen

t of t

hese

alig

nmen

t of t

hese

alig

nmen

t of t

hese

alig

nmen

t of t

hese

track

s m

ay re

quire

atra

cks

may

requ

ire a

track

s m

ay re

quire

atra

cks

may

requ

ire a

diffe

rent

mai

nten

ance

diffe

rent

mai

nten

ance

diffe

rent

mai

nten

ance

diffe

rent

mai

nten

ance

regi

me

and

diffe

rent

regi

me

and

diffe

rent

regi

me

and

diffe

rent

regi

me

and

diffe

rent

repa

ir so

lutio

ns. I

nre

pair

solu

tions

. In

repa

ir so

lutio

ns. I

nre

pair

solu

tions

. In

gene

ral a

ny d

evia

tion

gene

ral a

ny d

evia

tion

gene

ral a

ny d

evia

tion

gene

ral a

ny d

evia

tion

from

the

orig

inal

trac

kfro

m th

e or

igin

al tr

ack

from

the

orig

inal

trac

kfro

m th

e or

igin

al tr

ack

alig

nmen

t and

gra

deal

ignm

ent a

nd g

rade

alig

nmen

t and

gra

deal

ignm

ent a

nd g

rade

is to

be

avoi

ded.

is to

be

avoi

ded.

is to

be

avoi

ded.

is to

be

avoi

ded.

55


Trac

ks fo

rVa

riatio

ns to

the

Varia

tions

to th

e ab

ove

Varia

tions

to th

e ab

ove

Varia

tions

to th

e ab

ove

Varia

tions

to th

eN

one

cycl

ists

/mou

ntai

n-ab

ove

spec

ifica

tions

spec

ifica

tions

are

:sp

ecifi

catio

ns a

re:

spec

ifica

tions

are

:ab

ove

spec

ifica

tions

bike

rs a

ndar

e:N

o st

eps

to b

e us

ed.

- No

mor

e th

an 5

% o

fN

o m

ore

than

10

%ar

e:pe

dest

rian

sN

o st

eps

to b

e us

ed.

No

wal

k ov

er s

tiles

the

tota

l len

gth

ofof

the

tota

l len

gth

ofVe

geta

tion

No

wal

k ov

er s

tiles

to b

e us

ed.

track

may

hav

e st

eps

track

may

hav

e st

eps.

clea

ranc

e, e

spec

ially

to b

e us

ed.

- Wal

k ov

er s

tiles

on c

orne

rs, w

ill b

eVe

geta

tion

clea

ranc

e,sh

ould

not

be

used

Vege

tatio

n cl

eara

nnce

,su

ffici

ent t

o al

low

Vege

tatio

n cl

eara

nce,

espe

cial

ly o

n co

rner

s, w

illes

peci

ally

on

corn

ers,

will

good

vis

ibili

ty fo

res

peci

ally

on

corn

ers,

be s

uffic

ient

to a

llow

goo

dVe

geta

tion

clea

ranc

e,be

suf

ficie

nt to

allo

w g

ood

mou

ntai

n-bi

kers

and

will

be

suffi

cien

t to

visi

bilit

y (a

10

m m

inim

umes

peci

ally

on

corn

ers,

will

visi

libity

(a 1

0 m

min

imum

pede

stria

ns.

allo

w g

ood

visi

bilit

y (a

sigh

t dis

tanc

e) fo

rbe

suf

ficie

nt to

allo

w g

ood

sigh

t dis

tanc

e) fo

r10

m m

inim

um s

ight

cycl

ists

and

wal

kers

.vi

sibi

lity

(a 1

0 m

min

imum

mou

ntai

n-bi

kers

and

The

track

sha

ll be

dist

ance

) for

cyc

lists

sigh

t dis

tanc

e) fo

r cyc

lists

/pe

dest

rians

.cl

early

labe

lled

as a

and

wal

kers

.Th

e tra

ck s

hall

be c

lear

lym

ount

ain-

bike

rs a

nd w

alke

rstra

ck fo

r ped

estri

ans

labe

lled

as a

trac

k fo

rTh

e tra

ck s

hall

be c

lear

lyan

d m

ount

ain-

bike

rsTh

e pa

th s

hall

bepe

dest

rians

and

cyc

lists

The

track

sha

ll be

cle

arly

labe

lled

as a

trac

k fo

rby

use

of a

ppro

pria

tecl

early

labe

lled

as a

by u

se o

f app

ropr

iate

labe

lled

as a

trac

k fo

rpe

dest

rians

and

mou

ntai

n-sy

mbo

ls a

nd w

ords

at

path

for p

edes

trian

ssy

mbo

ls a

nd w

ords

at

pede

stria

ns a

nd c

yclis

ts/

bike

rs b

y us

e of

app

ropr

iate

track

ent

ranc

es a

ndan

d cy

clis

ts b

y us

e of

track

ent

ranc

es a

nd a

tm

ount

ain-

bike

rs b

y us

esy

mbo

ls a

nd w

ords

at t

rack

at ju

nctio

ns w

ith a

nyap

prop

riate

sym

bols

junc

tions

with

any

trac

ksof

app

ropr

iate

sym

bols

entra

nces

and

at j

unct

ions

track

s on

whi

chan

d w

ords

at p

ath

on w

hich

cyc

les

are

not

and

wor

ds a

t tra

ckw

ith a

ny tr

acks

on

whi

chm

ount

ain-

bike

s ar

een

tranc

es a

nd a

tpe

rmitt

ed.

entra

nces

and

at j

unct

ions

cycl

es a

re n

ot p

erm

itted

.no

t per

mitt

ed.

