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-
TRACE OF O I L :
, B.A. [Honours), Simon Fraser University, 1986
/ THESIS SUBMITTED.IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
MASTER OF ARTS
i n the Department
History , i
1 Geoffrey D. L~C* 1987 1
SIWN FRASER UNIVERSITY -
August, 1987
A l l r i g h t s reserved. ~ h i s work may not be . - -
reproduced in whole or in part, by pbotocogy
or other means, without pemnission of the author -
-
Permission has b e n granted L'autorisatlon a &t&
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thesis and to 1 c&-te thhae et de prater ou copies of the
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L 4 d' a m .
+% -1 - - -- - The ZRFHEX E . f o p ~ ~ &rrrerF t i tr tear
ft t-f &re dti - -- T
h a s r e s e r v e d o t h e r auteur) se rbeerve- le8
publication rights* and pa droits de publication; nehther t-he
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reprodui tu qans s o n written permission. autagiisation &rite.
-/
t' A 4 "
ISBN 0-315-#608-X
-
Degree I
-
Tit-le of
Master of Ar?s
thesis- Trace of 01i. t h e Search f o r an hi tiating Factor in
the Ctiscd War
Examirnng Cornrr~r t tee.
Prsf essor Emeritus Unwersi t y of Miami
P - ,
-
I h e r e b y g r a n t to ,S imon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t
y t h e r i g h t t o l e n d
my t h e s i s o r d i s s e r t a t i o n ( t h e t i t l e of
which i s shown b e l o w ) t o ;sirs
o f t h e Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y ,
and t o make p a r t i a l o r s i n g l e - -
copies o n l y f o r s u c h u s e r s o r i n r e s p o n s e t
o a r e q u e s t f rom t h e ! i > r a r v \ -
of a n y o t h e r university, o r o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a
l i n s t i t u t i o n , or; i t s o::n - - -- -
A-
b e h a l f o r f o r one of i t s u s e r s . I f u r t h e r a
g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n h r - d'
m u l t i p l e c j p y j n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c
h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may b e grn: :ed /-
b y a e o r t h e Dean cf G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s . I t I
S u n d e r s t o o d tt-,at cop:..ing - - -- - A-
- T---
* C o r p u b i ~ c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n
a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be allowed .a
v i t:?ou: my writ t e n g e r m i s s i o n . &
t
Trace of O i l : The search f o r an Initiating F a c t o r - pp
= - --
i n t h e Chaco War. . - - -
d
A u t h o r :
(name )
- f ( d a t e )
-
. - 1 ... . - . d
. . - . .. . . - . . ~ . . . ._, . - , - - 4 - .--;-;~z+,.
-
-- -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL PAGE ii .
ABSTRACT , i i i
Chmter j - - - -- I. INTRODUCTION 1 - ' - --
11. BACKGROUND TO THE'CONFLICT 3 Geography The Chaco ~oryal,
Paraguay, Bolivia
-- - - Ri=t6rio-tFae to t hg ~ h a c o 6 - ---- --
- - Early 6 1879 Protocol 10 1887 ~roto36l 12 Uti Possidetis de
Jure ' 14 4 1894 Protocol -- 15 1907 Protocol 15 Bolivia Expands in
the Chaco 16 1913-21 17
-- Fort i n Sorpresa 18 1927 Protocol 19
-- - - - - Fe&&f?- VhffgtB& 2 - - pp 3 - L9
Military Expansion 20 War and Settlement # 21 /
111. CHACO CAUSATION: PREVIOUSLY INADEQUATELY 'DEFINED
Alternative Port ,,Ar'
- To The west: Rail Links et a1 24 , Rail Links 24
Political Parties / 1 26
To The East: Santa Cruz de la Sierra ; 27 Routes * 28 --
Geography~and Agriculture 31
History 32 Navigation 36 Cheap Riches ' 38
War of the, Pacific 39 ' Miguel SuArez Ar-aila - - - - - 4 1 ---
,-- Bolivia and the Tacna-Arica Dispute 4 2 \ 2. . .
i l i t . , a r v ' u R O ~ P i n theChacoPp-- 46 Paraguay 46
Bolivia 51 History to 1900 5 2-
* --
-
Merchants 'of Death * r : -
1929 Depression Daniel Salamanca Foreign Imperialism - Argentine
Links to Paraguay
- - War of t h e Txiple-Alliance - - _ IV. OIL
Analysis di 1 -
Previous Theories History 84
b ---- - - - -- World.-'---- - - -- -- -- 84 - - - -- -,-- -
8 5- --
LaF=KAmerica to 1932 . Bolivia to 1937
- 86
1500-1880 fi - 86 1880-1912 , 1912-16
/
1916-20 ' 1920-37
Critical Decade - .V . CONCLUSIONS
A APPENDICES Tables Maps
GLOSSARY'
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
Population of Bolivia: by ~a~artrnbnt & ~a jor' Centre 129 ,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --
Paraguayan Land Sales ,1875-1900 130 *
Bolivia's Silver Exports 1820-1909 d 131
Bolivian/Paraguayan Government Revenue 1855-1930 1'3 2 - -- - -
- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -
- --
Huanchaca Silver Mine & Anice60 Arce 134
& Paraguayan Presidents 188011935 135
Ports: Imports and Exports 1918 136 - .
1662-1932 137
Tin Production 1897-3935 139
Loans 1908-1934 %+ - - 140
Bolivian
Bolivian
Fortines
Bo1 iv'ian
la.* Bolivian -
Paraguayan Exports 1930 141 -
~olivian Oil Concessions 1867-1918 142 --
Bolivian Oil Production 1925-35 145
-
1. South America - -- - - --
-- - 2 .' Bolivia and ~ara~u'a~"' 147 /-
3. The Chaco Boreal: Geagraphy, Centres
4. Paraguay: 1932 ., 149 pp - -
*> t * -
-- - - - - - - -- - -- -
- - * - - - - - - - - - - -- - 5. ~oliviac 1932 2 150 - . .
-
L t - - 6. Protocols 1879'-1894 , $4 Y 151
7. ~blivia's Pacific Coast: 1825*
8. Protocols 1907-1932; %ennonites; Military Expansion 153 -
9. Bolivia's Rail Network: 1868-1925 154 w *
- - - - - l L P u e & a S u u A r p a 1 5 5 % . * , -
11. Fortines: 1905-1932 $*%
1 5 6
-%". t
12. Oil in Bolivia - _ - 157.
-
INTRODUCTION
-- -- The Cham War, 1932-35, was fought- between Bol-iv-la I - -
- - - - - - A - Y -
c
-
and Paraguay (Map 11, after a long and futile perlod of
/ -- diplomatic negotiations. Elsewhere, the war is a neazly
A-
-- - -- forgotten> lncidtmt Lexcept-for the decade -of - f r
g h t u g , _ - - - - -- -- - /-
1927-35)--in part, because Bolivia and Paraguay are two of -
-%+-
the least known countries in the world. Chapter I1 presents
the background to the war.
- The reasons for the outbreak of full-seal-ar
-:A -\* between Bolivia and Paraguay in 1932 have
never.-Been
- - - - --- - -- - - - -- --
addressed satisfactorily in the literature. Historians have.
postulated nine prima y theories, These are: The War of t - .
the Pacific; 7 - Bolivia's Search for an Alternative Port;
2.
Y #
' Military Postures; the 'Merchants of Death1; The 1929
Depression; President Daniel Salamanca of Bolivia; Foreign
Imperialism; Argentine Links to Paraguay; and The
J-7 Exploitation of Oil Fields Along the Periphery of theTKaco
d-
\ - -- - - - -- --
After 1320; Chapter-111 aTGly+~s dnd disca~ds -2s-
-- unsatisfactory the first'eight theories. '~he ninth is
discussed (and discarded) separately, in Chapter IV. .
-
/
The diecudsion of previous theories ik important to - -
this thesis beca~se the Chaco War literature is cluttered -
with works,which incorporate at least one of the nine / -
theari9s named above. Few of the theories have substantial
/ -1 - supporti-ng evidence;. nevertheless, they a,re quoted at
- great
+ Chapter IV incorporates the re$ults of my analysis,
of the Bolivia-paraguay Chaco dispute: I conclude it by 9 -
\
postulating a circumstantial case that the Chaco War
occurred
as a resQlt df Bolivian,assertion of its national . -
. in oil before 1920--a factor rarely given
I have utilized utilized official --
and Paraguay, League of Nations - --
pfoportion--works by historkans
from Bolivia, -Paraguay, the United States, Great Bri'tain, +
-
France, and the U.S.S.R.I
In this paper, the term "Chaco Dispute" will be . -
defined as the period leading up to the outbreak of - - -- - - -
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- i -- -
d --
full-scale war in 1932. The term "Chaco War" will denote
hostilities from 1932 to 1935; A
-
- - ' , ".. -
- CHAPTER I1 - - -
. - . - I -.
BACKGROUND TO CONFLICT:
I '
GEOGVPEJY AND HISTORY - - - - - - -- -- - . - - - -- - - - - - -
- - -- - -- - -- - A-
- - - 5 - - - LC
Geoqraphy: The C h a c o Boreal, P a r a g u a y , B o l i v i a
5
"
T h e z o n e d i s m t e d b y B o l i v i a a n d P a r a g u
a y c o m p r i s e s
- i n t u r n , gave i t s name t o t h e w a r w h i c h would
be f o u q h t
b e t w e e n t h e t w o n a t i o n s .
T h e Chaco B o r e a l ( h e r e a f t e r t h e Chac& i s
t h e -- -
n o r t h e r n s e c t o r o f t h e G r a n C h a c o , a
geographical r e g i o n s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C
w h i c h s t r e t c h e s f r o m t h e B r a z i l i a n - B
o l i v i a n > - b o r d e r ?in t h e , i ?< -- >-:- n o
r t h t o A r g e n t i n a i n t h e s o u t h . The c h a d b B o
r e a l h a s a n * -
La w e . The - I - -
d i s t a n c e i s , a b o u t 900 k i l o r n e t r e s . The
P a r a g u a y a n d Y
P i ~ c b m a y o r i v e r s f o r m t h e C h a c o ' s e a s
t e r n a n d s o u t h e r n
b o u n d a r i e s , resp_ee_ctively. I t s n o r t h e r n l l
m i t ' s a re d e f l n e d * -
hy k h e l o w m o u n t a i n s f i a t run f r o m S a n t ~ C
r u z t-o0P_uerLo ' , .
S u a r e z ; i t s w e s t e r n --- l i m i t s by t h e f o o
t h i l l s t h a t b o r d e r t h e - -
B o l i v i a n A l t i p l a n o i n a l i n e r u n n i n g f
r o m V i l l a M o n t e s t o
-
- - ," L ,
L-
The Chaco 1s nearly .flat. It gradua-lly rises in
a1tlt;de as one moves to the north and west (froan 100 metres
'4
above -sea level at the ~ara~ua~-~ilcoi&~o con•’ lug~ce to
450 - L.
metres- 1.n the extreme north-west corner).The domlnant " *
i
~egetat~ibn 1s subtropical Eoqest, qlthough large stretches.
-
- -
--dry GrarnalShd. aioand. ~ A a c o t,emperatures a~& hot in
the - * &
summer (January daily temperatures are >29OCelsius) and -
&hparatlvely cool (July ave ages 18-20•‹C) in the inter.^ -
*
. b: Precip~tat 1m-i r.-s k1gM7 s e z ~ m a 4 : sfimmer
rairtsL-tktober to -- - --
' March--flood a large part of the land; winter drought--April *
f - .
to September--causes the majority of the rivers to dryap.* I
$
4
I n ;he winter only a limited Lumber of wells contain drinking .
,
water. Poisonous snakes, scorpions, and malarial mosquitoes
-
- . present further problems. Not surprisingly; the thaco has=
d
the epithet 'Green Hell'.s /-
Neverthel,ess, the Chaco possessed a number of positive
features which attracted pioneering groups to the region.
-
. I
--
tannic acid (tannin) for use in the leather tannlng i h d u s t
r y , - - - - - - - - - - -- +
- or cut into rail ties. Neither precious metals nor othek - -
7
vdl&ble resources ar-e found within its confines. - - 4
#
. i At the time of the Chaco War most non-natives
confined their activities to an .approximately one hundr.t*d *
.
