Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lin-Chi Wang
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center
Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan
Toxic Pollutants Emitted
from Heavy Diesel Engine
�Motor vehicles have long been recognized as
one of the most significant sources of air
pollution in urban areas, and diesel
particulate matter (PM) was identified as a
toxic air contaminant, especially those with
diameters less than 2.5 μm.
�The vicinity to the ambient environments
could make vehicles important PM 2.5
emission sources.
Introduction
�Wenger et al. (2008) investigated AhR
mediated activity of exhaust generated by
a heavy-duty diesel engine. AhR agonists
were quantified using the DR-CALUX
reporter gene assay.
� They found that the nine PAHs and the 17
2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs only contributed 0.6–
1.6% to the total agonist concentration.
For further investigating the characteristics of the toxic pollutants emitted from heavy diesel engine, in this study, an analytical method was developed to simultaneouslymeasure several pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from one exhaust sample.
5
PBDEs, structurally similar to PCDD/Fs and PCBs, are used as flame retardants in furniture, electronic goods and other consumer items.
PBDEs
PCBs
Target pollutants
�Due to health risks, the commercial
penta-BDE, octa-BDE and deca-BDE
mixtures were banned within the
European Union.
�Many studies have reported that
environmentally ubiquitous PBDEs are
mainly the result of using PBDE-
containing products indoors.
7
Our recent studies concerning
incinerators and metallurgical processes
suggested that PBDEs could form or
survive from the PBDE-contaminated
feeding materials in the combustion
system (Wang et al., 2010a; Wang et
al., 2010b).
In this study
�Testing was conducted on a heavy-duty
diesel engine with no aftertreatment
devices to establish a baseline
measurement (denoted as B1).
�The engine was then subjected to two
additional test cycles, one with the diesel
oxidation catalyst (DOC) (B1+DOC) and
another fueled with lower sulfur fuel (<10
ppm) (S10).
Testing Facility
The diesel engine (Cummins, type B5.9-160): six cylinders,
turbocharged with direct fuel injection, total displacement volume of 5880 c.c.
PM was size-separated and collected from primary dilution tunnel with a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI.
The filters collecting the particle diameters less than 2.5 μm were
all combined as a composition
sample for further chemical analyses.
Materials and MethodsParticulate and gaseous phase pollutants were collected from thesecondary dilution tunnel with a sampling train that consisted of precleaned filter, PUF and XAD-2.
Emissions were determined over a
cold start cycle followed by three to
five hot starts of the FTP 32 testing
cycles, with each cycle separated by
the required 20-min soak period.
Analytical Procedures
PAHs
PCBs
PBDEsPCDD/Fs
�HRGC (Hewlett Packard 6970 Series gas chromatograph)
�HRMS (Micromass Autospec Ultima)
Instrumental Analysis
Results and Discussion
HC CO CO2 NOx PM
Start mode g/BHP-hr g/BHP-hr g/BHP-hr g/BHP-hr g/BHP-hr
B1 Cold 0.389 1.624 658.13 5.144 0.1828
Hot-1 0.373 1.296 643.12 4.992 0.1597
Hot-2 0.383 1.295 648.26 5.074 0.1597
Hot-3 0.385 1.303 651.27 4.953 0.1714
Total 0.381 1.345 649.060 5.026 0.166
B1+DOC Cold 0.256 1.349 659.91 5.228 0.1138
Hot-1 0.221 0.942 649.80 4.991 0.0948
Hot-2 0.229 0.971 652.15 5.137 0.0885
Hot-3 0.230 0.975 648.38 4.974 0.0915
Hot-4 0.230 0.968 651.21 5.115 0.0908
Hot-5 0.228 0.921 656.31 4.996 0.0958
Total 0.232 1.012 652.764 5.069 0.095
S10 Cold 0.394 1.800 651.40 5.220 0.1781
Hot-1 0.375 1.369 647.69 5.000 0.1500
Hot-2 0.378 1.390 646.05 5.038 0.1443
Hot-3 0.373 1.373 647.92 4.996 0.1518
Total 0.378 1.438 647.819 5.041 0.153
Gaseous regulated pollutants
%Start
modeHC CO CO2 NOx PM
DOC
Cold 34.4 16.9 -0.3 -1.6 37.8
Hot 40.3 25.8 -0.4 -0.5 43.9
Lower
sulfur fuel
Cold -1.1 -10.8 1.0 -1.5 2.6
Hot 1.3 -6.1 0.0 -0.1 9.0
The decrease in particle mass was attributed to the
decrease of soluble organic fraction (Vaaraslahti et al., 2006).