junc

tions

with

any

with

any

trac

ks o

n w

hich

track

s on

whi

chW

here

ther

e is

a lo

ngcy

cles

are

not

per

mitt

edW

here

ther

e is

a lo

ngTh

e m

inim

umcy

cles

are

not

sect

ion

of tr

ack

at th

ese

ctio

n of

trac

k at

the

ridea

ble

surfa

ce w

idth

perm

itted

.m

inim

um w

idth

of 0

.75

m,

Whe

re th

ere

is a

long

min

imum

wid

th o

f 0.6

m,

is 0

.3 m

.pa

ssin

g ba

ys (m

in. w

idth

sect

ion

of tr

ack

at th

epa

ssin

g ba

ys (m

in. w

idth

1 m

and

min

. len

gth

3 m

)m

inim

um w

idth

of 0

.75

m,

1 m

and

min

. len

gth

3 m

)w

ill b

e de

velo

ped

inpa

ssin

g ba

ys (m

in. w

idth

will

be

deve

lope

d in

prac

tical

and

1 m

and

min

. len

gth

3 m

)pr

actic

al a

ndap

prop

riate

pla

ces.

will

be

deve

lope

d in

appr

opria

te p

lace

s.pr

actic

al a

nd a

ppro

pria

teTh

e tra

ck s

urfa

ce is

topl

aces

The

track

sur

face

is to

be w

ell c

ompa

cted

so

be w

ell c

ompa

cted

so

that

tyre

s do

not

und

uly

The

track

sur

face

is to

that

tyre

s do

not

und

uly

degr

ade

the

surfa

ce.

be w

ell c

ompa

cted

so

degr

ade

the

surfa

ce.

that

tyre

s do

not

und

uly

Ope

n cu

lver

ts a

re to

degr

ade

the

surfa

ce.

Ope

n cu

lver

ts a

re to

be

be n

o gr

eate

r tha

nno

gre

ater

than

200

mm

150

mm

in w

idth

.O

pen

culv

erts

are

to b

e no

in w

idth

.gr

eate

r tha

n 20

0 m

m w

ide.

Woo

den

culv

erts

and

Woo

den

culv

erts

and

wat

er c

utou

t boa

rds

Woo

den

culv

erts

and

wat

er c

utou

t boa

rds

mus

tm

ust n

ot p

rotru

dew

ater

cut

out b

oard

sno

t pro

trude

mor

e th

anm

ore

than

30

mm

mus

t not

pro

trude

mor

e50

mm

abo

ve th

e su

rface

abov

e th

e su

rface

than

50

mm

abo

ve th

eof

the

track

.of

the

track

surfa

ce o

f the

trac

k.Th

e m

inim

um w

alki

ngTh

e m

inim

um w

alki

ngsu

rface

wid

th is

0.6

m.

surfa

ce w

idth

is 0

.75

m.

56


(1) Path

(2) Short Walk

(3) Walking track

Figure 11 – Illustration of track categories

57


(5) Tramping Track

(4) Great Walk/Easy Tramping Track

(6) Route

58


3 Design of Outdoor Visitor Structures

3.13.13.13.13.1 StructureStructureStructureStructureStructureA typical example of an outdoor visitor structure is given in figure 12.

3.1.1 General

The design of outdoor visitor structures shall comply with the requirements for loads

arising from gravity, wind, earthquake and snow. Design criteria shall comply with

NZS 4203 unless otherwise stated.

For the purpose of deriving loads to be applied to outdoor visitor structures, the assumed

life of these structures shall be 50 years (irrespective of the intended life selected according

to 3.11.2 in this Handbook).

C3.1.1

This part of the Handbook is primarily aimed at engineers and technical people familiar

with existing Standards such as NZS 3604 and NZS 4203.

Outdoor visitor structures are basic structures that are generally provided for the useof a wide range of visitors. They are either designed to be part of the track structures,

or to assist and promote visitor enjoyment of outdoor areas.

Outdoor visitor structures are defined in Part 1 of this Handbook, and include boardwalks,pedestrian bridges, viewing platforms and other similar, open, non-habitable buildingswith no services.

This part of the Handbook is intended to be further developed to provide for approvalas a means of compliance with Clause B1 of the NZBC for application to outdoorvisitor structures. It provides means of compliance that are appropriate to the:

(a) Environment in which the structure is built;

(b) Intended use of the structure (activities undertaken and experience sought by visitor

groups); and

(c) Users of the structure (needs of each visitor/user group).

3.23.23.23.23.2 ClassificationClassificationClassificationClassificationClassificationOutdoor visitor structures shall be classified as Category IV as specified in NZS 4203.

3.33.33.33.33.3 Serviceability Limit StateServiceability Limit StateServiceability Limit StateServiceability Limit StateServiceability Limit State

3.3.1 Application of NZS 4203

All of the members of a structure, except where the structure is a cable structure, shall

satisfy the serviceability limit state requirements of NZS 4203 where:

(a) The site in which the structure is located is classified as an Urban Resident (user

group 1) or Short Stop Traveller (user group 2) site; and

(b) The fall surface under the structure is classified as hazardous as defined in table 21.

In all other cases the serviceability limit state provisions of NZS 4203 do not apply.

3.3.2 Short-term load factorThe short-term load factor, ψs, for the serviceability limit state shall be 1.0. The deflection

limit shall be span/200.

59


3.43.43.43.43.4 Ultimate Limit StateUltimate Limit StateUltimate Limit StateUltimate Limit StateUltimate Limit StateThe structure as a whole and all its members shall be designed to support the combinations

of factored loads and forces in compliance with NZS 4203 as modified in this section.

3.4.1 Reduction of basic live loadBasic live loads shall be modified by multiplying them by the visitor group factor (Kvg)

given in table 6 and the consequence of failure factor (Kff) given in table 7.

Table 6 – Visitor group factor

User group Visitor group Kvg

1,2 UR, SST 1.0

3,4 DV and BCC 0.9

5,6 BCA and RS 0.8

When considering the overall stability of the structure against overturning Kvg shall be

taken as 1.0.

Figure 12 – Bridge over Heaphy River

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Table 7 – Consequence of failure factor

Effective fall height Kff

(m)

< 1.5 0.8

1.5 – 3.0 0.9

> 3.0 1.0

3.4.2 Reduction factors for concentrated loadsExcept for the calculation of total design live load on restricted load structures, concentrated

loads shall not be modified by the reduction factors Kvg and Kff.

3.4.3 Area reduction factor

The area reduction factor, Ψa, shall be taken as 1.0.

3.4.4 Live load combination factor

Where provided for in these combinations, the live load combination factor, for the ultimate

limit state, Ψu, shall be 0.0.