I Kilometre wide strip of land adjacent to the Paraguay: - - - -
- - River, from Puerto Su,Arez--in Bolivia--in the nirrth, to
Asuncib-in Paraguay--in the south; this zone had easy
access to outside markets. In 1927, the Chaco's populatlon 2 -
-- ---
- 4 was estimated at 37,5007 of whom 30,000 were Indlans. ,- -
7
Paragugiy bordered the ~haco, its act-ess only hampered EL
I by the Paraguay River. Most of Paraguay's major c l t ~ e s ,
I including Asuncibn--capital, main port, a n H r q e s t
city--
were located only a few kilometres from he borders of the 3 . /
/
The northern and western boundaries of the Chaco lle
.. .within the present'borders of Bolivia.
However;Bcrl~v~a's
largest population centres.(Table I ) , with .the exception
of
Santa Cruz, lie on the Altiplano* (the 3000-metre-hlgh plain
situated between the main cordilleras of the Andes , * . ., - -
L
Mountains), and a;e t&@&fore .. . a long distance from
the - se=- - -- - - - - - - -- t
- disputed zone. La Paz, one of two capitals ef ~olivl>,
ilee
ry -- 4 -- - --
800 kilometres distant from t3e nearest pojnt of the Chaco;
Cochabamba is over 500 kilometres distaht; Sucre, the other
----
-
A -- L - - -- - A - - . - - -- 2 - L -- ----- capital, is 400
kilometres away (Map 5). ' '
- P Historic C l a i m s to the Chaco
I
The origins of the Bolivia-Paraguay Chaco dispute can
be tracdback, to 'tre ill-def lned adknistrative divisions
?'
-2
of thdSpanish Empire. . i --IL -'d ' t - - - I - - - I , General
Simon Bollvsr decreed "ti
,' *. Pousgdet de Jure major administrative \ ii '7 >
1
div'&ions thdp p.rovide the blueprint of - - - - - --- -
the newly - independent States after the Reydutionary wars."e
-
The Ib-rger Spapish political entities, which included-- -
Audlenclas, Captaicncies General, and Vlceroyal ties, were to
form thebasis for the new South American natlonal \ -- -
bounda.rles. Unfortunately, Bolivar had no opportunity to - - -
e ~ - f - f ~ - w h e ~ e ~ t t e s e ~ t t ~ ~ ies 4-a~;
--at&&-*----- --- .
entitles of the the Spanish Empire lay frontiers;
In--1558, the Audiencia de Charcas was created as a
polrtical and judicial unit of Spanish contra over the --
important mlnlng district of the Altiplano what is now
Bolivia. This area was nominally und,er the control of the
-.-&
Viceroyalty of Peru, but, in practice, Charcas was
considered
_--_tbe-area withinnnp -red. 1~-a of the city nf Ph-
(now Sucre; Bolivia). Unfortunately, in the next two and one
-
half centuries the A u d i e n c ~ ' ~ official - borders were
revised - - - - - - - - - --L - -- -- --
many times. At one time they included the city of Buenos \
In August 1776 Spain, in recognition of the growing
econohic strength of that areaxx created the Viceroyalty of
the Rio de la Plata. In 1783, Paraguay was transfeired to - - -
- -- - - - - - - -
this new entity.12 1; 1785 and 1787, the Audienclas of Buenns
-
Aires and Cuzco,~respectively, were fashioned from older L
Spanish division^.^^ These changes directly affect-ed the -- - -
- - - - - -- -
- --
area comprised by the ~udiencia of Charcae. whCn the --
Spanish Empire broke up after 1810 there could be no m
consensus as to where national boundaries should run.
Spaniards from Asuncibn had originally settled the - western
banks of the upper Paraguay Rlver and lnland alonq
-
t he-niiF€hir i ngesor T3iF ~hiioCOnce~pc10nwasse t % h e c F ~
n
1773,14 Fuerte Borbon (now Fuerte Olimpo) in 1792, and Santa
Cruz in 1561.x5 After 1810, Paraguayans continued thelr
consistant, albeit small-scale, explozltatlon of the fringes
of the Chaco bordering the Paraguay River. Bolivla made an
early, futile, attempt to settle pioneers alonq the fringes
of the Chaco ib the Department - of Santa Cruz, but this
area
proved unpopular for ~rnmigration because of ~ t s isvlation - -
- - - - - - - ----
and lack of effective transportation. - - - -- - - -
On 15 July '1852 Argentina and paragudy signed the
-
Varela-Derqui Treaty. Article 4 stated that "the Paraguay *
River 'shall belong from bank to bank in full sovere'ignty
.D
to the Republ ic of Paraguay d o w ~ to the -confluence of the
-
Paran& ' " . Article 5 guaranteed Paraguay f a-nd-
~rgentina) i
free access to the Bermejo River (Map 2 ) . Article 12
allowed
Paraguay to build a port on the upper reaches_of_the- - - - --
--
Pilcomayo River. This treaty precipitated the first -- - a -
diplomatic clash between Paraguay and Bolivia over the
Chaco.
Bolivia_protested the three - -- clauses - cited :above, but to
no -
avail .I6 Both Paraguay 'and Argentina were stronger militarily
-- - , than Bol ivia .
'\ -
In 1854+Paraguayan President car1os'~ntonio Lbpez
established a "special zonen at Nuevo Burdeos, a site ten
kilometres north of Asuncibn on the west bank of the - - -- - --
-- - - - - - - - J- -- -- -- - - --
Paraguay River. French immigration to Nuevo Burdeos (now
Villa ~ayes)-failed in 1855, but it was the first conscious
-
effo2t by Paraguay to incorporate the Chaco'into the
government's sphere of infl~ence.'~
In 1864, The War of the Triple Alliance, which pitted /
Paraguay agalnst Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, began. By
its conclusion in 1870 - -- Paraguay - - had - suffered total
defeat; - - -- - - - -
~ts-economy was ruined and most of its male population were - -
- - -- -
-
dead. Just before the outbreak of war, Balivia had triea to
interest Paraguay ih diplomatic discussicma concerning the . - -
--
-
Ch~co. ,After the fighting - -- -- began, - however, Bo1iv1.a
attempted -
to profit from Paraguay's misfortunes.. Under the terms of t
the 1865 Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance, signed
.-
between Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, Argentina claimed %
all the Chaco. Argentine diplomats privately agreed,
however,
thataonce Paraguay had been defeated, Bolivia would receive - -
- - -
the Chaco from the Berme jo River north as far as Bahia Negra -
- - - - - - - -
(Map 3 ) . This point was clarified in an Argentine-Bollvian
\ treaty signed in 1868. Unfortunately, squabbles between \ - --
- - Brazil and Argentina after 1870 over divxslon of the Chaeo -
--- -.
resulted in Bolivi being excluded from a final settlement.1e - -
Pr , a
Paraguay was n t divided amongst-the allies. In 1876 a I
Paraguay signed a pehce treaty withaArgen'tina, cedlng to
the la/tter the region between tH$'~ilcoma~o and Berrnejo
claims to the region from the Verde River north tbaBahia
Negra.19 Under-one of the treaty's clauses, United States
President Rutherford 8 . Rayes arbitrated a disputed zpne a
-- -between the Pilcomayo and Verde rivers (Map 3 ) . On 12
s==-
November 1878, Hayes ruled in favour of Paraguay dand
became a Paraguayan hero) despite objections from Bolivla - -
-
concerning the legality of arbitration over landls wh'ose *
ownership-had never been determined.=O -- -
- -
In November 1875 Paraguay began to sell off government
-
-
-- - -- - - -- --- - - - - - - l a n d , i n c - l u d l n g
areas i n t h e Chaco, as a means o f g e n e r a t i n g
r e v e n u e p r i o r t o t h e r e - e s t a b l i s h m e n
t o f l a sound economy. -
h
T h e s e l a n d sales were h a l t e d i n 1876 , p e n g i n
g t h e n e g o t i a t i o n - -
of a t r e a t y w i t h A r g e n t i n a , b u t w e r e
resumed a g a i n i n 1 8 8 3 - -
, ( T a b l e 2 ) ; l a n d s a l e s d i d n o t end u n t i l
1900 . By t h i s t i m e
- I mast o f ' . the e a s k e r n Chaco, a n d a l a r g e - p
e r c e n t a g e . o f - - - - - - -- - - -- + - - - P a r a g u a
y ' s totyl l a n d s u r f a c e w e r e i n t h e h a n d s o f p
r i v a t e - - m o s t l y A r g e n t i n e - - i n v e s t o r s
. The l a r g *entine i n v e s t o r
was C a r l o s Casado , who bough t - -- - - - -
-
h e c t a r e s i n t h e C h a c ~ . ~ ~ -C
l a n d s a l e s a number o f - . I 1
P u e r t o Coope r , P u e r t o P i n a s c o , P u e r t o S
a s t r e - - h a d b e e n
e s t a b l i s h e d o n t h e w e s t bank o f t h e P a r a g
u a y R i v e r (Map 4 ) . - ,
/ - - - The 1879 Q u i j a r r o - D e c o u d P r o t o c o
l
A r g e n t i n a a t t e m p t e d t o s e i z e t h e Chaco a
s f d r n o r t h a s t h e 1)
O t u q u i s R i v e r f rom P a r a g u a y , a s payment f o
r w a r d e b t s . T h i s
A r g e n t 5 n e i n i t i a t i v e , t o g e t h e r w i t h
t h e 1876 A r g e n t i n a - - - P a r a g u a y t r e a t y ,
moved B o l i v i a , i n 1 8 7 8 , t o open f o r m a l .
diplomatic n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h P a r a g u a y r e g
a r d i n g t h e d i v i s i o n -
of t h e C h a c ~ . ~ ~ O n 1 5 O c t o b e r 1879 e n v o y s
f rom B o l i v i a and
- - - a b l i s h e d t h e boundary b e t m e t w o n a t i o n
s a l o n g t h e
20305' p a r a l l e l , a bounda ry wh ich a p p a r e n t l y
began w h e r e t h e
-
.r
-- - - Apa River met the Parasuay ~ i v e r (Map 6 ) . Paraguay
possessed 4
strong de facto claims to the -upper Paraguay '~lver but lack
-
of interest, which stemmed from its economic woes after the , -
.-
- War of the Triple Alliance, caused the nation to give them up.
However. fn 1881, just prior to final approval of the
4
draft treaty by the ~ational Congresses of both countries,
-- - -
Bolivia demandgd changes in the protoco1. ThC major revTsion
-
demanded would have allowed Bolivia to build-a port on the -
Pilcomayo River below the Fsteros de Patiiio,, south of the
- - -- ----
protocal limits. Paragnay was unwilling to make sac* '. - -- d
I
attitude the ' concessions; indeed, because of Bolivia's
Paragua ns even refused to ratify the or P \
Paraguayan belief in the revenue potentia -- l.of the C h a c o
also may have played a significant role in their refusal to s l g n
.
- The rev is t c r m ~ m a n d e d - ~ ~ d - i + r - i ~ - ~ ~ t
f ~ - - ~ ~ & e ~ - - - - -
implemented. In any c v e , in 1879 the country becaw #
embroiled in a war against Chile. The War of the Pacific, -
-
which would last until 1883. occurred because large
deposits-
of natural - - nitrates--important ingredients In fertilizers
,and gunpowders--in the form of guano and caliche, had been
discovered in Bolivia's Department of Atacama In the area
around Mejillones (guano) in the 1840'9, and Salar de - - - - -
- - - -- - - - -- -- --
Carmen (caliche) in the 1860's (Map 7). These discoveries - - -
- - -- --
attracted large numbers of Chilean merchants, who gradually
assumed political as well as economic control over the area.
-
-
operations in the area, the Chilean merchants appealed to -
-
their government. In 1879 Chile declared war on Boliviaaand ,
\
Peru (which was also affected by Chilean exploitat40n).~~ I
, -_ Bolivia was decisively defeated in The War of the - .