Because sulfates form a small fraction of the PM emissions, lowering fuel sulfur levels has only a limited potential as a
means of PM control. However, it may have a significant effect on the particle number emissions (Ristovski et al., 2006).
Reduction (%) of the gaseous regulated pollutants by deploying DOC and lower sulfur fuel
Reductions of diesel PM emissions through the use of
DOCs have been reported to be in the range of 20-65%(Shah et al., 2007)
PM 2.5 emitted from heavy diesel engine B1 B1+DOC S10
Start mode Cold Hot Cold Hot Cold Hot
Concentration
(mg/Nm3) 138 88.1 237 87.5 127 71.0
Emission factor
(g/bhp-h) 0.433 0.273 0.745 0.269 0.395 0.219
Emission factor
(g/L) 2.13 1.38 3.60 1.32 2.01 1.08
0.0675 g/bhp-h obtained by deploying PM2.5 cyclone (Okuda et al., 2009)
In some cases catalysts can increase the PM emissions, mainly by increasing the sulfate content of total PM.
Cold start vs. Hot start
B1 C
old
B1 H
ot
B1+
DO
C C
old
B1+
DO
C H
ot
S10 C
old
S10 H
ot
Tota
l P
AH
s(£
gg/b
hp-h
r)
0
2
4
6
8
10
PAH emission factors of the PM2.5 for cold and hot start
16
4.84.1
1.1The PAH emissions from cold start were 1.1-4.8 times higher than those from hot start.
Emission factors of the toxic pollutants
17
B1 B1+DOC S10
Tota
l-B
aPeq
(£gg
/bhp
-hr)
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
the pollutants in PM 2.5 sampled from primary dilution tunnel
the pollutants in particulate and gaseous phases sampled from secondary dilution tunnel
B1 B1+DOC S10
Tota
l-B
aPeq
(£g
g/b
hp
-hr)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
particulate phasegaseous phase
B1 B1+DOC S10
PC
DD
/Fs
I-T
EQ
(pg
I-T
EQ
/bh
p-h
r)
0
10
20
30
40
B1 B1+DOC S10
Tota
l P
CB
(pg
TE
Q/b
hp
-hr)
0
1
2
3
4
B1 DPF S10
Tota
l P
CB
(pg T
EQ
/bhp-h
r)
0
1
2
3
4
PM 2.5 particulate and gaseous phases
B1 B1+DOC S10
PC
DD
/Fs
I-T
EQ
(pg I
-TE
Q/b
hp
-hr)
0
10
20
30
40
B1 B1+DOC S10
Tota
l P
BD
E
(ng/b
hp-h
r)
0
100
200
300
400
19
B1 B1+DOC S10
Tota
l P
BD
E(n
g/b
hp-h
r)
0
200
400
1000
1200
PM 2.5 particulate and gaseous phases
Emission factors of the pollutants in PM 2.5 were even higher than that in total PM, except for PAHs, revealing that the artifact of MOUDI may seriously affect the results due to the adsorption of the semivolatile pollutants onto the filters.
�The toxic pollutants emitted from
heavy diesel engine were all dominant
as gaseous phase.
�The gaseous phase pollutants
contributed 85.8~98.4% of total PAHs,
53.4~61.4% of total PCDD/Fs,
61.1~81.9% of total PCBs and
50.0~83.7% of total PBDEs among the
three tests.
Fra
ction
(%
)
Nap
PA
Flu
Pyr
BaA
CH
R
BbFB
kFB
apIN
DB
ghiP
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
W e n g e r e t a l. , 2 0 0 8
B a Pe q
= 0 .0 3 7 0 £ g g /N m3
Nap
AcPy
Acp Flu PAAnt
FLPyr
BaAC
HR
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
Nap
AcPy
Acp Flu PAAnt
FLPyr
BaAC
HR
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60Particulate phase
BaPeq
=0.0232 £gg/Nm3
Gaseous phase
BaPeq
=0.438 £gg/Nm3
heavy-duty diesel engine,
commercial diesel fuel (Wenger et al., 2008)
Pyrene was the major particulate-associated PAH (Wenger et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2008).