3.53.53.53.53.5 Basic Live LoadBasic Live LoadBasic Live LoadBasic Live LoadBasic Live LoadWhen considering the overall stability of the structure against overturning Kvg shall be

taken as 1.0. The concentrated live loads, Qb, shall be applied to individual members

over the actual area of application where known. Where the area of the application is not

known, the local point load shall be distributed over an area not greater than 150 mm x

150 mm for decking and applied in the position giving the most adverse effect.

3.5.1 Structures other than restricted load structuresThe basic live load for the ultimate limit state, Qb, shall be taken from table 8. The design

distributed loads, uniform line loads and concentrated live loads shall be considered

separately.

Table 8 – Basic live loads

Spatial Distributed load Line load Concentrated loadoccupancy (kPa) (kN/m) (kN)

Viewing platforms 5.0 N/A 1.8

Access structures

including stairs 4.0 N/A 1.8

Ladders N/A 1.0(1) 1.8

Structures used

by light

maintenance

vehicles As above N/A 6 x 1.2(2)

NOTE –

(1) Applied vertically, measured per metre run of ladder.

(2) Consider point loads axle and wheel spacings for vehicles and trailers. To be calculated fromactual data but if no data is available, default to the following value. Three axle loads at 1.5 mcentres longitudinally each consisting of two point loads of 1.2 kN spaced 500 mm apart.

61


3.5.2 Restricted load structuresThe basic live loads for the ultimate limit state are described in 3.5.2 (a) and 3.5.2.(b). The

concentrated point load shall be taken as 1.8 kN.

(a) The total design live load for the ultimate load state, on restricted load structures, Qr,

shall be taken from table 8. This shall be distributed over the corresponding area, Ar,

listed in table 9 and positioned to give the most adverse design condition.

(b) The design per person total design live load and the concentrated point load shall be

considered separately. Ten persons shall be the maximum number of persons

designated for a restricted load structure.

Table 9 – Basic live loads for restricted load structures

Max. number of persons Total imposed load Loaded area, Ar

(kN) (m2)

Single person 3.6 0.25

Two persons 4.8 0.50

Five persons 9.0 1.25

10 persons 12.0 2.50

C3.5.2

Values of Qb for restricted load structures are based on the per person load of 1.2 kNper person increased by an overload factor which varies from 3.0 for a single persondown to 1.0 for 10 persons.

It is considered that mountain-bike use will not give rise to loads greater than those set

out in table 8.

3.5.3 Factored live load for ultimate limit stateThe factored live load for the ultimate limit state, Q, for distributed loads shall be:

Q = Ψa x Qb x Kvg x Kff ........................................................................................................................ Equation 1

Where Ψa in accordance with 0; and

The factored live load for the ultimate limit state, Q, for concentrated loads shall be:

Q = Qb

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3.63.63.63.63.6 Ultimate Limit State for BarriersUltimate Limit State for BarriersUltimate Limit State for BarriersUltimate Limit State for BarriersUltimate Limit State for Barriers

3.6.1 Basic live load on barriersThe basic live load, Qb, acting on barriers shall be in accordance with table 10.

Table 10 – Basic live loads for barriers

Top Rail Infill

Type of Visitor group Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Anystructure (User group) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kPa) (kN)

Viewing UR, SST (1, 2) 1.5 0.75 1.25 0.5

DV, ON* (3) 1.5 0.75 1.25 0.5

BCC, BCA & RS

(4, 5, 6) 0.75 0.75 1.0 0.5

Access UR, SST (1,2) 0.75 0.75 1.0 0.5

DV, ON* (3) 0.36 0.36 0.75 0.25

BCC, BCA & RS

(4, 5, 6) 0.22 0.22 0.75 0.25

NOTE –Horizontal and vertical loads need not be assumed to act concurrently.* See 2.1.1 Note 4

3.6.2 Reduction of basic live load on barriersThe design live load, Q, shall be calculated by multiplying the basic live load Qb, by the

consequence of failure factor, Kff, given in table 7.

The minimum design live load on a top rail shall be 0.22 kN/m.

Q = Qb x Kff ................................................................................................................................................ Equation 2

The loads for the top rail and any infill shall be applied separately.

Loads specified in this clause and those due to wind and earthquake need not be assumed

to act concurrently either with the imposed live load or with each other.

3.73.73.73.73.7 Other LoadingOther LoadingOther LoadingOther LoadingOther Loading

3.7.1 Lateral loadsThe minimum lateral load requirements applied to any structure, due to the movement of

persons, shall be 10 % of the design live load applied at deck level.

QI = 0.1 x Q .................................................................................................... Equation 3

The combinations of factored loads and forces for the ultimate limit state shall include the

following:

1.2G, Q and QI .

3.7.2 Provisions for earthquakeThese provisions shall be in accordance with the requirements set out in part 4 of NZS 4203

except that the live load combination factor for the ultimate limit state, Ψu, shall be equal

to 0.0.

C3.7.2

In most cases the lateral loads specified in 3.7.1 will govern.

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3.83.83.83.83.8 Provisions for Snow and Ice LoadsProvisions for Snow and Ice LoadsProvisions for Snow and Ice LoadsProvisions for Snow and Ice LoadsProvisions for Snow and Ice LoadsThe basic snow load, Sg, applied over the plan projection of the deck, shall be calculated

from:

Where:

S = Cc x Ce x Cr x Sg ........................................................................................................................... Equation 4

Sg (the open ground snow load) shall be as given by NZS 4203 and the following values

shall be applied for the corresponding parameters given below:

Cc = 1.0

Ce = 1.2

Cr = 1.0

The snow load S shall be distributed uniformly over the whole deck.

Where site history and structure characteristics indicate that containment of snow trapped

between handrails, barriers and other built impediments is likely to occur, assessment of

snow loading shall allow for this effect.

3.93.93.93.93.9 FoundationsFoundationsFoundationsFoundationsFoundationsFoundations shall be designed taking into account the serviceability limit state exemptions

set out in 3.3.1 of this document.

