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1
Towards an Ontology of Military Plans and Planning
Barry Smithhttp://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontologyNational Center for Ontological Research, Buffalo
with thanks to Peter Morosoff (e-maps)
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Military Doctrine
• a guide to action, rather than hard and fast rules
• provides a common frame of reference across the military helps standardize operations by establishing common ways of accomplishing military tasks
• facilitating readiness by allowing common ways of training
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Military Doctrine feeds into Military Planning
• Doctrine provides an authoritative body of consistent* statements on – how military forces conduct (joint) operations – how military plans are to be constructed
• provides a common lexicon – which must be used by military planners and leaders– which will be what those charged with execution of military
plans will anticipate and understand
*ideally
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Why does DoD need a dictionary?For people (people need to understand each other)• Training (Developing doctrine, …)• Planning (Joint operations, SOPs, …)• Executing (C2, …)• Reporting, Outcomes evaluation, lessons learned
For machines• Compiling data (e.g. results of testing …)• Sharing of data (Compiling lessons learned …)• Collective inferencing
Thesaurus
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“Plan” in CALL Thesaurus
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Planning (Definition in CALL Thesaurus)
• Definition/Scope: (ADP 3-0) Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying out effective ways of bringing about that future. Planning consists of two separate but closely related components: a conceptual component and a detailed component. Successful planning requires integrating both these components. Army leaders employ three methodologies for planning after determining the appropriate mix based on the scope of the problem, their familiarity with it, and the time available.
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Planning
Thesaurus
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Thesaurus
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CALL Thesaurus has features of an ontology
• Evolutionary• Hierarchical• Controlled vocabulary• Machine readablebut not:• Common upper-level architecture• Logically consistent definitions• Machine processable (no reasoning)
Digitalizing doctrine (the ideal)• associate with each term in JP 1.0 a URL• formulate authoritative definitions of each term
in OWL • use these terms as basis for computational
definitions of terms at lower levels in the hierarchy, incorporating hyperlinks to the JP 1.0 URLs
• use OWL reasoners for computer-aided consistency checking
The reality is different. Focus here on planning 17
DoD Instruction 8320.02, August 5, 2013 Sharing Data, Information, and Information Technology (IT) Services in the Department of Defense
• requires that ‘all salient metadata be discoverable, searchable, and retrievable’ through use of the DSE (= DoD Data Services Environment )
BUT Even if all authoritative sources were registered at DSE, it would not achieve its goal because
– Heterogeneous definitions and descriptions– No benefits of inferencing and of rapid
introduction and definition of new terms18
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
A simple top-level ontology to support information integration
Defining a framework that will help to ensure consistency and non-redundancy of the ontologies created in its terms
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Examples of Users of BFO
I2WD Ontologies (http://milportal.org)cROP Ontologies EnvO Environment Ontology US Army Biometrics OntologyNIF Standard (Neuroscience) OntologiesOAE Ontology of Adverse EventsOBO Foundry OntologiesOGMS Ontology for General Medical Science
IDO Infectious Disease Ontologies (NIAID)
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RELATION TO TIME
GRANULARITY
CONTINUANT OCCURRENT
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
ORGAN ANDORGANISM
Organism(NCBI
Taxonomy)
Anatomical Entity(FMA, CARO)
OrganFunction
(FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic
Quality(PaTO)
Biological Process
(GO)CELL AND CELLULAR
COMPONENT
Cell(CL)
Cellular Compon
ent(FMA, GO)
Cellular Function
(GO)
MOLECULEMolecule
(ChEBI, SO,RnaO, PrO)
Molecular Function(GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)
The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry21
RELATION TO TIME
GRANULARITY
CONTINUANT OCCURRENT
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
ORGAN ANDORGANISM
Organism(NCBI
Taxonomy)
Anatomical Entity(FMA, CARO)
OrganFunction
(FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic
Quality(PaTO)
Biological Process
(GO)
CELL AND CELLULAR
COMPONENT
Cell(CL)
Cellular Component(FMA, GO)
Cellular Function
(GO)
MOLECULEMolecule
(ChEBI, SO,RnaO, PrO)
Molecular Function(GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)Environment Ontology (EnvO)
En
viro
nm
ents
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Anatomy Ontology(FMA*, CARO)
Environment
Ontology(EnvO)
Ontology for General Medical Science(OGMS)
Biological Process
Ontology (GO*)
Cell Ontology
(CL)
CellularComponentOntology
(FMA*, GO*)Phenotypic
QualityOntology(PaTO)
CHEBI
Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular
Function(GO*)Protein Ontology
(PRO*)
Strategy of Modularity & Downward Population 23
top level
mid-level
domain level
Information Artifact Ontology
(IAO)
Ontology for Biomedical
Investigations (OBI)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
OGMS
Cardiovascular Disease OntologyGenetic Disease OntologyCancer Disease OntologyGenetic Disease OntologyImmune Disease OntologyEnvironmental Disease OntologyOral Disease OntologyInfectious Disease Ontology
IDO Staph Aureus IDO MRSA IDO Australian MRSA IDO Australian Hospital MRSA …
Modular, downward population approach in other domains
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OBO Foundary Open Biomedical OntologiesNIF Standard Neuroscience Information
Framework IDO Consortium Infectious Disease OntologycROP Common Reference Ontologies
for Plants
MilPortal.org Military OntologyI2WD Ontologies Intelligence Ontology Suite
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I2WD Ontology Team
Ron RudnuckiCUBRC, University at Buffalo
Dr. Tatiana MalyutaNY City College of Technology of CUNY,
Data Tactics Corp.
