TowardsTowards Sustainable Energy: Sustainable Energy: –– the Nordic Way of Renewables ?the Nordic Way of Renewables ?

DocDoc. . DrDr. . JyriJyri--PekkaPekka Mikkola Mikkola Academy Research Fellow, Academy of FinlandAcademy Research Fellow, Academy of Finland

Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development UmeUmeåå University University Prof. Prof. Sust.DevSust.Dev. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering

Process Chemistry Centre, Process Chemistry Centre, ÅÅbo Akademi Universitybo Akademi University

Department of ChemistryPROCESS CHEMISTRY CENTRE ÅAÅBO AKADEMIU N I V E R S I T Y

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MOTIVATION

WE ARE AT A CROSS-ROAD !

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory. Copyri

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World energy demand

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Targets – EU’s vision

Biofuel proportion from the total sales in EU (traffic fuels; gasoline and diesel ):Target :2.00 % during 2005 5.75 % 201020 % 2020

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OVERVIEWDifference in feedstock btw. Fossile & Bio

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We are in transition ...

’The end of the age of oil’

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Oil Economy – What next ?

Van Krevelen diagram displaying biomass and fossil fuel differences

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Why Biorefineries ?Oil price constantly increasing Insecure supply (political instability)Ever increasing consumption of energyand liquid fuelsDrive to move from all-synthetic productsand materials to more sustainable, naturalbio-based solutionsDriving force and focus country-dependent

www.oil-price.net/

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Most Abundant Bio Feedstocks – depending on geographical location and local politicsTreesForest residuesGrassesAgricultural cropsAnimal wasteMunicipal wasteAlgaeFood & Feed...

Fast Wood Forestry ?

www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/ForestPerspective.pdfCop

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Fennoscandia – the richest in forest resources in Europe and in

the whole world...

E.g. Chile ?

Ca. 3-4

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FOREST BIORAFF

Optimum use of biomass rawmaterial in an integrated process:

Chemicals to process industryChemicals to pharmaceuticalindustryLiquid and solid fuelsPulp and paperHeat and power (electricity)Cop

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Challenges in (Forest) BiorefineryAre we able to put more knowledge into bio-derived products ?How to invent unique value-added bio and forest products ?Innovation capacity/capability ?High added-value specialty products fromforests and other bioresources ?

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Conversion – Upgrading Bio-feedstock: Technology Challenge !

Extraction, purification (structure preserving)CombustionGasificationPyrolysisFermentation (enzymes)

CATALYSIS – still in its infancy when dealingwith biorefinery feedstocks in contrary to the well-established petroleum-based refinerytechnology (almost 100 years of development, fine-tuning and research for perfection)

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Products in needFood and feed

e.g. sugars, oils, fats, betaine ...Liquid fuels

e.g. Bio-ethanol, Bio-diesel, DME, DMC, oxygenates ...Bulk Chemicals

DMC, phenolics, adhesives, furfural, fatty acids, acetic acid, carbon products, paints, pigments, detergents, solvents, biodegradable polymers ... Platform chemicals ?Platform chemicals ?

Fine-Chemicalse.g. xylitol, sorbitol, sitosterol, mannans, lignans,

stilbenes, flavonoids, betulinol, suberin ...Heat and electricity

Different bio (wood) components –

different products and uses:

Selected activities in Nordic countries

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Finechemicals from BirchOuter bark: Betulin (light scattering), aliphatic suberin (natural polyester), antioxidant (aromatic suberin)Total potential hydroxyfattyacids (Finland & Sweden) : 100 000 t/a aliphatic domain even a potential source

of crude ’Birch-Diesel’

Betulin (25%) Betulinic acid (2%) Lupeol (2%)

Aro

mat

ic d

omai

n

alip

hatic

dom

ain

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LignoBoostSTFI-Packforsk in Sweden

Side-fuel for coal-powered Powerplants

(e.g. Fortum Stockholm)

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Asphalt emulsions for reduced carbon dioxide emissions

Akzo Nobel

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TallDiesel

SunPine in Piteå harbour, Sweden

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Black liquor gasificationPiteå, Sweden:

Methanol and/or Dimethylether

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Fischer-Tropsch fuels

StoraEnso (Finland)

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Integration for district heat & electricity, also some transportation fuels

Södra (Sweden, Norway)

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SYNFUEL

UPM KYMMENE (Finland)

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From any Oils/fatsNesteOil NexBtl, (Finland)

NExBTL-ProcessConversion

of fatty acidsto

parafins and isoparafins

Stabilation

Feed tank

PretreatmentImpuritiesremoval

Fuel gas

Sour water

Sludge AcidCausticWater

Hydrogen

Bio Oil

Biodieseltank

Dieseltank

Diesel +BiodieselBlends

NExBTL component sales

Mineral oil diesel

Bio Oil - Rape seed oilPalm OilSoya OilAnimal fat

Porvoo, 170 kt/a

Biodiesel

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Integrated Biorefinery

Örnsköldsvik Biorefinery cluster (Sweden)

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Conclusions:Major efforts in Nordic countriesIndustrial / large-scale pilot:

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New Research - Many solutions, some more difficult than other ...