C3.9

It is recognized that outdoor visitor structures are basic non-habitable buildings. Theywill sometimes be located on unstable ground and subject to natural hazards.

3.103.103.103.103.10 Material StandardsMaterial StandardsMaterial StandardsMaterial StandardsMaterial StandardsOutdoor visitor structures shall be designed in concrete, concrete masonry, steel or timber.

Material properties shall be as given in the appropriate New Zealand Standard as listed in

New Zealand Building Code verification method B1/VM1 of Approved Document B1.

Material properties for cable elements of cable structures shall conform to the specifications

listed in table 11, or approved equivalent.

Table 11 – Material specifications for cable structures

Subject Standard Name

Cables AS 2841:1986 Galvanized steel wire strand

Adjusters AS 2319:2001 Rigging screws and turnbuckles

DIN 1480:1975 Turn buckles, forged (open type)

Shackles AS 2741:2002 Shackles

RR C 271B US Federal Specification

Chain AS 2321:2001 Short-link chain for lifting purposes

Rope Grips FF C 450 US Federal Specification (only to be used fortemporary connections)

The ideal strength of cable elements shall be the proof load of the element as taken from

the above Standards. Where, in these Standards a proof load is not specified, the ideal

strength of a cable element shall be taken to be as twice the working load limit.

The strength reduction factor φ to be applied to the ideal strength of cable elements to

derive their dependable strength shall be 0.9.

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3.113.113.113.113.11 DurabilityDurabilityDurabilityDurabilityDurability

3.11.1 General

This section provides guidelines for the assessment of intended life of a structure and

specific provisions for the durability of outdoor visitor structures having an intended life of

25 years.

C3.11.1

It is intended that this part of the Handbook be further developed to provide for approvalas a means of compliance with Clause B2 of the NZBC for application to outdoor visitorstructures. It provides means of compliance that are appropriate to the:

(a) Environment in which the structure is built;

(b) Intended use of the structure (activities undertaken and experience sought by visitorgroups); and

(c) Users of the structure (needs of each visitor/user group).

NOTE – Clauses for which specific solutions are not provided shall comply with the NewZealand Building Code as set out in the New Zealand Handbook and Approved Documentsor shall be the subject of an Alternative Solution.

3.11.2 Intended life of the structureThe intended life of the structure shall be assessed taking into account the environment in

which it is to be built and the use to which it is to be applied. The intended life of a structure

shall be specified in the building consent application.

3.123.123.123.123.12 Environment ClassificationsEnvironment ClassificationsEnvironment ClassificationsEnvironment ClassificationsEnvironment Classifications

3.12.1 Marine wetting environmentMarine wetting environment shall include any location below 2.0 m above High Water

Ordinary Spring Tide level.

3.12.2 Marine spray environmentMarine spray environment shall generally include any location that is within a horizontal

distance of 500 m of the sea including harbours, or 100 m from tidal estuaries and sheltered

inlets. The sea spray zone also includes all offshore islands.

3.12.3 Corrosion zones

Corrosion zones shall be those set out in the corrosion zone map in NZS 3604.

3.12.4 Timber hazard environmentsTimber hazard environments shall be as given in table 12.

3.133.133.133.133.13 Durability of Building ElementsDurability of Building ElementsDurability of Building ElementsDurability of Building ElementsDurability of Building ElementsAll building elements except signs shall be designed to have a durability to achieve the

intended life of the structure. Signs shall be designed to have a minimum durability of six

years in accordance with F1 and F4 of the New Zealand Building Code.

65


3.13.1 Assessment of intended lifeThe intended life of an outdoor visitor structure shall be 25 years unless a shorter or

longer intended life is considered appropriate. In assessing the intended length of life of

a structure the following shall be taken into account:

(a) For shorter intended life

(i) Likelihood of the structure being inundated by natural events such as flooding,

avalanche or riverbed movement

(ii) Aggressive corrosive environment such as marine, coastal or volcanic where

a 25-year durability cannot be achieved

(iii) Future likely change of use;

(b) For longer intended life

(i) Importance of the structure for life safety, to the community and/or for access

to other structures

(ii) Benign corrosive environment where durability in excess of 25 years can be

achieved without substantial cost penalty.

3.143.143.143.143.14 Design for Inspection and MaintenanceDesign for Inspection and MaintenanceDesign for Inspection and MaintenanceDesign for Inspection and MaintenanceDesign for Inspection and MaintenanceStructures shall be designed to allow for access for inspection of components and will

provide for the removal of elements for inspection and/or replacement of elements without

major dismantling.

3.153.153.153.153.15 Building Elements Having a Durability of 25 YearsBuilding Elements Having a Durability of 25 YearsBuilding Elements Having a Durability of 25 YearsBuilding Elements Having a Durability of 25 YearsBuilding Elements Having a Durability of 25 YearsBuilding elements complying with the following clauses shall be deemed to have a durability

of 25 years in the conditions described. (This does not exclude the use of other materials

that have proven durability equal to or exceeding 25 years.)

3.15.1 Timber components

3.15.1.1Sawn timber shall comply with NZS 3602.

3.15.1.2Timber poles shall comply with NZS 3605.

3.15.1.3Timber treatment shall comply with NZS 3640.

3.15.1.4Timber components shall comply with table 12.

