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Track and field athletics, commonly known as athletics ortrack
and field,is a collection ofsports events that involve running,
throwing andjumping. The name
"athletics" is derived from the Greekword "athlos" meaning
"contest".
HistoryThe original and only event at the first Olympics in 776
BC was a stadium-length foot
race or "stade", run on a track.
There were several other "games" held in Europe in the classical
era:
Panhellenic Games :
o ThePythian Games (founded 527 BC) held in Delphi every four
years
o TheNemean Games (founded 516 BC) held in Argolid every two
years
o TheIsthmian Games(founded 523 BC) held on the Isthmus of
Corinth
every two years TheRoman Games Arising from Etruscan rather than
purely Greek roots, the
Roman Games deemphasized footraces and throwing. Instead, the
Greek
sports of chariot racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan
sport of
gladiatorial combat, took center stage.
The Tailteann Games (claimed foundation 1829 BC) held near
modern
Telltown in Ireland, this thirty-day meeting included foot races
and stone-
throwing events
Other peoples, such as the Celts, Teutons and Goths who
succeeded the Romans,
enjoyed athletic contests. However, these were often related to
combat training. In the
Middle Ages the sons of noblemen would be trained in running,
leaping and
wrestling, in addition to riding, jousting and arms-training.
Contests between rivals
and friends may have been common on both official and unofficial
grounds.
Annually, from 1796-1798, L'Olympiade de la Rpublique was held
in revolutionary
France, and is an early forerunner to the modern summer Olympic
Games. The
premier event of this competition was a footrace, but various
ancient Greek
disciplines were also on display. The 1796 Olympiade also marks
the introduction of
the metric system into sport.
In the 19th century the formal organization of the modern events
accelerated - inFrance, Germany, and Great Britain in particular.
This included the incorporation of
regular sports and exercise into school regimes. The Royal
Military College,
Sandhurst has claimed to be the first to adopt this in 1812 and
1825, but without any
supporting evidence. The earliest recorded meeting was organised
at Shrewsbury,
Shropshire in 1840 by the Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt. There
are details of the
meeting in a series of letters written 60 years later by C.T.
Robinson, who was a pupil
there from 1838 to 1841. The Royal Military Academy at Woolwich
held an organised
competition in 1849, but the first regular series of meetings
was held by Exeter
College, Oxford from 1850.[1]
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Running and racewalking events
Running events conducted on a track (generally 400 metres,
except indoors):
Sprintsare events up to and including the 400 metres. Events
commonly contested
are:
50 metres (indoors only)
55 metres (indoors only)
60 metres (indoors only)
100 metres
200 metres
400 metres
Middle Distance Eventsare events longer than sprints and up to
3000 metres. Events
commonly contested are:
800 metres
1000 metres (uncommon)
1500 metres
One mile[2]
3000 metres
3000 metres steeplechase
Long Distance Eventsare events over 3000 metres. Events commonly
contested are:
5000 metres 10000 metres
Hurdlesevents require the runner to run over evenly spaced
barriers during the race.
Events commonly contested are:
60 metres hurdles (indoors only)
100 metres hurdles (women)
110 metres hurdles (men)
400 metres hurdles
Relayraces are events in which four athletes participate as a
team, passing a metal
baton in between. Events commonly contested are:
4 x 100 metres relay
4 x 200 metres relay (high school & collegiate)
4 x 400 metres relay
Some events, such as medley relays, are rarely run except at
large relay carnivals.
Typical medley relays include:
Sprint Medley Relay (SMR): the four legs are 400 metres, two 200
metre legs,800 metres; or alternately 200 metres, two 100 metre
legs, 400 metres
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