Pacific, The nation's loss-of itOepartmentof~Atacama. - - --
whrch in'cluded all its Pacific coastline, was confirmed in
the indefinite truce signed with Chile in ~pril. 1884. Mbre
-
portantly. the loss of Atacama threatened the mchvemento? -
-
, - / - - -
- - -- --- ---- - - - - - - - - -
goods between the mines on the Altiplano and the Pacific
ports in the Department. To reach the Pacific. ore shipped
from the Altiplano mines-%tal to Bol ivia-'s economy
(Table 3; Table 4)--had to cross whqt was now chilean / /
, -%-.
territory. The l o s s e ~ in the War of the ~acifiP';
therefore. - @ 2 . /'
w e r e m r e f mpoTtant to HoIIv%als weltare-than its
ambiti'ons
in the Chaco. r
The 1887 Tamayo-Aceval Protocol
The War of the Pacific focussed Bolivian interest
on the country's western border. ~everthe'less, once the'
shock of.the loss of the Pacific coastline had dimhished, - \
hlivia re-opened-discussions with Paraguay on an equitable
i ' - - division o-f the Chaco: - - -- - -"I C - -, - - -
On 16 ~ebruary-1887 the Tamayo-Aceval Protocol was
-
\
signed.26 Similar to tKe 1879 protocol, this agreemen't. 1
divided the Chaco into three sections, one each to be given - to
Bolivia and Paragu,ay, the third to be arbitrated by the
I - - , King of Belgium (Map 6 ) .
Unfortunately, in gate 1887 Paraguayan troopsc
stormed Puerto ~acheco--which had just been ektablished by +-.
-- --
- J - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - -- ' a Bolivian
entrepreneur a few kilometrgs south of Bahia
P ; - ------ - Negra--hauled down the Bolivian flag whlch had
been raised
i over the town, and declaaed the regi& to be P a r a g ~ a
y a n . ~ ~ --- - - -- ", - +-- - --A
Nonetheless, despite Pa flagrant 'attack, ~&Fivia
raf if ied the protocol in '~overnber 1888, but Paraguay ' s
Congress, in opposition to the ruling Colorado Party,
violently opposed and therefore rejected the . z s
Over the next seven years, Bolivia continued to push - - - - - -
- - - - - -
for a settrement ofTLFChaco dispute, occa=onarlTittl-
the aid of neighbouring South pmerican nations.2g Paraguay, $
.
- --
for the most part, ignored Bolivia's exreaties.
-
U t i Possidetia de Jure . . - .
9
' e he failure of the 1887 Protocol, and the
resulting animosity between Bolivia and Paraguay, created _ an
unusual situation in which both sides in the dcspute ,
-- began to subsidize research into their, -- legal claims in
the . Chaco. In 1892 Paraguay published the first work on iCs
-- - l e g a l claims, a n d s o o n erlocto2aes -en-Chaco' w e
r e combkg --- - - - * $ '
?
'~panish archives for evidence to prcive their government's
--
rights over the Chaco. The volume of such writings peaked
fivezyears prior to theoutbreak of war in 1932.
Initially, Bolivia' claims to the Chaco &as based upon i
t h e formula, -- Uti ~ossidktis de jure; i.e. it derived from
the *_
boun6ries of the Audiencia de Charcas. However, the
that neither side could prove its case to the satisfacion of ,-
r -.
the dther. Paraguay's claim, instead, lay in possession; -7-
PI
Uti Possidetis de facto, rgther than on legal grounds
l (although its historians contihued to comb =chives
containing documents on the political divisions of the
Spanish Empire).31 Cecilio BBez, a leading Paraguayan
dlplomat and historian and a participant - w n y of the - - ---
- - - - -- --k. , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - --
--- -
- Chaco discussions with Bolivia, stated Paraguay's , -* case
simply
in 1904: the country in possession (of the Chaco) -,.
owns it.32 i
-
The 1894 Benitez-Ichazo Protocol S '
In 1 94, under Uruguay's guidance, Bolivia again . \ pressed for
abettlement of the Chaco dispute; the result
- - i was the ~eni6ez-1chazo ~rotocol. This divided the Chaeo
-
Q - -
into two sections, the boundrary running from just abov-e
- --
- -. Fuerte-OIimpo diagonarly to €lie Pilcomayo River (Map-6)
.73 -
- . Neither side approved the protocol: Paraguay because of
opposition in Congress and the press; Bolivia because ~ t s
d
- -- -
- PkesGfdent, Mar-iarro-Baptistar, refused to send the flnal dm*
- - --=
d
to his Congre~s."~ '
In the following decade Chaco negotiations would be
hampered by political upheaval in Bolivia and Paraquay. Tn - -
1898, Bolivia experienced a bloody golpe when the Liberal
/
1911, ~aragu5yan citizens endured the series of vlclous civil
-
wars, which followed ffom the Liberal Party' "seizure of
control control of the government from the Colorado
(Conservative)* regime in 1904. 0
The 1907 Pinilla-Soler Protocol
Despite the political troubles in-both countr.ies, \
-- - b l ivia continued neg&i&ions-witLParaguay o w t h
e 6
0. on 12 J a m y 1907 the pinilla-Sole Protocol w a s Y
signed. This divided the Chaco in&o two sectlonsi one to -
-
f 2zzd ' d -
i L k-
-
b e l o n g t o P a r a g u a y , the o t h e r t o be a r b i t
r a t e d (Map 6 ) .
P-uay-immediately a p p r o v e d t h e p r o t o c o l , k m t
' B o l i v i a l s
Natiorlal C o n g r e s s h e s i t a t e d , a n d b e f o r e
it c o u l d - r e n d e r a
d e c i s i o n , A r g e n t i n a , whieh w a s t o b e t h e
a r b i t r a t o r , : < . - - .
s u p p o r t e d P e r u ' s p o s i t i o n i n a bounda ry d
i s p u t e a g a i n s t ' .- -
B o l i v i a . T h e r e f o r e , B o l i v i a q u i c k l y
r e j e c t e d t h e p r o p o s e d F
, ag reemen t . - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- .- - -
-- - - -
7
B o l i v i a Expands i n t h e Chaco
B o l i v i a compounded t e n s i o n s w i t h P a r a g u a y
o v e r t h e .. -- C k m f mpf erm-rrti~~q-cr &rniiTw* f ve
aeo%s b e t w e e n -- - - - - -
1905-1911. On 27 December 1 9 0 5 , o s t e n s i b l y . b e c
a u s ' e of t h e
+eat d i s t a n c e s betwken t h e c i t y o f T a r i j a a n
d t h e , e a s t e r n
r e a c h e s of t h e F o n f l u e n c e o f ' t h e Pa raguay
a n d P i l comayo
r l v e r s , t h e Chaco became a s e l f - g o v e r n i n g T
e r r i t o r i o , w i t h
its o h delegacidn n a c i o n a ? , s e p a r a t e f rom t h e
~ e p r t m e n t o f
T a r i j a . The T e r r i t o r y o f t h e Chaco i n c l u d
e d t h e r e g i o n f rom
V i l l a Montes ' sou th -&s t t o Esteros d e ~ a t i f i
o a s w e l l a s t h e -
i n t e r i o r zone o f t h e Chaco. V i l l a Montes became -
t h e nomina l
c a p i t a l . 36
,r-s
On 11 J a n u a r y 1 9 1 1 , B o l i v i a c r e a t e d t h e
T e r r i t o r i o del
Orlente as a n area s e p a r a t e f r o m t h e Depa r tmen t
of S a n t a -
C r u z . T h e O r i e n t e e n d o s e d t h e area w e s t o
f a n d p a r a l l e l t o - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- --
---
t h e P a r a g u a y R i v e r f rom ~ i n M a t i a a , n q a
r t h e B r a z i l i a n b o r d e r
i n t h e n o r t h , t o t h e P i l comayo River i n t h e s o
u t h ; - a n d f r o m
-
the' Paraguay River westwgkd to approxlrnatel y t-he 61 '
meridian;. there it bordered the Territory of the Chaco. C =
Puerto Sudrez was the territorial capital. 3 7 Soon after
the establishment of both these territories, Paraguayan
civilians in the Chaco began to run afoul of Bollvian C -
' military units.
> T
Despite the failures of of prior protocols,
both countries continued to discuss solutrons to the C h a c i )
- --- - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - --
problem. On .5 April 1913 their respective diploma't.s
signed
the Ayala-Mujia Protocol which voided the t e r m s of t h e 1 9
0 7 --
agreement, agreed to maintain the status quo f c J r the next
f-' ' two years, and disposed that - if , no final agreement
had
d
occurred by the end of that time, the C h a c o d i s p u t r
would be
p u t b-arbitr&ion,Xr~~t~~c&sto postpone a f j n a 1 a r
h i-t rat ion
were signed by both nations in 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918. i
- - f . Further talks in 1919 and 1921 produced no
agreement.'"
\
Save for
after 1913, in
was Paraguay's
one occasion, Bolivia was thq aggressor,
the penetration of the Chaco. The exce2tlon
settlement - of two large groups of Mennonites /
(totalling 3200 men, women, and childi-fen) in %he central
area. The Mennonites-had-chosen Paraguay - on - - the adv~ce of
.4
their advance gcouts, and apparently against the winhes of
--
the Paraguayan government. The immigrants began neqotlatlons
-- F -- -
-
i
- - t - ~ : ~ ~ y - f i - Q - ~ Q f U ~ h P r t n r e s l a n d
f rom t h e casad&company % t * - - -
( o r i g i n a l l y formed by C a r l o s C a s a d o ) i n
1921 , a - r r i v e d i n r"
Paraguay i n l a te , 1 9 2 6 , a n d s e t t l e d on t h e i r
new 4 l a n d s i n
1 9 2 7 - 8 (Map 8) .39 h he Mennon i t e s i m m e d i a t e l
y bec'ame a s o u r c e 0
of i r l . i k a f i 6 n be tween B o l i v i a a n d P a r a g
u a y , p a r t i o u l a ? l y a s
t h e i m m i g r a n t s had s e t t l e d v e r y c l o s e t
o areas where * "
- - - - - - R o l l v i a n m i l i t a r y i n c u r s i o n s
h - a d o c c u r r e d , r ecen t ly : -
t, From 1900 t o 1 9 3 2 , P a r a g u a y , . w i t h t h e a i
d of - t h e v % 0
Mennonite s e t t l e m e n t s a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e A
r g e n t i n e economic * - - - L -- - - - A- A - - -
- - -
i n v e s t m e n t . ( i n l a n d , cat;tle, and ' c p e b r a
c h o i n d u s t r i e s ) , --a
c o n s d l i d a t e d i t s eConomic c o n t r o l o f t h e t
h e n a r r o w ' s t r i p a* "* A
of lbnd b o r d e r i p g t h e i e s t bank o f t h e P a r a g
u a y R i v e r . By
1 9 3 2 , i n v e s t m e n t s i n l a n d , q u e b r a c h o
, and c a t t l e i n t h e + ,>-
Chaco t o t a l l e d p e r h a p s ~ Y t 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 (
g o l d p e s o s ) ; t h e s e &
c @ - 7idmtrrerprsttfbed-&kd-&Par-ag1,a~-k&nalr~u~-
- - . Narrow gauge p r i v a t e l y owned r a i l n e t w o r k s
, p e r h a p s 2 5 0 ,
k l l o r n e t r e s i n l e n g t h ( o n e - t h i r d o f
I?aragua;'s t o t a l ) , moved --
t h e goods t o t h e P a r a g u a y R i v e r t r a n s p o r
t a t i o n n e t w o r k . 4 0
- . . F o r t i n Sorpresa "s1n t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s ~ o l i v l a
a n d P a r a g u a y kearmed t h e i r
m i l i t a r y f o r c e s w i t h new weapons b o u g h t i n
E u r o p e ' a n d Nor th '
~ m e d c a . A : ' t h e sdme t i m e , mil*hl:y commartds - k
- b o k h
n a t i o n ' s e f f o r t s t o c o n t r o l t h e Chaco I n
e v i t a b l y ,. m i l i tar$,
-
c l a s h e s o c c u r r e d . Most o f t h e s e s k i r m i s
h e s were - - - ---A - - -&- - - ---- -
i n s i g n i f ; c a n t , b u t t w o , a t F o r t i n e s S
o r p r e s a a n d V a n g u a r d l a ,
c a u s e d ' 8 e r i o u s d y p l o m a t i c a n d p o l i t
. i c a 1 r e p e r c u s s i o n s ---- - -
w i t h i n B o l i v i a a n d P a r a g u a y , a n d d l m o
s t l e d t o w a r .