B1
0.0232
0.0370
2,3,7
,8-T
eCD
D
1,2,3
,7,8
-PeC
DD
1,2,3
,4,7
,8-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,7,8
,9-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,4,6
,7,8
-HpC
DD
OC
DD
2,3,7
,8-T
eCD
F
1,2,3
,7,8
-PeC
DF
2,3,4
,7,8
-PeC
DF
1,2,3
,4,7
,8-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
F
2,3,4
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,7,8
,9-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,4,6
,7,8
-HpC
DF
1,2,3
,4,7
,8,9
-HpC
DF
OC
DF
Fra
ction (
%)
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
W e n g e r e t a l ., 2 0 0 8
I -T E Q = 2 .5 0 p g I -T E Q /N m 3
2,3,7
,8-T
eCD
D
1,2,3
,7,8
-PeC
DD
1,2,3
,4,7
,8-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,7,8
,9-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,4,6
,7,8
-HpC
DD
OC
DD
2,3,7
,8-T
eCD
F
1,2,3
,7,8
-PeC
DF
2,3,4
,7,8
-PeC
DF
1,2,3
,4,7
,8-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
F
2,3,4
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,7,8
,9-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,4,6
,7,8
-HpC
DF
1,2,3
,4,7
,8,9
-HpC
DF
OC
DF
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2,3,7
,8-T
eCD
D
1,2,3
,7,8
-PeC
DD
1,2,3
,4,7
,8-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,7,8
,9-H
xCD
D
1,2,3
,4,6
,7,8
-HpC
DD
OC
DD
2,3,7
,8-T
eCD
F
1,2,3
,7,8
-PeC
DF
2,3,4
,7,8
-PeC
DF
1,2,3
,4,7
,8-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
F
2,3,4
,6,7
,8-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,7,8
,9-H
xCD
F
1,2,3
,4,6
,7,8
-HpC
DF
1,2,3
,4,7
,8,9
-HpC
DF
OC
DF
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Particulate phase
I-TEQ=4.18 pg I-TEQ/Nm3
Gaseous phase
I-TEQ=3.54 pg I-TEQ/Nm3
heavy-duty diesel engine, commercial diesel fuel (Wenger et al., 2008)
B1
4.18
2.50
Test modes HDDV/engine typeEmission
Factors (pg I-TEQ/L)
Ref.
heavy duty diesel
vehicles
on-road sampling (highway)
Ford/Cummins 385
Gullett et al., 2002
on-road sampling (highway)
Freightliner/Caterpillar 35
on-road sampling (city) Freightliner/Caterpillar 102
heavy diesel engine
FTP-32
Cummins (B1) 121
This study
Cummins (B1+DOC) 34.4
Cummins (S10) 66.5
PCB-77
PCB-81
PCB-105
PCB-114
PCB-118
PCB-123
PCB-126
PCB-156
PCB-157
PCB-167
PCB-169
PCB-189
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
PCB-77
PCB-81
PCB-105
PCB-114
PCB-118
PCB-123
PCB-126
PCB-156
PCB-157
PCB-167
PCB-169
PCB-189
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
20
40
60
80Particulate phase
TEQ=0.185 WHO-TEQ/Nm3
Gaseous phase
TEQ=0.677 WHO-TEQ/Nm3
The coplanar PCBs only contributed 4.2% of total particulate phase TEQ and 16% of total gaseous phase TEQ, respectively.
B1
BD
E-7
BD
E-1
5B
DE
-17
BD
E-2
8B
DE
-49
BD
E-7
1B
DE
-47
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-77
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-1
19
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-85
BD
E-1
26
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
56
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BD
E-7
BD
E-1
5B
DE
-17
BD
E-2
8B
DE
-49
BD
E-7
1B
DE
-47
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-77
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-1
19
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-85
BD
E-1
26
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
56
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Particulate phase
21.2 ng/Nm3 Gaseous phase
91.6 ng/Nm3
Exhaust
B1
21.2 91.6
�The occurrences of the PBDEs in the
exhausts of the vehicles further
confirm the PBDE formations during
the combustion processes.
�Bromine contents in the fuels
(Marklund et al., 1990; Pecherer et al.,
1950) could be one of the bromine
sources for the PBDE formations.
