Toward a Distributed Behavior Model for Emergency Response Coordination

指導老師：吳思佩老師

第三組941605 張偉祥 941612 王喻民941620 陳美諭 941630 邱敬雅941632 王靜怡 941638 王映惠941642 郭于瑄 941647 葉嘉茹

報告流程 Abstract Introduction Hypothesis Data, Method Test Conclusion

Abstract Existing studies requiring stable working

relationships with no environmental uncertainties. - 現有文獻大多需要穩定無不確定的環境當作假設運作時的條件

hypothesize: Changes to interconnectedness of nodes in the network may have implications on the potential to coordinate.

- 假設：網路互相連接改變，則會有潛在合作的可能性發生

Test: Investigate survey data from the following state law enforcement state emergency services local law enforcement macro & micro analysis to identify attributes of each

network and coordination. 941638 王映惠

Introduction Disaster - 包含天災、人禍

ERN (Emergency Response Network) - 當發生災害的時候，能夠緊急快速應變使社會回到正常狀態的機制

Consequence management - 快速的合作，針對多變的災難儘快控制狀況，其效率可由量化數字定義（例如倖存人 數、財產損失

）

Society’s “resilience” - 發生災難到社會恢復常軌的時間總計，類似人體自癒功能

Vertical Integration &Horizontal Integration - 垂直整合是組織內部從上到下的整合；水平整合則是跨組織的整合

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Introduction

Kapucu 簡化了 911 發生時的 ERN ，以利研究 941638 王映惠

Van Scholten - 提出水平合作議題，像是警察、消防隊、醫院在需要合作時候會發生的問題

Waugh - 提出應該讓領導階層垂直合作，像是非營利組織與政府

Granovetter - 建議應該減少連接的數量以降低隔閡，這會限制資訊流

Kapucu - 當事件發生時先中斷網路運作，進行計畫動作，這對當時情況是相當有用的。但需要最佳化或

是有計劃時， 合作夥伴沒辦法進入網路，這表示當危機發生時沒有辦法去評斷一個組織做的多好。

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Introduction

Introduction

Distributed Emergency Response Coordination

The intent of model -- as a product of the attributes of the network

The framework for the model -- optimize network performance by creating a

heightened state of preparedness -- 利用網路性能最佳化來使其相關訊息交流更為順暢。

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Introduction

An organization to assess ( 組織評估 )

A clique - a subset of actors within a network Each agency - be responsible for taking on

leadership roles within the ERN

A loosely based leadership structure - federal organizations

- state and local agencies - all other sectors and organizations

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Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 -- A prediction of what tier an organization belongs

to can be made by analyzing an organization for its subgroup

- An association with a particular tier retains expectations. -- 特殊階層保有網路領導及調和的權利。

- Expectations are not equal, so a weighted score is

required. 941642 郭于瑄

Hypothesis

Hypothesis 2 -- The level of network involvement expected from an

organization is mediated by the tier into which it falls.

- The degree is used to measure connectedness. -- 定義關係數字說明特定點間的關係。

- The involvement of an organization has implications on the coordination performance.

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Hypothesis Hypothesis 3 – A significant relationship between network

involvement and coordination within a given threshold.

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Hypothesis

Hypothesis 3

- Coordination ： 組織的協作 < 協調 > 能力 　　 　　 Readiness 準備程度 　　 Quality 　資訊品質 　　 Accessibility 資訊可及性

- Network involvement ： 網路連通程度 < 網絡連通性 >

　　 Degree 連結程度 　　 Ego betweenness 自我中介度 　　 Tie strength 節點強度

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Hypothesis

Hypothesis 3

- The models of Mintzberg (1979) and Malone and Crowston (1994)

- Social networks theory

- Assessing ERNmay be possible to identify current network shortfalls that may impact the network’s ability to coordinate in a crisis situation

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Hypothesis

Coordination Dataset for Emergency Response

-Domestic Terrorism: Assessment of State and Local Preparedness in the United States, 1992

-Assess how state and local law enforcement perceived the threat of terrorism

-Using a population-based method

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Hypothesis Coordination Dataset for Emergency

Response

- Sending package → re-sent → phone call

- Riley and Hoffman , RAND Corporation

Agency Group

Number of Agencies

Invited

Number of Agencies

Participating

Response Rate

State law enforcement 52 39 73%

State emergency 52 37 71%

Local law enforcement 299 148 49%

Local law enforcement (population based)

160 84 53%

Local law enforcement (targeted sample)

139 64 46%

Table 1: Response rate of research sample.