O n 25 F e b r u a r y 1 9 2 7 , a small P a r a g u a y a n m l
l ~ t a r y u ~ ~ t
w a s c a p t u r e d n e a r F o r t i n S o r p r e s a (Map 8
, Hap 111.. I n t h e
- - - - - - - -
e n s u i n g s f r u g g l e , , t h e - ~ a r a g u a y a n o
f f i c e r I n c h a r g e was *
k i l l e d w h i l e t r y i n g t o escape. The P a r a g u a
y a n g o v ~ r n m e n ~ 1
i m m e d i a t e l y p r o t e s t e d t h e B o l i v i a n a
r m y ' s a c t i o n s , a n d , f o r L'
- - - - - t h e first time, large scare p u 5 l i c demands f o
r miIlrary -
m o b i l i z a t i o n arose I n b o t h c o u n t r i e s , 4
1
. The 1927 Gutierrez-Diaz Le6n Protocol . - . A f t e r - t h e
S o r p r e s a i n c i d e n t , ' ~ r ~ e n t i n a w a s ail1 r
t o
a t t r a c t B o l i v i a a n d P a r a g u a y b a c k t o .
t h e G barc ja ln lnc j t a b l e 1;
t h o u g h i t w a s g o i n g t o d e v e l o p i n t o f u l
l - s c a l e war.42 O n I
-. 2 2 A p r i l 1 9 2 7 , I n Buenos A i r e s , t h e t w o c
o u n t & s s l g n r - d t h e
~ u t i ~ r r e z - ~ i a ~ Le6n P r o t o c o l . U n $ o r t u
n a t e l y , t h e d lp lo rna t rc
d i s c u s s i o n s w h i c h f o l l o w e d f a i l e d m i
s e r a b l y , -and Bolivld a n d
P a r s q u a y were l e f t t o c o n t l n u e t h e l r
respective p o l ~ c : i e s I n -. - -.
2 C
a n d P a r a g u a y r e s u m e d t h e i r - e x p l o r a t
i o n s , m l l i t a r y
-
- -- - d eeea&&af e k ~ h e s + , 5 . - Dc&r 1928,
a
large Paraguayan army unit destroyed ort tin Vanguardia, a d
-
site located justLto the north of Bahia Negra. Bolivia
retaliated by overrunning the ~araguayan fortines
of.Boquer6n
and Mariscal ,Lbpea f-w- Bolivia and Paraguay, immediately
severed diplomatic relations, and war was averted
- -- A - ---A-
- - o n l y because the attempt at full-scale mobilization
proved a
dismal failure iri both c a u n t r i e ~ . ~ ~ Neutral nations,
led by
the United States, arranged a ceasefire and-issued an -- -
'f p- -
invitation to Washington, D.C. to resume discussions for a
settlement of the Chaco dispute.
I Military Expansion
By this time it bad grown extremely dfiicu1.t f ~ r
Bollvia add Paraguay *to solve their differences peackfully.
dlplomatie discussions in Washington in 1929, and by the
, a / rapid expansion of Edlivian and Paraguayan military
forces,
installabions, and communications networks in the Chaco,
which . f ~ l l o n e d . ~ ~ - -- -
1'930, ~olivia was forced to suspend secret
mohillzatlon plans when Paraguayan cryptographers broke lts
---
codes and pub1 i~hed-=~esults Lri-local andp international----
,
-
. . med~a.'~ Despitethis setback, tlolivia pressed on fomdrdl, Q
gradually moving its line of fortines eastward, and, more
- - - P
-
- - -
significantly, into the central Chaco ( s e e Chapter ' I
11-
Military: Bolivia).
- -- War and Settlement
On 15 June' 1932, a Bolivian mi 1 i tary unl t captured
??ortln Carlos Antonio Lbpez from its Paraguayan garrison.J7
- -
This incident touched offpa strP?ng of events whlch 1 4 - - - -
- - - -
-. 2 -9irectly to war (although Paraguay dld not off lelal ly
'drr lare -
war until 10 May 1933 and Bolivia officially acknowledged
- -- it). Within a few weeks Beficv~a forces quxekly cmerran a
--
section of the Paraguayan front lines. Howcver, Paraquay's /
. armed forces, once fully mobillzed, explolfed t h 5 l r
shortcr - C
- supply lines to push the beeter equipped, but less
effectively led, Bollvian forces back to the f o o t h ~ l l s
of
the Andes Mountains. Bolivia was flnally able to s t c a h l l 1
7 e - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - p--
1 t s military front In June 1935 just to the east of Villa
Yontes and just short of Bolivia's main 0 1 1 fl~lds.'""
A t this point, on 12 June 1935, concerned neutral
nations were able to impose a ceaseflrr on thr e x h a u s t r d
.
combatants. On 21 July 1938-, after three years of difficult
'
negotiations -- and a near resumption of hostllltles, ~ o l ~ v
l d
and Paraguay signed a definltlve peace-treaty.4? Paraquay - was
awarded appraxrrwteiy e i g M y percent -- of the-~fiaccl - - - 1-
-
Boreal (Map 8 ) .
-
SFsr - - - - - - - - - * - - - . - .A@ --
1 - 2 2 2 .
- - - --- - -- - - - pP
-- - - -- - PP-
The Chaco War cost the lives of nearly 100,QOO - - - - P- -
*
'soldiers (36,000 Paraguayan and 57,000 Bolivian). The
continual moljilization and expenditures on weapons created - 7-
- - - 4
serlous inflation and social dislocations in both ccuntries,
and de-stabilized their political
-
CHAPTER IT1
. - CHACO CAUSATION:
I PREVIOUSLY INADEQUATELY DEFINED
T h e e i g h t t h e o r i e s of C h a c o c a u s a t i o n a
n a l y z e d --
beicw a r e ( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of O ? l , d rsc
:usse[ l i n C h a l k e r t I -- -
I V ) t h e i m p o r t a n t n n e s f o u n d i n t h e h i s
t o r j ( -31 $$+orst lit-r*.
T h e y a r e prrscnted i n a n a p p r o x i m a t e c h r o n
r : l o i j l i . n l s c a c j l r c . n r h r .
A l t e r n a t i v e Port
B o l i v i a r e c o g n i z e d from i n d e p e n d e n c e
on 'ward a n e e d f o r ,-I I / -
m a j o r p o r t o n t h e P i l c o m a y o o r Pa raguay r i
v ~ r s f o r the. -
movemen t o f ' g o o d s t o t h e p t l a n t i c O c e a n .
By c r ~ n p l ~ n e n t - l n q I
p c r t s o n t h e P a c i f i c , t h i s ~ h a c o ' p o r t
wot ; l l d r e d u r ( ~ e r - o n r ~ n ~ l r .
pressures b e i n g b r o u g h t t o h e a r b y Bzlivia's
nelghhours,
A s R a i n s t a t e s , "The r e c e n t t o n f l ic t i n t
h c b Chd (*n . . . -- /-
-
w a s d i r e c t l y , caused by B o l i v i b ' s search f o r
a ~ m r k ctn dc,r- f t
h a b i a a c a r i c i a d c e l p r d y e c t o d e u n i r ~1
O r i e n t e b c ~ l vian no
con el A t l A n t i ~ a . " ~ ~
-
Nrverthelcss, these statements are contradicted by the fac!ts.
After independence, Bolivia's orientation lay
-
with its western frontiers. The country could not overcome
transportation difficulties on land and the Roor
navigability
o f r i v r r s in the Chacc. Bollvia's government neither - -
-
systematically searched,for nor developed a port on the
? d r d C J U 3 ~ c r Pilcomayo rivers. Untll as late as
1952
ruccesslvc governments initiated little development in the -
- - - - - --
Dt.lmrt-mcnt of. S a n t a C r u z and Chaco. Three examples
,G&scussed -
below, illustrate my point.
To The West: Rail Links et a1
~oliv+storica1 western orientation is evident in
- - -- - - t h fl- r ,l 1 1 - ~ s ten- v h i c k 2 m k e d - t h
e A p t i n a a r r & ~ e ~ a c i f - i ~ - - --
Cnast, and in the ec~onomic orientation of the political i-
- p a r t ~ c * s in powcLr from 1880 t o P 1 9 3 2 . -
- - , R a i l L i n k s
'4 Prinr to 1900, Bolivia's economic strength lay
- - in its silver mines (Table 3 ) ; export duties on silver
proxrlded the najority of government revenues. Other
Alnost all this mining activity was centred on the A - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -o.
d t s i t e s S U C ~ a s Potosi and Bruru.
-
t r a n s p o r t a t i c n c o s t s f o r t h e n o v ~ m e n
t of t h e o r e presented - -
c n e o f t h e n a t i o n ' s m o s t severe p r o b l e m s .
The m ~ v c m c n t p f i
o r e c o u l d o n l y be t o t h e w e s t , t o po r t s o n
t h e Pac i f lc r o a s t
- --as t h i s represented t h e eas ies t a n d cheapest r o u
t e . z%s a n
e x a m p l e , e v e n i n t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t o f
times ( t h r y ~ , l r - s a f l r - r - - - - - - - - - -- -
t h e War of t h d ~ a c i f i c B o l i v i a c o n t i n u e d
t-o move i t s - m i n ~ r . r l 1 ' - <
e x p o r t s t h r o u g h p o r t s i n t h e west. O n l y d
u r i n g t h e L w r i n d
1879-1884 , when C h i l e blcrked R o l l v i a n e x p o r t s
t hrc~ilgl-i i t s - . - - -- - -
- --
old p c r t s , w a s a s m a l l t o n n a g e of o r e ( p r i
m a r i l y s i l v r r )
s e n t s o u t - h by m u l e , o n t h e l o n g a n d a r d u
o u s j o u r n r - 1 t ~ ) t h t - I
A r g e n t i n e p o r t of Rosa r io de S a n t a FeS3 (ii l o
n g a n d a r f I u o ~ ~ %
j o u r n e y ) .
9
I n 1 8 8 3 , u n d e r C o n s e r v a t i v ~ P a r t y a u s
p i r r h s ,
+ t h e p c r t s of A n t o f a y a s t a a n d Y e j i l l o n
c s w l t h t h e . ;oi lb .ht*t-r t
A l t i p l a n c s i l v e r m i n i n g d i s t r i c t (Map
91 , W h ~ n t h~ r ~ r * t w r ~ r k
was* c o m p l e t e d t o - O r u r u i n 1 8 9 2 t r a n s p o
r t a t - i y n c o s t s F C J I -
s i ' l v e r ere were r e d u c e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y .
A n o t h r r l i r l r * , . j r . 3 1 l -
water n e t w o r k c o n p l e t e d i n 1 9 0 5 , m r ~ v ~ d
g o o d s f r u m L a P ~ L t o
Y c l l ~ c o n P e r u ' s P a c i f l c In i - i dd i t i c ln
, ~n 1 9 0 4 r h ~ l r b
b e g a n c o n s t r u c t i o n of a r a i l l u n e f rrlh
:"r~-lr.d t-z, k i P a z - - t t h i s - l i n e w a s -- p a r t -
o f a f i n a l a d j u s t m e n t t o the. t r ~ t ( , c ~ _
-
- - - - -- pp -
c o f i c l u d e d i n A p r i l 1884 b e t w e e n Chilc a n d
E o l i ~ i a ) . ~ ~ Y
E s s e n t i a l l y c o n p l e t e . i n 1 9 0 8 , t h i s 1
I nr* o p r n f ? d u p a rni~r-h,
-
>r7*..-*., . . - . - - . . . . . .- . . - . , . .- , .- , ~
..'I , . , .~ - - . - - . *. ,;,, -.:. .*-, > *:?> A ~ r .%$*
, .j ~ .-* - . . . - ' . I...... .. - .,L" -r;-;- . ~- ~ - - - - -
~ - - -, -~~ - - - - -~ -- --- ~~ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -
- ~ ~~
*~ -* .- . . . - - .-..F, - - .a , - - . . . . .