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Table 12 – Timber components

Location Species Grade or Treatmentstandard reference

Poles not in contact with Pinus Radiata NZS 3605 H4

ground

Round or sawn piles and Pinus Radiata NZS 3605 H5

poles in contact with ground

Round or sawn piles and Pinus Radiata NZS 3605 H5

poles fresh water inundated

Round or sawn piles and

poles sea water inundated Pinus Radiata NZS 3605 H6

Sawn timber not in contact

with ground in high rainfall

and corrosive areas Pinus Radiata Structural H4

Sawn timber not in contact

with ground Pinus Radiata Structural H3.2

Sawn timber in contact with

ground Pinus Radiata Structural H5

Sawn timber fresh water

inundated Pinus Radiata Structural H5

Sawn timber sea water

inundated Pinus Radiata Structural H6

3.15.2 Timber fixingsTimber fixings shall comply with the requirements of table 13.

Table 13 – Protection of timber fixings

Environment Fixing material Protection of bolts

Marine Wetting Type 316 Stainless Steel None

Marine Spray Type 316 Stainless Steel None

Acidic Bush (soil pH < 5) Hot Dipped Galvanized or GP Grease in Pre Greased Holes

Type 304 Stainless Steel (Galv. Bolts only)

CORROSION ZONE 1 Hot Dipped Galvanized or GP Grease in Pre Greased Holes

Type 304

CORROSION ZONE 2 Hot Dipped Galvanized GP Grease in Pre Greased Holes

CORROSION ZONE 3 Hot Dipped Galvanized GP Grease in Pre Greased Holes

CORROSION ZONE 4

(Volcanic Regions) Hot Dipped Galvanized GP Grease in Pre Greased Holes

3.15.3 Concrete components

Concrete shall comply with NZS 3109 and concrete masonry shall comply with NZS 4210.

3.15.4 Steel components

Steel components shall be surface treated according to the requirements of table 14,

subject to cosmetic requirements.

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Table 14 – Protection of steel components

Zone Type of Recommended corrosioncoating protection system optionssystem

Marine Wetting Paint LP1, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP5, LP6

Galvanized GZLP

Metal Spray MSALP, MSZLP

Marine Spray Paint LP1, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP5, LP6

Galvanized GZLP


Acidic Bush (Soil pH <5) Paint LP1, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP5, LP6

Galvanized GZLP


Corrosion Zone 1 (Coastal Paint LP1, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP5, LP6

Fringe) Galvanized GZLP


Corrosion Zone 2 (Natural Paint LP1, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP6

hazard, No severe areas) Galvanized GZ

Metal Spray MSA, MSZ

Corrosion Zone 3 (Very low Paint LP1, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP6

natural corrosivity) Galvanized GZ

Metal Spray MSA, MSZ

Corrosion Zone 4 Paint LP1, LP2, LP4, LP5, LP6

(Geothermal Galvanized GZLP

Activity) Metal Spray MSALP, MSZLP

NOTE –

(1) Protection system abbreviations are used as in AS/NZS 2312.

(2) Refer to AS/NZS 2312 tables 7.5, 7.6, 7.7 for details of protection systems.

(3) Brief details of protection systems are as follows:

LP1 Inorganic zinc with high build intermediate and top coats (265 to 325 microns)

LP2 Inorganic zinc with high build top coats (240 to 275 microns)

LP3 Inorganic zinc silicate AS/NZS 3750.15 (100 to 150 microns)

LP4 Inorganic zinc with high build epoxy intermediate coat and acrylic latex top coat(225 to 275 microns)

LP5 Ultra high-build two pack (1000 to 3000 microns)

LP6 Inorganic zinc silicate with high build epoxy intermediate coat and two pack topcoat (260 to 335 microns)

GZ Hop dip galvanized

GZLP Hot dip galvanized with prime coat and top coat

MSA Aluminium metal spray

MSALP Aluminium metal spray with seal cost and top coat (135 microns)

MSZ Zinc metal spray

MSZLP Zinc metal spray with seal coat and top coat (135 microns)

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3.163.163.163.163.16 Cable ElementsCable ElementsCable ElementsCable ElementsCable Elements

3.16.1 General

Cables shall be of a marine grade. Hardware shall be hot dip galvanized complying with

AS 2741.

Additional corrosion protection of petrolatum-based priming and wrapping anti corrosion

systems (such as Denso products) shall be applied (as specified by the manufacturer), to

the exterior of hardware items in accordance with table 15.

Table 15 – Protection of cable structure hardware

Environment Rope grips Shackles Terminations Adjusters

Marine Wetting Y Y Y Y

Marine Spray Y Y Y Y

Acidic Bush (pH < 5.0) Y Y Y Y

CORROSION ZONE 1 Y N N Y

CORROSION ZONE 2 Y N N Y

CORROSION ZONE 3 Y N N Optional

CORROSION ZONE 4 Y Y Y Y

NOTE –Y = Yes, additional corrosion protection required;N = No additional corrosion protection required.

3.16.2 Rigging screws and adjusters

Rigging screws shall be filled with a petroleum wax based spray or brush applied anti-

corrosion product before assembly, regardless of the corrosion environment.

Except in marine or volcanic corrosion environments the threads of all adjusters shall be

protected up to the initial 3-monthly inspections and adjustment with the petrolatum-based

priming and wrapping (such as Denso products) anti corrosion system. Following final

adjustment, the primer and mastic shall be reinstated, and the whole of the adjusters

protected with petrolatum-based priming and wrapping tape.

In marine or volcanic corrosion environments the whole of adjusters shall be protected

with the Denso Multi Purpose Primer, Denso Mastic, and Denso Tape following initial

adjustment. The protective system shall be fully reinstated following each subsequent

adjustment or inspection.

3.16.3 Inspection and maintenanceOutdoor visitor structures shall be inspected on a two-yearly cycle by a person competent

to undertake the inspection.

High-risk structures shall be inspected on a six-yearly cycle by a competent structural

engineer, as shown in table 16.

All defects shall be reported and shall be actioned within six months of being reported.

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Table 16 – Re-inspection by engineer every six years

Fall Surface Visitor group Structure type Fall height

(User group) (m)

Hazardous Any All All

All Any Vehicle bridges, cable All

structures, jetties,

wharves, gantries /

galleries, playground

equipment, helicopter

platforms

All UR, SST, DV & ON All ≥ 1.5

(1, 2 & 3)

All BCC, BCA & RS Viewing platforms ≥ 1.5

(4, 5 & 6)

All Pedestrian bridges, ≥ 2.0

boardwalks, ladders,

staircases, ramps

Total length ≥ 2.0m

All Handrail / guide wire / ≥ 2.0

cable, safety fence /

barrier, historic structures,

retaining walls, stiles,

other structures

3.173.173.173.173.17 Access and Structures for People with DisabilitiesAccess and Structures for People with DisabilitiesAccess and Structures for People with DisabilitiesAccess and Structures for People with DisabilitiesAccess and Structures for People with DisabilitiesThis section provides information and requirements for the provision of accessible facilities.