Col. Dr. William Mandrick Data Tactics Corp.
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Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
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Spatial Region
ProcessTemporal
Region
of 110
Slot managing
Nesting Nested Schema Role
Slot filling
Substance
Thingevent
Objects
Actions
Attribute
Monadic
Complex
Location/Void
Time Space
For any Verbal Representational Interaction that is constructed from typed expressions
Root Types from LC Type Theory
BFO and LC Type Theory
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Slot managing
Nesting
Nested
Schema
Role
Slot filling
Substance
ThingeventO
bject
Process
Attribute
Monadic
Complex
Location/Void
Time
Space
Time Space Attribute
Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
Object ActionAttribute
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Spatial Region
Space Time
ProcessTemporal
Region
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
..... .....
Non-realizableDependentContinuant(quality)
Realizable DependentContinuant(function, role, disposition)
TYPES
INSTANCES
depends_on
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
thing
DependentContinuant
quality
.... .....
example: temperature dependson bearer
TYPES
INSTANCES
the particular case of redness (of a particular fly eye)
the universal red
instantiates
an instance of an eye (in a particular fly)
the universal eye
instantiates
depends on
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the particular case of redness (of a particular fly eye)
red
instantiates
an instance of an eye (in a particular fly)
eye
instantiates
depends on
color anatomical structure
is_a is_a
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DependentContinuant
QualityRealizable Dependent
Continuant
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Disposition Function Role
of banana, to ripen
of gun, to fire bullets
of employee, to work for pay
process of realization depends_on realizable
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
bearer
Realizable DependentContinuant
disposition
.... ..... .......37
Process of realization
Role (Externally-Grounded Realizable Entity)
role =def. a realizable entity• which exists because the bearer is in
some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which the bearer does not have to be, and
• is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed.
Realization occurs when the bearer exercises its role. Example: commander role 38
Disposition (Internally-Grounded Realizable Entity)
disposition =def.
a realizable entity which is such that, if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, and
Realization occurs when this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up PLANS ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF DISPOSITION 39
IAO-IntelEmail
Ontology IAO-
Science
Information Artifact Ontology (IAO)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
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BFO-based Ontology Development
More than 120 Ontology projects using BFOhttp://www.ifomis.org/bfo/users
Information artifact
• an entity created through some deliberate act or acts by one or more human beings, and which endures through time, potentially in multiple (for example digital or printed) copies
Examples: a diagram on a sheet of paper, a document specifying three alternative courses of action for a commander, a recipe book, a recipe in a recipe book
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IAO: Report / IAO-Intel: Intelligence Report
IAO-Intel terms are defined by using terms from the ontologies in the yellow box via relations such as:• is-about• created-by• derives-from and so forth
Generic Purpose Attributes– Descriptive purpose: scientific paper, newspaper
article, after-action report– Prescriptive purpose: legal code, license, statement
of rules of engagement– Directive purpose: instruction, manual,
protocol– Designative purpose: a registry of members of an
organization, a phone book, a database linking proper names of persons with their social security numbers
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Question
• Where do information entities such as databases or emails fit in BFO?