The high density of indoor environments contaminated with PBDEs results in significant emissions when these environments exchange air with outdoors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 2006, 4548-4553.
27
Birmingham city
center (site 7)
BD
E-7
BD
E-1
5B
DE
-17
BD
E-2
8B
DE
-49
BD
E-7
1B
DE
-47
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-77
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-1
19
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-85
BD
E-1
26
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
56
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BD
E-7
BD
E-1
5B
DE
-17
BD
E-2
8B
DE
-49
BD
E-7
1B
DE
-47
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-77
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-1
19
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-85
BD
E-1
26
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
56
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Particulate phase
21.2 ng/Nm3 Gaseous phase
91.6 ng/Nm3
BD
E-7
BD
E-1
5B
DE
-17
BD
E-2
8B
DE
-49
BD
E-7
1B
DE
-47
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-77
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-1
19
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-85
BD
E-1
26
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
56
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
10
30
50
70
0
20
40
60
Urban Areasn=14
Vehicular Exhaust
Ambient air
B1
47
99
20947
99
209
4799
209
PBDE sources to the atmosphere Concentration ng/m3 Ref.
Exhaust Heavy diesel engine 17.8-113 this study
Indoor air
or
workplace
air
Bedroom (n = 20), Main living area (n = 20)
GM: 0.460GM: 0.453
Allen et al., 2007
Computer laboratory with the computers turned on (The room was sealed and the ventilation turned off) (n = 6)
Mean: 1.80 Cahill et al., 2007
Dismantling hall of an electronics recycling facility (n = 4) that lacked any emission control or dust suppression measures (to represent the worst case scenario)
Mean: 650 Cahill et al., 2007
Electronics facility 77Pettersson-
Julander et al., 2004
Residences (n = 34)Range:
0.00824 - 0.477Median: 0.0378
Fromme et al., 2009
Workplace:Office (n = 6)Other microenvironment (n = 10)Domestic (n = 14)
GM: (∑10PBDEs, BDE-209)
0.887, 0.3410.721, 0.6690.694, 0.339
Chen et al., 2008
Automobile cabins (n = 41)Range:
0.0004 - 2.644 Median: 0.201
Mandalakis et al., 2008
Pollutants
DOC lower sulfur fuel
Particulate
phase
Gaseous
phaseTotal
Particulate
phase
Gaseous
phaseTotal
PM 45.2 8.40
PAHs 42.1 94.4 93.5 11.7 88.4 87.2
PCDD/Fs 35.6 53.6 46.6 -3.50 20.7 11.3
PCBs 40.8 79.5 72.5 8.10 39.5 33.8
PBDEs 64.9 58.3 59.6 58.8 90.4 84.5
Reduction (%) of the toxic pollutants by deploying DOC and lower sulfur fuel
The reductions (35.6%-64.9%) of the toxic pollutants in particulate phase were comparable to that of PM. The decrease of the toxic pollutant contents in PM contribute some of the pollutant reductions in particulate phases.
The reductions (46.6%-94.4%) of the toxic pollutants in gaseous phase showed that dehalogenation and cyclic crack occurred among the compounds.
Westerholm et al. (2001) reported that emissions from a vehicle fueled with a reference fuel, compared with the low sulfur fuel, had 8-10 times more mutagenic activity in the particulate phase and 2-3 times higher mutagenic activity in the gaseous phase emissions.
Conclusion� PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs could be
simultaneously measured from one exhaust sample.
� The artifact of MOUDI may seriously affect the results due to the adsorption of the semivolatile pollutants onto the filters.
� The toxic pollutants emitted from heavy diesel engine were all dominant as gaseous phase.
� Mobile emission sources could be one of PBDE emission sources to the atmosphere.
� Using DOC and lowering sulfur content in fuel could reduce the toxic pollutants emitted from heavy diesel engine.
Thank you !!