Further information regarding the provision of accessible facilities can be found in

NZS 4121.

Where structures can be approached by persons with disabilities, the structure shall be

treated as an outbuilding. Those structures that cannot be approached by persons with

disabilities, without assistance, shall be treated as ancillary buildings as in NZS 4121.

3.17.1 Urban Resident and Short Stop Traveller (User Group 1 and 2) sitesAll structures designed for UR (user group 1) and SST (user group 2) sites shall be

accessible.

C3.17.1

Outdoor visitor structures for UR and SSTs (user groups 1 and 2) will be located inthose areas that are readily accessible by motor vehicle. These structures may, either

when the structure is built or in the future when the track is upgraded, be approachedand used independently by people with disabilities.

These requirements are slightly reduced from the requirements in NZBC Clause D1 for

people with disabilities in terms of stair gradients and use of open risers. This allowspeople with disabilities visiting a UR or SST (user group 1 or 2) site to have a similarsense of challenge in the outdoor environment as able-bodied people.

The use of closed risers is avoided because closed risers would create a hazard by

collecting debris that would otherwise wash off or be blown off open risers.

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3.17.2 Day visitor (user group 3) sitesIf outdoor visitor structures on day visitor (user group 3) sites can be approached unaided

by persons using wheelchairs, they shall be designed to be accessible.

C3.17.2

Outdoor visitor structures for day visitors (user group 3) are located in those areaswhich are both readily accessible by motor vehicle and up to half a day’s foot travelfrom a road end. Therefore only those structures that are close to the road end and are

able to be approached and used independently by people with disabilities on a trackdesigned for UR or SSTs (user groups 1 or 2) shall be designed to be accessible. Anassessment needs to be made for each day visitor (user group 3) structure.

3.17.3 Other sitesOutdoor visitor structures on BCC, BCA and RS (user group 4, 5 and 6) sites are not

required to be accessible.

C3.17.3

These structures will not be accessible by motor vehicle and generally will be at leasthalf a day’s foot travel from a road end, or topography will prevent people with disabilities

from reaching the structure. It is expected that distance and topography will preventany structures being able to be visited by people with disabilities.

3.183.183.183.183.18 Structure GeometryStructure GeometryStructure GeometryStructure GeometryStructure GeometryRequirements for UR and SST (user group 1 and 2) tracks shall apply to DV (user group

3) structures at road ends that are accessible.

3.18.1 Access widthsMinimum access widths are given in table 17. Structures such as suspension bridges or

pole bridges may have widths less than those specified in table 17 for reasons of

construction.

Table 17 – Minimum access widths

User group Visitor group Minimum access width (m)

1 and 2 UR and SST 1.2

3 DV 0.75

4 BCC 0.6

5 BCA 0.6

6 RS N/A

3.18.2 Kerbs

Kerbing that is a minimum of 75 mm high shall be provided for all edges from which there

is a fall greater than 25 mm for all UR, SST and DV (user group 1, 2 and 3) structures

required to be accessible.

3.18.3 Sloping structuresThe maximum structure gradients shall be as in table 18.

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Table 18 – Maximum structure gradients

User group Visitor group Maximum Maximum Maximum risestructure slope structure slope between

in degrees landings

1 and 2 UR and SST 1 in 12 4.8 0.75m

3 DV 1 in 10 5.7 No limit

4 BCC 1 in 6 9.5 No limit

5 BCA 1 in 3 18.4 No limit

6 RS N/A – No limit

Additional requirements shall be as listed below:

(a) Structures with a greater slope than 1 in 8 shall have footholds complying with NZBC

Clause D1/AS1, table 4 for no loads carried.

(b) Structures subjected to icing and other traction hazards such as leaf litter shall have

slopes less than 1 in 8.

(c) UR and SST (user group 1 and 2) sites that are not accessible due to site conditions

(other than steps) may have slopes of 1 in 10.

3.18.4 StairwaysThe geometrical standards and maximum rise between landings for stairs shall be as in

table 19.

Table 19 – Stairway classification

User group Visitor group Geometric Max. rise Max.requirements between gradient

landings(m)

1, 2 and 3 UR, SST and DV Common and main 2.5 37o

(Accessible) (Accessible) private stairways as

per NZBC table 6

3 and 4 DV and BCC Secondary private 4.0 41o

stairways as per

NZBC table 6

5 and 6 BCA and RS Service, minor private 8.0 47o

stairways as per

NZBC table 6

The maximum gradient of a stair shall be 47o in accordance with NZBC Clause D1/AS1.

3.18.5 Ladders

3.18.5.1Step type ladders complying with NZBC Clause D1/AS1 5.2 shall be provided where the

required gradient is between 60o and 70o.

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3.18.5.2Rung type ladders complying with NZBC Clause D1/AS1 5.3 shall be provided where the

required gradient is between 70o and 90o. In both cases, the rise of individual ladders

shall not exceed 6.0 m.

C3.18.5.2

Ladder enclosures as per NZBC Clause D1/AS1 5.1.2 are impractical in the backcountry,because of the need to carry packs.

3.18.6 HandrailsHandrails shall be provided to stairs and step type ladders in accordance with NZBC

Clause D1/AS1 6.0.

C3.18.6

Timber of 100 x 50 mm does not provide an acceptable handrail as it is too large to begraspable.

3.18.7 Slip resistanceSlip resistance on timber decking shall be provided by:

(a) Galvanized ‘chicken’ netting wire continuously and securely stapled to the deck, or

any other system that complies with verification method D1/VM1.

(b) UV stable polymer grid stretched and stapled.

3.193.193.193.193.19 Provision of BarriersProvision of BarriersProvision of BarriersProvision of BarriersProvision of Barriers

3.19.1 GeneralBarriers shall comply with Acceptable Solution F4/AS1 of the Approved Documents of the

NZBC and the NZBC, with variations as given below.

The provision of barriers may be the subject of an application for a waiver applied for from

an individual territorial authority. Similarly a decision may be required to determine if a

limit on application (First Schedule to the Building Regulations 1992, Clause F4.3.1) is

applicable.

