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Toward an Integrated Identity Matrix (IIM) Theory –
Proposals for a Dynamic Cultural Identity Framework
by Steve J KulichAssisted by Zhang Shutian
Shanghai International Studies University
A Key SISU SII Research Focus:
Study the Key Indicators of Deep CultureValuesIdentityWorld-View, Beliefs,
Social Axioms
What happens to these in shifts, transitions? What internal or external conflicts occur?
How is our social psychology influenced?
Recommendation: Expand Your Understanding of IC Psychology
Yan Wenhua’s
严文华 new book: Linking Intercultural
Communication & Psychology + Cases
ISBN : 7807451408
Cognitive Concept Idea Expected (often Verbal)
Expressed BehaviorAction Expected (often Nonverbal)
Affective Response Emotional Expectation(internally or expressed)
Social/Cultural Psychology as a Basis – Exploring Multiple Domains of Culture
Identity
Decision-making Desired Outcomes
Acceptable vs. Actual
Spirit/Soul Beliefs
Identity: Historically A Core Topic in our IC Field
One starting point in communication – How do we perceive others?
Who am I? Who are You?And what are we connected to?
Social Penetration:Deepening Identity Disclosure
Public, Visible, Open
Private/Personal, Invisible, Accessible only by Verbal Communication
Psychological/Deep Personality
Psyche, Mysterious, Contradictory, Unknown often even to ourselves
x Self x x x
x x
Beyond Individualism-Collectivism-to Identities in Self Construals
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991)
Interdependent Self
x xxx
xx
x x
Mother Father
Friend Co-worker
Sibling
Past Theoretical Premises - Hierarchies:
Primary identities should be considered those for which an individual would sacrifice most of his time, most of his money, and if need be, his life.
Secondary identities are those for which the individual would sacrifice only some of his time and money.
For a tertiary identity, the individual would be willing to sacrifice only some of his time and perhaps a little money.
——Richard Cottam, from Singer’s book “Intercultural Communication: A Perceptual Approach ”
Expanding Multiple Dimensions of Identities
Traditional and Confucius vs. ModernCollectivist vs. IndividualisticPersonal vs. SocialMainstream vs. UnconventionalFamilial Ideologies vs. Individual Pursuits
…………..
Zhang & Kulich (in Wu, 2008) Questionnaire Design
Originally….. Gudykunst’s tri-level categorization (1994) Ting-Toomey’s (1999) primary identities from identity
negotiation perspective Hofstede’s (1991) layers of culture. Later….. Singer’s (1987) personal, group and national cultures Anne Byrne’s (2003) model of researching woman’s self and
social identity Zygmunt Bauman’s (2001) analysis of individualization Simon Leys’s (1997) interpretation of Confucius identity Elise Boulding’s species identity.
Predicted Modeling of the Top 10 Identity Ranking
Individual and modern identities
Social and ethnic identities
Traditional and family-oriented collectivism
Pilot Study: the two 2004 Samples
AGE
222120
Cou
nt
50
40
30
20
10
0
agecatagory
31 to 4325 to 3021 to 25
Cou
nt
40
30
20
10
3rd Year Undergraduates
Number=70Average age= 21SD=0.6
Continuing Education Students
Number=70Average age= 28SD=4.96
Comparison among the three rankings (continuing education students 2004)
Frequency Top 10 Mean Top 20 SD Lowest 20
1 family 49
2 moral 46
3 education 43
4 personality 41
5 nationality 35
6 marital 33
7geographic
place 29
8social
popularity
28
9national
language 26
10 specialty 24
1 NAME 8
2 ETHNICIT 7.67
3 FAMILY 7.59
4 PARENTAL 7.42
5 MORAL 7.3
6 RELIGIOU 7.25
7 EDUCATION 6.81
8 GENDER 6.59
9 NATIONAL 6.57
10 GLOBALIS 6.07
11 SIBLING 5.73
12 REGIONAL 5.67
13 SPECIALT 5.63
14 FOR._LAN 5.47
15 MARITAL 5.33
16 UNIQUE 5.1
17 GEOGRAPH 5.03
18 PERSONAL 4.98
19 AGE 4.79
20 MAJOR 4.78
1 PER.TYPE 0.63
2 ROOTS 1.55
3 INTEREST 1.94
4 RELIGIOU 2.06
5 EDUCATIO 2.07
6 POPULAR 2.07
7 REJECTED 2.12
8 COMPETEN 2.14
9 WILLFUL 2.18
10
NA._LANG 2.21
11
GLOBAL_I 2.28
12
PERSONAL 2.29
13
ACTIVE_I 2.29
14
ETHNICIT 2.31
15
SOCIAL_P 2.32
16
ATHIESTI 2.37
17
ACHIVEME 2.4
18
SIBLING 2.41
19
FAN_OF_A 2.5
20
GLOBALIS 2.6
Rank Questionnaire ItemWeighted Mean
1 Family Role 5.31
2 Moral Quality 4.8
3 Education 4.19
4 Nationality 3.29
5 Personality 2.91
6 Marital Status* 2.51
7 Geographic Place 2.09
8 Parental Role* 2.01
9 Specialty 1.93
10 Gender 1.89
11 Name 1.83
12 National Language 1.69
13 Major 1.57
14 Social Popularity 1.51
15 Competence 1.49
16 Personally Unique 1.46
17 Foreign Language 1.33
18 Rationalist 1.33
19 Globalist 1.3
20 Willful Individual 1.16
Rank Questionnaire ItemWeighted Mean
1 Family Role 6.09
2 Moral Quality 5.37