BD
E-1
7B
DE
-28/3
3B
DE
-75
BD
E-5
1B
DE
-49
BD
E-4
8/7
1B
DE
-47/7
4B
DE
-66/4
2B
DE
-102
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-97/1
18
BD
E-8
5B
DE
-126/1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
44
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
75/1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
80
BD
E-1
71
BD
E-2
01
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-1
94
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
DE-71 (2)
BD
E-1
7B
DE
-28/3
3B
DE
-75
BD
E-5
1B
DE
-49
BD
E-4
8/7
1B
DE
-47/7
4B
DE
-66/4
2B
DE
-102
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-97/1
18
BD
E-8
5B
DE
-126/1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
44
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
75/1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
80
BD
E-1
71
BD
E-2
01
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-1
94
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bromkal 70-5DE (2)
Fra
ction (
%)
BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
7
BD
E-6
6
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
66
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
90
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
DE-71 (1)
BD
E-1
7B
DE
-28
BD
E-9
1B
DE
-51
BD
E-4
9B
DE
-48
BD
E-4
7B
DE
-74
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-42
BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-119
BD
E-1
18
BD
E-8
5B
DE
-155
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-9
7B
DE
-101
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
73
BD
E-1
81
BD
E-1
90
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
04
BD
E-2
05
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
DE-71 (2)�
BD
E-1
7B
DE
-28
BD
E-9
1B
DE
-51
BD
E-4
9B
DE
-48
BD
E-4
7B
DE
-74
BD
E-6
6B
DE
-42
BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9B
DE
-119
BD
E-1
18
BD
E-8
5B
DE
-155
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-9
7B
DE
-101
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
73
BD
E-1
81
BD
E-1
90
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
04
BD
E-2
05
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (
%)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bromkal 70-5DE (2)
(A)
Congener profiles in the commercial PBDE mixtures
33
penta-BDE mixtures
BDE-47, -99, -100, -154, -153
4799
100
BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8/3
3
BD
E-7
5
BD
E-5
1
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
8/7
1
BD
E-4
7/7
4
BD
E-6
6/4
2
BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-9
7/1
18
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
26/1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
44
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
75/1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
80
BD
E-1
71
BD
E-2
01
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-1
94
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (%
)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bromkal 79-8DE (1)BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8/3
3
BD
E-7
5
BD
E-5
1
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
8/7
1
BD
E-4
7/7
4
BD
E-6
6/4
2
BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-9
7/1
18
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
26/1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
44
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
75/1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
80
BD
E-1
71
BD
E-2
01
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-1
94
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (%
)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
DE-79 (2)
BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
7
BD
E-6
6
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
66
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
90
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (%
)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
DE-79 (1)
(B)
octa-BDE mixtures
34
BDE-153, -183, -197, -196, -207, or
BDE-183, -197, -203, -207, -206, -209
183
197207
209
183
183
196197
207
BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8/3
3
BD
E-7
5
BD
E-5
1
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
8/7
1
BD
E-4
7/7
4
BD
E-6
6/4
2
BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-9
7/1
18
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
26/1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
44
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
75/1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
80
BD
E-1
71
BD
E-2
01
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-1
94
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (%
)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bromkal 82-0DE (2)
BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8/3
3
BD
E-7
5
BD
E-5
1
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
8/7
1
BD
E-4
7/7
4
BD
E-6
6/4
2
BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-9
7/1
18
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
26/1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
44
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
84
BD
E-1
75/1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
80
BD
E-1
71
BD
E-2
01
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-1
94
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
Saytex 102E (2)�
Fra
ction (%
)
BD
E-1
7
BD
E-2
8
BD
E-4
9
BD
E-4
7
BD
E-6
6
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9
BD
E-8
5
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
66
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
90
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (%
)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
DE-83 (1)
BD
E-1
7BD
E-2
8BD
E-9
1BD
E-5
1BD
E-4
9BD
E-4
8BD
E-4
7BD
E-7
4BD
E-6
6BD
E-4
2BD
E-1
02
BD
E-1
00
BD
E-9
9BD
E-1
19
BD
E-1
18
BD
E-8
5BD
E-1
55
BD
E-1
54
BD
E-9
7BD
E-1
01
BD
E-1
53
BD
E-1
39
BD
E-1
40
BD
E-1
38
BD
E-1
83
BD
E-1
91
BD
E-1
73
BD
E-1
81
BD
E-1
90
BD
E-1
97
BD
E-2
03
BD
E-1
96
BD
E-2
04
BD
E-2
05
BD
E-2
08
BD
E-2
07
BD
E-2
06
BD
E-2
09
Fra
ction (%
)
10
30
50
70
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
non-specific formulation (2)
(C)
35
deca-BDE mixtures
209