Solutions for which a waiver is applied for shall be based on this section.

3.19.2 Requirement for barriersPeople may be able to fall from openings in the perimeter or deck of a structure, or from a

sudden change of level within or associated with a structure. The circumstances when a

barrier is required and the type of barrier applicable shall be as stipulated in 3.21.

Barriers may be deemed necessary from consideration of circumstances other than fall

height such as:

(a) High wind;

(b) Extremes of snow; and

(c) Ice or slippery conditions.

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C3.19.2

The type of barrier provided is dependent on the type of hazard and the visitor/usergroup. A considered decision should be made taking all factors into account.

Specific use characteristics at a particular location may override the general requirementsof the track classification. For example, road end use of a tramping track (BCA/user

group 5) may dictate that a classification of a road end pedestrian bridge be SST (usergroup 2).

3.203.203.203.203.20 Effective fall heightsEffective fall heightsEffective fall heightsEffective fall heightsEffective fall heightsThe effective fall height, He, shall be calculated by adding the impact surface adjustment

value, Hfs , prescribed in table 20, to the measured fall height, Hf , (see figure 13 for

diagrammatic description explaining the relationships between HS ,Hf & Lf).

He = Hf+ Hfs ............................................................................................................................................... Equation 5

Where HS is the structure height at the position being assessed.

Hfs may be negative, thus reducing the effective fall height.

Table 20 – Fall height calculations

HS <= 1.5 m Lf = 1.5 m

1.5 < HS <= 2.0 m Lf = HS

HS > 2.0 m Lf = 2.0

Figure 13 – Relationships of H values for fall height calculations

3.20.1 Assessment of fall impact surfaceAn assessment of the fall impact surface shall be made for the likelihood of serious harm

being caused to the user from a fall, in accordance with table 21.

Lf

Hf

Hs

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Table 21 – Fall surface assessment

Fall surface Description of surface Hfs Examples of surfaces withincategory (m) category

Benign A surface presenting features –0.5 (a) Deep mossthat will tend to reduce the (b) Soft vegetationeffect of impact (c) Shallow still water deep enough

to cushion a fall(d) Swamp

Favourable A surface presenting features 0 (a) Gravelthat neither reduce nor (b) Sandamplify the effect of impact (c) Deep water with reasonable

means of exit(d) Grass

Unfavourable A surface presenting features +0.5 (a) Jagged stonesthat will tend to amplify the (b) Concrete pavementeffect of impact (c) Deep water without reasonable

means of exit(d) Sharp vegetation

Hazardous A surface presenting features +3.0 (a) Swiftly flowing water withoutthat will result in serious harm means of exitregardless of the effect of (b) Boiling mud or waterfall to the initial impact point (c) Extended falls arising from rolling

or sliding, following initial impact,on terrain whose slope exceeds 35o.Mitigating factors such as vegetationlikely to arrest rolling shall betaken into account when assessingextended falls

3.213.213.213.213.21 Barrier typesBarrier typesBarrier typesBarrier typesBarrier types

3.21.1 The minimum requirements of suitable barrier types and the corresponding minimum

requirements for these barrier types shall be in accordance with table 22.

Table 22 – Barrier types for given effective fall height in relation to visitor group

Structure typeViewing Access barriers – Access barriers –

Visitor Group/User One side only Both sidesGroup H e Type H e Type H e Type

(m) (m) (m)

UR and SST >1.0 A N/A N/A 1.5–3.0 B

(1 and 2) >3.0 A

DV >1.0 B 1.5– 3.0 B >3.0 B(3)

BCC 1.0–5.0 C 2.0–5.0 C > 5.0 C(4) >5.0 B

BCA and RS >1.0 C >3.0 C N/A N/A(5 and 6)

3.21.2 An A type barrier shall be provided where fall height (Hf) exceeds 1 m and the area is

likely to be frequented by children under the age of six years.

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C3.21.2

A guideline to the definition of ‘frequented by children’ may be gleaned from the followingBIA determination.

BIA Determination 2001/9 dealt with a stair in an apartment building. The Authority

decided that the stair was not an area frequented by children under the age of 6.Paragraph 6.1.5 said that the Authority takes the view that ‘likely to be frequented by’means ‘it could well be that such children will be there habitually. It is not enough that

they could be there from time to time. If a location is frequented by children (under 6)then anyone visiting that location at an appropriate time could well expect children tobe present on many if not most occasions’.

3.223.223.223.223.22 Barrier constructionBarrier constructionBarrier constructionBarrier constructionBarrier construction

3.22.1 Type A BarriersIf openings are present, they shall be small enough to prevent a sphere of 100 mm diameter

or greater passing through.

Barrier components that are between 150 mm and 760 mm above the deck (or stair

nosing) shall be constructed to prevent toeholds from being obtained.

The triangular opening formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail at the open side of a

stairway shall be constructed so that passage by a 150 mm diameter sphere is prevented.

3.22.2 Type B Barrier

Openings in type B barriers shall have maximum dimensions of either:

(a) 200 mm horizontally between vertical balusters, or

(b) 300 mm vertically (between intermediate rails) with any openings less than 150 mm

between the deck and first horizontal rail.

3.22.3 Type C Barrier

Any openings in type C barriers shall have a maximum dimension of 500 mm vertically

(between intermediate rails). There is no maximum dimension between vertical sections.

3.233.233.233.233.23 SignageSignageSignageSignageSignage

3.23.1 Light maintenance vehicles

Staff (and others) using a structure to carry a light maintenance vehicle (as described in

table 8) may be subject to hazards. Any such potential hazard shall be identified using a

sign that displays ‘Light maintenance vehicle loads allowed for expressed in kg’.

The loading tablet shall be adjacent to the existing structure number and able to be seen

from deck level by staff where possible. The tablet shall not be obvious to the public but

obvious to staff aware of where to look for it. The tablet shall be on the true left where

applicable with data stamped indelibly into the surface.

3.23.2 Restricted load structures

Restricted load structures shall display a sign at each end of the structure stating the

maximum number of persons allowed on the structure at one time.