3 Education 3.84
4 Nationality 3.56
5 Personality 3.19
6 Gender* 3.19
7 Personally Unique* 2.47
8 Name 2.43
9 Willful Individualist* 2.26
10 Special Interest* 2.14
11 Social Popularity 1.83
12 Geographic Place 1.64
13 Specialty 1.34
14 Competence 1.24
15 Major 1.21
16 Physical Popularity 1.03
17 Achievements 1.03
18 Globalist 0.97
19 Global Ideals 0.93
20 Religious 0.91
Weighted Average Ranking
Stable Chinese Identities
Continuing education students 2004 Undergraduates 2004
No clear-cut distinction between three levels of Identities in the Top 10 Ranking
family, moral,nationality,marital, parental
geographic place, nationality
education gender personality specialty
Traditional family-oriented collectivism
Individual and modern identities
Social and ethnic identities
In dynamic motion between different dimensions
Static domains of identity seem to be only part of the picture…
Whether that which we cannot chose…Race/ethnicityReligion/ideologyFamily name/siblings/hereditaryGeographic origin/locationalTo that which we might influence…Language/accent (linguistic)Career/vocational (professional)…
Considering Identity & Context – What are my Cultural Influences?
My Culture
My Group
Me
What about “Identity” in Transition?
In a time of great cultural change in the Roman Empire, with a new culture emerging:
“The old labels we once used to identify ourselves – labels like Jew or Greek, slave or free – are no longer useful. We need something larger and more comprehensive.”
Paul of Tarsus, writing to Christians in Corinth (from the Message translation)
Considering Metaphors of Identity Considering Metaphors of Identity – The Playing Field of Interaction– The Playing Field of Interaction
How are Context/Situation & How are Context/Situation & Identity Related? Identity Related?
Mutually Influencing?Mutually Influencing?
A Multi-Perspectives Approach
Considering Varied Research Levels
Gudykunst 2005 - Presenting Varied Perspectives – Can they be integrated?
A Communication Theory of Identity (Hecht et al)
Identity Negotiation Theory (Ting-Toomey)
Identity Management Theory (Imahori & Cupach)
Theorizing Cultural Identifications (Collier)
Proposed Integrated Identity Matrix
We propose that…
“Individuals in any social interaction (or anti-social reaction)…
are actually operating with (hiding or to some degree enacting)
multiple identity sets (some congruous or related, but others contradictory)
on a multi-level, multi-dimensional field (complex scaled
options),
Proposed Identity Matrix Gambitsand are… playing a gambit between a range of
social choices and contextual ascriptions,
balancing individual- and social-level influences with cognitive tensions affective meanings behavioral risk and outcomes.”
Building on Hecht et. al’s CTI (2005)
A Vertical Social Option Scale
A Horizontal Power Option Scale
Varied Identity Games – Personal Choices
So Where do Identity Categories Fit?
Integrated Identity Matrix Theory
Applying the Integrated Identity Matrix Model
Will seek to further build, test it…
Analyze 10 years of “emic” data (“my most important identities”) (“my cultural story”/Being
Chinese)And “etic” data (Zhang’s lists)Consider the link to our decade of values
data (lists, proverbs, heroes)
Learning from/with our MA students
赵冰霞 Zhao Bingxia (2004), Gender identity in Shanghai university students.
张书田 Zhang Shutian (2005), Toward a holistic theory of identity ranking: Application & comparisons between Chinese, Algerians and American young adults.
王晓玲 Wang Shaoling (2007). The influence of ethnic identity and intergroup contact on anxiety/uncertainty management and communication satisfaction: A study of 3 ethnic groups at a university for minorities.
迪拉热。吐尔地 Dillara Tur’di (2007). Bilingual education and intercultural communication in Xinjiang, China (Uighur Identity).
8 of 84 thesis topics so far Re: Identity 陈素可 Chen Suke (2007). A quantitative study of
Shanghai post-1980's rural migrant workers' ego-centered social network and IC adjustment in Shanghai, China
陈莎莎 Chen Shasha (2008). The cultural influence on the individual's sense of belonging -- A case study on New Shanghainese's sense of belonging.
杨怡 Yang Yi (2008). Exploring organizational identity and acculturation--A case study of Chinese AIESEC trainees in four Central-Eastern European countries.
刘星 Liu Xing (2008). When West meets East and man meets woman – A cross-cultural study of gender role attitudes, mathematic performance and academic emotion.
Contacting us at the SII
Email: [email protected]
Address: Steve KulichThe SISU Intercultural
Institute 550 W. Dalian Rd. PO Box 359 Shanghai 200083
Telephone: 021 - 65311900 x 2620