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Exploring the Data

- DS ： Dataset - DS1: State law enforcement agency data- DS2: State emergency management organization data- DS3: Local and municipal law enforcement agency data- DS4: SAS data definition statements for state law enforcement agency

data- DS5: SAS data definition statements for state emergency management organization data- DS6: SAS data definition statements for local and municipal law

enforcement agency data- DS7: User guide

- A rank of usefulness from the sources used- How prepared they perceive their agency to be to respond to an incident

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Preparing the Data Four phase method- five cycles - organizational network of all agencies (high level)

- state law enforcement network (SLEN)

- state emergency services network (SESN)

- local law enforcement network (LLEN)

- respondent network of all agencies (micro level)

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Preparing the Data

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- data may be incomplete or missing due to the nature

of the subjective and voluntary information retrieval method.

- assessing our Net Cord model may affect the ability to give a true and accurate account of the respondent’s ego network

- boundary specification problems, non-response effect, fixed choice design, and perceived networks

Dataset Limitations

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- in the relational questions used to identify the respondent’s ego

network

- both questions reserve a space for the respondent to mark any “other” agencies with whom they have contact

- suggestions as to why they are not included may be derived from the objectives of the original study and an interest in only the agencies listed in the question

- this lack of inclusion may adversely affect the hypothesis testing

Boundary Specification Problem

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- When collecting survey data from respondents, there is a high

probability that data will be returned that falls under the nonresponse problem.

- Some actors within the social network might not be represented, which could have significant implications on the ability to assess the network and how its structure operates.

- some nodes which are not completing the study themselves may still appear in the network.

- Riley and Hoffman (1995) noted this problem and has been addressed and offset.

Nonresponse Effect

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- A survey instrument can accept several types of responses

from an actor

- Most survey instruments accept single response, multiple-response, or verbatim questions.

- If a survey is designed for a specific purpose and defines a set list of possible contacts.

- What are your favorite colors? (multiple response)1. Blue2. Green3. Red

Fixed-Choice Design

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Response Not Shown

Respondent’s favorite color was purple- Required additional responses- Cause severe repercussions on constructing network- influential node affect network behavior omitted

Verbatim space response for "other“- Unaccounted in the data- Cause misinterpretations or incompleteness during analyzing

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Actual (Objective) Data Versus Perceived (Subjective) Data

Objective- direct record registered independent observer in form of video, audio, or text

Subjective- surveys with any sort of questionnaire or interview methodology for gathering data- retaining personal beliefs and incorporating prejudgments

- Disadvantage ： Beliefs or perception may be wrong or partially accurate

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Results and Discussion

Overview of high-level organizational network from dataset

Hypothesis testing at both macro and micro level when responding emergency

Test NetCord model and the hypotheses statistically significant to validate and justify relationship between coordination and social network

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Organizations Involved in an ERN from Ego Perspective

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Hypothesis 1: What Tier an Organization Belong By Analyzing Its Subgroup

Evidence suggest local and state government agencies share the second tier of network control

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Test 1aOrganizational Clique Analysis

Overlap federal agencies is natural emergency response network

Organizations need to exchange information and resources to coordinate

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Relationship Complexity When Drilled Down

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Test 1b Organizational n-Clique Analysis

Uncover 249 clusters or subgroups within network.

Distance of two lengths from each other.

Overlap with agencies between clusters.

<An n-clique analysis of the low-level combined state and local agency networks>

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Test 1b Organizational n-Clique Analysis

One of three clusters selected at random from the n-clique analysis.

provide a visual representation of the subgroups under investigation.

The agencies in circle that are identified to be within the clusters and assessed in the NetCord model and compared.

<First randomly selected cluster from the n-clique analysis>

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Hypothesis 2

The egocentric network of each of the three organizational actors and how each individual respondent in that organization perceives their network.