~ - - ~ ~ - .-2+ . - . - . &.
-
. . . the maintenance of &xisting s o r i a l s t r u c t u
t - c , the "st~bilization" of the economy, and the expansion of
silver through the building of t h e r a i l w a ' y ~ . ~ ~
The Liberal Party (1899-1920) completed the prdjcct t l f .
- linking all the -inip~rt'ant-e~~onnm~r art.as ' t~f t h i - a
X l t iplaTio---. -
- -.
with the western outlet to the sea. Ironically, the , l , ~ b t
? r , i l s
had come to power as a Federal pzqty--with s u t ~ s t a n t i a
l
their predecessor^.^^
The Liberals' policy decislon were hasp$ on csped~ency.
Bolivia's eronamic strengths in thr dr~cadec , pr-lor- t c ~ t h
r a I
- - -cZ-kac o -Was lay - w i k h n4-:~p3&- UP, :2 t- .&
h A ~ + & f - i G i+ /" transportation s j - & t e m r e d
u r c d the c.r:sts c:f pt-odur,t l o r , ,ind
as a result strengthened Bolivia's abllity to c u m l w t ~ i '
n w
the international market. --
9 -- / - To The E a s t : Santa Gruz de la Sierra
The early settlers of Santa ~ r u z r e c e ~ v e d enormous
land gr#nts and, from that t i m e to the prcs~nt, h a v p
maintained a fzrm of rural aristcc$rdcy ~n v ~ r t ~ u a l i 5 c ~
- lation from the rest of the world."*
I f propcnents
300 kilorne-t~es from -
Cruz--250 kilometres by air iron S u r r e ,
Cochabamba, and directly astride thr :
-
3 f' %
;- 6
_ 't - . - main r o u t e from the Altiplano to the Paraguay
River--should - f -
. have become an important agricultural and transportation.
c e n t r e . Nothing of the scrt occurred. &
t
Routes
b
Asider from ports on the Pacific, Bolivian goods had -- - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -- --- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- --
-- . - u n I y thrcc p o t ~ n t i a l l y usable routes of
access to world trade -3 - - -
lanes ( ? l ap -2 ) . Spanish explorers and The
- - spt t lflr-s 1,ioneered twc; routes between- ~olivia's
Altiplano .. .
c - r c ~ ~ c ; r d c ~ ~ ~ e r tn Tados S a n t c s , then
fol1,owcd down the Marnor6 - 2, R l v e r to t h e Amazon River,
and the Amazon to the Atlantic
O C L . ~ + I I . The second also began in Cochabamha : j t
crossed over
to Santa-Qrut, ran past San Jos6 Robore, and ended at
tlither Galba ~r Corumbd. Ships then carried travellers down
the Pdraguay River to t h e q a n t i c . Both these routes
\
declined in importance after 4776. Instead, most travellers
w e n t l b y a third; more southerly, route to Buenos Aires,
via
thp Argent- in^ cities of Salta and TucumAn. After
independence
this'route also declined in importance, as movement to the
thrc t l natural tracks. The first led from Tarija to Villa
Yontes, the second began at Sucre and extended to -
Lagur:illas, the third originated at Cochahamba.and ended on
-
C the p I a i n s n e a r Vallegrande (tc t h e southwest of
Santn
- - - - - - - -L
C r u . z ) . = = The c e n t r e r o u t e was c o n s i d e r
e d t h e : ? a s i e s t for .- - A-
t r a v e l l e r s , b u t a f t e r 1 9 0 0 pclitical c o n s
i d e r a t i o n s ( ~ u c 3 w a s t h e C o n s e r v a t i v e s
e a t of government u n t i l 1899 a n d
r e m a i n e d s t a u n c h l y C o n s e r v a t i e e a•’ t
e r t h i s dnt t? 1 c * c ~ n s ~ g n d i it
t o d i s u s e . @ . + .
D - - - - -
The t r a n s p o r t a t 5 o r n e t w o r k i n t h e :last h
a d imbrovr3d
very l i t t l e by 1 9 3 2 . I n 1 9 3 1 , Bolivia ro rnp l~ t
t*d a ~-n,id i 4
b e t w e e n Cochabarnba a n d S a n t a t r u z , b u t it w a
s d c s l y n ~ d t o ' -- - - - / -
aj d t h e m o v e m e n t of t rcops t o t h e Chacc f r a n t
, ' no t ' t r l . I l i3'
civllian development. I n the south t h ~ r r was only . I s i n
c j l r i
425, kilometre r o a d b e t w e e n V ~ l l a z h n a n d V i l
l a X o n t r . ~ , o f t r b r t
nut of service because of c l i m a t i c r o n d l t l o n ~ .
" ~ P t - l o t - t c r
f 9 2 5 (\.;hen t h e a i r l i n e L l o y d A 6 r e r ) B o ~
, I ~ . ~ I drto w,33 est c * L , L I 5ht~rl --- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - -
by t w o G e r m a n - B c l i v i a n s 6 ? 1 , e a s t - w ~ s
t t r a v e l w d s e ~ t hr.1- b y
foot
cj r a d
o r by mule; t r a v e l w a s i n h i b i t 1 . d by t h r .
sf-c~ett 3 0 0 0 ri1c.t rra ce J . - 1
i e n t b e t w e e n the e a s t e r n l o w l a n d s a n d
tht-t A 1 t l p l a n r , .
Santa C r u z w a s tcvelve d a l - s by m u l e f r o m
Cuc-hst)drr~G.j"'
(p resumably g i v e n good t r a l T e l l i n y w e d t h e r
) ; at t i m c s , t h ~ 0
mcvement of gccds b e t k e e n t h e twc: cent rcs w , j s
c*xt-r-r . r i (*l y
1 9 2 8 , J u l i a n Duguid t r a v e l l e d f r o m P u e r t
o S u d r c z t o S d n t d
Cruz a n d o n t n T a r i j a . On m a n y occasi~ns, hc was
shor:kr>d . --- -
-
h*+,$ ' I . m . . - - ~ - -&I . . . . . . . . . / ),. , . ,
- _ ~ > . ' * .. , r; ..:;:~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . -. .
< - I > ' : - - - - . - I-:: - - - - - ' :1- .:: 1 - , - . '
I &,? ..,- . , . .
r , - . r-- - - --
. . i /- .
,' . + p p p p - - - - - - - - p - . 3 n --
> . , _ - - , ~ L r - - ~ - - - ~~ - - - - -- ~ - - - - - - -
- - - ~- - - - - -
C .
, - - 8 . . .
by theg5ive ,state 0 2 the rosds over w h i c h fils pa r ty .
.
i t r a v e l l e d , t h e l a c k of p o p u l a t i o n i n t
h e r e g i o n , and the
f.
c lhv ious f a l s e ' d e s i g n a , t ~ c j n of 'towns' f o
u n d o n h i s o f f , i c i a l
B o l i v i a n maps. San Lorenzo, f o r e x a m p l e , w a s d
e s c r i b e d a s a
t o w n : ' i ts popt l ld t . ion, h e d i s ' c o v e r e d c
o n s i s ed o f o n e f a m i l y \ L
- tot-al l i n g flve m a i l c - a r r i e r s t r a v s l l
jng-- - --
n a t i v ~ s . " ~ -
-2 -- - -- -
- -
R ~ [ - . a u % e of t h e C l l f f i ~ u l t r o a d c o n d i
t i o n s o f f i c i a l : p l a n s i --
> , . , wc3r-6- drvrloppd tc; t iu l , ld a r a i l s y s t e
m t o a i d dcvelopmcnt of . 3
t h e eds tern lawlands a n d t o p r o v i d ~ a n o t h e r ,
o u t l e t f r c m , ,,
R c , l 1k7i;3 api3t-t f r o m t h e P a c i f i c p o r t s . I
t u r r a l d e , a ~ o l i v i a n
- St .n , l t :~ r d u r l n g t h e 1 9 1 0 ' s a n d 3_9201s ,
h a s p rov ided h i s t o r i a n s . -
. ~ t t e m p t s to ? s t a b l i s h a n eastera r a i l U l t
i m a t e l y , - -
h r : w c - ~ t i l - , P c l l i v i a developed i t s w e s t
e r n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e t w o r k
a t t h e P x p e n s e of t h e e a s t e r n l o w l a n d s ;
t h e e a s t e r n r ?
n t > t w o t - k was n c v e r huilt bccapse of h i g h c o
s t estwtes a n d --, \
-1 - pol i t i r a l r a n i f < i c a t i o n s .
,
I n t h p s a s t , o n l y Cochabamba w a s l i n k e d b y r a
i l
-- -- -- - t ?*lap , 9 ) .- An extension o f t h i s l i n e ~ a
n t a ~ r u z , t o be
' 2 ' cunpl~ted by 1 9 2 6 , v a s p b a n d o n e d a f e w k i
l o n e t r e s o u t s i d e of
h ause \ lack f u n d s .
-
/
'/caused by of i t s l a r g e a c c u m u l a t e d f o r ~ i c
y n d e b t , bu t t h e - i m m e d i a t e cause of lack of
funds, was most 1 i k c l y d u ~ ' to t h e
, '
e x t r a o r d i n a r y p r d p c r t i o n of p u b 1 i c fu
r ads h c i ng f u n n r 1 1 t d ,
7 i n t o t h e m i l i t a r y (a prccess t h a t h a d h e g u
n i n 1 9 2 1 : sec
C h a p t e r ' 111; M i l i t a r y , B o l i v i a 1 a n d th;
w e s t t a r n r a i 1 - - - - -
n e t w o r k . "s Cochabanha W C I R r'ai 1 .;pl-vi i . c .
bi>c.;rust* of t h~
- - p l i t i c a l and r h e t o r i c a l s k i l l s o f some
h i g h l y r-e lgarr{~d
r t e n h e r s cf C o n g r e s s ( t h r s c x ~ n ~ l t ~ d r
r l a ldtf- .r . ~ ) ~ - t - s l dent, r l f - - -p
B s l i v i a , Daniel S a l a n - n c a ) , t h e f o r m a t i
o n o f a n n f f . i h o r ) t 1 7 f , ,
t -he L i b e r a l P a r t y i n yo-h.ib3nha--t.he R c p u h l
l c . ~ n P.11-ty ( t - 1 1 1 1nt1i
p a r t y from 1 9 2 0 - 3 4 - T a b l e 6 1 , a n d t h e
p"ruvt:n r_.:-.:,rlr,rnlc:
~ n p r : r t . a n c g ~ cf t h e d r C L 3 ' s ~ . l y r i c .
u l t u r t ~ . I, '
-- - - C l ~ m a L r r , ~~nd1k1ca:~^1~rysuw*.2ecI t h ~ + ~
& L c r n s n f k h ~ - - - - - ~ - ~
eastern t r s n s p u r t a t i a n s y s t e m s . T h e w i n
t e r r ' l l n s r.ou 1 ~ 1 , i t # %
t l n e s make ~t impcsslble tn travel a n y ~ h e r c . ~ ~
Ralr lr r,+u?&
t h e r i v e r s t c s w e l l , a n d t r a v ~ l l e r s
might h a v t ~ t c : -- -
cvercsne a ser ies cf these n a t u r a l ohstaclrs. 111 191? ,
P I
r ~ i l l t a r y u n i t on t e m p c r a r y d u t y I n 3 d n
t , i Y r - u ~ w c j b f c ~ l - ~ - r . c j f ( J
wait c21cjht r m r ~ t h ~ u r , t i l t h o r o a d s between S
a n t ~ j f ' ~ - u / . ~ i r l r I
Cschabart:lba beeark - passable + 70
--- - - - - -- p- - - -- --
Geoqraphy anTAqricuTture 0
S a n t a C r u z s i t s anld low h l l l s , o n f < s r k
~ l r . , w r , ! l . - 3 r z l n e d s o i l . Y o s t cf t h e
regxsr, s u r r s u n d i r ~ y t - E l r % c i t y i i
" .