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Wood tar – a classical importantproduct from 16th to 19th centuryComplex concistency

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Diesel FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester RME - Rapeseed Methyl Ester NExBTL - Next generation biomass to liquidGTL-products (various technologies)

Gasoline : BioethanolETBE, TAEE Biogas

Many BioFuels on the market

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Diesel

Future Forest Diesel ?

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EVEN INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES PRODUCE A LOT OF CARBON DIOXIDE

- WHAT TO DO WITH IT ?CO2UTIL – Utilization of CO2 for chemicals (incl. fuels)

Carbon dioxide to organic carbonatesAbundant C1 feedstockNon toxic, non-inflammableAffordable

Easy to handle, store, transportOxygen carrierSolvent (scCO2: solvent and reagent)

+ enhances rate and selectivity(Green house gas)

CO2 + 2CH3OH DMC + H2OE.g. Direct synthesis of dimethylcarbonate – catalytic route

M.Sc. Valerie EtaCopyri

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Pyrolysis for Bio-oilChallenge: Bio-oil upgrading (catalysis)

corrosiveness, viscosity, coking, stability, coldproperties, high water conctent etc.

Catalysis

Dr.thesis of M.Sc. Atte AhoCopyri

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Hydrogen from Biosources ?

Reaction pathways involved in glucose and sorbitolreforming

R.R. Davda et al., Appl. Catal. B: Envir. 56 (2005) 171

Aqueous Phase Reforming(APR)

TEKES (Finnish FundingAgency for Technologyand Innovation), EcocatOy, Ehovoc Oy, Selmic Oy, Danisco Sweeteners Oy

Dr. Anton Tokarev

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Bio-Butanol & -Pentanol and Fuel AdditivesAcademy of Finland Sustainable Energy Program: SUSFUFLEX (collaboration with UOULU and KTH)NEW, INNOVATIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS: FROM BIOCOMPONENTS TO FLEXIBLE LIQUID FUELSCan be blended into standard gasoline or gasoline containing ethanolCompatible with existing vehicle technology

BP & DuPont: ’biobutanol - will be introduced by the end of 2007’

SyntheticSyntheticGasolineGasoline

FromFrom BuOHBuOHVia Via

CatalysisCatalysis !!

Doc. Esa Toukoniitty

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OPTIMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES OF

LIGNOCELLULOSES FOR BIOETHANOL – OPTBIO

Jyri-Pekka MikkolaLab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.

Prof. Kai Peiponen Department of Physics, University of Joensuu

Assoc. Prof. Maria Elena Lienqueo ContrerasCentre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology

University of Chile

Upgrading biogas for vehicle fuel - BIOGASUP

Certain

ionicliquids

arecapable

for reversiblecapture

of CO

2

Prof. Jukka Rintala Department of Biology and Environmental Science,, University of Jyväskylä

Jyri-Pekka MikkolaLab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.

Dr. Romel JiménezUnidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción

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Sample Biorefinery –The Future is Today !

The biggest biorefinery in Europe ?

DILEMMA DILEMMA --FOOD BASED !FOOD BASED !

((graingrain))

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However, in the world Gas & Coaldominate the development in syngasto fuels (dominant technology for 2nd/3rd generation biofuels) !

FOSSILE SOURCES – NOT SUSTAINABLE !Copyri

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So, is Biomass a SustainableEnergy Source ?

On a Net-Energy Basis ? – YESOn a Green House Gas Basis ? – YES...provided that non-food crops are utilized ...and certain problems solved:

COSTNITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS

LAND USE

www.scidev.net/en/opinions/research-is-needed-to-make-biofuels-sustainable.html

IN PERSPECTIVE:Using ethanol (current technology) in place

of oil reduces total carbon dioxide emissionsby only 13 % !To fill the tank of a large SUV with ethanol

fuel could feed one person for a year !Copyri

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Potential for Biomass Conversion, biofuelsP

rodu

ctio

nm

illio

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3/ye

ar

Data by F.O.Licht, 2006, www.earthpolicy.org

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BESTBEST

WORSTWORST

FOSSILE

FOOD BIO

NON-FOOD BIO

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Industrial Ecology and Green ChemistryPerspectives in Global Terms

Will there be enough land ?Will there be enough biomass ?

for foodbio-fuelsbio-productsCop

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development

Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three prScheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three preoccupations.eoccupations.

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