3.23.3 Signs requiredSigns other than those detailed in this section, but required by other clauses of the NZBC

shall comply with F8/AS1 of the NZBC.

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Appendix AVisitor/User Group and Track Requirements

(Informative)

Visitor groups (user groups) define the type of track or structure that will be used, by

identifying the types of activities that are undertaken, and the level of acceptance of the

type of track or structure. DOC uses the phrase ‘visitor group’ to broadly define the

characteristics of the users of the facilities and places it manages. Other agencies may

wish to use these visitor group names, but some may find it more helpful to use the user

group numbers, or their own identifier, to distinguish track users.

The visitor groups/user groups identified and their corresponding track requirements are

listed in the table below.

Table A1 – Visitor group and track requirements

User DOC visitor group Definition Track requirementsgroup

1 Urban Resident (UR) Visitors to urban parks usually Paths (mostly in urban settings)

ACC term not used by DOC in an urban setting. The majority Easy tracks catering for all

of these visitors are usually local ages and most walking abilities.

residents including unsupervised Usually high standard of

children, elderly people, people track surface and structures.

with disabilities and a wide range Low risk tracks. Most will be

of fitness and physical ability. accessible to people with

This group may visit for the disabilities.

recreational experience or to

access other sites.

2 Short Stop Traveller Visitors, including both local and Short Walks(SST) international, travelling either the Tracks that take no longer than

main tourist highways and 1 hour return to walk.

access roads or visiting places in Easy tracks catering for all ages

their local area. They utilize the and most walking abilities.

natural edge along these roads All watercourses bridged or

or in these local areas for visits culverted. Good track surface

of up to one hour return.The least Low risk track.

mobile are commonly young

families (parents with toddlers),

younger age school parties,

elderly people and, in some

cases, people with disabilities.

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Table A1 – Visitor groups and track requirements (continued)


3 Day Visitor Visitors, including both Walking Tracks(DV) domestic and international, and Tracks from a few minutes to

local community visitors seeking a full day return.

an experience in a natural setting Relatively easy day walks.

with a sense of space. This is Tracks of a high standard that

normally associated with a enable use by relatively

road-end situation or scenic inexperienced visitors with a

attraction with recreational low level of backcountry skill.

opportunities for up to a full day’s Low level of risk with all but the

duration. The least mobile are smallest watercourses bridged

commonly families with young or culverted and a reasonable

children, school parties and track surface.

elderly people.

4 Back Country Comfort Visitors seeking a low risk, Easy Tramping Tracks andSeeker relatively comfortable experience Great Walks(BCC) in the backcountry. People who Well constructed tramping

are generally inexperienced in a tracks with a track surface

backcountry setting with a wide and bridges across rivers

age range. and major streams.

They require easy access and Low risk backcountry

want comfortable overnight experience with facilities to

accommodation The least ensure a relatively comfortable

mobile are likely to be families visit.

and school parties with older

children and teenagers, visitors

who require guides and first-time

trampers.

5 Backcountry Adventurer Visitors, usually New Zealanders, Tramping Tracks These tracks

(BCA) with a reasonable level of back- generally follow the lie of the

country skills and experience. land and are commonly not

They require only a basic track formed. Includes day visits but

and access is largely on foot ranging further into the back-

except where air or boat access country and not requiring the

is permitted. standard of tracks for day

visitors.

Tracks have bridges at key river

crossings. Visitors accept a

degree of risk and discomfort.

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Table A1 – Visitor groups and track requirements (continued)


6 Remoteness Seekers Visitors, usually New Zealanders, Route(RS) with a high level of backcountry The route follows the lie of the

skills and experience seeking a land and is not formed.

wilderness experience with Few facilities

limited interaction with other

parties. Access is largely on foot

except where air or boat access

is permitted, and activities are

carried out with a high degree of

self-reliance.

7 Overnighters A group that includes both Overnighters generally accept

(ON) domestic and international the specifications for walking

visitors and local community tracks.

visitors seeking an overnight

experience in a predominantly

natural setting. The setting is

normally associated with road

end or boat accessible sites.

These visitors require high

quality structures and services

similar to those provided for

Day Visitors.

The overnighters group

generally accepts conditions

encountered on a track. For

the purposes of this document

this group has similar

characteristics to DV, and the

DV track requirements will

apply to them.

79


Appendix BTrack Marker Specifications

(Normative)

All track and route markers (other than poles or cairns) shall comply with the following

requirements.

B1 Standard orange markerB1 Standard orange markerB1 Standard orange markerB1 Standard orange markerB1 Standard orange markerThe standard orange marker set out in figure B1 shall be fixed with the apex upright for

straight and winding sections of track. For indication of significant changes in direction,

the apex shall point in the direction to be followed.

Material UV stabilized HDPE

Colour PMS* 151 C

* Pantone Matching System, published by Pantone Inc., U.S.A.

Figure B1 – Dimensions for standard markers

90 mm

18 mm 18 mm 2 mmthick

97 mm

69 mm

9 mm 12 mm 9 mm

Fixing holes 3 mmdiameter

120 mm

80


295 mm

325 mm

3 mmthick

B2 Large orange markerB2 Large orange markerB2 Large orange markerB2 Large orange markerB2 Large orange markerThe large orange marker in figure B2 shall be used to mark the start of the track:

(a) at the end of clearings in the bush;

(b) where there is access onto or off a beach;

(c) where an unmarked open section of track (e.g. that follows an open riverbed) enters

the bush or scrub; or

(d) where the track starts again across an unbridged stream or river.

Material UV stabilized HDPE

Colour PMS* 151 C

* Pantone Matching System, published by Pantone Inc., U.S.A.

Figure B2 – Dimensions for large markers

© 2004 STANDARDS COUNCIL

Published by authority of the Standards Council pursuant to the provisions of section10 of the Standards Act 1988.

First published: 2 March 2004

The following SNZ references relate to this Handbook:

Project No. P 8630Draft for comment No. DZ 8630:2003Printing code: 500-2004/15/21287Typeset by: Standards New ZealandPrinted by: Hutcheson, Bowman & Stewart


SNZ HB 8630:2004