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Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
Thing
Process
Attribute
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Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
Quality
DispositionProcessRole
Realizable DependentContinuant
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BFO 1.1: Specifically Dependent Continuant
SpecificallyDependentContinuant
Quality, Role, Disposition
Realizable Dependent Continuant
if any bearer ceases to exist, then the quality or function ceases to exist
the color of my skin
the function of my heart
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Specifically Dependent Continuant
Red color of my skin
You Me
Accidents do not migrate from one substance to another
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Red color of your skin
depends_on depends_on
Generically Dependent Continuant
GenericallyDependentContinuant
pdf filejpg file
Gene Sequence
if one bearer ceases to exist, then the entity can survive, because there are other bearers
(copyability)
the pdf file on my laptop
the DNA (sequence) in this chromosome
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Information artifacts
pdf file
poem
symphony
algorithm
symbol
– can migrate from one physical information bearer to another
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Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality
Disposition
Information Artifact
Role
Realizable DependentContinuant
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GenericallyDependentContinuant
Gene Sequence
BFO 1.1
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Artifact
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GenericallyDependentContinuant
Gene Sequence
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
QualityInformation
Artifact
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GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity (yourhard drive
Information Quality Entity (pattern on
your hard drive)
depends_on
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Content
Entity
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GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Information QualityEntity
depends_on concretized_by
BFO
IAO
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Content
Entity
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GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Information QualityEntity
depends_on concretized_by
universals
instances
this hard drive, that book
this excitation pattern,
that pattern of piles of ink
this pdf file, that Target Value Matrix
Generically dependent continuants such as plans, laws …
are concretized in specifically dependent continuants
(the plan in your head, the protocol being realized by your research team, the law being implemented by this government agency)
But these involve more than just aboutness, they also involve oughtness
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The issue we are trying to address here
How to understand the deontic aspect of plans(The oughtness of plans: I have made a plan, I am in some sense committed to the plan, some parts of the plan are compulsory, other parts of the plan are optional; I have authority to command others to realize the plan …)
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Plan specification vs. Plan
• Recipe in a book vs. Recipe in your head when you start to cook
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of FILL-IN
Plan Specification – A broader view
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Locator: PlanSpec-ID, timeContent:• Owner• Contributors• Approver• Statement of mission
value• Contained plans• Containing plans• Complementary
component plans• Parent(s) in doctrinal
hierarchy• Children in doctrinal
hierarchy• Goal state• Predicted outcomes• Execution condition• Completion condition• Assumed world states• Dissemination• Assets• Actions
Elements of the planning process (early phases)
Plan development has_output plan specificationCommander performs review of alternative plan specificationsCommander commits_to plan specification #1Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specificationPlan is_a dispositionPlan realized_in plan executionPlan has_goal: future world-state F
Elements of the planning process Information artifact elements
Plan development has_output plan specificationCommander performs review of alternative plan specificationsCommander commits_to plan specification #1Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specificationPlan is_a dispositionPlan realized_in plan executionPlan has_goal: future world-state F
Elements of the planning process (mental elements)
Plan development has_output plan specificationCommander performs review of alternative plan specificationsCommander commits_to plan specification #1Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specificationPlan is_a dispositionPlan realized_in plan executionPlan has_goal: future world-state F
Elements of the planning process (external action-related elements)
Plan development has_output plan specificationCommander performs review of alternative plan specificationsCommander commits_to plan specification #1Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by following the actions specified in the plan specificationPlan is_a dispositionPlan realized_in plan executionPlan has_goal: future world-state F
• What should be the framework for understanding how these elements hang together?
• http://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontology
What is the living plan?
Plan creation and maintenance system
Living plan
Tactical (…) plan outputs for execution
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Compare
Language creation and maintenance system (schools, …)
The English language
Utterances, written linguistic outputs
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Compare
Price maintenance and creation system
Prices (of 1 Euro, of a beer in a Paris bar …)
Individual acts of exchange
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Compare
The law creation and maintenance system (the legislature, local courts…)
The body of law
Individual legal and police actions
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What is the living plan?
The plan creation and maintenance system
The living plan (analogue of the body of law)
Tactical (…) plan outputs for execution (analogues of utterances, of speakers
of a language, of judges …)
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Appendix: Draft Plan Ontology
See current version here:
http://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontology/planning-ontology-draft.owl
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http://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontology
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