<Local law enforcement network>

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Test 2a—Organizational Comparison to Determine Tier Placement Effect on Interconnectedness

Comparing state law enforcement agencies to state emergency services

difference of 27.66 for ego betweenness and 11.71 for degree.

considering the NRP, difference in scores is acceptable margin.

Tie strength show no significant difference. Why there is a significant difference between

scores? task-based responsibilities.

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Test 2a—Organizational Comparison to Determine Tier Placement Effect on Interconnectedness

Although from the same tier, each agency still maintains specific functions unique to its organization within the network.

local agencies, such as law enforcement, fire, and ambulance services, perform hands on tasks at ground zero.

state agencies provide more assistance and resource coordination.

For ERN, an interdependency of agencies at state and local levels to provide leadership under the federal government.

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Test 2b—Cluster Comparison to Determine Tier Placement Effect on Interconnectedness

Comparing each of the three clusters against the interconnectedness measures of degree, ego betweenness and tie strength.

There are show no significant difference in degree, ego betweenness and tie strength.

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Hypothesis 3 A significant relationship between network involvement

and coordination within a given threshold. Test 3a ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

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Test 3a ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

Increased degree centrality correlates to:• Hypothesis 3a: Increased coordination readiness• Hypothesis 3b: Increased quality of Information• Hypothesis 3c: Increased information accessibility

The results indicate a positive correlation coefficient between degree and each of the three dependent coordination variables

This finding may be a result of the nature of a distributed network structure.

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Test 3a ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

Increased ego betweenness correlates to:• Hypothesis 3d: Increased coordination readiness• Hypothesis 3e: Increased quality of Information• Hypothesis 3f: Increased information accessibility

A positive correlation coefficient to the 0.01 significance level.

By increasing ego betweenness , the network is able to become more connected and distributed as a whole.

An increase in an organization’s ability to be in a controlling position. 941630 邱敬雅

Test 3a ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

Increased tie strength correlates to:• Hypothesis 3g: Increased coordination readiness• Hypothesis 3h: Increased quality of Information• Hypothesis 3i: Increased information accessibility

An egocentric analysis of tie strength against coordination finds that an increase in the quality of relationships is able to improve coordination attributes.

Interorganizational dependency becomes more efficient as trust is developed and collective sensemaking can be enhanced.

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Hypothesis 3 A significant relationship between network involvement

and coordination within a given threshold. Test 3b ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

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Test 3b ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

The cluster examination reveals a positive correlation between the coordination measures of quality and accessibility against the network interconnectedness measures of degree, ego betweenness, and tie strength.

This evidence supports the hypotheses that:

• 3b: Increased degree correlates to increased information accessibility.• 3c: Increased degree correlates to increased quality of information.• 3e: Increased ego betweenness correlates to increased information

accessibility.• 3f: Increased ego betweenness correlates to increased quality of information.• 3h: Increased tie strength correlates to increased information accessibility.• 3i: Increased tie strength correlates to increased quality of information.

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Test 3b ： network involvement V.S Increased Coordination

The data suggests a positive correlation between each of the three network connectedness measures to coordination readiness, none of which were particularly significant.

Because there is evidence to suggest the interconnectedness scores of each cluster are not different from each other

All three clusters each provided similar subjective scores of readiness, as a result, provided an insufficient range of readiness scores to calculate a correlation.

No correlation was found between coordination readiness and interconnectedness at the micro level

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conclusion

Kapucu’s finding The more organized and coordinated an

emergency network is to respond to extreme events, the more likely a society is to have greater resilience(彈力 ) to any form of disaster.

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Kapucu’s finding By having better coordination, the network can facilitate a more fluent ( 流

暢 ) exchange of information to enhance interorganizational collaboration.

EX: 2001 World Trade Center attacks.

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Kapucu’s finding ERN in crisis events highlighted a

significant lack of network connectedness when the emergency network is called on for a real-life(真實生活 ) response effort.

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Kapucu’s finding The evidence of structural holes in the

network and weak points of communication.

結構的漏洞在於安全網中微弱的溝通 Account of the problems of an

emergency response, shows a coordination issue most probably brought about by a lack of network connectednes.

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Implications

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Future Research

Further research is required in

order to develop the model and test all aspects of its validity.

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