-
- -- A P - - - - - - - - --- , a r f * l a r g e g t r e t c h e
s of natural grassland and low-
'i i,
T '!
v ~ * g g b t a t 1 o n . 71 -Thrasc f a c t o r s . p l u s t h
e 1 6 % - m t u d e - ( f+e
ftundrf3d ntrt.rrj5) and moderate precipitation (1250
millimetres . i"
, c y ~ n t r i l ; u t r d to a relatively pleasant, if
somewhat
U - - -- -
6 The D e p a r t m r ~ t af Santa Cruz contalny sene of the
f 1 r 1 6 2 5 t - I 1 l a n d j n t h e c o ~ i n t r y , I - i
v a l l in9 t h r E
i-..lj 1 cz:~ .+I-.rurtd Cochsharnba a n d t h e Yungas . Sugar
cahe, F. - . . - - ---- -
c t t r r 1 f n I 1 s and fruits grct i abundantly
4 111 rhrl a r ~ a . ~ ? Cattle b e r e r a l s e d in huge
herds sn the
- j ~ . , ~ \ ~ ~ l ~ i r ~ d ~ 1 Z: t h r nnrth .3nd the cast.
If ~t w e r e not ?or the
1 , 5 . )f t r a r i s p o t - t a t l ~ n , t h e Department
could theoretical 12
/ +1,1r '. S I ~ L ' ~ ~ J lead r t * s 3 r l i- .r 1 ! R c l
lvla's agrirultural needs.
d
- thls-aq~-l:-d?zun f d ~ v k o p i ~ n i z - % h a n o t -6ccu
ry-a spa -5% o r "ta
h t s f r l r - L C - ; f 1 5 k r t r.h of the reylon shows.
/P
,
History. -
R l . 1 l v Ian- r_:f f l c i a l ~ n t e r e s t in drveloplng
the economic
1 ~ : t ~ r ; t i , ~ 1 s f t h r . D e p r t n c n t of ~ a n t
a
.I n traced ba:k to the beginnings of the-Republic L -
s . ' > I derad? l a t e r ? i n 1 8 3 6 , the first colony 3
- - - - - - - -- - --
was e s t a b l i ~ h e d ~ ~ - - i n the area of the Otuquis .
-- , - - - - - - - - - - - -
R r t v : - (XA'E.' 3)--t=>- Yiguel Luis O l i d ~ n . In
1843 an official 2 r
e r p e i i l t i ~ n s a i l e d down the Pilcomayo River in an
attempt to 1
-
f i n d a route to t h + . A t l a n t i c O ~ c a n ~ ~ . Thf.
t h r r t * s ~ ~ l ~ n g
s h i p s w h i e h carried t h e e x p l o r a t i o n team
wi.rt2 l . ~ s t at t 1);. ,
-
E s t e r o s de Patific--a h u g e , t.r-1ta.111. ~ n n c ~ ~ ~
( r i + k l l r ~ s w . ; r m l ~ . A
similar expedition i n 1844 also ~ n d c d I n f ~ l l u r - c :
, ,-tl t hou t Jh
I
, ~ n c c t u y a g e W l i v i a n inmigrat l:Jn Into t hc a r
e a .
a n d parts east. 78q C o n c e s s i o r r s to p r i v a t c c
n t r c t j r c : r l r b t ~ r s
- s u f f e r e d t h e sane f a t e . F o r example, ik J u l y
1 9 0 5 , t h t . , .
-
~ y r i c u l t u r k l producer was undermined with the c o m p
l e t i o n of
t t-hp Y i i m r ~ r f - - Y c l d c i ~ - Railway (Map 9 ) . T
h e u r i g i f j a l r a i l w a y z /
-
f- ,er . ,~usf- of t h ~ l a c k - i i f c h p i t a l
was a b a n d o n e d s o c n a f t e r
a n d of s u f f i c i e n t m a r k p t s - t o -
move. However, when.the r u b b e r
B r a z l I i a n m a n u f a r t u r e s a n d a g r i c u l t
u r a l pr :>ducts tc be b
: r~ tu : r t cd l r r t o t h e Dfhpartment of E r n > ,
which was at t h a t t l m e ,
S t j k a C r u z ' o n l y l a r g e e x t e r n a l m a r k e
t for i f s n * j r l c u l t u y a l
4 . . . ~AP f a s t e r and more rellable rall l l n k s b e t w
e e n - t h e a1 t l p l a n c an:? the P a r i f l c P a r t s e n
c o u r a g e d i m p o r t - ,it ttjn t>f cheaper g m d s a d
confirmed Eollvla's des lg- - -- -- r t , i t l r > n a s a P a
c ~ f ~ c state despite its less of a Far-1 f ii' -- seaboa rd . ,
, 8 2 - - - - - - --- -
Wht-w L'3 P a z d l d nct ccne thfrcugh with its promised
1 I l n e b e t w r e n C32habanba and Santa Cruz in the 1 9 2 0
' s r a 3
- .
-
Cruz; rebellions occurred I n 1922 and 1 9 2 4 , t h e I a t t r
t - n f
t e n d e n c i e s were s o s t r o n g t h a t In 1 9 2 5 C t
- u c c h o s w c r t U s s ~ i l d t o
s j ng t h e A r g e n t i n e n a t. i o n a 1 a n t hcni-- i
ndc~r*d, h,rd b t * t x r l (-10 I r l g l
so frir fifty years, 0 5
-- D u r i n g the late 1 9 2 0 ' s only a \.cry few c . ~ v i 1
t , r n
. ~ - ~ - - - - - - -~ -c - ~ --p---p-----------p- I ) c p a r t
r , w n t of S a n t a Cruz , a n d 1.t.s 1c)cat.i o r ) ;~S!FT- J
d , + t hc. m t j o r -
p o p u l s t i o n i n c r e a s e d v e r y little u p t o
3932 ( T a t ) l t . 7 ) .
" O n l y s i n c e t h e rarly 1 9 5 0 's Have s i g n i f j c
a n t a n d r : r r r l s ~ \ t ;ant-
efforts been made to deve lop t h e a rea t S a n t a C r u ~ l
*
e c o n c m i c a l l y . " R 7 T h i s n r y 1 ~ c : t , mow t
h d n . i n y o t h r * r - r b v r c i r * r ~ t . c ~ ,
t u r n , implies that the y o v e r n , m e n t s wcrr n o t
scrlnuhly
-
decades a f t e r t h e War cf t h e T r i t 7 l c l A ? 1 i a n
r i . , ( 1878-1904
t s g e t h e r wit.h a n analysis of river conditions y ~ a r -
r t j u n d . 1.
' ~ s s u r n e t h e y would be 1 itt l c . d i f f ~ r c n t i
n t htt y t % a r - s i x ~ t w c - t ~ n
1 9 0 0 and 1932.a9 --
i
- A r g e n t i n e companies c o n t r o l l r d s h i p p i
rlcJ ut? L q r l ~ l I I C ~ W I I - - -
t . h c Pa r aguay Rivel- a f t e r t h e War of the T r ~ ~ p l
k ' A 1 1 i . i ~ ~ c . c . I n \, '. J
1885 t h e r e w e r e 8-75 vesse ls s e r v l c i n c j t h e v
a r i o u s p r t s ,
r i v e r . g o Nevertheless, v e s s e l s w i t h a d r ~ f t
rjrtl;tt f ' t - t !I,III t w t ,
metres r a r e l y vr-nt u r e ~ d u n t h c P,j t - . ~ g u a y
N i vrr-; . i l : c : v t >
f I ~ U I - F ~ ~f 2 . 2 m e t r(>s f( :r t h e maximum
di-l)t h [ I f w , ~ l t . 1 < i t
A s u n c i b n u n d p r n o r m a l c o n d l t i o n s . g' T
l ~ e 2 . 2 r w t r + r f i cj~tr-a
t h e i r c a r g o c , a p a c i t y is r e s t r r ~ t e d . ~
"
o n J y be n a v i g a t e d f o r littlp marc th;in s i x
rn:,r~th:-, of t h e
1 i m i t a t i o n f o r a nat i o n d e p e n d i n g o n a n
o u t 1 c . t I J ~ t l l f * t l [ ) p c . l '
e a s i l y undrrsl ood . P u e r t c Si1;1rr7, r 3 s t ah1 i
stl(-d ~n 1 8 7 7 , b
- f a i l e d after the Chaco War."5 Fuet - t r~ Q u i j,jrrci f
200 k ~ 1 o t w . t rc.5
-
nclrt h o f P I I C T ~ C ~ SuArr -~7- - - see M A ~ 1 0 ) ,
b111 I t t w e n t y - f i ve y e a r s . -- -
I n t r r , ~ n 1 9 0 0 , w e n t i n t o l i q u i d a t i o n
i n 1 9 3 1 . 9 6 N o t e t h a t 1
Q ~ l i j , l t t r o dabs not apppar i n T d h l r 7 , and P u
r r t o S u b r e z
r f : n . l i n s o n l y a m i n o r po r t for t h e h a n d l
i n g o f B o l i v i a n g o o d s .
Srmr m t j r- i t i m f l t r n f f ic: u s e s t h e Pa r ,
lguay R i v e r - . T h e __-_- -- -
R r & < i 1 i a n r - 1 t i t . s of CnrurnbA ( t e n k i
l o m e t r e s cast of P u e r t n
d ~ p t h t o p t - o v l d ~ a n a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t
e f o r rre expor t s f r o m
1r)ntj d t.stsncr:; f r:>m -th-e A l t i p l a n o a n d road
c o n d i t i o n s i n
t ht. 1 n w 1;lnil.i. T h r s s f a r t o t - s , I assump, w e
r e known t o
Cheap R i c h e s
Tn g e n e r a l , d n y o f f i c - i a l B o l i v i a n i n t
e r e s t i n t h e
nat i o n 5 f X a s t e t - n l a n d s c e n t r e d on v a l u
a b l e , e a s i l y -,
r*s t*1-,4c.t a b l ~ , r o s o u r c . e s . Thc q u i n i n e
bcom ( 1 8 4 0 - 7 0 ) in C , ~ u ~ ~ : ~ l i c : d n (above L a k
e T i t i c a c a I g 7 a n d Coc:habamba",nd
t h~ I r n ( 1880-1 91 2 1 i n Acre j n t h e D e p a r t m e n
t of - - - - - - -
R c n i I n n o r t h e r n Rolivia, attracted l a r g e numbers
o f private
l e s s r r number from C o c h a b a m b a ended up in t h e
Benig9).
i;r~ve;-nmt-nt: a n d p r i v a t e i n t e r ~ s t in t h e
east o n l y l a s t e d
-
until the riches ran o u t I c p i n l n t - 1 or thr t r x r -
r - i t r j r y ~ , i s - - - - -
-
lost (as the Eeni was to Brazil . I o n T h c Dt.p,~rtmc-nt o f
S.qnt,a
C r u z n e v e r e n j o y e d a s i m i lsr e c o n o m i c
boom. (.
-7
I t i s clear t h a t , w l t h t h e except i o n o f t ht. f
> , ~ s t ~ t - r ~ d e p a r t m e n t s , t h e q u c s t ion
of A C 1-r-. t ouc-ht'ci (! I ) 1 y marginally un national [ R c J
~ i v i a n l l l f ~ . . . I n 1
Those. wri te r s whn s u p + t t t hca '11 t c . 1 n, l t I vt
l P o r t t Itt>ol-y - - -- - -- -
- - --
advance 1 ittl; e v i d e n c e to pt-nvt? R n l l v l a h , - l
r l .I SP t- 1 O I I S . ~ r l r - l
consistent c o n c e r n f o r its cast r t . n l L t r i r 3 5
1,) l o t t ( 1 l O 3 2 .
its neiyhbours; this vulnerability, it is ,ircjac.c-l, ( - 1 - c
A a i t r . r l , 1 1 1
alternativq was a port o n o'ne of thc n,~viyablc r 1 v r : r ~
in - - -
d r i v e t o the e a s t ; this t h e ~ r y prposps t h a t ~ o
l i v ~ a ' % - -
-
c o n c l u s i o n of t h e War of t h e Pacific. - . r,,, p o
s s r * s s i c s n d ' u n port utilisable sur l e r l o Paraguay
'
r e p r 4 g ~ n t a i t e n e f f e t pour l a B o l i v i e un
i m p 4 r a t i f ; 1 1 ~ ~ 0 1 8 Idfter the War of t h e P a r i f
~c 1 .Io3
Jns6 Fst : i y a r r i b i s , P a r a g u a y a n Army C h i e
f o f S t a f f
forr-.t* t h c I s n d of w h i c h s h e had b e e n deprlvcd [
A t a c a m a l ,
R n 1 I V I ~1 t. h ( * n snugh t : o u t a c o r n p e n s a t
ic-~n somewhere e 1 se
i A 1 thotlcjh t h ~ a r g u m e n t for t h e P ; l t ~ r n a t
i v e P o r t Theory-
i s w c ? d k , $ < : m e P V ~ ~ P ~ T ' E ~ p r e s c n t c
d I n $ h a t s ~ c t i o n - - t h a t
r 7 n n l - . ~ r n i n y , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e early
exploration of Bolivia's *
r j i ) v r 5 r n m e n t - - r a n G c ust-11 t o u n d e r m i
n e t h e War of t h e P a c i f i c
' I ' l ~ ( - t ~ r y , 4 l o w l c v t ~ l o f g o v e r n m e
n t - i n t e r e s t i n a Chaco port
r x i s t c ~ d p r i o r t o t h ~ War o f t h e P a c i f i c
; more i m p o r t a n t l y , a
I l r i s I n t t>rt .st d i d , n o t increase drdrnat .
lcalJy a f t e r R o l i v i a '
l o s t ,i t s P a c i f ir p o r t s .
l i i l a c k of i n t e r e s t i n t h e q c o a f t e r t -he
~ i r
r o n r t 2 r n s t - h r activities of B o l i v i a n e n t r
e p r e n e u r Miguel i
Sm51-t.2 A r a n a ; t h e sc rond , R o l i v i a ' s c o n t i
n u i n y i n t e r e s t i n
t h c T a c n a - A r i c a n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e
n C h i l e and P e r h .
-
In 1079 -80 Bolivia lost t h c War of t h ~ P a c i F ~ ~ y
.
round 1877 Mi-guel SuArez Arana; ,* trucrfir*, bur I t . *
Puerto SuArez , a few ki lometres d i s L a n t f r - ~ l n ~ t
h r Dr. ,+ , . 1 1 l ~ r l Y
--- t.vwn of CorumbA (Map 1 0 1.. lo" Th is port- , which W ~ S
'to s t - r w t h - --
,
as a terminal for the shipment of goods from t h ~ n e p ~ r t m
r n t
af Santa Cruz , s o o n p r o v e d uselcss becdusc. the
c*hanllc*l whlc .h
t h e upper P a r a g u a y R i v e r wh j c h h a d t h e rcclu
i s i t I-- l ) h y c i l c 7 < l 1
i n n u n d a t e d r m s t of t h e a rea .loH
\ - from his own government in 1875 , I"" P a r a . j \ ~ ; j y
l,j.-+vc r w r - m I xs I IJII
Paraguayan g o v f 2 r n m r n t d v s p i t e i y n c ~ r i n y
i t s prav 1 so%. d r wS9 wrong: in 1 8 8 7 , as described i n s -
C h d p t e r I T , P t l rdglray
-
SuArcr A r a n a ' s p ro jec t t o develop a p o r t o n t h e
I
r J ~ r r . , j ~ ~ c i y R i v e r w a s t e n - years in t h e
planning (it b e g a n
s n m ~ t lme p r i o r t o 1875) .'I2 A l t h o u g h t h e e v
i d e n c e i s n o t i --
-- -- P.~chr.cr_r w a s l o s t , ' ~ o l i u i a did n o t e s
t a b l i s h anather p u r t o n - - -- --
t f r r * t',r r , t r juay H l v e r ur1t.i 1 P u e r t r : Qui
j a r r o (discussed above) j n
1 9 0 0 . ~ t & t : h e r off i c i d 1 R o l i v i a n c o
n c e s s i o n s d e s i g n e d t o
% t I r r 1 \ 1 1 , ) t r * t h t b dt.v~ln~mcnt of r o m m u n
i c a t i o n s a n d movement cf
\'\
R o l ~ v i a o f f i r i a l l y s i g n e d a w a y a y l e g
a l r i g h t s t o . -
R n l l v i , ~ ' s a l l y r n t h e War of t h e P a c i f i c
, n e v e r r
i t 5 ( . l , ~ i r n s t o o w n e r s h i p of t e r r i t o r
y l o s t in t h e
r h i l ~ . As a r o n s e y u e n c e , Pe rh b e c a m e e m b
r o i l e d i n
t - o n r r i ~ ~ g d i t ) l o m a t i c a n d political d i s
p u t e w i t h C h i l e - - t h e
' l? ,3rnLl-Ar r ( - a C o n t r o v e r s y . R i g h t f r o m
the beginning P e r u and---
r h i 1 t- r~t~c.t>unt~t-trd g r ~ j ~ t dif f i u u l t i e
s i n theim at terhpts t o - -- -
come t n a c o n s e n s u s o n t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r
a p l e b i s c i t e i n
thc. t l i sput i ~ d t t 3 r r i t o r - y t o determine
ownership (an integral >
pa r t of t h e 1883 peace t r e a t y b e t w e e n Per t5 a n
d C h i l e ) , a n d
-
- -- - - -
these reheated f a i l = ~ gave h n p r t o ~ o l i v i , 3 , wh
i r>h had b~c.11
exc luded f rom t h e o r i g i n a l T a c n a - A r i c a d i
s c u s s i o n s , t h a t i t i.
a t l eas t o n e of t h e P a c i f i c pjrts l o s t durir i t
j t h ~ W,+Y o f t h r ~
P a r i f ic.lI4
- - --
B o l i v i a ' s i n t e r e s t i n Tacna-Arlca, was p u q h r
d I n t n t l l ~
a f t e r 1 8 8 4 , b u t re-emerged w l t h t - h r l q 0 4 , -
l d j u s t n ~ c . n t t r ) t h c
t 1895 t r e a t y . T h c 2 0 Oct- r ,bc . r 1904 T r t l a t y
~ l f T ' r * , i c . t . , F ' t - 1 r.nd\Il 1 l ,
' ~ n d C o m m e r c e p r o v i d e d B o l i v i a w i t h an
~ n d r m n i by o f
--
opposition. I n a n y e v e n t , C h i l r ~ r e f u s c d t o
"Ztfy the* 13114
t r e a t y further.l17 9
-
b e in(: l u d e d i n t G n r j u i n g Tacrra-Arica c o n c i
l i a t i o n . I n / - .
* 1921 t h e J,c!ayut> ( w h i c h w a s mc,rlitoriny t h e d
i s c u s s i o n s ) i
t-uvnrd down t h i s r e q u e s t , s t a t i n g t h a t t h e
c o n d i t i o n s of t h e
1 w 4 C h i I r a - R o l ~ v i d t r c a t y r x c l d e d B o
l i v i a f ram f u r t h e r Y ~ n t e r f > s t i n the
area.llB
-
I n 3 9 2 3 , t h e P n l t e d States i n i t i a t e d i n t e
r n a t i o n a l
s ~ ~ t j l ~ t r - t fo r k 1 1 i v i , i n dPmands f o r a p o
r t o n t h e P a c i f i c
Owan. ~ ~ P S P L ~ P S ~ ~ ~ K N S i~dividwa& ef f 0 ~ f 3
~ ( V . S . Secre tary - - -
{ I T St,it ,cJ Frdnk Re1 logy, f o r e x a m p l e ) , by 1 9 2
7 t h e s e h d
f , 1 1 l t ~ : l . " 1 9 R o t h C h i l p < ~ n d P c r h i
gno red A m e r i c a n a p p e a l s f o r > - syrttlfrt l ly f
( : r no1 i n ' s c; i~~se. Thc f I n a l C h i l e - P p ~ . u
accord i n
t h r T a c n a - A r i c a d i s p u t e was s i g n e d o n 28
J u l y 1 9 2 9 . I t w a s a '
~ I I J ~ E , 1 1 1 (rw t I) R o l lv1 '3n h o p e s , a n d may
e x p l a i n , i n p a r t , t h e - - - - -- - - - -- -- -- --
--- - -- -- - - - -- -- -
: , c ~ t ~ n t r-y ' ci ~ic-t i c ~ n s ac ja ins t P a r a g u
a y af trr- 1 9 2 3 . d
S1rrc.r. 1 9 1 0 R o l ~ v i a r ~ o f f i c i a l s have r o n
t i n u c d
( 1 i s [ - u s q i c ~ n s w i t h C h i l e a n d p e r &
over t h i s q u e s t i o n , T h r o u g h
1 9 7 5 .I ntrmbc-1- .>f s r h e m r s had h e e n s u g g e
s t e d as a s o l u t i o n t o
Rulivla's problem'.121 A s yet t h e r e h a s b e e n n o t r i
l a t e r a l
.1!1 t -c . t *n i t -n t (P t= r -B anti C h i I c m u s t b o
t h a g r e e o n a c o u r s e of
Rol i \ . l , 3 h a s nt-vct- l o s t s i g h t . o f its u l t
i ' m a t ~ ,
c)h jwt i v e . T ~ P n a t i o n ' s d i p l o m a t i c i n t
e r e s t i n t h e Chaco
b t ~ t w t - t b n 1879 a n d 1 9 2 9 w a s minute by c o m p a
r i s o n t o i t s
-
. " '.
- - - - -- -
)s " - I n t c s r t l s t - i n t-hc Tacna-Aric-,) d i s c u s
s i o n s . I.; 1 t -I n r .c ,mpi r t .s t ltt-.
-
ir
v . t w c ) : ' l i s ~ ~ u t ~ y : 9
"'t 'his t h e r : ~ is .1 rnLl j o t - iwsut-. i n 3 0 i r f :
: r . c . ~ g r ~ t . 1 - 1 , i t r t ~ t ~ s
-
-- - - --- - -- - - - - - -
i n n r e d s e . T h a t ' t h e h'ar of t h e p a c i f i c
Theory , was & d e c i s i v e
c a u s a l facgor i n t h e e v e n t s l e a d i n g t o t h e
Chaco War is even
The Military's Role in the Chaco
This t h r o r y propuses 1-hart the ~ c : l l v i a n a n d P a
r a g u a y a n +-. - - - - - - - -- .I
d 3 1 1 l t a r y wpm prlnarily r e s p c n s i b l e f o r t h
e escalation of
21 ~ ~ l t , r * r d t i r . t r ~ r i s i o n s cvcs r the.
C!h;=co to f ull-scale war.
P r - , ~ ~ ~ ~ , r i c - ~ : ~ t < c,f thg-= t h p o r y
imply t h a t each n i l i t a r y -- --- - - - - - - .;=
c s t t ' $ 1 : l I !-,fjmf-r)t. ~ $ 3 5 4 r . t i n y r s s s c
n t i a l l y ip r l t . pcnden t l l - of t h e 1
.L p : , l ~ t i . . a - l + s y s t e m :lf 1 t s akn c o u n t
r y . +
Paraguay ' f @ . . . 5 r a l t ~ v z t n t ~ ~ r n n Ids C O ~ S
~ L ' L I C C ~ ~ ~ ~ S f p a r a y u a y a s l
d P V I I l a H d y r s , P u t ' r t o Sas t re , ~ u e f - t ~
~ ~ h s d d i . F u e r t e f ) l ~ ~ o y o t r o s . . . I y l 10s
fortines G a l p h , . u a t r i a . - -% - -9L-- --- -
t I PI*: :,r;:mayc: ~ a r i e r o n nt r o s ~ P S ~ C : S h a c
l a los, F s t e : - o s de q a t ~ i i o . . . : . . . Pat-
* R I 1 I ~ 7 i A r l . l Z 4 I
P a r a y u n y a n nllltary aetisns prlor t o 1932 helped
: . , , i f i+ t h e * : - c : n d l t l o n s w h i c h l e d
to w a r . - - N c t u n e x p e c t e d l y , --
8 . 2 1 ~ ~ ~ - l a > h l u t n r ~ a n s n a ~ ~ t a i n
their coentry's a z t i v i t i e s in
T h e Rsllvldn h l s t o r l a n s ' ~ n c i i l c t r n e n t ,
~ f P a r a g u a y ' s
Tarayuay's attack c n Pi ter to Pacheco i n -- - - --
;.-';.ad?, a t B a h f a ? e g r a , of Bolivian
-
1900's--an a c t i o n whi=.h f o r c e d Bolivia to a t t - ~ n
p t
*
This is a s t r z n y b i l 1 :>f in:?l::tr?c_.~-lt. : ior .
,c thd. l : - i , i , , .
-
1922-3 a n d a very serious 'civil w a r ensued. Those a r m s
not
~ C J R ~ i n the f r c j h t l n y kerf-' i n c o r p o r a t e
d intc t h e a r sena l oaf,
I-'- t h e r ~ r r w d forces. Iz7= Paraguay's t-11 ltary a c t
i o n s , a t i'
V , l r t g ~ i ~ j r d 1 ,I w r r r . t hr: r c * s u l t cf
loca l f r u s t r a t i o n ; t h e attack "
cjl 1 . T h e gtA;v~rnnt-ant ::f Porc3gucrl. d 1 d riot :-r
-
~ e n r n k r k , France, a n d C r c < a t ~ r i t , ~ i n .
' 3 3
F a r a g u a y a n response; E n y l i s h notr-(3 t h . j t P
L ~ r a ~ t ~ ~ i ~ a y ~ , t . LO!. 1 ( I -
-
-
F ' r a n r * t * 2 2 Scpt r i r tbcr 1 9 2 7 where he w a s c o
m p l e t i n g a d d i t i o n a l
u f f i c e r t r a i n i n g ] . . . I o u l d ' v e r i f y d
i r e c t l y t h e a l m o s t P d
c.onrplete d h s e n c e of a l l kinds' of preparations f c r t
h e defence
r j f t h e Ch;lc:o , . , n x a O L u i s V i t t ~ n e l ~ ~ a
n d A n t o n i o
w r n t r . c!xr:r=l l r w t h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s a f t
e r w a r d s on t h e i r
r c l l i r l ! t y ' r , t ~ f f r i r t s h ~ f n r ( * and d
u r i n g t h e Char.
-
- -- - - -- z
P a r a g u a y ' s military remained f ragment-bd and d l s o r
y a n i x c d ; -
after 1925 its artivities in t h e Chapo were r c s t r a i n c
d by
gnvernrnent decisicns. T h i s c o n r l u s i o n i s r r x - i
nfor-c-t-d.
by evidence c o n c e r n i n g Bolivia's military that will b t
. '
p r ~ s e n t e d i n t h e fa1 Iowj n g scrt ~ r ~ n .
b r u t a . . . " I u 7 ; w i t h R o l i v i a n . a u t h o r
s w h ( o vlrw i t 9 n
-
I . ' -
R r l l iv ia ' r - ; a r m y i s p a r t l y t o b l a m e f o
r t h e e n s u i n g r- 8
c.r,r~f-l it;t . h ' r v e r t - h e l r s s , I s h a l l a r g
u e t h a t i t s a c t i v i t i e s , ~ ~ . r r t . l r . . u l ;
~ r l y t h e l a s t a c t i n the Zhaco d r a m a , w e r e f o r
t h e ,
r L I , ~ r t the. r - cnsu l t I-:f p c ; l l t i r a l d c c i
s j o n s . A brief h i s t o r y
-- rrf t h r Bo 1 . r v i ,~n ~ + r n r d f o r c e s r l e a r
l y d e m o n s t r a t e s t h i s . - --- - --
T h e War c)f t h r l P a c l f l r : d i s c r e d l t c d t h
c B o l i v i a n - - -
-
< i r - m y . Tts r c b l r t h b e y n r ~ unde r P r e s i
d e n t A r c e when h e
e s t c i b l l s h i . d a new Y i l i t a r y C o l l e g e i
n Suc re In 1891.150 I n
t t r r : I ,* ! r n 1 8 8 0 ' s t h e army r e c e i v e d s m
a l l a r m s a n d a r t i l l e r y a, -
f r r i n ~ f t - r ~ r n t h c G e r m a n f l r m of h'rupp t
o replace t h e s u b s t a n t i a l
I r i s ~ t . ~ I n r u t - r r d clur i n g t .hp War of t h e
P a c i f i c . Despite
P I 1 . ( S o n d i t i c n s were l i t t l c d i f f e r e n t
f r o m t h e ~ ~ t - t ~ v 1 ~ 1 1 s d e c n d ~ w h e n t h e r e
had b e e n no 3 b l i t - i a n m i l i t a r y
t c5slx;nht> t - i j P ~ ~ r C > i j r l a y c ~ n f o r c
. r ~ s l a s s a u l t o n Puerto F a c h e c o i n L
10871 . D u n k r r l e y s t ~ t r s t h a t o n s e v e r a l
o c c a s i o n s P e r h was
T ~ P 1898-9 ::anFalyn I n A c r e d r a m a t i c a l l y d e m
o n s t r a t e d
-
the Bolivian army's i n ~ f fcct ivcncss. T h c D t b p , 3
mt*nt afi F v n l r contained some df the-richest rubbrr- p r o d u
c l n r j a t . c .3~ in t he -
w o r l d . I n t h e l a t e 1 8 9 0 ' s Fr-,3zi 1 i a n '2nd P
r r t ~ v l ~ l r ~ I
entrepreneurs, who made up t h e majority ( I • ’ t he kwpul,it
i o n
latter a s k e d their government fcr- m i 1 i t.31-y a l d , ,
t r l c l c , t r ~ t ) , +
small B o l i v i a n unit P c;$nt t o t h e f r-ont. . 'rtlrh I
I : ~ I tc,
,-i:-s.::rilpl l ~ , h e . : ' l l i t t 16. t h p shcl - t t ~
r r c * t I l r b j w c X ~ . r b i t ( 1 1 1 0 1 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 1 I I
r, t h e n o r t h , t t i i n g o u t n u r n b e r ~ d a n d o u
t f : ) ~ ~ ( j h t - ; t i t i . \ c , l t l 1 t - l - . t
s u p p o r t e d the 1,; b r r a l r;lusr_. ( m o s t c:f t h c
. c , ! 1.1). t l ' i d \ ~ r y l l j o r - t t . r l
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - A- --A -- - - -- -- -
Aft.cr 1 9 0 0 , new b a r r a c k s , s c h o c ~ l s , a n d
arms replaced
P ryui~mcnt l o n g obsolete. There was a semi-successful 1
~ ~ t - t m y ~ ' t-o c r l r r ~ l l Quechua and AymarA I n d i
a n s into t h e
E r j r r * r . An w. ldemia cle Guerr-a a n d in t e n d e n c
o e n e r a l de - ' 1 - c s t - a h 1 1 s h e d , rtnd t h e
Colegio ~ i l i t a r moved to
- - - -- LA P a z from O r u r u . Five military zones were
created: L a P a z ,
o t I - h i , P o t . o s l -Chuqui saca , T a r i jci-Santa
Cruz-Renr ,,
~ + n d t h c n s t - t . . h - w e s t e r n c o l o n i e s
.155 *
r-clnt i n u r i d to improve the a r m e d f o r c e s . The E
s t a d o Mayor
c ; c ' / ) r . 1 . , 3 1 WSS ri-~;3tc1d, r o n s c r l p t i o
n w a s l e g i s l a t e d i n 1 9 0 7 ,
I - L J 11.5 g i ~ v e t - n i n g r e t i rernpnt a n d promot
i o n were r e d r a w n , a
Germ.3n rheapons w r r e a c q u i r e d i n 1 9 0 7 ( a g a i n
from Krupp) .
I n 1905 Yluntes gave a four-year [:ontract t-o G e n e r a
l
! 1 l t t ' 5 . I q 7 A n u f f i c ial German m i s s i o n , c
o n t r a c t e d b y M c n t e s '
,- when he w a s Bolivia's Ambassador to Germany, r e p l a a d
t k
Frr-nr-h ~ r t 1911. T h e m i s s i o n returned to G e r m a n
y i n 1 9 1 4 when
-
w a r b r c k e out i n E U ~ C ~ C , ~ ~ " h d l - i n 9
improvcd some . dspects o f
Bolivia's military structure,
T h e greates t c h a n g e s d u r i n g thc p e l - l u d 1 9
0 0 - 2 0 , ~ ~ . c ~ s r
I f rnm t h e p o l i c y , pushed ~ n e r g e t i c a l l y by.
M[-)rites, o f e
g a r r i s o n i n g B o l i v i a ' s o u t l y i n g r e x j
i c l n s . l g " F c ) l - t inr l s - wt.1-th - 2 - - - -
established in a n u m b e r of a reas i n eastern H o l i c r ~
, l .J -%
( T a h l r 8 ) . T h e g r e a t e s t r . o n c t 3 n t r a t
i u n
-
frontiers CIS w e l l a s t h m a o r - - -- - -- - Wt ltipianu
c r n t r r s - in a d d i t i o n , many of t h e c o l o n i z a
t i o n p r o j e c t s t h e a r m y w a s
s u p p o s f ~ d t . t ~ p r - o t c ~ t had not m a t e r i a
1 i z e d . However, t h e yr>vt . . rnment i : h . ~ r ~ y e ~
t o t h e m i l i t a r y s t r u c t u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v
e
fl,?lt,rsd t h i h d e e l i n ~ . A f t c r 1995 t h e s t r c
n y t h of t h e m i l i t a r y
dnd numkwr of f o r t i n e s s t e a d i l y increased.
T h e government c - o n t r o l l e d t h i s i n i t i a l B o
l i v i a n
n ; ~ 1 i t a r y p e n e t r a t i o n of the C h a c o . F o r
i n s t a n c e , i n 1 9 1 2 ,
w t w n t h e hnrrn+~jc 6% q x x + ~ - ti* tft Paraguay becane
se-F~OUS r --- - v
<
. . . por c o n s i g u i e n t e l a s r e l a c i o n e s d i
p l o m a t i c a s s f . p u s i ~ t - v r ~ v i d r i o s a s y
era prcciso t o m a r m e d i d a s d e : - a t . J t . t ~ r r n i
l i t a r . E l p r e s i d e - n t e V i l l a z d n r e s o l v i
b fluvr,, e n p r e v i h i o n d c f u t u r o s a c g n t e c i m
i e n t o s e n v i a r , + l y i i n o s cderpos de l i n e a a l
a s f r o n t e r a s d e l O r k e n t e
1 6 3 1, d i . 1 ~ u d c & r? . .
';m This g r a n ose p l a n e v l p o r a t e d a t t h e o u t
b r e a k o f h ~ ~ r I tl w , ~ F ' L , T ~ ~ army rc~main 'ed a
small f ~ t - c e ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y
-1.. _ -- 2900 o f f i c ~ r s a n d m e n ) 1 6 4 u s e d f o r
i n t e r n a l po l i ce d u t y
Tn 1 9 2 0 t h e r e w a s a n o t h e r g o t h e ~ e p u b l i
c a r n - - . . . - - a - _ I _
' b - d
~ a a v e d r ' 3 ( 1 9 2 0 - 5 ) b r i e f l y set up a ' R e p
u b l i c a n Guard'16" *
.9 - - tt: cm%nt.er army i n f lttertce OR t he palit~es cf the
nat ion . -
-
I n 1 9 2 1 , S a a v e d r a elevated C,olnne l Hans f i a n d
t to t h t a E
r a n k &f 6 ~ n e r - a 1 and handcd h im thc. ~ ~ c ~ s t
o f C c ? m m a n d t - r - i n - d \
Chief of t h e B o l i v i a n A r m e d Fnrr-+c-s. Ih'undt had
hr*,rldt>d t h~ - ----- -
o r i y i n a l G e r m a n m i l i t a r y n i l b s i c n of
103 1 - 4 , 11r.forc. '.
r e . t u r n i n g t o h i s home c r ~ u n t r y eo f i g h t
i n t h i - C ; r t x ~ t W a r . & - -.. " Whif e commanding v
a r l o u s u n l t s o n t h r ~ ~ 1 s t r - t - 1 1 f t - c l r r
t 1
